2.0 Trends Network and Critical Thinking in The 21st Century Culture Quarter

Trends, Network and Critical
Thinking in the 21st

Century Culture
Quarter 4
Learner’s Packet
Trends, Network and
Critical Thinking in the
21st Century Culture
Grade 12
Quarter 4
Schools Division Office Management Team: : Rosemarie C. Blando, August Jamora,

Merle D. Lopez
Writer/s: Annabelle D. Resurreccion, Catherine U. Coles, Mark Louise O. Pacis,

Marife D. Santiago
Editor: Mark Louise O. Pacis
Illustrator: Julius Burdeos
Trends, Network and Critical Thinking in the 21st Century Culture

Quarter 4
First Edition, 2020
Published by: Department of Education SDO—Rizal

Schools Division Superintendent: Cherrylou D. Repia
Assistant Schools Division Superintendents: Gloria C. Roque and Babylyn M. Pambid
i
Table of Contents
( Quarter 4)
I. DEMOCRATIC INTERVENTIONS iv
Democratic Form of Government, Practices and Approaches 1

( Week 9)
Prevailing Political and Social Institutions 17
( Week 10)
II. INFORMATION, COMMUNICATION AND TECHNOLOGY 31
Information Communications Technology : Dimensions, Benefits 32

and Challenges
( Week 11)
Information Communications Technology : Social and Political 56
Movements
( Week 12)
III. NEURAL NETWORK AND SOCIAL NETWORK 68
Connections, Relationships and Networks 69

(Week 13)
Neural Network and Social Network 81

(Week 14)
The Self and Social Relationship 93
( Week 15)
IV. CULMINATING ACTIVITY 106
ii
Parts of the Learning Packet
( adapted from Pivot Learning Material)
iii
Trends, Network and
Grade 12
Quarter 4
Democratic Interventions
(Week 9-10)

Merle D. Lopez
Writer/s: Annabelle D. Resurreccion

Quarter 4
First Edition, 2020

iv
Democratic Form of Government,
WEEK
Practices and Approaches
Lesson 1 9
WHAT I NEED TO KNOW?
I
3.
1
WHAT IS NEW?
I
Learning Task 2: Agree or Disagree
Then, in 3-5 sentences, explain why you agree with the sentences and
expound why you disagree with some of the sentences.
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
Learning Task 3: Illustration
In 2-5 sentences, describe your illustration and your feeling why you aspire to
have that kind of environment.
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
2
WHAT I KNOW?
D
People involved Position Services Rendered Recipients of

these services
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
B. Based on what you have learned from local government agency what are the
practices that your friends, family members, friends and you are
experiencing during the following situations? Write it inside the box.
Calamities
Election
COVID-19 Pandemic
3
WHAT I KNOW?
D
Learning Task 5: Let`s Reveal!
In this activity, you are going to write the manifestation of democracy
in the Philippines by each practices in each places.
Manifestation of Democracy in the Philippines
Examples of Home School Church
Democratic
Practices
Learning Task 6: My Idea!

Give your ideas on the characteristics and examples of democracy.
Write your answers in each box.
Democracy
Characteristics Examples
4
WHAT IS IN?
D
Do you wonder why, we need to know and understand how we are be-
ing governed by our elected officials? Based on your observation, how are
we being attended to by our local officials and our national officials?
Learning Task 7: Expository Essay Instructions

In 10 sentences or more, give your insights how our local government
officials treat us as their fellowmen. How did they implement the laws,
policies, and ordinances?
5
WHAT IS IT?
D
Democracy is a procedure and a mirror image where members of
a particular group will reach a shared decision that will be used in the
practice. According to Catt,1999 uttered,” It is easier to consider the
procedures that are specified for decision making than to look at the
details of a particular decision. It is the heart of politics because it
focuses at ways to deal with power conflicts in society. They relate on
decision making problem which the populace decisions are considered.
There are philosophies on Historical Model of Democracy
• A leadership by authority over a certain area

• The popular law and sovereign are not limited to the people who
hold position and abilities to exercise power
• Native born/natural born has a numerical greater than the total
population belonging to the upper class
A person /individual may govern through:
• Directly on decision-making and appointing representatives who

will decide on their behalf.
• Justly holding the political post
• Immediately appoint representatives who are accountable to the
voters and when not satisfied these voters will seek for replacement
(Peonidis, 2013)
Types of Democracies
Direct or Pure– takes place when people support directly.
Representative—is indirectly way of governance where sovereignty is

in the hands of the representatives voted by the people.
Democracy can be identified through people’s practices. The main

types of democracy can be seen how people practice directly or
indirectly by the elected government officials.
6
WHAT IS IT?
D
Other types of Democracies
Anticipatory serves as benchmark for bigger outcomes since it

enforces discipline and direct towards the patronage.
Associationalism or Associative shows separation through
democratic personal initiatives and governance.
Adversialism or Adversarial expresses on liberty from oppositional

relationships between individuals and groups through a democratic
judicial process.
Bourgeois talks about liberal democracy serving bourgeois class,
wealthy and highlighted by reasonable, open and free, as well as having
competitive elections
Consensus explains agreement than using the customary majority
regulation.
Constitutional makes the constitution as the framework of how a
country governs.
Delegative puts voting power in the self-chosen envoys than elected

representatives.
Deliberative takes its agreement on the majority in its decision making

and provides genuine discussion and only through voting.
Democratic Centralism covers discussion and debate on policies

through the majority vote among its members
Democratic Dictatorship (Democratur) is that the popular vote is

made over a candidate but this person seldom or does not participate in
any policy making. This elected person can subtly use diplomacy to pre-
vent criticism and make different kinds of distraction to discourage
public attention.
Democratic Republic is both democratic and republic, the citizens are

given the freedom to vote their representatives to the government.
Ethnic employs dominance with democracy.
7
WHAT IS IT?
D
Grassroots post its conviction in small distributed entities of the local
government using urban separation to build a lawful authority to create
judgments for the community level binding.
Guided urges amplified autocracy making citizens exercise political
rights in the absence of affecting government’s policies, goals, and
plans.
Interactive uses information technology where citizens propose the
latest policies, proposals and vote on these proposed laws through a
plebiscite.
Jeffersonian promotes its principles from Thomas Jefferson who was a
proponent of political equality and fought against the privilege,
corruption, as a well as aristocracy in the government.
Market (Democratic Capitalism) presents a market economy through

