Complete Report On Hvac

VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
JNANASANGAMA , BELAGAVI - 590018
Internship Report (15ME84)
On
“EQUIPMENT SELECTON FOR AIR CONDITIONING”
Submitted in partial fulfillment for the award of degree of
B.E Degree in Mechanical Engineering
Submitted by
SOMESHWARAN
(USN: 1HK14ME079)
VIII SEMESTER, 2021-22
Internship Carried Out

At
PRINSTON SMART ENGINEERS,

Electronic City, Begur Road,
Bangalore – 560068, India
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

HKBK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, BANGALORE-560045
APRIL -2022
EQUIPMENT SELECTION FOR AIR CONDITIONING

APRIL – 2022
COLLEGE CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that this internship report titled “EQUIPMENT SELECTION FOR AIR
CONDITIONING” carried out by SOMESHWARAN bearing USN 1HK14ME079, a
bonafide student of HKBK College of Engineering, in partial fulfillment for the award of
B.E Degree in Mechanical Engineering of the Visvesvaraya Technological University,
Belagavi during the year 2021-22 is a genuine curriculum program.
It is certified that all the corrections / suggestions indicated before the assessment and
evaluation have been incorporated by the intern in this internship report. The internship
report has been approved as it satisfies the academic requirements prescribed by the
relevant VTU notifications and institute for the award of B.E degree.
_____________
Prof. YOUNUS PASHA
Internal Guide
Department of ME
2
PRINSTON SMART ENGINEERS,
Electronic City, Begur Road,
Bangalore – 560068, India
CERTIFICATE OF INTERNSHIP
(Just attach color copy of original)
This is to certify that SOMESHWARAN has undergone internship in our organization in

the field of quality improvement and control techniques in our press / machine shops
/hangars from 01/09/2021 to 30/09/2021 spanning four (4) weeks.
He reviewed the HVAC Design for Commercial Buildings in our organization and
analyzed the existing records with earnestness and enthusiasm. He has recorded his
observations and recommendations regarding the ways and means to eliminate low
performing operations and control the overall process defect. The conduct and demeanor
of the intern was excellent with us and we wish him all the best in his endeavors towards
successful completion of B.E Degree.
Sheikh Imtiyaz Asif

MEP Engineer CEO, Prinston Smart Engineers
Prinston Smart Engineer
External Internship Guide
3

APRIL – 2022
DECLARATION
I, SOMESHWARAN bearing USN No.1HK14ME079 student of VIII semester, B.E

degree in Mechanical Engineering declare that this internship program titled “Equipment
Selection For Air Conditioning” is original work carried out by me, the undersigned at
Prinston Smart Engineers, Electronic City, Begur Road, , after endorsement and
authorization from HKBK College of Engineering, in partial fulfillment of the curriculum
requirements prescribed by Visvesvaraya Technological University , Belagavi in the 2017
B.E Degree choice based credit system scheme.
The content in this report is not submitted to any other university partially or completely
for the award of any other degree
SOMESHWARAN
USN: 1HK14ME079
Date: 18/04/2022 VIII Sem, B.E
Place: Bengaluru Mechanical Engineering
4
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The euphoria that accompany the acquisition of vocational skills by professing internship
program and compiling internship report would be complete only by acknowledging the
governing bodies and the personnel, who by their supervision steered and crowned out my
effort with success.
I would like to express my profound gratitude to our Director, Mr. Faiz Mohammed for
setting up a vibrant learning atmosphere and quality procedures that fetched the institution
NAAC and NBA accreditation and transcend the institution to the forefront of literary
renaissance.
I would like to express my heartfelt thanks to our Principal Dr. Tabassum Ara, HKBK
College of Engineering for his dynamic and on-time support to the students in academic
and co-curricular pursuits.
I would like to express my genuine thanks to our Head of Department, Dr. Salim Sharieff
for facilitating the internship program and his support in our academic and co-curricular
activities.
I would like to extend my impassioned thanks and admiration to my Internal Guide Prof.
Younus Pasha, Department of Mechanical Engineering for his enduring encouragement,
critical comments and constant guidance
My profound thanks to the Director, Atif Akher, Prinston Smart Engineers Bengaluru for
granting me the opportunity to profess internship in his organization and my External
Guide Sheikh Imtiyaz for his whole hearted co-operation and supervision of my
Internship.
5
ABSTRACT
To work directly with clients to design new Heating, ventilation and air conditioning
system specific to customer needs and building specification. To work on residential, commercial,
and industrial project. The task includes completing heating and air conditioning-related drawings,
preparing project estimates and overseeing the installation of projects to completion. HVAC, a
system of vents and drafts installed in a building for the distribution and use of potable atmospheric
and purified air and the removal of airborne bacteria, dusts ad pollutants. It is usually distinguished
from smoke and filtration systems that serve a group of buildings or a city.
6
Table of Contents
Acknowledgement ...................................................................................................................................5
1. COMPANY INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................8
2. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................13
3. MECHANICAL, ELECTRICAL AND HVAC ........................................................................18
4. BASIC REFRIGERATION CYCLE .........................................................................................21
5. AIR CONDITIONING ................................................................................................................23
6. AIR DUCTS ..................................................................................................................................24
7. AIR HANDLING UNIT ..............................................................................................................27
8. EQUIPMENT SELECTION PARAMETER ...........................................................................28
9. HEAT LOAD CALCUATION ...................................................................................................44
10. HEAT LOAD CALCUATION USING E-20 EXCEL SHEET ...............................................45
11. HEAT LOAD CALCUATION USING HAP-49 .......................................................................46
12. HAP-49 RESULT ........................................................................................................................50
13. AUTOCAD ...................................................................................................................................51
14. SAFETY AND RESCUE ............................................................................................................54
15. CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................................56
7
Company Introduction
1.1 Corporate Profile

