Professional Documents
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OnlyIAS - World Geography Through Maps
OnlyIAS - World Geography Through Maps
World
Geography
for UPSC Civil Services Examination
CH-1 ASIA
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• Asia is home of some of the Oldest civilizations ➢ Pamirs Plateau is located in West China,
in the world. extending across Tajikistan, China and
Afghanistan.
The land: ➢ At the junction of the Himalayas(to south east)
• Asia has varied physical features and can be with the Tian Shan (North East) Karakoram
divided into five major physical divisions. They (south east), Kunlun (east), Hindu Kush(west)
are: the Northern Lowlands, the Southern plateaus, and Suleiman (south).
central mountains, Great river valleys and Island
groups. 3. Central mountains:
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• Red sea:
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INTRODUCTION:
• Important mountain ranges are Arakan yoma, Pegu yoma, Chin Hills, Bilauktang range etc.
• Arakan yoma and pegu Yoma are extension of Himalayas due to syntaxial Bend.
• Hkakabo razi is the Highest peak in Northern Myanmar.
• Shan Plateau is the important source of mineral in Myanmar. It is a rain shadow region.
• Important rivers are Irrawaddy Salween, Chindwin etc.
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Rivers:
1. Irrawaddy:
• Originates in Myanmar and flows in Myanmar.
• It flows North to South.
• Very important transport route.
• Drains into Andaman sea
• Capital of Myanmar Naypyidaw is on this river.
2. Salween:
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• Coffee is grown on volcanic mountains, west Java.Part of Malaya peninsula and Borneo island make Malaysia.
• Most of the cities are on Malay Peninsula.
• The water body between two portions of Malaysia is Natuna sea.
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Physical geography of Singapore: • Many disputed Islands like Spratly Islands, the
Paracel Islands etc.
• Abundance of natural resources like petroleum,
Metallic nodules, fisheries etc.
Strait Of Malacca:
• It Connects Indian Ocean and Pacific Ocean.
• Countries Bordering are Indonesia Malaysia and
Singapore.
• One of the busiest sea routes.
• City-state
• Highest population density in the world
• Port of call
• Located on important sea lane- strait of Malacca
• highly educated labour force to attract MNCs
Other important facts about Southeast Asia:
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• Main source of livelihood except in Brunei and ➢ Shwe natural gas project in the Rakhine
Singapore Basin – export to China
• Wet-paddy cultivation • Indonesia:
• Major export crops of there region are cacao, ➢ Sumatra,Duri and Minas, East Java basin
coffee, and spices (Banyu Urip, Jambaran, and Cendana),
• Agro-advancement in Malaysia and Thailand but Kutei Basin, Western Papua are places of
very little in Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam crude oil production.
• Hunger malnutrition in Cambodia because of crop ➢ One of the largest exporter of natural gas
failures and internal strife. ➢ The Mahakam, offshore East Kalimantan,
• Rubber and Palm oil: Bintuni Bay and the Central Sulawesi
➢ Rubber and palm oil are significant in region, Abadi gas field, Arafura sea.
Malaysia, Indonesia, and southern
Thailand. Industrial development:
• Opium poppy:
➢ The cultivation of opium poppies is
important in parts of Myanmar and
Thailand.
➢ Used to make narcotic drugs like heroin +
also used in medicinal purpose.
2. Crude oil and Natural gas:
• Vietnam:
➢ 3rd Largest crude oil reserve in Asia.
➢ Cuu Long Basin, Nam con son, Phu
Kahn basin.
• Myanmar: ➢ In Thailand, Myanmar and the Philippines,
➢ Major gas producer of SE Asia textiles industries.
➢ Oil- onshore Salin basin (Minbu) and ➢ Chemical industry in Thailand and
Yadana Indonesia.
➢ Gas- Yadana and Yetagun fields
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The Land:
1. Mountains and Uplands:
• Plateau of Arabia:
➢ Westernmost part of Asia.
➢ Very high Aridity due to low Rainfall
➢ Rich petroleum reserves
• Armenian knot:
➢ Mountains ranges of Elburz, Zagros, Pontic and
Taurus originate from here.
➢ The mountain ranges extend into Turkey,
Georgia Azerbaijan, Armenia and Iran.
➢ Mount Damavand (a stratovolcano in Iran) is
the highest peak of the highlands.