incentives and policies that will highlight the economy and supports
pluralism.
Multiparty presents a two-party structure allowing voters to support to
large coalitions to the point that they cannot agree on the proposed
principles.
New Democracy accepts the Mao Zedong’s concepts of four classes in
China.
Participatory forces “lay citizens” to join in the decisions and give a
higher representation than using the conventional representative
governance.
People allows a proletariat (grassroots) to rule in multi-class
structure
Radical focuses the necessity of motivating and tolerating the
difference and the ability to oppose during the decision-making
development.
Semi-direct states the importance of the tools, elements, and

features of governance from direct democracy.
Sociocracy performs on consensus, the inner organization, and the

representing a double-connected link.
8
WHAT IS IT?
D
We are able to identify the types of democracy and how the people
exercise these types of democracy in their country or locality. Among the 24
other types of democracy, we, Filipino people have practiced several or com-
bination of these types.
Learning Task 8: Critical Support
Among the types of democracy, choose 5, defend and elaborate how it is

practiced in your locality or country. Explain why you have chosen them.
Types of Democracy Explanations

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
9
WHAT IS IT?
D
As citizen, we participate in the implementation of our government’s laws,
policies, and ordinances in order to have order and peace in our community.
It is nice that people cooperate in the programs and projects of our leaders.
These programs and projects are for the good of the citizens. But there are
times that we are not only participants but also, we are appointed or elected as
representative to direct, guide, and delegate some tasks for the proper
implementation of the program or projects. Being participants and
representatives are two roles in a democracy.
Participatory Democracy Representative Democracy
These are the differences between participatory from representative

democracy Lynch (2008). In representative democracy, citizen elect a smaller
number of people to act on their behalf in the decision-making process.
Representatives are free to vote according to their judgment. Jean-Jacques
Rousseau (cited from Lynch, 2008) firmly trusts that Representative democracy
is imperfect because people abandon their rights for self- governance, and
thinks that representatives will consider the community as whole rather than
their own selfish benefits.
10
WHAT IS MORE?
E
Learning Task 9: Observation and Reflection Writing
Write your observations on the democratic practices in our school,

church, barangay, and country by answering the following questions.
Questions:
 Are you given an equal right to vote during election time in order to
choose a new set of student leaders?
 Does the election provide a social mechanism that allows the majority
of the Filipinos to influence important decisions by electing leaders
from a number of candidates?
 Do the newly elected student leaders and barangay officials exercise

political power?
 Is the election held according to the school rules and regulations?
11
WHAT I CAN DO?
E
Learning Task 10 : Compare/Contrast
State the similarities and differences between Participatory from

Representation democracy. Use the Venn diagram.
Participatory Representative
12
WHAT ELSE I CAN DO?
E
Learning Task 11 : Living Out
13
WHAT I HAVE LEARNED?
A
Learning Task 12: I Learned
Identify the term being defined. Write the correct answer.
___________ 1. The constitution is the framework of how the country

governs.
___________ 2. It serves as benchmark for major outcomes.
___________ 3. It demonstrates the agreement than using the customary

majority regulation.
___________ 4. It allows citizen to vote in selecting their representatives

to the government.
___________ 5. It talks about liberality serving the elite class, focus by

reasonable, open, free and having competitive elections
WHAT I CAN ACHIEVE?

A
Learning Task 13: Reflection
Make a reflection essay of 5-10 sentences, on the importance

of participation democracy in the Philippines.
14
15
Learning Task 1
Answers may vary
Learning Task 2
Answers may vary
Learning Task 3
Answers may vary
Learning Task 4
Answers may vary
Learning Task 5
Answers may vary
Learning Task 6
Answers may vary
Learning Task 7
Answers may vary
Learning Task 8
Answers may vary
Learning Task 9
Answers may vary
Learning Task 10
Answers may vary
Learning Task 12
1. Constitutional Democracy
2. Anticipatory Democracy
3. Consensus Democracy
4. Democratic Republic Democracy
5. Bourgeois Democracy
Learning Task 13
Answers may vary
Answers
References
Dela Cruz, A. (2017). The Padayon Series: Trends, Networks, and Critical Thinking
in the 21st Century Culture. Phoenix Publishing House, Quezon City, Philippines.
Mendoza, D. (2016). The Padayon Series: Politics Without Borders, Political Institu-
tions, Economic Growth, and Democracy: The Substitute Effect Carlos Pereira and
Vladimir TelesWednesday, J a n 19, 2011
SyGaco, S.(2017). Through the Looking Glass: Trends, Networks and CriticalThinking
in the 21st Century,Great Books Trading,Quezon City, Philippines.
16
Prevailing Political and
WEEK
Social Institutions
Lesson 1 10
I
This learning packet will help and guide you with the concepts
on democratic interventions prevailing in political and social
institutions and formulation on viable alternative to undemocratic
practices. This will realize the learning competencies:
•Assess democratic interventions prevailing in political and

social institutions.
•Formulate a viable alternative to undemocratic practices

interventions are help to remedy or solve some problems. It is a
shock absorber, a buffer, a safeguard so that huge problems
can be prevented.
17
WHAT IS NEW?
I
Learning Task 2: True or False
Write TRUE if the issue is on the intervention prevailing political and social
institution and FALSE if it does not.
________1. The individual Filipino citizen swims into the realm of politics to
gain prestige and popularity.
________ 2. Indigents are used during election by the candidate.
________ 3. The taxpayers are contributors in the economy of the country.
________ 4. Aged Filipinos are the backbones of the country.
________ 5. The farmers are the targets of support among politicians during
In 3-5 sentences, express your views regarding the goal of democratic society.
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
Learning Task 3: Drawing
Draw how you as a citizen of this country stabilize the development of good
citizenship. Then describe it and why you wish you do that.
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
18
WHAT I KNOW?
D
The goal of a democratic society is to stabilize the development of good
citizenship. It was stressed that citizen should participate in political
activities. If there is active participation, inequalities will be expressed.
It is shown that citizens are influenced by the environment. Socializing is
the motivating factor that influenced children and adults. They learned in
school, peers, church congregation and political events. Mass media has
tremendous effects to children and young adults with regard to political
aspect. Media is considered agenda setting, priming and framing.
Criteria of assessment:
• Knowing the goals, vision, mission of the institution
• Recognizing the quantitative indicators such as the size