PRINSTON SMART ENGINEERS is a Mechanical, Electrical and Plumbing Design
consultancy, we design, build, construct, supply, install, service and upgrade of Electro-
Mechanical Systems & Networks, Utilities and Equipment. Our scope covers Engineering,
Documentation, Submittals Approval, Shop drawings, Coordinating Drawings, Commissioning,
Start-Up, As-Built ACC. To Contract Programs, Project Time Schedules – Complying Consultant
Specifications, as well as IT services and provides a platform for engineering students to learn
industry skills by providing live instructor-led interactive online training. We cater to professional
and students across the globe in core engineering and IT department from 350+ engineering
colleges across pan India, we have simple and affordable learning solution that is accessible to
millions of learners. Our business activity extends to cover all areas of electro-mechanical works
including but not limited to:
• Electrical Infrastructure Design
• HVAC Design
• Plumbing Design
• Ducting & Thermal Insulation Works
• Industrial Installations Works
• IT Services
• Web development
• Skill Development Training
PRINSTON SMART ENGINEERS. works with the highest efficiency and in accordance with the
latest technologies in conformity with international standards of quality, security and safety.
we utilize trained and experienced staff for the implementation and delivery of projects with
commitment to contract terms, conditions, and preservation to the environment.
PRINSTON SMART ENGINEERS. has specialized Partner company and each company
and Department is divided to cover the different types of Projects. The divisions based on
distinctive features are as follows:
• Residential & Housing
• Commercial & Businesses
8
• Administrative & Organizations

• Governmental & Public
• Touristic & Hotels, Resorts
Educational & Cultural
• Sport & Clubs
• Industrial & Factorial
• Sites & Open
We execute all projects in accordance with technical and financial strategies to fit the
distinctive character of the projects and to achieve the maximum benefit for our customers.
1.2 Organization Structure
ORGANISATION STRUCTURE:
Prinston Smart Engineers has 4 major divisions in the organization:
1.Construction department: has 15 employees.
2.Maintenance department: has 15 employees.
3.Designing department: has 15 employees.
4.Training department: has 20 employees.
Altogether, Prinston Smart Engineers has employed over 65 employees of which 20 employees
are situated in India and 45 in are based in Qatar.
1.2 Vision of Company
• To become one of the leading and most reliable players in market

• We will seek to capitalize on our natural advantages including our long horizon, low
liquidity needs, and singularity of interests.
9
• We will invest in Princo’s organizational future, doing whatever is necessary to enable

continued excellence in stewardship of a growing asset base.
• We will continuously build and develop our team to meet the demands of the future,
embracing individual and organizational learning.
• We will seek to develop strength in international investment arenas that rivals that which
we have domestically.
• We will optimize the risks we take, considering our distinctive circumstances while always
seeking excess return in compensation of the risks taken.
• We will consistently assure that our key constituencies have a shared understanding of our
investment philosophy and practices.
• We will recognize that we must act unconventionally and creatively in order to add value.
We will never “play it safe”—you cannot run out the clock when your challenge is
perpetual.
1.3 Mission of Company
We believe business can grow with a conscience and succeed with a soul. That’s why we have
created a platform uniting education and community to help business grow better every day.
Through our commitment to optimizing the investment of Princeton’s Endowment, we strive to
assure the perpetual financial health and independence of the University.
1.4 Departments of the Company

1.Construction department: has 15 employees.
2.Maintenance department: has 15 employees.
3.Designing department: has 15 employees.
4.Training department: has 20 employees.
Altogether, Prinston Smart Engineers has employed over 65 employees of which 20 employees
are situated in India and 45 in are based in Qatar.
10
1.5 Clientele of the Company
11
1.6 Awards and Accomplishments
Accomplishment
12
2. INTRODUCTION
Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) is the technology of indoor and vehicular
environmental comfort. Its goal is to provide thermal comfort and acceptable indoor air quality.
HVAC system design is a sub discipline of mechanical engineering, based on the principles of
thermodynamics, fluid mechanics and heat transfer. “Refrigeration" is sometimes added to the
field's abbreviation, as HVAC&R or HVACR or “ventilation" is dropped, as in HACR (as in the
designation of HACR-rated circuit breakers).
HVAC is an important part of residential structures such as single-family homes, apartment
buildings, hotels, and senior living facilities, medium to large industrial and office buildings such
as skyscrapers and hospitals, vehicles such as cars, trains, airplanes, ships, and submarines, and in
marine environments, where safe and healthy building conditions are regulated with respect to
temperature and humidity, using fresh air from outdoors.
Ventilating or ventilation (the V in HVAC) is the process of exchanging or replacing air in any
space to provide high indoor air quality which involves temperature control, oxygen
replenishment, and removal of moisture, odours, smoke, heat, dust, airborne bacteria, carbon
dioxide, and other gases. Ventilation removes unpleasant smells and excessive moisture,
introduces outside air, keeps interior building air circulating, and prevents stagnation of the interior
air.
Ventilation includes both the exchange of air to the outside as well as circulation of air within the
building. It is one of the most important factors for maintaining acceptable indoor air quality in
buildings. Methods for ventilating a building may be divided into mechanical/forced and natural
types.
Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing (MEP) refers to these aspects of building design and
construction. In commercial buildings these aspects are often designed by an engineering firm
specializing in MEP. MEP design is important for design decision-making, accurate
documentation, performance and cost-estimation, construction planning, managing, and operating
the resulting facility
As per ASHRAE standard 62 ventilations should be done for acceptable Indoor Air Quality (IAQ)
standard. The purpose of ASHRAE standard 62 is to specify minimum ventilation rates and indoor
air quality that will be acceptable to human occupants and are intended to minimize the potential
13
of adverse health effects. The World Health Organization estimates that 30 % of all buildings
suffer from Sick Building Syndrome due to improper indoor air quality and improper ventilation
and air treatment.
Construction is an ever-growing industry. Any building construction project includes Mechanical
/ Electrical and plumbing (MEP) systems. The MEP system gives life to a building, through Air
conditioning, ventilation, power distribution, lighting, water supply, drainage, and firefighting
systems.
The three major functions of heating, ventilation, and air conditioning are interrelated, especially
with the need to provide thermal comfort and acceptable indoor air quality within reasonable
installation, operation, and maintenance costs. HVAC systems can be used in both domestic and
commercial environments. HVAC systems can provide ventilation and maintain pressure
relationships between spaces. The means of air delivery and removal from spaces is known as
room air distribution
14
1.1 Definition of HVAC