• Tigris and Euphrates:
Mosul
Baghdad
Basra
2. Deserts:
• Arabian Desert
➢ Arabian Desert is a vast desert wilderness
stretching from Yemen to the Persian Gulf and
from Oman to Jordan and Iraq ➢ Euphrates originates from Armenian highlands
➢ Rub Al Khali is a part of this desert. and Tigris originates from lake Hazara.
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• Syr Daraya:
➢ Originates at the Border of Afghanistan and
Tajikistan.
➢ Flows in North-West direction.
➢ Passes through Afghanistan, Tajikistan,
Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan.
➢ It drains into Aral Sea.
• Amu Dariya:
➢ Originates in Tien shan Mountains in Kyrgyzstan.
➢ Flows North-westward.
➢ Flows through Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan,
Tajikistan and Uzbekistan.
➢ It drains into Aral Sea.
• Jordan river:
➢ Originates from mount Hermon ➢ Gulf of Aqaba is North-eastern extension of Red
➢ Flows from north to south sea. It is bordered by Egypt, Israel, Jordan, and Saudi
➢ Flows through rift valley. Arabia.
➢ Drains into Dead sea. ➢ Gulf of Suez is North-western extension of Red sea.
4. Water bodies: Part of Egypt.
• Dead sea:
➢ Bordered by Jordan and Israel.
➢ It is a land-locked Salt Lake.
• Red sea:
➢ Border countries include Saudi Arabia, Yemen,
Egypt, Sudan, Eritrea and Djibouti.
➢ Connected by Suez Canal to Mediterranean Sea.
➢ It is formed because of Rifting in Arabian ➢ Lies in Rift valley.
Peninsula. ➢ It is the lowest point on land surface.
➢ Important trade route. High piracy. ➢ Second most saline lake on earth after lake Van.
➢ Strait of Bab-Al-Mandeb connects it with Gulf of
Aden • Lake Van:
➢ Lies in Turkey
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• Persian Gulf:
➢ Bordered by Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia,
Qatar, Bahrain, United Arab Emirates and Oman.
➢
➢ Persian Gulf and its coastal areas are World’s largest
single source of Petroleum.
➢ Strait of Hormuz connects it with Gulf of Oman. Tropical
climate
• Caspian Sea:
➢ Bordered by Azerbaijan, Iran, Kazakhstan, Russia,
Turkmenistan.
➢ Known for its Mineral wealth. Mediterranean
type
• Aral Sea:
➢ It is Bordered by Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan,
Resources:
Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Russia,
Afghanistan and Iran. • Oil and Natural gas:
➢ Formerly it was the fourth largest lake in world and ➢ More than half of the world’s oil reserve and 40%
now reduced to 1/10th of its size. of natural gas reserve.
• Climate of West Asia: ➢ Saudi Arabia, Qatar, UAE, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait are
➢ Arid to semi-arid climate major Oil producing countries.
➢ Water shortage – Saudi Arabia and other countries of • Other Natural resources:
Arabian Peninsula, Iran depend upon desalination of ➢ Israel has reserves of Copper, Bromide, Potash,
sea water Clay, Manganese etc.
➢ Shortage of agriculture land ➢ Yemen and Turkey are rich in Biodiversity and
➢ Problems of Desertification of soil Water resources.
Utilisation of Resources:
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• Industries: (All the mportant cities are shown in political image given
➢ The major industrial activity is around petroleum above).
reserves in countries of Iran, Iraq, UAE, Saudi, Qatar
etc
➢ Israel is a technological advanced country having
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• Tien Shan: Runs through the middle of the Xinjiang ➢ Takla makan: Desert in Southwest Xinjiang
Uygur Autonomous Region. The highest peak in the in Northwest China. It is bounded by the
Tian Shan is Jengish Chokusu, at 7,439 meters. Kunlun Mountains to the south, the Pamir
• Kunlun Shan: Extends 2,500 km from the Pamirs Mountains and Tian Shan to the west and
Plateau in the west to the northwest of Sichuan north and the Gobi Desert to the east.