of the institution, links, significance to the economy,
and complexity.
19
WHAT I KNOW?
D
Philippine democracy is the oldest and experience the longest struggle
for its democratic consolidation. The effective functioning of democracy or
consolidation refers to the culmination of democratization as a process of
democratic institution-building (Abueva, 1997).
Democracy and democratization highlighted the two significant signs of a

consolidated democracy:
Formal and informal rules and operation embodied the constitution will be
accepted and understood.
Two democratic elections of the highest political leaders have been Held from
the time the new democratic government is founded.
Learning Task 4: Fixing Skills
There are some common practices that are immoral but still need to be
corrected. Recall a film that shows undemocratic practices and find ways
how to solve such problem.
Problems Causes Intervention/
Remediation
20
WHAT IS IN?
D
Political equality
People have equal rights to run for public office. If a person qualifies
for the fundamental requirements in order to run for public office. Political
equality is not acceptable in politics for there is equality in politics. The
argument is that only with financial resources, political resources, political
connections and popularity have the chance to run for public office. In the
Philippines, only the government official who are holding position have the
mechanism for more people to enjoy political equality. The birth of party-list
gave proportional representations in the House of Representatives of the
marginalized or under presented national, regional, and sectorial parties in
the Philippines. This party-list system gives smaller political parties,
marginalized, underrepresented, and financial inadequate sectors to be given
the voice in Congress. These sectors are the Women’s sector , Labor groups ,
Migrants , Teachers, Farmers, Indigenous people, Urban Poor people. This
system is noble but it is being used by some political parties who are not
qualified for an election. There is controversy on this that leads to the
abolishment of this system.
Learning Task 5: Expository Essay
In 10 sentences or more, give your insights about the Party-list system as an

intervention on the prevailing political and social institutions. Write your
answer inside the box. You may use another sheet of paper for more
elaborative answers.
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
21
WHAT IS IT?
D
Citizens are the heart or the center of a country. They are working
for the good of the nation. Good governance of the elected officials will
lead the citizens to follow or retaliate to their promulgated laws.
Consultation
Governments serve the interests of the citizen. They do not know the
needs and interest of the people. So, consultation must be done. They
have to be responsive to these needs and interests in order to know the
public opinions of their constituents. There are several ways how to
respond to get the opinions of the people. They can utilize survey polls,
mass media as conduit to government, town hall meetings, press
conferences and other related strategies to gather people’s sentiments
both local and national platforms.
Free Press
Proliferation of free press is treasured in different democratic

institutions. The members of mass media have the right to voice,
express, utter, and write what they feel and think. This is where people
get information and their awareness are raised about the effectiveness
and ineffectiveness of the government.
Dictatorship may flourish without the presence of press freedom. This

happened during Martial law. Press freedom was suppressed and media
network was shut down. The abolition of free press proved the absence
of democracy during Martial Law.
Learning Task 5: Infographic Making

Make an Infographic depicting the oppression of press freedom in a
democratic society. You may do it in a short bond paper.
22
WHAT IS IT?
D
Civil society is necessary and important in a democratic society. It is
defined as intermediate organizations in between primary units of society that
will comprise the following: Individuals, Families, Clans, Ethnic Groups,
Governmental Agencies and Government Institutions.
The network of private organizations includes political parties and the

different private voluntary organizations are considered as civil society. It is an
important condition but not enough to say that democracy exists. For democ-
racy to exist, civil society must have the freedom to voice their sentiments as
individual and as a group with regard to political and nonpolitical issues in
the society. Civil society- ty varies in many countries in the world. To have
healthy democratic state, there should have independent civil society
institutions (Samarasinghe, 1994).
The emergence of global civil society is very prominent in the international

arena. These organizations become global. Their respective agenda are no
longer con- fined to a particular geographical location. These organizations
operate around the world and organize “cross border social activities, business
and politics outside the border of government structures(Kean2, 2003). The
emergence of global civil society can be attributed to the vast threats of
nuclear, biological, and chemical warfare to humanity. The worldwide dangers
of disasters, diseases, political and social injustice, discrimination,
environmental degradation, poverty, COVID pandemic became the primary
reasons for the formation of global civil society groups and organizations.
23
WHAT IS IT?
D
Learning Task 6: Living Out
Explain the following elements in 2-5 sentences.
Political equality
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
Free Press
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
Popular Consultation
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
Civil society participation
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
Learning Task 7: Reflective Writing

Based on the following elements of democracy, what is really practiced in the
Philippines and state some ways to improve these practices that are being
neglected.
24
WHAT IS MORE?
E
Learning Task 8: Critical Thinking
Read and analyze the question. Write you ideas critically and logically.
1. Why do citizens participate in the electoral process?
2. How do elected government officials practice the rule of the majority?
3. How important is civil society in a democratic state? Explain your answer.
4. What comprises a global civil society?
25
WHAT I CAN DO?
E
Learning Task 9: Compare/Contrast
State the similarities and differences between Civil Society from

Global Society. Please use the Venn diagram.
Civil Society Global Society
26
WHAT ELSE I CAN DO?
E
Learning Task 10 : Push
Give 2 ways each on how to intervene some undemocratic practices.
27
A
Learning Task 11: I Learned
Write the correct answer.

_____________ 1. It informs people, raises people’s awareness on the
effectiveness and ineffectiveness of government
practices.
______________ 2. It is the equal rights of people to run for public office.
______________ 3. Organizations that operate around the world and
organize cross-border social activities outside the
borders of government.
______________ 4. It is the law of the land that people and its
government follow.
________________5. It is a democratic model where people vote during
election time in order to choose a new set of national
and local leaders.
WHAT I CAN ACHIEVE?