HVAC means Heating Ventilation And Air Conditioning By the hvac system we can create
comfort condition in indoor area at residential, commercial and Industrial zone ‘ HVAC system is
very helpful for controlling air parameters in indoor area and its work is to ventilate heat from
lower temperature to higher temperature’. “HVAC,” thus captures the development of our
industry. The term “air conditioning” has gradually changed, from meaning just cooling, to the
total control of:
• Temperature
• Moisture in the air (humidity)
• Supply of outside air for ventilation
• Filtration of airborne particles
• Air movement in the occupied space
1.2 Brief History of HVAC

For millennia, people have used fire for heating. Initially, the air required to keep the fire going
ensured adequate ventilation for the occupants. However, as central furnaces with piped steam or
hot water became available for heating, the need for separate ventilation became apparent. By the
late 1880s, rules of thumb for ventilation design were developed and used in many countries. And
Willis Haviland Carrier, The Father of Air Conditioning has done tremendous work in this field
and made the first Electrical Air conditioning Unit in 1902. Throughout the rest of this text we will
use the term “air conditioning” to include all of these issues and continue to use “HVAC” where
only some of the elements of full air conditioning are being controlled. To study the historical
record of HVAC is to take a fascinating trip through the tremendous technical and scientific record
of society. There are the pioneers such as Robert Boyle, Sadi Carnot, John Dalton, James Watt,
Benjamin Franklin, John Gorrie, Lord Kelvin, Ferdinand Carré and Thomas Midgley, along with
many others, who have brought us to our current state. Air-conditioning technology has developed
since 1900 through the joint accomplishments of science and engineering.
15
1.3 Modes of Heat Transfer

To study about HVAC first we have to understand the modes of heat transfer.
There are three modes of heat transfer conduction, convection and radiation
1.3.1 Conduction
Conduction is the method of transfer of heat within a body or from one body to the other due to
the
transfer of heat by molecules vibrating at their mean positions. The bodies through which the heat
transfer must be in contact with each other. There is no actual movement of matter while
transferring
heat from one location to the other.
1.3.2 Convection
Convection is the mode of heat transfer which occurs mostly in liquids and gases.In this method,
heat
transfer takes place with the actual motion of matter from one place within the body to the other.
Often when we boil water we have seen bubbles and currents develop in the water on careful
observation.
1.3.3 Radiation
Radiation is another form of heat transfer. It does not require any medium and can be used for
transfer of heat in a vacuum as well. This method uses electromagnetic waves which transfer heat
from one place to the other. The heat and light from the sun in our solar system reach our planet
using radiation only.
In fact, radiation is the most potent method of heat transfer. In winters when we sit near a fire we
feel warm without actually touching the burning wood. This is possible by radiation only.
16
2. Codes and Standards of HVAC

Any system cannot be completed without any codes and standards we have to follow these codes
and standards. To complete knowledge of HVAC we have to follow these codes
The Mechanical Code makes references to: -
ANSI (American National Standards Institute)
ISO (The International Organization for Standardization)
ISHRAE (Indian Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers)
ARI (Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute)
ASHRAE (American Society of Heating, Refrigeration, and Air Conditioning Engineers)
ASME (American Society of Mechanical Engineers)
ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials)
AWS (American Welding Society)
NFPA (National Fire Protection Association)
SMACNA (Sheet metal and Air Conditioning Contractors National Association),
STI (Steel Tank Institute)
17
3.MECHANICAL, ELECTRICAL AND HVAC
Mechanical
The mechanical design elements of a building, most especially the heating and cooling systems,
help make life inside more comfortable. These systems allow us to occupy buildings in hot and cold
temperatures, under all weather conditions.
The basic components or equipment of an HVAC system that delivers conditioned air to satisfy
thermal comfort of space and occupants and the achieve the indoor air quality are listed below
1. Fans / Blowers:
A mechanical device that creates a current of air.
2. Furnace / Heating unit:
The furnace is designed to heat air, which is then distributed to different portions of your home
via ductwork or piping.
3. Filters:
A porous device for removing impurities or solid particles from the air that passes through it.
4. Compressor:
A machine used to supply air or other gas at increased pressure, located in the
outdoor condenser unit.
18
5. Condensing units:
This unit is found on the outside of your home and filled with what is called refrigerant gas. When
the refrigerant is cooled, the condensing unit pumps this liquid to the evaporator coil to be
transformed into gas again.
6. Evaporator (cooling coil):

The evaporator coil is used to cool down the air when your thermostat is set to a lower temperature.
This cold air is then funneled throughout your home.
7. Control System:
This is the most obvious portion of your HVAC system, and the piece you'll interact with most.
Usually installed on an easily accessed walls, it can be set manually and programmed to keep your
home at your ideal temperature.
8. Air Handling Unit (AHU):

Air Handling Unit (AHU): a device used to condition and circulate air as part of a heating,
ventilating, and air-conditioning (HVAC) system. An air handler is usually a large metal box
containing a blower, heating or cooling elements, filter racks or chambers, sound attenuators, and
dampers. Air handlers usually connect to a ductwork ventilation system that distributes the
conditioned air through the building and returns it to the AHU.
19
EXHBIBT 1: VENTILATION SYSTEM
EXHIBIT 2: ELECTRICAL SYSTEM
20
4. BASIC REFRIGERATION CYCLE
EXHIBIT 3: REFRIGERATION CYCLE
BASIC REFRIGERATION CYCLE STEP 1: COMPRESSION
The refrigerant enters the compressor at low temperature and low pressure. It is in a gaseous state.
Here, compression takes place to raise the temperature and refrigerant pressure. The refrigerant
leaves the compressor and enters to the condenser. Since this process requires work, an electric
motor may be used.
STEP 2: CONDENSATION
The condenser is essentially a heat exchanger. Heat is transferred from the refrigerant to a flow of
water. This water goes to a cooling tower for cooling in the case of water-cooled condensation. As
the refrigerant flows through the condenser, it is in a constant pressure.
STEP 3: THROTTLING AND EXPANSION
When the refrigerant enters the throttling valve, it expands and releases pressure. Consequently, the
temperature drops at this stage. Because of these changes, the refrigerant leaves the throttle valve
as a liquid vapor mixture, typically in proportions of around 75 % and 25 % respectively.
STEP 4: EVAPORATION
At this stage of the Vapor Compression Refrigeration Cycle, the refrigerant is at a lower
temperature than its surroundings. Therefore, it evaporates and absorbs latent heat of vaporization.
Heat extraction from the refrigerant happens at low pressure and temperature. Compressor suction
effect helps maintain the low pressure.
21
MAJORLY USED REFRIGERANT

