Construction and Building Materials 166 (2018) 916–921

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Construction and Building Materials

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/conbuildmat

Effect of high temperature on strength and mass loss of admixtured

concretes
A. Maanser a,⇑, A. Benouis a, Noureddine Ferhoune b
Civil Engineering and Hydraulic Laboratory, University of 8 May 1945, Guelma, Algeria
PhD degree in civil engineering, University of Larbi Ben M’hidi, Oum El Bouaghi, Algeria

h i g h l i g h t s

The effect of chemical admixtures on the strength and mass loss of concretes at high temperatures has been investigated.

The admixtures used: superplasticizers, hardening accelerators, setting retarders, air entrainers and water repellents.

The concretes are subjected to temperatures of 105 °C and 300 °C with a rate of 2 °C/min.

The greatest losses of compressive strength and mass are those obtained for concretes with air entrainers.

The lowest losses are those obtained for concretes with superplasticizers.

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: Chemical admixtures are used in concretes to prove some properties at ambient temperature. The admix-
Received 18 November 2017 tured concretes may present different behaviour at high temperature than at normal conditions. In this
Received in revised form 28 January 2018 study, five different types of chemical admixtures – Superplasticizers (SP), hardening accelerators (HA),
Accepted 30 January 2018
setting retarders (SR), air entrainers (AE) and water repellents (WR) – Were incorporated with different
fraction of cement mass (0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0%), to investigate their influences on the strength and mass
losses of concretes under high temperature. This study concerns the behaviour of admixtured concretes
Keywords:
at ambient temperature 20 °C (normal conditions) and those subjected to temperatures 105 °C (oven dry)
Concrete
Chemical admixtures
and 300 °C with a rate of 2 °C/min. Compressive-strength and mass loss tests were performed on the
High temperatures samples 10  10  10 cm3which were cooled up slowly to ambient temperature. It was concluded that
Strength among the chemical admixtures used, the superplasticizer (SP) significantly increased the workability
Mass loss of SPC. The tests results indicated that at a temperature of 300° C, the concrete with an air entrainer
admixture caused the greatest loss of strength and mass when compared with others admixtured con-
cretes. The lowest losses are those obtained for concretes with superplasticizers at this temperature.
Ó 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction accelerators, and setting retarders. Finally, those which modify

Concrete industries often use admixtures to modify a particular
property. An admixture is a product whose incorporation at low
dose (less than 5% of the mass of cement) to concretes, mortars
or grouts during mixing, or before the implementation, causes
the desired modifications of one or the other of their properties
while fresh or hardened [1].
The admixtures are classified into three main types [2]. First are
those that modify the workability of concrete such as plasticizers,
water reducers, and superplasticizers. Second are those which
modify the setting and hardening: setting accelerators, hardening
⇑ Corresponding author.
E-mail address: maansera@yahoo.com (A. Maanser).
particular properties: air entrainers and water repellents.
In a fire situation, despite behaving normally at an ambient
temperature, concrete can be thermally unstable beyond a certain
temperature.
Examples of concrete damage under high temperature are the
tunnel fires under the English Channel (in 1996 and 2008) in
France; Tauern (1999) in Austria; and Gotthard (2001) in Switzer-
land [3]. The thermal instability of the concrete can occur in vari-
ous forms [4] (explosive bursting, surface bursting, aggregate
bursting, angular bursting or bursting in the cooling phase).
Water in concrete exists in various forms. It plays a dual role of
hydration and allowing for workability of the mixture. It is avail-
able as free (or capillary) water, adsorbed water, and chemically
bound water [3]. Due to the heterogeneity of the concrete, it is

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.01.181
0950-0618/Ó 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
 A. Maanser et al. / Construction and Building Materials 166 (2018) 916–921
necessary to understand the role of each of the components of the
concrete in the phase of rising and/or falling in temperature. When
the concrete is exposed to a high temperature it undergoes various
physicochemical transformations [3].
With increasing temperature, the cementitious matrix expands
and evaporates causing dehydration of hydrates formed [3]. Alonso
and Fernandez [5] carried out work on the process of dehydration
and rehydration of cement paste subjected to different heating-
cooling cycles at a rate of 1 °C per minute.
The main transformations of the cementitious matrix described
during its heating by some authors with the increase in tempera-
ture are:

20–120 °C: the free water starts at a marked temperature of
around 100 °C, while at around 120 °C free water escapes com-
pletely [6,7]. At 100 °C, the ettringite decomposes completely
[5,8].