A
Learning Task 12: Reflection
Make a reflection essay of 5-10 sentences, the importance of the formu-

lation of ways or alternatives to lessen or avoid under democratic
practices in the Philippines.
28
References
Dela Cruz, A. (2017). The Padayon Series: Trends, Networks, and Critical Thinking
in the 21st Century Culture. Phoenix Publishing House, Quezon City, Philippines.
Mendoza, D. (2016). The Padayon Series: Politics Without Borders, Political Institu-
tions, Economic Growth, and Democracy: The Substitute Effect Carlos Pereira and
Vladimir TelesWednesday, J a n 19, 2011
SyGaco, S.(2017). Through the Looking Glass: Trends, Networks and Critical Think-
ing in the 21st Century,Great Books Trading,Quezon City, Philippines.
29
30
Learning Task 1
Answers may vary
Learning Task 2
Answers may vary
Learning Task 3
Answers may vary
Learning Task 4
Answers may vary
Learning Task 5
Answers may vary
Learning Task 6
Answers may vary
Learning Task 7
Answers may vary
Learning Task 8
Answers may vary
Learning Task 9
Learning Task 11
Answers may vary
Learning Task 10
Answers may vary
Learning Task 12
Answers may vary
Answers
Trends, Network and
Grade 12
Quarter 4
Information Communications and
Technology
(Week 11-12)

Merle D. Lopez
Writer/s: Catherine U. Coles

Quarter 4
First Edition, 2020

31
Information Communications Technology : WEEK
Dimensions, Benefits and Challenges
Lesson 1 11
I
This learning packet will help and guide you with the concepts on
technology, especially the improvement of the power communications. ICT is
providing an extraordinary opportunity to nurture our problem-solving
skills, communication skills, creativity, critical thinking and innovation. At
the end of the lesson, you will be able to:
1.Identify dimensions of technology that are enabling and not

inhibiting
2. Discuss the benefits of technology
3.Explain the weakest link in a system using strategic and intuitive

thinking
WHAT IS NEW?
I
1. s ___ ___t ___a___ r ___ instructions that tell a computer what to do
2. T___ ____h ____l___ ____ y consists of computer hardware, software ,

D ___m ___ ___ s ___o ____ data management etc.
3. ___ r o ___d b ___ ____d is an essential element in the national ICT
strategy
4. D a ___ a f ___ c a ___ i o ___ used to describe the organizational trend of
putting together all the tools and technology
5. M___ ____ ____ ____ e small programs that allow mobile devices to
A ___ p ___ ___c a ___ io___s substitute for personal computers
6. S ___ ___ r ____ small programs that allow mobile devices to

s ___ s t e ____ substitute for personal computers
32
WHAT I KNOW?
D
Learning Task 2: Let`s Segregate!
Classifying and grouping of related items are keys to understanding.

Below are groups of words, decide which are belong or related to Information,
Communication and Technology.
Internet Message Verbal
Instruction Findings Sender
Software Webpage Computer
Feedback Facts Conversation
Report Animation Knowledge
Information Communication Technology
WHAT`S IN
D
Learning Task 3: Concept Map
A. What is Information and Communications Technology? What ideas can

you associate when you hear the term ICT? Write your answers using this
graphic organizer below.
33
WHAT IS IN
D
Learning Task 3 ( Continuation)
B. List some of the information and communications technology (ICT) tools

and gadgets that you know. Then answer the questions below.
ICT GADGETS AND TOOLS
1. 6.
2. 7.
3. 8.
4. 9.
5. 10
Reflective Questions:
1. How should each ICT tool be viewed in the light of our realizations from
our activities?
_____________________________________________________________________
2. Share some experiences about the use of ICT tool.
______________________________________________________________________
3. How some ICT tools are usable in one context but not in other context?
______________________________________________________________________
34
WHAT IS IT?
D
ICT stands for “Information and Communication Technology”.
From these three words we can define ICT as “a combination of
technological tools and resources that are used to manipulate and
communication the information. It refers to technologies that provide
access to information through telecommunication. It is similar to Infor-
mation Technology (IT) but focuses primarily on communication tech-
nologies. This includes the internet, wireless networks, cell phones and
other communication mediums.
According to UNESCO “ICT is a
scientific, technological and engineering
discipline and management technique used
in handling information, its application and
association with social, economic and
cultural matters. Here technological tools are
the electronic & digital devices like
computers, Internet and broadcasting
technologies etc.
Nowadays ICT (Specially an internet) plays a very important role in

the process of integrating technology into educational activities.
Guide questions:
1. What are the dimensions of ICT and how does it bring about
delivery of social services in both the urban and rural setting?
2. When does the IT tool can act as an enabler of organizational

change that in turn increases productivity and the production
quality, when it fails to do so it inhibits organizational change and
hampers the quality of production?
35
WHAT IS IT?
D The Four Dimensions OF ICT
The far-reaching implications of ICT not just in business but also in

the delivery of social services have made it a part of the global agenda of the
United Nations. The World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS), which
took place in Geneva 2003 and Tunis in 2005, was the first major United
Nations event dedicated in relating the use of ICT in improving people’s
quality of life and for them to reach their fullest within the larger quality of
life and for them to reach their fullest potential within the larger framework
of sustainable development and human rights. ICT is built on four
dimensions computing, communications, content and human capacity
although less focus was given to computers in the WSIS forum.
The reason may be because the trend for computing and other hardware
shows a decline in the prices. In using ICT as an instrument for
development, it is important to point out that even if the hardware is free
(e.g., donated by a nonprofit organization), communication, software, and
training still require financing and, in most cases, expensive.
(Dela Cruz et al. 2017, 177)
I. Computing
Continuous innovation in the types of computer technology have