R22, R32 = HCFC (HYDRO CHLORO-FLORO CARBON)
R410a, R134a = HFC (HYDRO FLORO CARBON)
EXHIBIT 4: HVAC SYSTEM
22
5. AIR CONDITIONING
An air conditioning system, or a standalone air conditioner, provides cooling and humidity control
for all or part of a building. Air-conditioned buildings often have sealed windows, because open
windows would work against the system intended to maintain constant indoor air conditions.
Outside, fresh air is generally drawn into the system by a vent into the indoor heat exchanger
section, creating positive air pressure. The percentage of return air made up of fresh air can usually
be manipulated by adjusting the opening of this vent. Typical fresh air intake is about 10%.
Air conditioning and refrigeration are provided through the removal of heat. Heat can be removed
through radiation, convection, or conduction.
Refrigeration conduction media such as water, air, ice, and chemicals are referred to as refrigerants.
A refrigerant is employed either in a heat pump system in which a compressor is used to drive
thermodynamic refrigeration cycle, or in a free cooling system which uses pumps to circulate a
cool refrigerant (typically water or a glycol mix).
STANDARD CODES OF HVAC

• ASHRAE (AMERICAN SOCIETY HEATING REFRIGERATION AIR CONDITIONING
SYSTEM).
• ISHRAE (INDIAN SOCIETY HEATING REFRIGERATION AIR CONDITIONING

SYSTEM).
23
6. DUCTS
Ducts are conduits or passages used in heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) to
deliver and remove air. The needed airflows include, for example, supply air, return air, and
exhaust air. Ducts commonly also deliver ventilation air as part of the supply air. As such, air
ducts are one method of ensuring acceptable indoor air quality as well as thermal comfort.
A duct system is also called ductwork. Planning (laying out), sizing, optimizing, detailing, and
finding the pressure losses through a duct system is called duct design.
24
SHOE NECK DUCT
FLEXIBLE DUCT
VOLUME CONTROL DUCT

Volume control dampers are specially designed for use in heating, ventilating and
air conditioning systems for volume, and flow and pressure control of air within
the ducts. Volume Control Dampers allows even distribution and flow control of
air at high duct pressures and are suitable for various type of HVAC applications.
Volume control dampers are offered with either parallel or opposed blade
operation and each style has distinguishing characteristics about the type of
operation. They also provide access to remove out the ashes collected in the ash-
pan and eliminate the clinker accumulated. The basic function of volume control
Damper is:
● It regulates flow of air inside a duct.

● Temperature control: It helps in maintaining the desired temperature. A
volume control damper is an essential part of HVAC system that regulates the
temperature and provides efficient heating and cooling service to your building.
● Pressure control: It maintains the desired pressure.
25
7. AIR HANDLER UNIT
A device used to condition and circulate air as part of a heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning
(HVAC) system. An air handler is usually a large metal box containing a blower, heating or cooling
elements, filter racks or chambers, sound attenuators, and dampers. Air handlers usually connect
to a ductwork ventilation system that distributes the conditioned air through the building and
returns it to the AHU.
FIRE DAMPER:
Fire dampers begin operation when room temperatures rise to around 165 degrees Fahrenheit, at
which point the damper’s fusible link will melt, causing its door to close. Fire dampers are passive
fire protection products used in heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) ducts to prevent
the spread of fire inside the ductwork through fire resistance related walls and floors. Fire/smoke
dampers are similar to fire dampers in fire resistance rating, and also prevent the spread of smoke
inside the ducts. When a rise in temperature occurs, the fire damper closes, usually activated by a
thermal element which melts at temperatures higher than ambient but low enough to indicate the
presence of a fire, allowing springs to close the damper blades. Fire dampers can also close
following receipt of an electrical signal from a fire alarm system utilizing detector remote from the
damper, indicating the sensing of heat or smoke in the building occupied spaces or in the HVAC
duct system.
VENTILATION:
Ventilation is the process of changing or replacing air in any space to control temperature or
remove any combination of moisture, odors, smoke, heat, dust, airborne bacteria, or carbon
dioxide, and to replenish oxygen. Ventilation includes both the exchange of air with the outside as
well as circulation of air within the building. It is one of the most important factors for maintaining
acceptable indoor air quality in buildings. Methods for ventilating a building may be divided into
mechanical/forced and natural types.
• MECHANICAL OR FORCED VENTILATION
26
A building ventilation system that uses powered fans or blowers to provide fresh air to rooms when
the natural forces of air pressure and gravity are not enough to circulate air through a building.
Mechanical ventilation is used to control indoor air quality, excess humidity, odors, and
contaminants can often be controlled via dilution or replacement with outside air. However, in
humid climates specialized ventilation systems can remove excess moisture from the air. Ceiling
fans are commonly seen as ventilation systems as they are usually the most visible mechanical
system in a building; however, ceiling fans do not provide real ventilation, as there is no
introduction of fresh air. Ceiling fans only circulate air within a room for the purpose of reducing
the perceived temperature by method of evaporation of perspiration on the skin of the occupants.
Also, hot air rises; therefore, ceiling fans may be used to keep a room warmer in the winter by
circulating the warm from the ceiling to the floor.
27
8. SELECTION PARAMETERS
Air conditioning is a combined process that performs many functions simultaneously. It conditions
the air, provides heating and cooling, controls and maintains the temperature, and humidity,
ensures air movement, air cleanliness, sound level, and pressure differential in a space within
predetermined limits for the comfort and health of the occupants. A cooling system is a part of a
heating, ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC) system that provides space cooling.
DESCRIPTION OF COOLING SYSTEMS