120–170 °C: the endothermic reaction of gypsum decomposi-
tion is observed [9]. The destruction of the C–S–H observed
before 100 °C continues until 400 °C [5,8 and 10].
During the cooling phase, Alonso and Fernandez [5] have shown
rehydration process of silicates which leads to the formation of
new gel C–S–H. In addition, a new formation of the portlandite is
observed. These transformations are reflected in the properties of
concrete as shown in previous work [11,12]. In general, the results
of the literature [13] show that the compressive strength of the
concrete (hot or after cooling) decreases with increasing
temperature.
The drop in resistance is observed around 100 °C to 150 °C. This
slight decrease in strength is related to the departure of the water
which, during the rise in temperature, it expands and causes spac-
ing between the sheets of the gel. This gap causes a reduction in
cohesion forces. Until temperatures of 300–400 °C, a gain in resis-
tance is noticed [3]. The departure of water can lead to an increase
in the binding forces between the hydrates with an increase in sur-
face energies [12,14].
Water, present in concrete in free, bonded or adsorbed form,
gradually escapes and represents the main cause of mass loss of
the concrete. The evolution of the loss of mass is grouped into three
domains: from 20 to 150 °C, a small loss of the order of 3% was
observed; between 150 and 300 °C a rapid loss; and then above
300 °C, a slowing down of mass loss. The main physicochemical
transformation undergone by concrete heated between 150 and
300 °C is the dehydration of C–S–H [3].
According to another study [15], the results obtained by crush-
ing tests carried out after cooling show a progressive degradation
of the compressive strength of concrete as a function of tempera-
ture. At 200 °C, a 4% decrease in the compressive strength of the
concrete was recorded.
The variation in the temperature of the concrete may influence
the adsorption of the superplasticizer on the cement grains [16,17].
J. Pan [18] has shown the efficiency of the superplasticizer is
related to the adsorption of the superplasticizer on the cement
grains, so the temperature has a significant effect on this efficiency
and thus influences the properties of the concretes with superplas-
ticizers. According to other works [19,20], some superplasticizers
are very sensitive to the evolution of temperature.
2. Materials and methods
2.1. Materials
An ordinary concrete with a water/cement ratio of W/C = 0.56 is
used in this study. The cement used is a Portland cement composed
917
of CEM II-A conforming to the European norm EN-197/1 produced
locally and whose physical and mechanical characteristics are: an
absolute density of 3100 kg/m3, a bulk density of 1100 kg/m3 and
a specific fineness of 3200 cm2/g.
A silico-calcareous sand crushed 0/5 and two gravels silico-
calcareous of classes 8/15 and 15/25 were from the region Oum
el Bouaghi, Algeria.
The chemical admixtures which have been used come from an
Algerian company and are in conformity with standard NF EN
934-2 [1]. The setting retarder (SR) present in the form of a yellow
liquid with a density of 1.175, a pH of 8.5.The hardening accelera-
tor (HA) present in the form of a brown liquid with a density of
1.313, a pH of 6.0.The superplasticizer (SP) present in the form of
a light brown liquid with a density of 1.06 ± 0.01, a pH of 6.0 ± 1.
The mass water repellent (WR) present in the form of a white liq-
uid with a density of 1.02, a pH of 6.5 to 9.5. Finally, the air entrai-
ner (EA) present in the form of a dark brown liquid with a density
of 1.03, a pH of 10.5 to 12. The dosage of chloride contained for all
types of chemical admixtures used, is lower than 0.1% [(Cl) <0.1%].
2.2. Experimental study
To evaluate the effect of temperature on the residual strength
and mass losses of admixtured concretes, tests were carried out
on cubic specimens 10  10  10 cm. In addition to the composi-
tion of the control concrete (CC) with an W/C = 0.56 ratio, four
dosages (0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0%) of each admixture were adopted
for the composition of the studied concretes (Table 1). These con-
cretes are called concretes with: setting retarders (SRC), hardening
accelerators (HAC), superplasticizers (SPC), water repellents (WRC)
and air entrainers (AEC).
The prepared specimens were kept in water for 28 days and
then were taken out of water and dried at ambient temperature.
The specimens were divided into three groups. The specimens of
each group were subjected to a different temperature regime (20,
105 and 300 °C). An electric furnace was used to reach tempera-
tures of 105 and 300 °C (Fig. 1). A rate of temperature rise of 2
°C/min was used, followed by a plateau of 3 h at each target tem-
perature for homogenization of the temperature in the specimen.
Compression tests were carried out on the ambient air-cooled
test specimens by a press of 2000 kN capacity with a velocity of
0.5 MPa/s (Fig. 2.). Three specimens were tested for each
composition.
3. Results and discussions
3.1. Workability
The incorporation of admixtures into concrete resulted in mod-
ification of the workability, depending on dosage and chemical
properties (Fig. 3). Increase of the slump was proportional to
dosage, except for HAC admixtured concrete for which there was
a slight decrease of the slump (Table 2). Maximum values occur
at the maximum dosage.
All concretes showed greater slump than the control concretes
except the concretes HAC and WRC (Fig. 3). This was valid for
the four HA dosages (0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2%) and for three WR dosages
(0.5, 1.0, and 1.5%).
Table 1
Composition of Concrete (kg/m3).
Components Sand Gravel Gravel Cement Water
(0/5) (8/15) (15/25)
Dosage (kg/m3) 650 723 434 350 196
918 A. Maanser et al. / Construction and Building Materials 166 (2018) 916–921