been taking place so much that today’s networks and devices are capable of
more complicated and sophisticated functions than those in 2003 and 2005.
Moore ‘s Law is used to describe the pace of change in ICT capabilities. This
law makes the observation that the capacity of critical ICT components,
networks, and devices has been doubling every eighteen months to two years
for the past five decades. This has a tremendous impact on the capabilities
of networks and devices not just at present but on the opportunities for even
more explosive growth in the future. Some of the emerging trends in
computer technology are the transition to broadband, cloud computing and
cloud economy, datafication, data management and big data analysis, and
the use of smart systems. Each of these trends will be discussed in greater
detail. (178)
36
WHAT IS IT?
D
1.1 Transition to Broadband
The World bank and the Broadband Commission have described
broadband as high-speed internet access, which is always on and capable of
undertaking multiple service provisions and functions. This definition renders
the traditional threshold of 256 kbps obsolete since it can no longer support
many of today’s computer applications.
Broadband networks in developed countries have rapidly become the
norm for regular households but its deployment in developing countries is
taking place at a much slower pace. In 2014, developed countries had an
estimated average fixed broadband penetration rate of 27.5%, which is
significantly higher than the 6.1% in developing countries and 0.3 % in
Less Developed Countries (LDCs).
The increase in broadband networks is supported by a considerable
growth in international bandwidth capacity. Developing countries account for
30% of International bandwidth in 2014, compared with the 9% ten years prior.
Despite this increase, it has to be noted that huge discrepancies still exist
between the international bandwidth per Internet user and even bigger
differences in bandwidth per inhabitant across the different regions in the
world. This would partly explain the complaints for the slow internet connection
we have in our country.
Broadband is an essential element in the national ICT strategy.
The availability of high-quality connectivity that allows for example,
uninterrupted video streaming and computerized stock trading, makes for
effortless business transactions and a more vibrant consumption behavior.
Infrastructure development must continue in order to achieve the national goals
related to ICT. (178)
1.2 Cloud computing and the Cloud economy
Cloud computing is another innovation in the field of computer
technology. Limited storage, corruption of files, expensive cost of computation,
and application hosting are just among the problem’s computer users encounter
when they store their files in their personal hard drive or when they develop
their own software programs. Cloud computing addresses these problems by
connecting a large pool of systems, whether public or private, in order to provide
an infrastructure for computation, data and file storage. When you store your
photos online instead on your own personal computer terminal, a webmail, a
social networking site, or an online business application, you are using cloud
computing. This model allows for easier transactions because different kinds of
computing services can be delivered over the internet and can be accessed
remotely for as long as you have a portable or mobile device with web access.
(Dela Cruz , 179)
37
WHAT IS IT?
D
Cloud providers offer services that fall under three categories: software as
a service provides internet-based applications that are hosted on a cloud and
offered as services to end users. Multiple end users are services with a single
service run on the cloud. The customers are able to get the service that they
need without paying huge sums for servers and software licenses. The providers
are similarly benefited with lower costs since only a single application needs to
be hosted and maintained. Examples of software as a service cloud computing
models are Google doc and Acrobat.com. Platform as a service, on the other
hand, allows the end user to design. develop, build, and test applications using
the platform provided by the cloud infrastructure. In this cloud computing
model, a layer of software and development environment is offered as a service
from which other higher levels of service can be built upon. Examples of plat-
form as a service cloud computing models are Google app engine and Azure
Service Platform. Lastly infrastructure as a service computing model provides
basic storage and computing capabilities using servers, storage systems,
networking equipment, and the like. It is pay-per-use model that allows the
customer to use his own software on the infrastructure. Examples of these are
Amazon Web Services and GoGrid.
The advantages of cloud computing to businesses and personal users are

enormous. Aside from the aforementioned accessibility from multiple locations
with the use of mobile and other PC platforms, huge savings are made on the
expenses in hardware, software and IT management, since all these can be
acquired with as much flexibility as needed by the customer. The cloud
economy or the business transactions that deal with cloud computing services,
continue to hold much potential for expansion and greater interconnectivity.
(180)
1.3 Datafication, data management and big data analysis
In today’s data-oriented landscape, datafication is important in ensuring

that business organizations and other similar establishments have total control
over the storage, extraction, and manipulation of data and other information,
Business organizations rely on data and extracted knowledge and information to
perform necessary transactions and operations. Data is also used for
38
WHAT IS IT?
D
Datafication is the term used to describe an organizational trend to the
process of putting together all the tools and technology needed to transform a
business into a data-driven enterprise. Datafication takes place mostly in
developed countries where there is already a reliable and high-quality
communications infrastructure but is also expected to rise in developing
countries with the continuous upgrade of their computing and communications
capabilities.
Data management is the implementation of policies and procedures that

provides the guidelines for data control. It is concerned with the life cycle of
data, from creation to retirement, and the progression of data from within each
stage of the cycle. Data management is particularly useful in addressing
problems on data that comes from duplicate sources. Organizations that use
cloud- based applications will find data management useful in synchronizing
data across different systems. It is important because it minimizes the risks and
costs of regulatory noncompliance, legal problems, and security breaches.
It provides access to accurate data when and where it is needed ensuring free
flow of information and communication. The practice of data management
prevents ambiguity and makes sure that data conforms to organization best
practices for access, storage, back up, and retirement. (Dela Cruz et.al , 181-182)
1.4 Smart Systems
In today’s world, it is not enough that you have a computer technology or

that you have a mobile phone that keeps you connected. The system that runs
them has to be “smart”, thus paving the way for smartphones, smart TV, and
smart cars. A smart system uses a feedback loop of data, which provides
information for sound decision-making. This system monitors, measures,
analyzes, communicates, and acts based on the information captured by the
sensors. These are varying levels of smart systems. A smart system may track
usage and performance data to help designers create a more efficient version.
It may also collect data, process them and present the information to a human
operator who acts based on the information. One example of this is the
automated ticketing systems of toll ways that already detects the class of cars
that pass through the gates and reflecting the corresponding toll fee to their
computers. (183)
39
WHAT IS IT?
D
The toll operator simply collects the payment and gives change if needed.
A smart system may also use collected data to take action without human
intervention. Smart cars have been reportedly driving by itself without a driver,
almost in a similar fashion that planes can be flown on auto-pilot. The four
principles of smart infrastructures are data, analysis, feedback, and
adaptability. Data is at the heart of smart technology. It is this information that
will be interpreted and analyzed using mathematical models, which then
produces reliable decision-making tools for governments and organizations to
use. Feedback within a smart system provides opportunities to improve
performance. A smart system has to be adaptable to varying demands and con-
ditions, including future developments in the technology.
Designing a Smart Classroom
Envision the details and features of a smart classroom. The design

should incorporate both the kinds of software and the hardware that will be
used, and the layout of the classroom. The goal of the smart classroom is to
enhance student learning. Describe in detail how computing features like the
use of broadband, use of the cloud, datafication and smart systems will be
applied in this classroom setting.
II. COMMUNICATIONS
One of the most dramatic changes that have taken place in the field of
communications is the rapid spread of mobile telephony. Before the advent of
mobile networks, teledensity or the number of telephone connections per one
hundred people in a specified geographic area, in many less developed countries
in less than 1%. By 2010, mobile teledensity in developing countries had
reached an astounding two-thirds of population. Greater connectivity is also
facilitated by the fact that mobile telephones can offer viable internet
access. This trend toward using mobile phones since 2010 continues, Eighty-six
percent of telephone subscriptions worldwide have already turned mobile,
including eight-nine percent in developing countries and ninety-eight percent in
sub- Saharan Africa as of 2015. (184)
40
WHAT IS IT?
D
Developing countries have felt the impact of the most where, for the first
time, people are allowed to communicate instantaneously at a distance wherever
they may be for as long as there is an existing network that services the area.
Third generation networks (3G) that enable Internet access are now available in
both developed and developing countries, though it may be unreliable in some
rural areas. Higher capacity (4G) networks are also now available. Mobile
devices have become the primary mode of Internet access for many users not
only in developed, but also in developing countries. Other trends that have
emerged since 2010 are:
Mobile phones now perform multiple other functions aside from its
primary purpose as a telephone. It is now a digital device that can serve the
function of a radio, a camera, a flashlight, an alarm clock, an audio and video
player, and many more.
The spread of 3G connections and available Wi-fi connections have