Province. Muztag, is 7,723 meters above sea level is ➢ Gobi Desert:
the highest peak. o The desert basins of the Gobi are bounded by the
• Tibetan plateau: Altai Mountains and the grasslands and steppes of
➢ It is spread across Western China, Indian regions Mongolia on the north.
of Ladakh and Lahaul and Spiti (Himachal o The Gobi is overall a cold desert, with frost and
Pradesh) as well as Bhutan. occasionally snow occurring on its dunes
➢ It is bordered by Kulun Shan in north and o The Gobi is a rain shadow desert, formed by the
Kailash Mountains in South. Tibetan Plateau blocking precipitation from the
➢ It is world’s largest plateau Indian Ocean.
➢ Average height is 4000m. • Rivers of China:
➢ Important Rivers like Indus, Tsangpo, Satluj,
Salween, Mekong etc originates from Tibetan
plateau.
• Yunnan Plateau: Located in Southwest China.
• Loess Plateau: Located in north central China. It is
made up of Yellow dust called Loess. This has been
brought by winter winds from interior deserts.
➢ Yangtze:
o Originates from Tibetan plateau.
o Flows from West to East.
o Flows in China.
o Highest navigable river in China.
o Important cities like Shanghai, Wuhan, Nanjing
are on this river.
• Basins of China: o It drains into East China sea.
➢ Yellow river:
➢ Tarim Basin: Taklamakan desert is part of it. Drained o It is known as Huang He.
by Tarim river. o It originates in Qinghai province of western
➢ Dzungarian Basin: Dry region Surrounded by steppe China.
grassland. o It flows from West to North-east.
➢ Qaidam Basin: Qaidam basin is located in Qinghai o Its Color is yellow because of sand from Gobi
province. Qinghai – China’s largest producer of Desert.
Lithium. Source of potassium, silicon, magnesium is o It drains into Bohai sea.
also found. More than 30 salt lakes
• Deserts of China:
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China type:
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Utilization of Resources:
• Agriculture:
➢ China already has one of the smallest areas
of cultivated land per person.
➢ Intensive agriculture is practiced.
➢ Main crops are rice, wheat, soybean, etc.
➢ Silk, cotton and tobacco are main cash crops
➢ Pigs, chicken and ducks are widely reared.
• Industrial centers:
1. Mukden triangle:
➢ Liaoning province
➢ Reserve of Iron, boron, diamonds
• Petroleum: Fourth Largest oil producer in the world. ➢ Good reserve of crude oil and natural gas
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3. Beijing-Tianjin region:
➢ Tianjin – highest per capita GDP of China
➢ Metallurgical & ship building industries
➢ Now hub of shipping and logistics
➢ Textile, automobile, petrochemical
People:
• China has world’s largest population (1.43bn)
• Population distribution is uneven following the
varied relief.
• The majority of China's people live in the eastern
segment of the country.
• Important cities of China are Shanghai, Beijing,
Tianjin, Shenzhen, Guangzhou etc.
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JAPAN
• Japan is an island country in East Asia. ➢ Mount Fujiyama is the most famous near Tokyo.
• It borders the Sea of Japan to the west, and stretches • There are very few plain areas in Japan. Most
from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East important are Kanto plains on eastern coast of
China Sea and Taiwan in the south. Honshu. Cities like Tokyo and Yokohama lies on
• It is spread across five large islands, from north to these plains.
south, are Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu, • Rivers – small and swift run-off. No large river
and Okinawa. system in Japan.
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• Agriculture in Japan:
➢ Only 20% of land suitable for agriculture
➢ Wet paddy and terraced paddy
➢ Wheat, Barley, Soya bean, potatoes, Sweet
potatoes. ➢ Petroleum: Japan is second largest importer of
➢ Indoor farming in Japan is widely practiced crude oil.
➢ Sea weed is a popular source of nutrition for
Japanese population.
• Fishery in Japan:
➢ One of the largest fishery sectors in the world
➢ Deep sea fishing, aqua-culture, artificial
insemination, modern hatching techniques.
➢ Reasons Flourishing fishery sector in Japan are
Meeting of cold current Oyashio and warm
current Kuroshio, Indented coastline, Shallow
continental shelf, Temperate waters.
• Minerals:
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People:
• 7th largest population
• Mostly concentrated on Eastern coast.
• Japan is one of the most urbanized countries of the
world.
• Important city centers are Tokyo Kyoto, Chiba,
Kawasaki, Yokohama etc.
Water Bodies around China and Japan:
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Arctic Ocean
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INTRODUCTION:
1. North America is the third largest continent in the
world.
