Q No. 1. Explain the evolution of English Language.

Ans.: Throughout history many languages came into existence, but English became the
most adopted language among humans and is the most widely used language around the
globe. Despite this, English language never had its official standard. The reason behind
this has its own history, because English language came into existence among humas
form the mixture of many primitive languages, such as; Greek, Latin, Mercian, Saxon etc.
But in time it has evolved through centuries and adopted many thousands of words
through overseas exploration, international trade, and the building of an empire. It has
progressed from very humble beginnings as a dialect of Germanic settlers in the 5 th
century to a Global language in the 21 st century.
We can generally divide the evolution of English into 4 periods:
1. Old English Language (450-1100AD): It was the earliest recorded stage of the
English language up to approximately 1100 AD. Thus, it’s the first and foremost
spoken and written language of the people normally referred to by historians as
the Anglo-Saxons. Speakers of Old English called their language Englisc. Old
English was the west Germanic language spoken in the area now known as
England between the 5 th and 11th centuries while writing began in early 8 th century
and varies widely from the language we know today. This contained four dialics:
 West Saxon (commonly used dialect to write)
 Mercian
 North Umbrian
 Kentish
2. Middle English (1100-1500 AD): English language has changed continuously
throughout history. In the Early Middle Ages these changes were often the result of
invasions or migrations: as many migrated from other countries to British Isles. It
was a language which displayed a very different kind of structure with major
changes compared to the Old English, many deriving from the influence of French
following the Norman conquest of 1066.
3. Early Modern English (1500-1800): The wave of innovation of English vocabulary
came with the revival of classical scholarship known as Renaissance. From the
16th century the British had contact with many nations from around the world.
Renaissance led to interest in learning among people to become more aware of
the importance of language as they studied the writings of the past resulting in
introduction of many other words from other languages (especially from Latin and
Greek) into English.
4. Late Modern English(1800-present): The main difference between Early Modern
English and Late Modern English is vocabulary. Late Modern English has many
words which arose from the Industrial Revolution and technologies that created a
need for new words as well as International development of the language. At that
time British Empire covered one quarter of the earth’s surface, so the English
language adopted foreign words from many countries.

Q No. 2. Discuss various types of sentences with usage.

Ans: A sentence is a set of words that are put together to mean something. A complete
sentence has at least a subject and a main verb to state a complete thought.
There are four types of sentences based on function:
1. Declarative Sentence: A declarative sentence is that
 Makes a statement
 Provides an explanation
 Conveys one or more facts
Declarative sentences are among the most common sentences in the English
language. We see them everyday and they end with periods. A few examples are:
 I forgot to wear a cap today. (makes a statement)
 Jack is physically fit because he follows a healthy diet and habit.
(provides an explanation)
 Humans and bears are both the members of omnivore species. (conveys
one or more facts)
2. Interrogative sentence: An interrogative sentence is a sentence that asks a
question, like:
 How many dogs do you have?
 May I come in?
 Aren’t here enough players to play football?
3. Exclamatory sentence: Much like an interrogative sentence ends with a question
mark, an exclamatory sentence ends with an exclamation mark. These sentences
communicate heightened emotion and are often used as greetings, warnings, or
rallying cries, like:
 Hey!
 High voltage! Do not touch!
 This is Sparta!
The only difference between a declarative sentence and an exclamatory
one is the punctuation at the end. But the punctuation makes big
difference in how the reader or listener interprets the sentence.
4. Imperative sentence: An imperative sentence is sentence that gives the reader
advice, instructions, a command or makes a request. An imperative sentence can
end in either a period or an exclamation point, depending on the urgency of the
sentiment being expressed. For example:
 Get off my car!
 After three pressure cooker whistles, turn off the stove.
5. Conditional sentence: These are sentences that discuss factors and their
consequences in an if-then structure, like:
 If you drive carelessly, you may have an accident.

There are four types of sentences based on structure:

1. Simple sentence: It is the most basic type of sentence. This kind of sentence
consists of just one independent clause, which communicates a complete thought
and contains a subject and a verb. For example:
 How are you?
 He bought a supercar.
 2. Complex sentence: A complex sentence contains one independent clause and at
least one dependent clause. For example:
 Before you enter the temple, take off your shoes.
 Ramesh is a good athlete, yet never got a chance on state level.
3. Compound sentence: Compound sentence are sentence that contain two or more
independent clauses. In a compound sentence, the clauses are generally
separated by either a comma paired with a coordinating conjunction or a
semicolon. In some cases, they can be separated by a colon. For example:
 It was raining, so I brought an umbrella.
 He searched entire folders on his computer; he could not find his
project presentation.
4. Compound-Complex: When a sentence has two or more independent clauses and
at least one dependent clause, that sentence is a compound-complex sentence.
For example:
 I needed a new bike, so I bought electric bike because they are eco-
friendly.
 After a long lockdown, state highways are open, and I am exited to go
for a bike trip.
Q No. 3: What do you mean by direct-indirect speech? Explain various concepts of
vocabulary building.
Ans: Direct speech: It is also known as quoted speech, consists of words or phrases that
are taken directly from the source. These words are quoted or written exactly as the
words were originally spoken. Example- Roy said, “Take off your hat.”
Indirect speech: It is also known as reported speech, is when words or phrases are
reported in our own words. The original words are modified and/or interpreted as opposed
to being quoted. Example- He said he had been on Facebook since 2012.
The various concepts of vocabulary building are as follows:
1. Flash cards: Flash cards are an excellent method of reviewing both old and new
vocabulary words. Not only are they the best way to learn vocabulary, we may also
use them in other ways. For example, key ideas may be written out and reviewed.
The flashcard technique involves at least three components: writing down the new
word on the front of the card, writing the word’s meaning on the back or beneath
the word, and then using the card to become familiar with the new word and its
meaning.
2. Rote method (repetition): This is the method in which we write down the new
words up to remember them as we used to learn new words in childhood learning.
So, if no any other methods work to remember a new word we should not hesitate
to use the rote method.
3. Self-dictionary: It happens most of the time that we hear and read new words but
rarely do we take time to look them up. So using this method, when we hear or see
an unfamiliar word, we should jot it down and take the time to look it up later.
4. Word games: In this method we can play many games online or offline which not
only serves as a way to entertain but at the same time, develops our vocabulary.
Some examples of such games are Word search, Cross words, Quiz, Match game,
Scramble, Letter Blocks and many more Trivia games.
5. Visualisation: At times when there are very difficult words that can’t be learnt by
any method else than visualisation then words can be related with something
familiar and funny so that they can be remembered.
6. Reading: When we read a lot, we encounter a lot of unfamiliar words in print which
is remarkably instructive. Reading can be one of the very best ways to widen our
working vocabulary, which is the vocabulary we use in everyday life. When a
person knows more words, he/she is more able to understand what they read. We
can also use Targeted Reading method, means deciding what field we want to
improve our vocabulary in, and reading books in that field. In context, reading
enriches our attempt to build a better vocabulary.
7. Interact in English: All said done, we must try to improve our spoken English so as
to write better. The more we speak in English, the better it would be for us to
improve our vocabulary.