increased the use of Internet access through mobile phones making it possible
to access one’s email address, do online banking, and video chat using a
handheld device. In developing countries, a high proportion of Internet users are
obtaining access through mobile devices although not necessarily from mobile
phones. Mobile internet users gain access through cybercafés and other public
access facilities. The price of mobile handsets and mobile phone usage has
been falling. Competition is high not just in the high-end market of mobile
phones but also in the low -end market. Although affordability remains a
challenge in low income countries, mobile phones today are cheapest now than
it has ever been.
The widespread availability and use of smart phones have led to the
creation of new mobile applications (“apps”), or small computer programs that
allow mobile devices to substitute for personal computers. Table computers
have also emerged with built-in functions of personal computers in portable
devices and designed to be continuously online and use cloud services. As with
smartphones, the use of tablet computers has increased following its adoption
of government and international agencies, which sees it as an important
development tool. (Dela Cruz et al. 2017, 185-186)
41
WHAT IS IT?
D
III. CONTENT
The meaningful usage and deployment of ICT is carried out if it is applied

to specific development goals like literacy, poverty reduction, and sustainable
development. This means that the relevance of ICT is tied to its ability to be
integrated into the delivery of traditional services like education, business, and
employment. Transformation of these traditional services means having
e-learning, e-business, and e-employment.
In small and medium scale enterprises, for instance, ICT enables more
cost-effective sourcing supplies, greater market reach, and better quality of
goods. ICT can also improve supply chain management and reduce information
asymmetry among producers, traders, retailers and consumers thereby
improving market efficiency.
However, these benefits from ICT are only likely to be utilized by

established entrepreneurs rather than subsistence producers who would still
have very limited access and infrastructure to fully embrace the technology.
IV. HUMAN CAPACITY
It is important to acquire all the necessary skills and knowledge related to

ICT in order to understand, participate actively in, and benefit fully from ICT
and the knowledge economy. Improving human capacity means ICT in educa-
tion and training at all levels of society including distance learning.
It also involves the promotion of e-literacy skills, particularly for women

and girls, young people , and other disadvantaged groups. Lastly, there has to
be capacity-building among leaders and operational staff in developing countries
and less developed countries, including local communities in the rural and un-
derserved areas and information professionals. (Dela Cruz et al. 2016, 187)
42
WHAT IS IT?
D
According to Dela Cruz, et.al (2018, 187-189) the Benefits of the ICT are the following:
1. Direct job creation
The ICT industry is, and continues to be one of the largest sources of Employ-
ment. According to the National Statistics Office (NSO), of the 202,794 formal
establishments recorded in 2011, 8.3% belong to core ICT group and support or
peripheral ICT group, which employs a total of 915,915 workers. From the core
ICT group, the greatest number of establishments are found in ICT enabled ser-
vices, broadcast media, and computer hardware, while the ones that employ the
greatest number of workers are IT-BPM, electronics and semiconductors, and
computer hardware firms.
2. Emergence of new services and industries
The emergency of ICT paved the way for public services to gain greater accessi-
bility by using online channels and mobile phones. ICT has also led to the crea-
tion of a completely new sector, which is the app industry. Studies show that
the Facebook app alone has created more than 182,000 jobs in 2011, and that
the aggregate value of the Facebook app economy exceeds USD 12 billion
3.Transformation of the workforce
ICT has pushed the boundaries of the workplace structure. Being

employed nowadays does not have to mean being physically present in an actual
company or establishment. A new platform called “microwork” which is literally
the smallest unit of work in a virtual assembly line, can employ people located
at remotest of areas and bring income to their household without even stepping
out of their abode. This new business model is developed by companies like
Upwork, Amazon, and Sama source which allows people to sign up online to do
bite-sized computer -based tasks like translating chunks of text into different
languages for an electronic firm wanting a local translation for its books.
4. Business innovation
ICT provides all the needed tools for business expansion and innovation. These
days, most businesses prefer to fully employ all that ICT has to offer in terms of
bringing more efficiency in the manufacturing, marketing, and distribution of
their goods and services.
43
WHAT IS IT?
D
Challenges (Weakness or the downside of using ICT in general)
We have established that each ICT tool has its benefits and strengths. The best
ICT tool is not necessarily the new or expensive one; the best ICT tool is actually
dependent on the situation or context. For today’s discussion, we will look into
the downside of using ICT in general. While the potential benefits of ICT are
abundant, some challenges still need to be addressed in order to maximize the
full gains from investing in this technology.
Computing- Personal computers are still prohibitively expensive for many. This
is the reason why shared access through community centers and cybercafés I
still practiced. Some of the other costs that come with computer ownership
come from the maintenance of security, upgrades, compatibility of the hardware
and software, and adding accessory devices like printers, scanners, speakers
and the like. Complementary technologies that are non-PC devices like mobile
phones should be made into a viable option.
Connectivity- Mobile telephony has improved worldwide but it still remains

expensive, limited, and unreliable in rural areas and remote islands, and poor at
providing data connection.
Content- In several cases, content is not meaningful or locally relevant to the

end users. The system today tends to make the consumers passive recipients of
information instead of creators and producers of local information. In addition,
rich content required multimedia, which in turn, requires a consistent and
reliable broadband connectivity.
Human Capacity- Computer literacy remains a challenge, users need to be