2. Lies totally in Northern Hemisphere
3. Tropic of cancer passes throughMexico And The
Bahamas.
4. The continent has diverse population which is
unevenly distributed.
5. It has 23sovereign states
The Land:
• Great Basin:
➢ Largest intermontane plateau of the continent.
➢ The Basin forms an area of inland drainage for
rivers.
➢ Lies in United States, covering state of
Nevada
• They are also known as Eastern Highlands. Utah, California etc.
• Mt. Mitchell is the highest peak. (2037m) • Colorado Plateau:
• The Hudson river flows through these ➢ Colorado river and it’s tributaries have deep cuts
mountains. in the soft rocks of the region.
3. The western cordilleras:
• They are volcanic fold mountains.
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➢ Such deep cuts have formed canyons and Grand ➢ Imp cities: St. Pittsburg, Memphis, St. Louis
canyon is the largest of them ➢ Irrigation – Prairie region
➢ Petroleum at mouth
• Colorado:
➢ West flowing river
➢ cutting the Colorado Plateau –Grand canyon
➢ Flows throughSonoran desert, Painted desert
➢ hoover dam – Lake mead
➢ Las Vegas located near lakeMead.
• St. Lawrence:
➢ Flows fromsouth-west to North-east.
➢ Originate from lake Ontario and drain into
Atlantic Ocean.
➢ Busiest inland waterways.
• Mackenzie:
• Columbian Plateau: ➢ Flows Northward.
➢ Mostly lie in USA. ➢ Originate from great slave lake and drains into
➢ It lies between Rockies and cascade range. ArcticOcean.
➢ It flows through Boreal forests of Canada.
➢ It is a Basaltic Lava Plateau.
➢ It has rich mineral resources. • Hudson river:
➢ Flows from north to south
5. Rivers: ➢ Originate in Appalachian mountains.
➢ It flows through major cities like New York and
Important rivers of North America are New Jersey.
➢ Provides an important waterway
Mississippi, Missouri, Colorado, St.
Lawrence, Mackenzie, Hudson, Snake, 6. Lakes of North America:
Tennessee, etc.
Mississippi: Important Lakes of North America are
➢ Flows from North to South
➢ Important tributary Missouri river. Superior, Huron, Ontario, Erie, Michigan,
➢ Most imp river system of USA Grt slave Lake, Lake Nicaraguan, Bear lake
etc.
• Great lakes:
➢ These are Glacial lakes
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➢ These include superior, Huron, Erie, Michigan, ➢ Formed because of Rain shadow region
Ontario. ➢ Driest in North America.
➢ Largest fresh water system together
➢ They hold 1/5th of earth’s fresh water. • Sonoran Desert:
➢ They provide water for irrigation, drinking, ➢ Spread across Mexico and USA.
Transportation etc. ➢ Receive rainfall biannually due to onshore
westerlies.
7. Deserts of North America: 8. Grasslands of North America:
• They are Temperate Grasslands.
Important deserts of North America are • They are also known as Prairies.
Mojave desert, Sonoran, Chihuahua, Great • They extend from USA to Canada.
Basin, Okanagan desert, Painted desert etc. • They are known as bread basket of the world.
• Largest of wheat grounds are found here.
• Mojave desert:
➢ Lies inUnited States.
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1. Land Resources:
• Highly advanced agricultural practices.
• The farm lands are very extensive. • The Grand bank near the coast of Newfoundland
• About half of the world’s maize is grown in North is famous for fishing
America.
Miscellaneous:
• Important crops are maize, wheat, barley, cotton,
tobacco, etc. 1. Alaska:
• Wheat is grown in prairie region of Canada and • It is one of the States of USA.
USA. • It is separated by Bering strait from Asia
• Cotton and tobacco in southern part of • It has high mineral resources
Mississippi basin. • Major producer and exporter of Petroleum
• Along Gulf coast rice and sugarcane are grown. • The region is sparsely populated.
• Central America is famous for growing Banana. • It lies in Frigid zone.
2. Forest wealth:
• North America rich in forest resources.
• These forests are great source of softwood.
• Pulp and paper are the important forest products of
this region.
• Tropic rainforest of the region yields good quality
hardwood such as mahogany and logwood.
