Fluid Saturation

Subtitle
The concept of fluid saturation

𝑉𝑤
▪ 𝑆𝑤 =
𝑉𝑝

𝑉𝑜
▪ 𝑆𝑜 =
𝑉𝑝

𝑉𝑔
▪ 𝑆𝑔 =
𝑉𝑝

𝑉𝑤 +𝑉𝑜 +𝑉𝑔
▪ = 𝑆𝑤 + 𝑆𝑜 + 𝑆𝑔 = 1
𝑉𝑝
Measuring Fluid Saturation : direct and indirect

Extraction Method: Retort Extraction Method: Dean-Stark

Distillation
Extraction Method: Dean-Stark

▪ Concept of Material Balance

▪ assuming no gas occupying the pores
▪ 𝑊𝑆 = 𝑊𝑑 + 𝑊𝑊 + 𝑊𝑜
𝑊𝑠 −𝑊𝑑 −𝜌𝑤 𝑉𝑝
▪ 𝑉𝑜 =
𝜌𝑜 −𝜌𝑤

𝑊𝑠 −𝑊𝑑 −𝜌𝑤 𝑉𝑝
▪ 𝑉𝑜 =
𝑉𝑝 (𝜌𝑜 −𝜌𝑤 )
QUANTITATIVE USE OF POROSITY, FLUID SATURATION

▪ One of the simplest methods of calculating reservoir oil content is called the
volumetric method
▪ The mathematical expression for the initial oil-in-place (N, in bbl) by this method
is:
𝑁 = 7758𝐴𝑠 ℎ𝜙𝑆𝑜𝑖
Where
𝐴𝑠 = surface area of the reservoir, acres
ℎ = thickness of the formation, ft
𝜙 = porosity, fraction
𝑆𝑜𝑖 = initial oil saturation, fraction
▪ The surface or “stock tank” oil as finally sold by the producer is different from the liquid
volume that existed underground
▪ The difference is due to the changes in the oil properties as the pressure is decreased from
high underground pressure and temperature to surface pressure and temperature
▪ This reduction in p and T causes some of the volatile components to come out of solution
(evaporate), causing the liquid volume to shrink
▪ This reduction in volume is expressed by the oil formation volume factor, Boi. The stock tank
oil initially in place is:
𝐴𝑠 ℎ𝜙(1 − 𝑆𝑤𝑖 )
𝑁 = 7758
𝐵𝑜𝑖
Where Boi is in reservoir barrels per stock tank barrel or bbl/STB.
▪ Soi is replaced by (1-Siw), where Siw is the irreducible or
connate water saturation.
▪ This implies that no free gas is present in the pore space.
▪ Because no petroleum reservoir is homogenous, the factors As,
h, ϕ, and Siw, just be averaged. The constant 7758 becomes
10,000 if As, h are expressed in hectares (ha) (1 hectare=10000
m2) and m, respectively, and N in m3.
▪ [Example] Calculate the initial oil-in-place (N) of an oil reservoir
if A=1600 acres, h=32 ft,ɸ=22%, Siw=20%, and Boi=1.23
bb1/STB.
 7758 1600 (32)(0.22)(1 − 0.20)
𝑁= = 56.8 × 106 𝑆𝑇𝐵
1.23
▪ In this case, it is convenient to express the gas volume in cubic feet. At standard conditions,
i.e., Psc=14.7 psia and Tsc=60 °F, the initial gas in-place in a volumetric reservoir is given by:
𝐴𝑠 ℎ𝜙(1 − 𝑆𝑤𝑖 )
𝐺 = 43560
𝐵𝑔𝑖
where Bgi, the initial gas formation volume factor in ft3/SCF, is calculated as:
𝑧𝑖 𝑇
𝐵𝑔𝑖 = 0.02829
𝑝𝑖
▪ The initial gas deviation (also called compressibility) factor, zi, is calculated at the initial
pressure, pi, of the gas reservoir. This factor accounts for the difference between the actual
and ideal gas volumes. The reservoir temperature, T, is in degree Rankin (°R).
▪ A volumetric gas reservoir has the following characteristics: A=1320 acres, h=45 ft, ɸ=0.175,
Siw=0.23, T=200 OF, Pi=4000 psia, zi=0.916
Jawaban Kuis
 Jawaban Kuis
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Heterogenitas
Perhatikan satuannya, satuan harus sama
misalnya jadikan inchi. σ𝑛 (𝑘𝑖 −𝑘)
𝑖=1
ഥ 2 (25−40)2 +(40−40)2 +(60−40)2 +(40−40)2
𝑠 𝑛−1 4−1
𝑉𝐾 = 𝑘ത = ത = =
𝑘 40
Permeabilitas geometri 14.4
= 0.36 (heterogeneous reservoir)
40
Langkah pertama kerjakan yang bagian
Laju Alir
parelel ത
𝑛 𝑘𝑊ℎ(𝑃 1 − 𝑃2 ) 0.04 × 2.5 × 2.5 × (1,5)
𝑘𝑖 ℎ𝑖 25 × 1 + (40 × 1,5) 𝑞= =
𝜇𝐿 1.1
𝑘ത = ෍ = = 0,34 𝑐𝑐/𝑠
ℎ 2,5
𝑖=1
= 34 𝑚𝐷
Langkah pertama kerjakan yang bagian seri
𝐿 8 8
ത
𝑘= = =
𝐿 3,94 2.03 2.03 0.2
σ𝑛𝑖=1 𝑖 + +
𝑘𝑖 34 60 40
= 40 𝑚𝐷
Jawaban Kuis
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Jawaban Kuis

Perhatikan satuannya, satuan harus sama Heterogenitas

misalnya jadikan inchi. σ𝑛 (𝑘𝑖 −𝑘)
𝑖=1
ഥ 2 (25−46.2)2 +(50−46,2)2 +(45−46.2)2 +(60−46.2)2
𝑠 𝑛−1 4−1
𝑉𝐾 = 𝑘ത = = =
Permeabilitas geometri ത
𝑘 46,2
23
= 0. 497(heterogeneous reservoir)
46.2
Langkah pertama kerjakan yang bagian parelel
𝑛
𝑘𝑖 ℎ𝑖 Laju Alir
ത
𝑘=෍ ത
𝑘𝑊ℎ(𝑃
ℎ 1 − 𝑃2 ) 0.0462 × 2.5 × 2.7 × (5)
𝑖=1
𝑞= =
𝜇𝐿 1.21
25 × 0.85 + 50 × 1,1 + (45 × 0,75) = 1,19 𝑐𝑐/𝑠
=
2,7
= 40,7 𝑚𝐷
Langkah pertama kerjakan yang bagian seri
𝐿 8 8
ത
𝑘= = = = 46.2 𝑚𝐷
𝐿 5 3 0.173
σ𝑛𝑖=1 𝑖
𝑘𝑖 40,7 + 60