Temperature (°C)
400
300
200
T=105°C
100
T=300°C
0
0 200 400 600
Time (min)

Fig. 1. Samples in high temperature furnace and heating regimes.

Fig. 2. Compressive strength tests.

0,5% 1,0% 1,5% 2,0% Table 2

slump evolution for different admixtured concretes.
250
Slump (mm)
200 Control concrete CC Admixtured concretes
Dosage (%) SRC HAC SPC WRC AEC
Slump (mm)

150 58 0.5 59 47 120 50 75

1.0 61 46 150 52 81
1.5 63 43 190 55 90
100
2.0 65 40 230 60 140

50
Table 3
0 Strength of the various concretes at T = 20 °C.
SRC HAC SPC WRC AEC CC Strength (MPa)
Admixtured concretes Control concreteCC Admixtured concretes

Fig. 3. Comparison of the slump of different concretes. Dosage (%) SRC HAC SPC WRC AEC
32.20 0.5 32.32 29.63 36.95 31.95 22. 70
1.0 34.53 30.35 38.45 32.13 21. 95
The workability of the concrete with the superplasticizer was 1.5 35.95 31.94 40.16 33.07 20.30
the highest of the admixtured concretes at all dosages, and varied 2 0.0 36.72 28.36 43.06 33.95 18. 74
from 120 mm to 230 mm. The superplasticizer changes the beha-
viour of the concrete depending on its dosage by affecting the
workability, with more fluidity as the dosage increases. This is cement, giving it more plasticity when the dosage increases [21].
due to the dispersing effect of superplasticizers that adsorb at On the other hand, the hardening accelerator (HA) accelerates set-
the cement grain interface. ting and decreases sagging when its dosage increases.
The setting retarder (SR) gives higher settlements than the The air entrainer (AE), known for its beneficial effect on worka-
hardening accelerator (HA), which is logical, since the function of bility [21], has very high values of sagging, varying from 75 mm to
the setting retarder (SR) is to increase the setting time of the 140 mm. This confirms the low resistance values of this concrete,
cement to avoid early stiffening (loss of workability) of the con- so special attention should be paid when dosing with this
crete. This is done by temporarily preventing hydration of the admixture.
 A. Maanser et al. / Construction and Building Materials 166 (2018) 916–921 919