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• Gulf of Mexico have many oil fields making this This is because of broad sea shelf).
region one of the largest producer of petroleum (
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• Shale gas:
➢ Some of the largest reserves of shale oil.
➢ Important regions are Pennsylvania, Michigan,
WestVirginia etc.
• Industrial regions:
• Corn:
➢ Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Iowa and Missouri
➢ Intensive crop and livestock farming
➢ Most of the corn is used to raise or fattening
livestock- hogs (pigs) and poultry
➢ Cattle rearing for meat and dairy products.
• Cotton:
➢ Cotton plantation system
➢ Hybrid cotton variety withmechanized farming
➢ Textile industries is labour intensive and hence
US exports raw cotton and imports finished
textile from Bangladesh, Pakistan and India
• Wheat & Rice: • NW region:
➢ Prairieregion is well known for wheat and rice ➢ Seattle– aluminum smelting, aircraft
belts. manufacturing,
➢ Oregon state lumbering: Eugene
➢ Per person productivity is very high. ➢ Salem– food processing hub.
➢ Truck farming belt.
• California region:
2. Minerals and Industries: ➢ San Francisco: financial services (Wall street of
• Coal: the west),
➢ Wyoming and Appalachian main coal producing ➢ San Diego: submarine and shipbuilding
regions. ➢ Los Angeles: entertainment, aerospace, port.
➢ Pennsylvania – only Anthracite producing region
• Great lake:
• Iron: Duluth– steel (Mesabi)
➢ Major iron mining Zone – Minnesota and Milwaukee- dairying, meat processing
Michigan. Chicago–FPI
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Introduction:
1. South America is the fourth largest continent in the world.
2. It has long mountain range named Andes.
3. Its southern ends almost touch Antarctica (separated by Drake Passage).
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The land:
• SA has 12 percent of total land of earth. ∙ The continent is mostly in Southern hemisphere.
• SA has following physical divisions- the western mountains, the central plains and the highlands.
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➢ Lies in Brazil
1) Highlands: ➢ Lava plateau,
• Guiana Highlands: ➢ Minas Garais region- iron and gold reserve.
o Lies in Venezuela
o Abundance of rain, tropical rainforest.
o World’s highest fall –Angel’s fall on Bolivian plateau:
Caroni River. ➢ Shared among Bolivia, Chile, and Peru.
o Gold, diamond and iron ore reserve. ➢ Most extensive after Tibet.
➢ Lake Titicaca world’s highest navigable
• Plateau of Mato Grosso:
water body lies here.
➢ Lies in Venezuela.
➢ Ancient erosional plateau,
➢ Part of Savannah grasslands ⮚ Cattle raising 2. The western Mountains:
is prominent. • These are called Andes
➢ Gold and diamond reserve. • The run from Caribbean Sea to southern tip of
SA.
• They are young fold mountains.(Formed due to
Plateau of Borborema: O-C collision)
➢ Lies in Brazil
• Mt. Aconcagua is the highest peak of Andes
➢ Semi-arid, deciduous thorny scrub.
(7021m)
• Cotopaxi in Ecuador is the highest active volcano
Birazilian Highlands: in the world. Other volcanic peak is mt.
Chimbrazo in Ecuador.
3. Rivers:
• Amazon river:
➢ Flows from west to east.
➢ Passes through Equatorial
rainforest
➢ Navigable till Manaus
➢ Petroleum at mouth
➢ Natural Rubber
Amazon rainforest
• it is a tropical rainforest.
• Covering northwestern Brazil and extending into
Colombia, Peru and other South American
countries.
• Very rich in biodiversity. So far more than 2.5
million species have been discovered
• Deforestation due to cattle ranching and soya
beans fields.
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Uruguay River:
➢ Flows from north to south.
➢ Joins Parana river – to form Rio de la Plata
estuary
➢ Important for irrigation and HEP
➢ Not useful for navigation due to numerous
rapids.
4. Deserts:
Patagonia desert:
➢ Located in Argentina
➢ Due to rain shadow impact of Andes
➢ It is a cold desert.
➢ Pineapple – native to south Brazil and Parana
Atacama desert: River basin.
➢ Lies in Chile. ➢ Rubber – amazon basin
➢ Driest desert in the world.
➢ Impact of cold current is a reason for high aridity
(Humboldt Current).