aware, literate and innovative to maximize the full gains from ICT. Just as
reading and mathematical literacy are considered as priorities and necessities
by both the state and society, the same should be true for ICT. ICT is a language
of its own. People are empowered if they can master this language.
(Dela Cruz et al. 2017, 190)
44
WHAT IS IT?
D
Mirandilla-Santos’ 2016 article, cited in (Arzadon 2018) stated that there
are large costs involved and poorer students / educational establishments can
end up being disadvantaged. This is often referred to as being a factor in the
digital divide. The digital divide exists between those in city centers and those in
remote rural areas between the literate and illiterate; between the educated and
the uneducated, between socioeconomic groups; and globally, between high
income countries or those who are industrially developed and low-income
countries. It can also exist within a community or within populations with
access to uneven forms of technology. Some public schools in the Philippines for
instance, have low-performance computers, low speed Internet connections, and
limited access to software, this can happen even in schools located in provincial
capitals.
She also reiterated that it can also be in the context of a nation-state and
how it is at par with other nation states. In the Philippines, a country that is
classified by the World Economic Forum as belonging to the lower-middle
income bracket, the effects of the digital divide are manifested in various ways.
For one, the Philippines together with India, reported the lowest average
connection speeds in the Asia Pacific region, with only a speed of 5.5 megabits
per second (mbps). Compare this with South Korea ‘s 28.8 mbps connection
speed. Still in the Asia Pacific region, Japan ranks first in Internet penetration
at 92%, while the Philippines logged in at 41%. While internet penetration in the
country continues to grow, it does so at a much slower pace compared to our
ASEAN neighbors.
The cost of Internet service is also an aspect to look at. According to the
report filed by the inter-agency group Arangkada Philippines in 2016, the
Philippine broadband service is one of the most expensive in the world while
offering the lowest value for money in terms of download speed experienced
vis-a vis the cost of a monthly subscription plan. Looking at the real price of
data services vis-à-vis the purchasing power of Internet users, the survey
showed that a typical Filipino minimum -wage estimated at $0.69 per hour
earner needs to log in over 10 hours of work to afford 1 GB, the second worst in
ASEAN. The same bandwidth is more affordable in neighboring countries, such
as Vietnam, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand. (Arzadon 2018, p.87)
45
WHAT IS IT?
D
The Manifestations of Digital Divide
(Adapted from Andreasson,2015)
Access It starts with access or lack thereof. Although Internet
penetration has increased, it continues to be a key
barrier as more people around the world remain offline
than online.
Age Older people are more likely unable to access ICT
services and facilities than younger populations despite
the nation that they could benefit from online social and
health services.
Bandwidth Connection speeds and bandwidth vary greatly.
Philippine bandwidth and connection speeds lag behind
our Asian counterparts.
Content The creation and consumption of local content are
important because the quality of digital usage depends
on the context and language being received by the user.
Most of the content found on the internet is written in
English, which may not be spoken by the online users.
Cost Socioeconomic status inhibits most from maintaining
their subscriptions to internet service providers.
Disability Those with disabilities face additional hurdles to use

ICTs, mostly because of the lack of assistive features on
their gadgets
Education The illiterate and uneducated are thought to have a hard
time harnessing the resources of the internet. However,
this can be transformed into an opportunity for
inclusion
Gender There is a small but persistent difference in online usage
between men and women
Immigration Migrants may not possess the same levels of digital

skills as the population in their new country and, if they
do, may be subject to content and language divides.
Location Rural and remote areas are often at a disadvantage in
terms of speed and quality of services as compared with
their urban counterparts.
Measurement There is a divide in measuring progress between
countries, within them, and also in the evaluation of
specific development processes.
Mobile Mobile devices provide opportunities to bridge the access
gap, but it can also introduce new forms of divides in
terms of technology, speed and usage
Usage What people do with their access to ‘useful usage “is a
key divide in using ICTs productively according to their
abilities.
46
WHAT IS MORE?
E
Learning Task 4: Hi Five!
A. Give at least 5 different ways in which technology has helped you in your
daily activities.
1. _________________________________________________________________
2._________________________________________________________________
3. ________________________________________________________________
4._________________________________________________________________
5._________________________________________________________________
B. Questions to ponder on
1. What changes and adjustments have ICT brought into our everyday lives?
2. How does it exert influence on our lives as citizens? How does it link up
communities and nations?
3. What are its potentials in making our world a better place for all humankind?
Learning Task 5: Which is which?

Identify which dimensions of technology are being described in the following
scenario. Write your answers in your notebook.
1. There is a huge discrepancy still exist between the international bandwidth
per Internet user and even bigger differences in bandwidth per inhabitant
across the different regions in the world.
2. Benefits from ICT are only likely to be utilized by established entrepreneurs
rather than subsistence producers who would still have very limited access
and infrastructure to embrace fully the technology.
3. The widespread availability and use of smartphones have led to the creation
of new mobile applications (“apps”), or small computer programs that allow
mobile devices to substitute for personal computers
4. The availability of high-quality connectivity that allows uninterrupted video
streaming and computerized stock trading, makes for effortless business
transactions and a more vibrant consumption behavior.
5. ICT in education and training at all levels of society including distance
learning which also involves the promotion of e-literacy skills, particularly for
women and girls, young people, and other disadvantaged groups.
47
WHAT I CAN DO?
E
Learning Task 9: Program Plan
Determine one ICT-related issue in your school and in community, then

develop a program that will help solve said issue. Cite the necessary details
such as who else can be tapped to help out and what goals do you aim to
achieve through your program especially now in the new normal.
Ex. cyberbullying, internet addiction
RUBRICS
Ideas and Content-10 pts.
Organization-5 pts.
Sentence structure-5 pts.
TOTAL=20 pts.
Ideas and Content:

The developed program contains an insightful statement that
fully addresses the prompt or issue and is fully supported by relevant,
accurate and specific evidence from appropriate sources. The writer
always explains how evidence correlates between analysis, argument
and thesis. Opposing arguments are effectively stated and refuted.
Organization:
The developed program follows a clear and logical train of
thought set by the thesis. The introduction and conclusion are effec-
tive and the writer always uses topic sentences and effective transi-
tions.
Sentence structure:
Points of view are always appropriate to the purpose. Sentences
are excellent throughout and the developed program is rich in accu-
rate and specific word choices. The writer uses correct grammar,
spelling and punctuation.
48
WHAT ELSE I CAN DO?
E
Learning Task 10 : Let`s Learn More !
To learn more about the digital society, watch the
WATCH video below:
“Digital Society Explained”
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8UZC-9QZ9jo
As you watch jot down notes on the explanation of the digital

society and answer the following questions. What other benefits does it bring?
How are these happening in your own situations? Write your answers in
the space provided.
On digital structural change. (Effects are on daily social and economic lives
people engage in more interactively)
________________________________________________________________________
On Social media, (More social networks for communications and

information flow)
________________________________________________________________________
On open innovation. (Where new forms of participation give rise to new ways of
doing things. Traditional values are broken and have become modernized with
new strategies.)
________________________________________________________________________
On open government (Collaboration between the government and citizens

emerges where democracy becomes transparent and active).
________________________________________________________________________
On open access. (More access to scientific information enhances knowledge

quickly.
________________________________________________________________________
On open and free culture. (With more virtual forums and interactions,
structural plans and blueprints are accessible and adaptable.
_________________________________________________________________________
49
A
Key Takeaways
• “Information and Communication Technology” is similar to Information