There are literally dozens or hundreds of ways in which basic HVAC components may be
assembled into systems but there are two basic configurations in which the refrigerant cycle is
applied. Both have to do with how the “cooling effect” is supplied to the desired location. Direct
expansion type or DX type is the first configuration, where the air is directly cooled from the
refrigerant; therefore, the cooling coil is filled with refrigerant. These cooling systems are widely
used in small to medium sized buildings. For larger and more complex applications, a secondary
cooling medium is used to deliver cooling to one or more locations needing it. This is accomplished
by utilizing the chiller to cool the water, which in turn is pumped to the cooling coil(s). The heat
flow path is from the space to the chilled water to the refrigerant to the atmosphere. Direct
Expansion (DX) systems in direct expansion (DX) systems, the air is cooled with direct exchange
of heat with refrigerant passing through the tubes of the finned cooling coil. A basic DX system
comprises of a hermetic sealed or open compressor/s, evaporator (cooling coil fabricated out of
copper tubes and aluminum fins), a supply air blower, filter, a condenser and heat rejection
propeller fan. The term "expansion" refers to the method used to introduce the refrigerant into the
cooling coil. The liquid refrigerant passes through an expansion device (usually a valve) just before
entering the cooling coil (the evaporator). This expansion device reduces the pressure and
temperature of the refrigerant to the point where it is colder than the air passing through the coil.
Figure 1 shows the schematic of a typical DX air conditioning system.
28
EXHIBIT 5: DX SYSTEM
In this schematic, the heat is extracted from the space and expelled to the outdoors (left to
right) through 3 loops of heat transfer.
In the leftmost loop, a supply air fan drives the indoor air across the evaporator, where it
transfers its heat to the liquid refrigerant. The resultant cooled air is thrown back to the indoor
space. The liquid refrigerant is vaporized in the tubes of the evaporator.
In the middle loop, a refrigeration compressor drives the vapor refrigerant from evaporator
to the condenser and back to the evaporator as a liquid refrigerant. The cycle continues in
closed loop copper tubing.
In the rightmost loop, a condenser air fan drives the ambient air across the condenser, where
it transfers heat of refrigerant to the outdoors. The refrigerant is cooled and liquefied after
expanding it through an expansion valve located between condenser and the evaporator.
The most common types of DX systems are also referred as “unitary” air conditioning
systems. These are factory assembled; self-contained units commonly sold as "off the
shelf," package units of varying capacity and types. Each package consists of
refrigeration and/or heating units with fans, filters and controls. Depending upon the
requirement these are available in the form of room air conditioners, split air
conditioners, heat pumps, ductal systems with air cooled or water-cooled condensing
options.
In the split system, the condensing unit comprising of the condenser, compressor and
condenser fan with motor are located outside, while the indoor unit consisting of the
evaporator, evaporator fan with motor, expansion valve and air filter is located inside the
29
conditioned room. The indoor and outdoor units are connected by refrigerant piping.
Flexibility is the overriding advantage of a split system. Because a split system is connected
through a custom designed refrigerant piping system, the engineer has a large variety of
possible solutions available to meet architectural and physical requirements particularly for
buildings with indoor and/or outdoor space constraints.
DX systems operating in reverse cycle are called “Heat pumps”. Through an addition of a
special 4-way reversing valve, heat flow in mechanical refrigeration loop can be reversed so
that heat is extracted from outside air and rejected into the building. Heat pumps provide both
heating and cooling from the same unit and due to added heat of compression, the efficiency
of heat pump in heating mode is compared to the cooling cycle.
Types:
1. Room air conditioners

2. Package type conditioners
Room air conditioners provide cooling to rooms rather than the building. These provide cooling
only when and where needed and are less expensive to operate. These units are normally mounted
either in the window sill or through the wall. For rooms that do not have external windows or
walls, a split type room air conditioner can be used.
In the room air conditioners (both window mounted and split type), the cooling capacity is
controlled by switching the compressor on-and-off. Sometimes, in addition to the on-and-off, the
fan speed can also be regulated to have a modular control of capacity. It is also possible to switch
off the refrigeration system completely and run only the blower for air circulation.
Both the split type air conditioner and room air conditioners are equally reliable but it is not
possible to provide fresh air in split air conditioners. Room air conditioners generally have small
damper for letting the fresh air in. Room air conditioners are generally available in capacities
varying from about 0.5 TR to 3 TR.
Packaged air conditioning systems are available in capacities ranging from about 5 TR to up to
about 100 TR. This type of system can be used for providing air conditioning in a large room or it
can cater to several small rooms with suitable supply and return ducts. It is also possible to house
the entire refrigeration in a single package and may also include heating coils along with the
evaporator. The condenser used in these systems could be either air cooled or water cooled. Figure
-3 shows a packaged air-conditioning water cooled unit designed to operate with dual compressors.
30
EXHIBIT 6: AIR CONDITIONER
Ductless or Ducted Units
Small capacity Individual room air conditioning systems are essentially ductless while larger
package units use ductwork for air distribution. Ductless products are fundamentally different from
ducted systems in that heat is transferred to or from the space directly by circulating refrigerant to
evaporators located near or within the conditioned space. In contrast, ducted systems transfer heat
from the space to the refrigerant by circulating air in ducted systems. A standard DX unit is
typically rated at 400 CFM (cubic feet per minute) supply air flow rate per ton of refrigeration.
Obviously the larger airflow, high tonnage units will need ductwork to cover all spaces and to
reduce noise.
Water Cooled or Air Cooled
Refrigeration systems expel heat through condenser by two methods. One method is air cooling
where the refrigerant is cooled by air forced over the finned tube coils and the second method is
water cooled systems, which reject heat into water that is re-circulated through a cooling tower.
The water-cooled systems use shell and tube type condenser. Most DX systems use air-cooled
finned tube condensers to expel heat. The larger packaged air conditioners may be water cooled or
air cooled.The economics of a water-cooled system v/s an air-cooled system can be summarized
as under:
• At peak load conditions air cooled machines consume over 30% more power than water units.
31
• Compressor capacity drops by over 10% for air cooled machines compared to water cooled.
• The paucity of good quality soft water makes it imperative to opt for air cooled systems in most
installations.
• The air-cooled condenser has to be generally kept very close to the evaporator units and for
smaller sized equipment, the length should be 30 to 40 feet whereas for larger systems it may go
up to 3 to 4 times this figure. In the case of water-cooled equipment, the cooling tower which is
the final heat rejection point may virtually be placed at any distance from the cooling equipment.
Chilled Water Systems:
In chilled water system the air is cooled with chilled water passing through the chilled water-
cooling coil.
Since the liquid water needs to be at a cold temperature, a “cooling plant” is required. The plant is
typically referred to as a chiller. These are usually pre-packaged by the manufacturer with the
evaporator and condenser attached, so that only water pipes and controls must be run in the field.
The components of a chilled-water system include a chiller, air-handling units with chilled-water
coils, chilled-water loop(s) with chilled-water pump(s), a condenser water loop, condenser water
pump(s), and cooling tower.
EXHIBIT 7: AIR COOLED CONDENSER SYSTEM