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2. Livestock rearing:
• ∙ Commercial livestock ranching ∙ Huge estates
• ∙ Most of the livestock rearing in Pampas.
• ∙ Argentina and Uruguay major producers.
• ∙ Llanos are facing over grazing.
• Petroleum:
➢ Venezuela is the largest producer and member of
OPEC.
➢ Other producers are Argentina, Ecuador, Brazil
etc.
• Copper:
➢ Chile- one of the
largest producers of
copper in the world.
⮚ Others are Venezuela,
Brazil, Argentina etc.
Industrial centres:
➢ ⮚ Sao Paulo-Automobile and aviation industries
➢ ⮚ Rio de Janeiro-Financial center of Brazil,
metallurgy and engineering
➢ ⮚ Santiago- Industrial and financial center of
Chile.
➢ ⮚ Bueno Aires- Major port of South America,
food processing, oil refining and heavy
industries.
➢ ⮚ Caracas-Financial center of Venezuela,
chemical industries.
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3. Crops:
• Mainly an agricultural country. ∙
• Important crops are maize, rice beans etc.
Coffee:
• Most important crop. ∙
Land and Climate: • Introduced by Portuguese.
• Greater part of country is vast plateau. • ∙ Brazil is the largest producer.
• Northern part of the country is an Extensive • ∙ Grown on slopes of high plateau.
Lowland prepared by • ∙ The large coffee plantations are known as
• Amazon and its tributaries. FAZENDAS.
• ∙ Mainly Tropical Climate.
• ∙ Major portion of Brazilian plateau has
Savanna type of vegetation. Minerals and Industries:
• Rich in high quality iron ore and Mica. But
Resources and their Utilization: poor coal availability.
• Rich in water resources.
1. Forests:
• Industrial cities Cities of Rio-de Janeiro,
• Among the richest forests in the world.
• Many products such as Timber, gum, Sao Paulo, Belo, Horizente and Santos.
resins, waxes, oils, cellulose etc.
• Brazil is homeland of rubber. The people:
• Once the Amazon basin was the only • Very low population density.
• ∙ Most people live in Atlantic coastal region.
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CH-7 AFRICA
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2. Mountains:
• Mt. Kilimanjaro:
➢ In Tanzania
➢ It is the highest mountain peak of Africa.
It is 5,895m
Atlas mountains :
➢ Spread in Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia
They are Fold Mountains
➢ They Separates Europe from Africa.
➢ The highest peak of the range is Ibel
Toubkal(4165m) in Morocco.
Mt. Kenya:
➢ 2nd highest peak of Africa. It is 5,200m
3. Rift valleys:
• In Africa, there is a long chain of rift
waterfalls except Nile, Zaire and some
valleys running from south of Lake
other.
Malawi northward to the Red Sea and then
through the Gulf of Suez and the Gulf of
Examples:
Aqfuaba to the Dead Sea. It is known as
‘Great rift Valley’s.
Nile:
• It is formed due to continent continet
➢ It flows from south to North.
divergence.
➢ Through Tanzania, Uganda, Rwanda,
• Rift valley has multiple lakes. Burundi, The Democratic Republic of
Congo, Kenya, Ethiopia,Eritrea,
4. Lakes Of Africa: South Sudan, Republic of the Sudan
and Egypt.
• Tanganyika: ➢ It is the largest river of Africa, known
➢ Shared among Tanzania, zaire and as Nile after White Nile and Blue
Zambia Nile (from Ethiopian highlands)
➢ World’s longest freshwater lake. meets at Khartoum
➢ 2nd deepest lake of world after lake Baikal ➢ It discharge water in mediterranean
(Siberia) sea.
➢ Lies in great rift valley.
Zaire or Congo:
Victoria: ➢ Flows from east to west
➢ Shared among Uganda,Kenya and ➢ Flows in Democratic Republic of Congo.
Tanzania. ➢ Largest River of Africa by volume.
➢ It is the largest lake of Africa. ➢ Its water falls in Atlantic Ocean.
➢ It is source of White Nile. ➢ It cuts Equator twice.
➢ Not inside a rift valley.
Zambezi:
5. Rivers of Africa:
➢ It flows from west to east.
• Most of the rivers of Africa are not ➢ It passes through Zimbabwe, Zambia,
suitable for transportation as they make Mozambique, Namibia, and Angola.