3.2. Compressive strength at temperature T = 20 °C
The results of the compressive strengths at room temperature
(20 °C) are mentioned in Table 3 and illustrated in Fig. 4.
Concrete with the superplasticizer (SPC) gives the most impor-
tant values where there is a 33% increase compared to the resis-
tance of the control concrete for a 2% superplasticizer dosage
(Fig. 4). The role of the superplasticizer in the distribution of
cement grains and the improvement of the compactness of the
0,5% 1,0%
50
Compressive strength (MPa)
concrete is highlighted [15], with these roles increasing the com-
pressive strength.
The water repellent gives values close to those of the control
concrete, which remain in accordance with the standards (>85%
of the resistance of the control concrete). There are slight increases
in the strength of the concrete admixtured by the water repellent.
The increase in strength is accentuated with the increase in the
dosage (Fig. 4).
The hardening accelerator resulted in slight decreases in
strengths compared to the control concrete for all three dosages
(0.5, 1.0 and 1.5%). This decrease reaches 12% for a dosage of 2%,
so the optimum dosage used for this admixture is less than 2%.
1,5% 2,0% The retarders can act by decreasing the rate of hydration of cer-
tain anhydride constituents of cements. This has a positive influ-
ence on mechanical compressive strengths [21]. The increase in

45
strength is accentuated by the increase in dosage. The adverse
40
effect on compressive strength is much greater with the use of
35 the air entrainer (AE), due to the increased air content which
30 caused a reduction in compactness and therefore a decrease in
25 strength. This concrete exhibits a decrease in strength ranging
20 from 30% (for the 0.5% dosage) to 42% (for the 2% dosage) com-
15 pared to that of the control concrete (Fig. 4). Therefore, special
10 attention must be paid to the use of this admixture. The values
5 are out of the range allowed by the standards (a decrease by
<20% of the strength of the control concrete). This suggests that
0
the maximum dosage of this admixture should be less than 0.5%.
SRC HAC SPC WRC AEC CC
Apart from the air entrainer, all the admixtures used have a
Admixtured concretes
beneficial effect on the strength of the concretes at an ambient
Fig. 4. Compressive Strength of different concretes at T = 20 °C. temperature (20 °C).

Table 4
Evolution of the strengths of concretes with temperature (MPa).

T (°C) Control concrete Admixtured concretes

CC Dosage (%) SRC HAC SPC WRC AEC
20 32.20 0.5 32.32 29.63 36.95 31.95 22. 70
105 31.55 31.42 29.16 36.17 31.02 22.30
300 31.39 30.85 28.82 35.98 30.64 22.03
20 32.20 1.0 34.53 30.35 38.45 32.13 21.95
105 31.55 33.23 30.05 37.95 31.20 21.41
300 31.39 32.73 29.71 37.63 30.85 21.29
20 32.20 1.5 35.95 31.94 40.16 33.07 20.30
105 31.55 34.67 31.32 39.52 32.31 19.98
300 31.39 34.31 31.13 39.42 31.92 19.68
20 32.20 2.0 36.72 28.36 43.06 33.95 18.74
105 31.55 35.77 28.09 42.45 33.11 17.78
300 31.39 35.42 29.85 42.28 32.76 17.11

Table 5
Evolution of the relative residual strengths of admixtured concrete at temperatures 105 and 300 °C.