Here the heat is extracted from the space and expelled to the outdoors (left to right) through 5 loops
of heat transfer. The chilled water is produced in the evaporator of the refrigeration cycle and is
passed through a single or multiple cooling coils. The heat is rejected through a water-cooled
condenser and the condenser water pump sends it to the cooling tower. The cooling tower’s fan
drives air across an open flow of hot condenser water, transferring the heat to the outdoors.
32
EXHIBIT 8: WATER COOLED CONDENSER
The main equipment used in the chilled water system is a chiller package that includes a
refrigeration compressor (reciprocating, scroll, screw or centrifugal type), Shell and tube heat
exchanger (evaporator) for chilled water production. Shell and tube heat exchanger (condenser)
for heat rejection in water cooled configuration, Copper tube/Aluminum finned condenser coil and
fan (condensing unit) for air cooled configuration An expansion valve between condenser and the
evaporator
The middle refrigerant loop is connected through a copper piping forming a closed loop. The water
circuit on the chilled waterside is connected through an insulated carbon steel pipe and is a closed
loop. The condenser water connected through a carbon steel piping is an open loop and requires 2
to 3 % make up water as a result of evaporation, drift and blow down losses of the cooling tower.
Chilled water systems are typically applied to the large and/or distributed areas. Capacity ranges
from 20- 2000 TR.
33
THERMAL ZONES:
A thermal zone is referred to a space or group of spaces within a building with heating and
cooling requirements that are sufficiently similar so that desired conditions (e.g. temperature)
can be maintained throughout using a single sensor (e.g. thermostat or temperature sensor).
Each thermal zone must be ‘separately controlled’ if conditions conducive to comfort are to
be provided by an HVAC system. Few examples below illustrate and clarify the concept of a
zone.
. In a building, the perimeter areas with large glazing & exposure are prone to larger solar
radiation. Such areas shall experience higher heat load than the indoor core spaces and must
be separately controlled.
. In a commercial building, the space containing electronic processing equipment such as

photocopiers, fax machines and printers see much larger heat load than the other areas and
hence is a different thermal zone.
. A conference room designed for 50 people occupancy shall experience lower

temperatures when it is half or quarterly occupied. The design thus shall keep provision
for a dedicated temperature controller for this zone.
. In an airport a smoking room shall be categorized as an independent zone for health and safety
reasons. A good air-conditioning system should not allow mixing of smoke contaminants with
return air of other public lounges.
. A 1000 seat theatre shall be treated an independent zone than the entrance concourse or
cafeteria as the dynamics of occupancy are different.
. A hotel lobby area is different from the guest rooms or the restaurant area.
. A hospital testing laboratory, isolation rooms and operation theatre demand different indoor
conditions/pressure relationships than the rest of areas and thus shall be treated as a separate
zone.
. A control room or processing facilities in industrial set up may require a high degree of
cleanliness/positive pressure to prevent ingress of dust/hazardous elements and thus may be
treated as separate zone.
34
Any area that requires different temperature, humidity and filtration needs or is prone to huge
variations in thermal loads shall be categorized as an independent zone. The reason that most
modern offices interiors have low partitions is not to do only with aesthetic and spacious looks;
it has relevance to keep air-conditioning simple and effective. Zoning may very well be
categorized as an architectural responsibility since it requires a good understanding of building
function and schedules.
Factors favoring DX system:
. One of the most common reasons for selecting a DX system, especially in a smaller building
is the lower installed cost than a chilled-water system because it requires less field labor and
has fewer materials to install.
. DX systems tend to be distributed for larger buildings that increase reliability; a building
conditioned using DX system may have a dozen or hundreds of individual and independent
units located throughout the building. Failure of one or two of the units may not impact the
entire building. On a smaller scale this may be viewed as a disadvantage unless standby is
provided.
. If the tenants are paying the utility bills, multiple packaged DX units may make it easier to
track energy use, as only the specific unit serving that tenant would be used to meet the
individual cooling requirements.
. DX systems are not complicated by interconnections with other units. Maintenance of local
systems tends to be simple and available through numerous service providers.
. In buildings where a large number of spaces may be unoccupied at any given time, such as
dormitory, small hotels etc. the local DX systems may be totally shut off in the unused spaces
thus providing potential energy savings.
. For small areas within full scale offices like communication rooms or server / computer rooms,
where it is necessary to have 24 hour air conditioning - it is possible to have independent split,
ancillary AC units exclusively for these areas.
. DX systems can be installed quickly and their operation is relatively simple. Offer short
delivery schedules and generally available as factory standard off the shelf unit. Easy to install
and replace. Compact and require a smaller footprint than alternatives.
35
. As a self-contained system, a DX system may provide totally individualized control options,