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Nubian desert:
➢ Rocky desert not a sandy desert
➢ Separated by Nile river from Libyan desert.
7. Islands, Bays and Gulf:
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Resources:
1. Gold:
➢ More than half of the world’s gold.
➢ South Africa is the major producer.
2. Diamond:
➢ World’s 95% diamond comes from Africa
➢ South Africa is the largest diamond
producer followed by Angola,
Botswana, Namibia etc.
3. Iron:
➢ Large Iron ore reserves.
➢ Important producers of Iron are South
Africa, Mauritania and Algeria.
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4. Manufacturing Industries:
➢ Agro based Industries (coffee, cotton, palm oil).
➢ Major Industrial countries are South Africa,
Nigeria, etc.
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2. Animal rearing:
➢ Cattle, goats and sheep are reared.
3. Forests:
➢ 1/3rd of country is under forest.
➢ Timber and plywood are important exports.
The People:
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3. Water resources:
➢ Several large dams on Nile River
(Aswan is the largest).
The people:
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CH-8 EUROPE
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2. Carpathian: 4. Volga:
• Extend in Czech republic, Slovakia, ➢ Largest river of Europe.
Poland, Ukraine Serbia and Romania. ➢ Originates from central Russia and Drains into
• Highest mountain peak isTatra Caspian sea.
➢ Important for Navigation in Russia.
➢ Moscow lies in the valley of Volga.
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• European:Spain, France, Monaco, Italy, • Malta and Cyprus are island countries in the sea.
Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina,
Montenegro, Albania and Greece.
• Asian: Syria, Israel, Lebanon, Turkey (SILT). Water Bodies
• African:Egypt, Libya, Tunisia, Algeria, and
Some important water bodies:
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FRANCE
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The land:
• Mountains:
➢ Pyrenees mountains run along the Southern • Western and northern part of France enjoy
boundary and separate France from Spain. Maritime climate
➢ In eastern part Alps, Jura and Vosgesseparate it • North eastern and central part have Continental
from Italy, Switzerland and Germany climate.
respectively. • Southern part have Mediterranean climate.
• The central Plateau or Massif gently slopes
towards west and north west.( directing rivers) Resources and economic development:
• North west coastline is Indented.
• Agriculture:
The climate:
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• Iron ore:
➢ Only mineral which is found in large quantity
in France.
➢ 90% of iron comes from Lorraine field.
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GERMANY
• In 1990, Germany got united with Berlin as its capital.
• It is Bordered by Switzerland, Austria, Czech Republic, Poland, Denmark, Netherlands, France,
Luxembourg and Belgium.
The land:
• Germany may be divided into two physical units- Northern German plains and southern highlands &
mountains.
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• Industrial centres:
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The land:
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4.Mountains:
Urals:
Importantmountain ranges are Urals,
➢ One of the oldest mountain range in world Yablonovy range, Stanovoy range,
➢ Highest peak of Urals – Narodnaya
➢ Extension into Arctic sea as Novaya Zemlya Verkhoyansk range etc.
➢ Not continuous, has many gaps
➢ Kola peninsula – copper
5. Rivers:
• Don: Important rivers of Russia are Volga, Don,
➢ Drains into Sea of Azov Ob, Irtysh, Yenisei, Lena etc.
➢ Rostov city is on Don
➢ Volga- Don canal [connects Black sea with Caspian sea]
• Influence of Continentality
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NORDIC COUNTRIES
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CH-9 AUSTRALIA
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Gibson Desert:
The climate:
• The northern section of Australia has a more tropical
influenced climate, hot and humid in the summer, and
quite warm and dry in the winter,
• while the southern parts are cooler with mild summers
➢ Tropic of Capricorn passes through it and cool, sometimes rainy winters.
5. Grasslands:
• There are two types of grasslands are found in theResources and their utilization:
continent-tropical and temperate. • Australia is one of the most industrialised countries of the
• These are called 'Savana' and 'Downs' World.
respectively. • Rich in resources like plants, wildlife and minerals. But it
• In the Savanna grasslands, Salt Brush and Mulga
bushes are found.
• The Downs are called the 'Parkland of
Australia'.
Rivers:
Important rivers of Australia are Murray,Darling, Lachlan,
Warrego, Yarra, etc.
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The people:
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