RcðT CÞRcð20 CÞ Control concrete CC Admixtured concretes

Rcð20 CÞ
Dosage (%) SRC HAC SPC WRC AEC
Rcð105 CÞRcð20 CÞ 2.0 0.5 2.8 1.6 2.1 2.9 1.8
Rcð20 CÞ
Rcð300 CÞRcð20 CÞ 2.5 4.5 2.7 2.6 4.1 3.0
Rcð20 CÞ
Rcð105 CÞRcð20 CÞ 2.0 1.0 3.8 1.0 1.3 2.9 2.5
Rcð20 CÞ
Rcð300 CÞRcð20 CÞ 2.5 5.2 2.1 2.1 4.0 3.0
Rcð20 CÞ
Rcð105 CÞRcð20 CÞ 2.0 1.5 3.6 1.9 1.6 2.3 1.6
Rcð20 CÞ
Rcð300 CÞRcð20 CÞ 2.5 4.6 2.5 1.8 3.5 3.1
Rcð20 CÞ
Rcð105 CÞRcð20 CÞ 2.0 2.0 2.6 1.0 1.4 2.5 5.1
Rcð20 CÞ
Rcð300 CÞRcð20 CÞ 2.5 3.5 + 5.3 1.8 3.5 8.7
Rcð20 CÞ

ðþÞ : gain; ðÞ : fall.

920 A. Maanser et al. / Construction and Building Materials 166 (2018) 916–921

3.3. Evolution of residual strengths at temperatures T = 105 °C and T =
300 °C
All the concretes (CC, SRC, HAC, SPC, WRC, and AEC) presented a
loss of strength by passing from an ambient temperature (20 °C) to
105 °C and then at 300 °C (Tables 4 and 5). These losses are less
than 10% according to the results of previous work [15].
The evolution of the compressive strength shows a greater
decrease between 20 and 105 °C (Fig. 5) than that between 105
and 300 °C (Fig. 6). The maximum drop of the compressive
strength is 8.7%, obtained at 300 °C by concrete with air entrainer
(AEC) dosed at 2%.
The lowest losses of strength are those of concretes with super-
plasticizers SPC at this temperature which remains less than 3%.
0,5% 1,0%
45
Compressive strentght (Mpa)
3.4. Mass losses at 105 °C and 300 °C
Increasing the temperature up to 105 °C causes the accessible
open water to evacuate, causing a loss of mass (Table 6). All of
the concretes (CC, SRC, HAC, SPC, WRC, and AEC) exhibited a loss
of mass from an ambient temperature to 105 °C and then to 300 °C.
The mass losses for control concrete at 105 and 300 °C were
3.32% and 5.53%, respectively (Figs. 7 and 8).
The concrete admixtured by the superplasticizer (SPC) exhibits
the lowest mass losses of the four admixture dosages (Figs. 7 and
8), which confirms the results of the resistances. These losses at
temperatures of 105 °C and 300 °C are 2.40% and 4.18%, respec-
tively, and they are obtained by the maximum dosage of 2%. The
same remark applies to the use of the setting retarder, the losses
are less than or equal to that of the control concrete for the four
admixture dosages (Figs. 7 and 8). The lowest losses at 105 and
1,5% 2,0% 300 °C are 2.92% and 5.01%, respectively, and they are also
obtained by the maximum dosage (2%).

The water repellent (WR) also causes less mass loss than the
40
control concrete for the four admixture dosages (Figs. 7 and 8),
35 with losses of 3.10% and 5.31% respectively at 105 and 300 °C for
30 the maximum dosage.
25 The hardening accelerator (HA) leads to greater losses than
those of the control concrete (Figs. 7 and 8). The most important
20
losses are obtained by the concrete added by air entrainer (Figs. 7
15 and 8). The highest losses at 105 and 300 °C are 5.49% and 10%,
10 respectively, for the maximum dosage (2%). This confirms the
5 results of the resistances. It is noted that the mass loss process is
consistent with the description put forth by several works [11,
0
22, 23].
SRC HAC SPC WRC AEC CC
In another work [22], the authors have observed that before
Admixtured concretes 150 °C, the variation of mass is very weak. The mass loss in this
Fig. 5. Evolution of the compressive strengths of the various concretes at T = 105 °C.
temperature range corresponds mainly to the escape of the con-
crete interstitial water.

0,5% 1,0% 1,5% 2,0%

45
Compressive strenght (Mpa)

40 0,5% 1,0% 1,5% 2,0%

6
35
5
Loss of mass (%)

30
25 4
20 3
15 2
10 1
5
0
0 SRC HAC SPC WRC AEC CC
SRC HAC SPC WRC AEC CC
Admixtured concretes
Admixtured concretes
Fig. 7. Variation of the mass of the concretes (CC, SPC, SRC, HAC, WRC, AEC) at
Fig. 6. Evolution of the compressive strengths of the various concretes at T = 300 °C. 105 °C.