for instance, if one room needs heating while an adjacent one needs cooling, two local systems
can respond without conflict.
. DX unitary systems are ideal for retrofitting applications. These may be used to supplement
areas of inadequate service by a building’s existing central system.
. Air cooled condensers can be located on the roof of the building or even within the perimeter
wall of the building. Cooling unit is available in wide variation of floor, wall as well the ceiling
suspended units.
Limitations of DX system:
. DX systems cannot benefit from economies of scale. Capital costs and the operating costs
generally tend to be higher for larger setups requiring 100TR or more. The building designer
must thoroughly evaluate all pertinent installation, operating, and maintenance costs to make an
informed decision.
. DX systems cannot be easily connected together to permit centralized monitoring or energy

management operations. These can be centrally controlled with respect to on-off functions only.
. DX units have capacity control limitations; compressor unloading systems are generally step
devices, which limit capacity modulation. At low load conditions, the compressors will cycle
and unconditioned air will pass through the system during the off cycle, which may cause
temperature swings (i.e. hot and cold spots) in the conditioned space.
. The coefficient of performance (COP) of a DX system is low. Unitary systems consume more
power (kW per ton) compared to central systems of same capacity.
. Lack of interconnection between units also means that loads cannot be shared on a building
wide basis. Central HVAC systems deliver improved efficiency and lower first cost by sharing
load capacity across an entire building.
. DX systems may not be suitable for the applications requiring high air delivery rates and the
areas requiring significant positive pressurization (unless the DX systems are engineered). The
standard unitary systems provide 400 cfm of air delivery capacity per ton of refrigeration.
36
8.1 Cooling Equipment Selection
Split system cooling equipment consisting of an outdoor condensing unit and an indoor
evaporator coil needs the two pieces to be matched for efficiency and performance. The example
here shows a manufacturer matched equipment package. Although it is possible to select the
two pieces separately, it is typically not necessary. The manufacturer matched package greatly
simplifies the cooling equipment selection.
EXHIBIT 9: EQUIPMENT SELECTION STEP 1
EXHIBIT 9.1: EQUIPMENT SELECTION STEP 2
EXHIBIT 9.2: STEP 3
37
8.2 Furnace Selection
With the cooling equipment package selected, a furnace must be selected that meets the heating
load. The furnace capacity must meet the Manual J heating load while not exceeding the heating
load by more than 40%. Each manufacturer may tabulate the furnace performance data
differently. The furnace must also dimensionally match the size of the indoor coil. The example
equipment manufacturer furnace is matched to the indoor cooling coil size and type, but not all
manufacturers treat coil matching the same way. Some may require that the designers verify the
furnace and coil are dimensionally compatible. Taking time to understand how the furnace data
are formatted is important to making the correct selection.
EXHIBIT 10: FURNACE SELECTION
38
8.3 AIR SOURCE SELECTION:
The selection of an air source heat pump is driven by climatic conditions, the size of the cooling
load compared to the heating load, and the economic factors of gas prices compared to the cost
of electricity. Air source heat pump systems have not traditionally been a common choice in
cold climates with a large heating load; however, an air source heat pump is a likely choice for
climates where the heating load is much smaller than the cooling load. Dual fuel options can
make an air source heat pump a viable choice for a cold climate by providing an economical
solution of a gas-fired burner to meet the larger heating load in cold climates. Because no
furnace is used in this particular heat pump system, an indoor fan coil air handler with electric
resistance heat coils will be selected to match the performance requirements and design
parameters for airflow and heating load. The additional information required for heat pump
selection is the amount of supplemental heat and the emergency heat capacity.
EXHIBIT 11: AIR SOURCE SELECTION
39
EXHIBIT 11.1: AIR SOURCE HEAT PUMP SELECTION
STEP 1.
EXHIBIT 11.2: HEAT PUMP COOLING CAPACITY SELECTION
STEP 2.
40
EXHIBIT 11.3: AIR SOURCE HEAT PUMP SELECTION
STEP 3
EXHIBIT 11.4: COOLING EQUIPMENT SELECTION
41
EXHIBIT 12: COOLING EQUIPMENT FITTING
TABLE: 1
42
TABLE 2: INTERPOLATION TABLE
EXHIBIT 13: COOLING EQUIPMENT APPLCATION
Right-sizing of an HVAC system is the selection of equipment and the design of the air
distribution system to meet the accurate predicted heating and cooling loads of the house. The
equipment effective capacity should match the loads generated in the load calculation procedure
within the sizing guidelines. Selection of the equipment can have a substantial impact on the
overall efficiency and operating costs of the installed system.
43
11. HEAT LOAD CALCUATION
The amount of heating that a building needs to maintain the indoor temperature at established
levels.
Heat capacity means the amount of heat that a piece of HVAC equipment can provide. When
you see the term 'heating capacity,' it refers to the actual heating equipment.
Load Calculation can be Divided into 2 Factors
1. External Load Factor (Roofs, Ceiling, Walls etc.)
2. Internal Load Factor (People, Lights, Power Loads etc.
Parameters:
1. Project details
2. Heat co-efficient factor
3. Psychrometry chart to find RH, Humidity ratio
4. Outside air CFM
5. Infiltration
6. Solar gain through glass
7. Transmission gain through wall, Glass, floor. Roof
8. Internal heat
44
12. HEAT LOAD CALCUATION USING E-20 EXCEL

SHEET
45
13. HEAT LOAD CALCUATION USING HAP-49

Hourly Analysis Program (HAP-49) is a software which is used to calculate Heat load of the
buildings. Using this software makes our work super easy that we can attain the results within
minutes.
.Procedure:
Step 1: Open the HAP Software and create new project.
46
Step 2: Input weather properties of a city required using ASHRAE data book
Step 3: Input project libraries like Schedules, walls, Roof, Windows.
47
Step 4: Input Space settings and enter all required values.
Step 5: Input System setup and all the required input values
48
49
14. HAP-49 RESULT

Step 6: View the result
50
15. AUTOCAD
AutoCAD is a commercial computer-aided design and drafting software application. Developed
and marketed by Autodesk. Here we will use AutoCAD to design the AC System.
Project of Homecare Hospital
51
52
53
17. SAFETY AND RESCUE