Table 6
Mass losses of the various concretes.

Admixture dosage (%) Mass loss at 105 and 300 °C (%)

Type of Concrete
CC SRC HAC SPC WRC AEC
105 °C 300 °C 105 °C 300 °C 105 °C 300 °C 105 °C 300 °C 105 °C 300 °C 105 °C 300 °C
0.5 3.32 5.53 3.29 5.54 3.67 5.87 2.85 5.03 3.27 5.55 4.04 7.22
1.0 3.16 5.41 3.43 5.71 2.79 4.71 3.22 5.49 4.21 7.51
1.5 3.03 5.12 3.25 5.60 2.63 4.59 3.13 5.35 4.51 8.16
2.0 2.92 5.01 3.50 5.94 2.40 4.18 3.10 5.31 5.49 10.00
 A. Maanser et al. / Construction and Building Materials 166 (2018) 916–921
T=300° C
0,5% 1,0% 1,5% 2,0%
12
Loss of mass (%)
10
8
6 strengths at high temperatures.
4
It was concluded that the concrete with the superplasticizer
2
0
SRC HAC SPC WRC AEC CC
Admixtured concretes
Fig. 8. Variation of the mass of the concretes (CC, SPC, SRC, HAC, WRC, AEC) at
300 °C.
Between 150 and 300 °C, the loss of mass increases rapidly. This
is related to the departure of the water initially contained in the
C–S–H hydrates and the decomposition of the gypsum
(CaSO42H2O). Up to 300 °C, concrete loses approximately 65–
80% of the total water mass [22].
4. Conclusions
This study concerns the behaviour of admixtured concretes at
high temperature. The following conclusions can be drawn from
the present study:

The incorporation of admixtures into concrete resulted in mod-
ification of the workability, depending on dosage and chemical
properties. The workability of the concrete with the superplas-
ticizer was the highest of the admixtured concretes at all
dosages

The residual compressive strength and mass loss of five con-
cretes were determined after different heating cycles up to
105 and 300 °C. Results showed that the most important com-
pressive strengths at ambient temperature (20 °C) are obtained
by concrete with 2% of superplasticizer. His compressive
strength of this concrete with 2% of admixture is 34% higher
than that of control concrete. The most harmful admixture for
strength is the air entrainer; its use has led to decreases in com-
pressive strength to 42% with a dosage of 2%.

The concrete containing a superplasticizer maintained the
higher residual compressive strength at a temperature of 105
°C and 300 °C; while the concrete containing the air entrainer
additive maintained the low residual compressive strength at
those temperatures.

In terms of relative residual compressive strength, for exposure
at temperature of 105 °C, the loss of strength is associated to an
evaporation of free water as well as to an increase in porosity of
the tested concretes and also to the dehydration of CSH phase in
cement paste; consequently a decrease in the resistance. The
loss of residual compressive strength is similar for all concretes
(less than 9%). Between 105 °C and 300 °C, we have increase in
the internal pressure with an oxidation of the ferric elements at
200° and a cleavage of the siliceous aggregates at 300 °C. These
have not affected residual strength and we have stagnation of
this loss for all concretes.

From the ambient temperature up to 105 °C, there is a small
loss of mass due to the departure of the free water contained
in the concrete. Between 105 and 300 °C, the loss of mass
increases rapidly. This is related to the departure of the water ini-
tially contained in the C–S–H hydrates and the decomposition of
921
the gypsum. The use of the admixtures tested can lead to a
reduction in the mass loss for the concretes SPC, SRC, and
WRC. The lowest mass loss is that of the concrete with super-
plasticizer SP, this admixture leads to a less porous concrete.

Concretes admixtured by the air entrainer (AEC) and the hard-
ening accelerator (HAC) lead to an increase in porosity, which
causes mass losses and decreases of the most important
presented a better result in term of the workability, strength
and loss of mass compared to the other admixtured concretes.
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