Working as an HVAC technician can be a smart career choice and one that’s thriving in many
cities across the U.S. According to Education.org, “heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration
technicians hold approximately 292,000 jobs, and job openings in the field are expected to grow
9% through 2016.” Because this profession comes with inherent safety risks, it’s important to
follow a few guidelines if you’re a new technician. Here are five of the most important.
1) Protective Gear
Any time you’re exposed to contaminants like dust, gases and other debris, you will need a
respirator to avoid breathing in any harmful particles. If the respirator lacks eye protection,
it’s necessary to wear either goggles or a face shield to keep your eyes safe from contact with
liquids or flying particles. Gloves and arm protectors need to be worn when handling anything
that could lacerate you such as sheet metal and glass. Slip resistant shoes should ensure that
you maintain steady footing, which is important when dealing with potential leaks and
slippery floors. If you’re in an environment where objects may fall from above, a hardhat or
some type of helmet is a good idea. Also, earplugs should be worn whenever you’re in a loud
environment for an extended period.
2) Tools for Staying Safe
Part of being a professional HVAC technician is using the right HVAC tools for the specific job
at hand. Before starting out on jobs, you will need to have acquired an assortment of tools like
wrenches, wire strippers, an anemometer, clamp meter and vacuum gauge. With the ever-present
threat of gas and radiation leaks, having a leak detector is also important. Keeping everything in
working condition through routine maintenance is critical for staying safe on the job.
54
3) Identifying Hazards
Before jumping right into a task, it’s critical to take the time to make an assessment and know
exactly what you’re up against. When you’re new to this profession, you should identify any
potential hazards on each job site and take the proper safety precautions before going forth. It’s
better to take a bit more time to get the job done right and stay safe than rush it and wind up
seriously injured. The Centres for Disease Control and Prevention also suggests that it’s smart to
participate in “additional electrical safety training to those workers working with or around
electrical current, including proper rescue procedures.” If electrical safety isn’t part of on-the-job
training, one could consider taking a short 3-month electrician training program.
4) Chemical Safety
Daily, you’re likely to encounter a range of chemicals that can pose a serious threat to your health.
Everything from refrigerants and cleaning liquids to solvents and detergents can be problematic if
handled incorrectly. In some cases, certain combustible chemicals can explode and cause major
injury. That’s why you should always wear protective gloves when handling chemicals that can
cause skin burns.
You should always follow proper procedures when transporting and storing chemicals. In some
cases, newer technicians will lack in-depth knowledge on certain chemicals, so extra precaution is
needed during your learning curve. If you’re at all unsure about a particular substance, you should
familiarize yourself with it or ask an expert before handling it. It’s better to be safe than sorry.
5) Avoiding Shock
Because you’re often dealing with electrical equipment that you may not be fully familiar with
when starting out, you should be cautious and take preventative steps to minimize your risk of
shock or electrocution. This can be especially problematic whenever there is a water leak within
an HVAC system. As water drips onto the electrical parts, it’s the perfect recipe for equipment
failure and shock. Typically, the best way to stay safe is to turn off main circuit breakers
beforehand. Not only should this eliminate the threat of electrocution, but it should prevent any
expensive equipment from being damaged as well.
55
18. CONCLUSION
During this course of internship, we got the full-time knowledge of how to design the HVAC
system for a school building. We observed the real time duty of a HVAC engineer and experienced
about what his/her work will be in this corporate world.
We got to use the HAP (Hourly Analysis Program) software for designing the accurate tonnage or
capacity of Air conditioning system for school’s ground floor plan.
Overall, the company’s interaction with the students was good and every student by clearing
his/her doubt.
Internship gave an exposure to professional activities and Experience. A bright study was made
on HVAC working and its environment.
Acknowledged the need of software learning in the industry.
56
57

Complete Report On Hvac

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Complete Report On Hvac

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

JNANASANGAMA , BELAGAVI - 590018

Internship Report (15ME84)

“EQUIPMENT SELECTON FOR AIR CONDITIONING”

Submitted in partial fulfillment for the award of degree of

B.E Degree in Mechanical Engineering

Internship Carried Out

PRINSTON SMART ENGINEERS,

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

PRINSTON SMART ENGINEERS,

Electronic City, Begur Road,

Bangalore – 560068, India

(Just attach color copy of original)

This is to certify that SOMESHWARAN has undergone internship in our organization in

Sheikh Imtiyaz Asif

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

I, SOMESHWARAN bearing USN No.1HK14ME079 student of VIII semester, B.E

1.1 Corporate Profile

• Administrative & Organizations

1.2 Organization Structure

1.2 Vision of Company

• To become one of the leading and most reliable players in market

• We will invest in Princo’s organizational future, doing whatever is necessary to enable

1.3 Mission of Company

1.4 Departments of the Company

1.5 Clientele of the Company

1.6 Awards and Accomplishments

1.1 Definition of HVAC

• Moisture in the air (humidity)

• Supply of outside air for ventilation

• Filtration of airborne particles

• Air movement in the occupied space

1.2 Brief History of HVAC

1.3 Modes of Heat Transfer

heat from one location to the other.

using radiation only.

2. Codes and Standards of HVAC

and standards. To complete knowledge of HVAC we have to follow these codes

The Mechanical Code makes references to: -

ANSI (American National Standards Institute)

ISO (The International Organization for Standardization)

ISHRAE (Indian Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers)

ARI (Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute)

ASHRAE (American Society of Heating, Refrigeration, and Air Conditioning Engineers)

ASME (American Society of Mechanical Engineers)

ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials)

AWS (American Welding Society)

NFPA (National Fire Protection Association)

SMACNA (Sheet metal and Air Conditioning Contractors National Association),

STI (Steel Tank Institute)

3.MECHANICAL, ELECTRICAL AND HVAC

6. Evaporator (cooling coil):

8. Air Handling Unit (AHU):

EXHBIBT 1: VENTILATION SYSTEM

EXHIBIT 2: ELECTRICAL SYSTEM

4. BASIC REFRIGERATION CYCLE

EXHIBIT 3: REFRIGERATION CYCLE

BASIC REFRIGERATION CYCLE STEP 1: COMPRESSION

MAJORLY USED REFRIGERANT

R410a, R134a = HFC (HYDRO FLORO CARBON)

EXHIBIT 4: HVAC SYSTEM