Technology (IT) but focuses primarily on communication technologies.
• According to UNESCO “ICT is a scientific, technological and engineering

discipline and management technique used in handling information, its
application and association with social, economic and cultural matters.
• Nowadays ICT (Specially an internet) plays a very important role in the

process of integrating technology into educational activities.
• ICT is built on four dimensions ----computing, communications, content

and human capacity
• Moore ‘s Law is used to describe the pace of change in ICT capabilities. This
law makes the observation that the capacity of critical ICT components,
networks, and devices has been doubling every eighteen months to two
years for the past five decades.
• Internet connectivity refers to the way people are hooked up to the

Internet, and may include dial-up telephone lines, always-on broadband
connections, and wireless devices.
• Datafication is the term used to describe an organizational trend to the

process of putting together all the tools and technology needed to transform
a business into a data-driven enterprise.
• Cloud computing is the delivery of different services through the Internet,

including data storage, servers, databases, networking, and software.
• Telephone density or teledensity is the number of telephone connections for

every hundred individuals living within an area. It varies widely across the
nations and also between urban and rural areas within a country.
• Mobile telephony is the provision of telephone services to phones which may

move around freely rather than stay fixed in one location.
• Digital divide is a term that refers to the gap between demographics and
regions that have access to modern information and communications
technology, and those that don't or have restricted access. This technology
can include the telephone, television, personal computers and the Internet.
50
WHAT I CAN ACHIEVE?
A
Learning Task 11: Critical Thinking
Essay: Answer the following questions:
1. How does ICT contribute to national development?
2. How do the four dimensions of ICT bring about delivery of social services in
both the urban and rural setting?
3. Can I live without information communications technology? Explain your
answer.
Recording your learning insights can provide you with fresh

ideas. Reflecting on your learning helps you retain the most
significant knowledge you have acquired. Below is a reflective
learning journal. Answer each item honestly to evaluate your
learning.
The most important insight I gained from this learning was

___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
I can make this learning useful to me

if_________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
51
ASSESSMENT
I. Multiple Choices: Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write the chosen
letter on a separate sheet of paper.
1.ICT means________________
A. Information to Class Tutorial
B. Inclusive for Classroom Technology
C. Important in Communication Technology
D. Information and Communications Technology
2. ICT is similar to Information Technology (IT) but focuses primarily on

_________.
A. communication technologies C. communication strategies
B. community service D. communications
3. The following our dimensions of ICT except:

A. computing C. communications/connectivity
B. content D. computer capacity
4.___________ is the term used to describe an organizational trend to the process

of putting together all the tools and technology needed to transform a
business into a data-driven enterprise.
A. Cloud computing C. Datafication
B. Cloud economy D. Smart System
5. It monitors, measures, analyzes, communicates, and acts based on the infor-

mation captured by the sensors.
A. Cloud economy C. Datafication
B. Cloud computing D. Smart System
6. The digital divide exists

A. between those in city centers and those in remote rural areas
B. between the literate and illiterate
C. between the educated and the uneducated
D. All of the above
52
ASSESSMENT
7. Cloud computing is the delivery of different services through the Internet,

including ____________, servers, databases, networking, and software.
A. hardware C. platform
B. data storage D. wireless devices
8. Direct job creation, Emergence of new services and industries, Transfor-

mation of the workforce and Business innovation are:
A. Impact of ICT C. Components of ICT
B. Benefits of ICT D. Challenges of ICT
9. _____________is used to describe the pace of change in ICT capabilities.
A. Moore’s law C. Coles’ law
B. Digital’s law D. Cyber law
10. Computer literacy remains a challenge because:

A. users need to be aware, literate and innovative to maximize the full
gains from ICT.
B. technology is stagnant.
C. there is a few integrations of technology into educational activities.
D. there is a high cost in availing internet.
II. Identification: Identify what is asked for.
______________11. A new platform that is literally the smallest unit of work
in a virtual assembly line.
______________12.It refers to technologies that provide access to
information through telecommunication.
______________13. It addresses these problems by connecting a large pool of
systems
______________14.The business transactions that deal with cloud
computing services, for expansion and greater intercon-
nectivity.
______________15. It is the implementation of policies and procedures that
provides the guidelines for data control.
III. Answer the following questions.

(16-20). How ICT affects our daily life?
(21-25). How can ICT help students? Why is it important?
53
54
Answers:
Learning Task 1:
1. Software
2. Technology dimension
3. Broadband
4. Datafication
5. Mobile applications
6. Smart system
Learning Task 2 Assessment:
1. Information (in any order) 1.D
Instruction 2.A
Report 3.D
Findings 4.C
Facts 5.A
Learning Task 3:
Knowledge
*Answers may vary 6.D
I. Communications
Learning Task 4: 7.B
Feedback
*Answers may vary 8.B
Message
Learning Task 5: Which is 9.A
Verbal
which? 10.A
Sender
1. Computing 11. Microwork
Conversation
2. Content 12.ICT
II. Technology
3. Communications 13.Cloud computing
Internet
4. Computing
Software 14.Cloud economy
5. Human Capacity
Webpage 15.Data management
What else I can Do
Animation
Answers may vary 16-25 Answers may vary
Computer
Answers
References
Arzadon, Romerosa, Z., Information and Communication Technology”. In

Trends, Networks, and Critical Thinking. Quezon City: Vibal
Group, Inc.,2018
Dela Cruz. Arleigh Ross D., PhD, Cecile C. Fadrigon, PhD Cand., and
Napoleon M. Mabaquiao Jr., PhD (2017), Trends, Networks,
and Critical Thinking in the 21st Century Culture
(The Padayon Se ries). Quezon City: Phoenix Publishing
House
Mangiduyos, Gladys P., 2017. Trends, Networks, and Critical Thinking
in the 21st Century. Manila: Rex Publishing
Kaware, Sudhir Sudam, and Sunil Kumar Sain. "ICT application in
education: an over view." International Journal of
Multidisciplinary Approach & Studies 2, no. 1 (2015): 25
-32.
Ratheeswari, K. "Information communication technology in education."
Journal of Applied and Advanced Research 3, no. 1 (2018):
45-47.
https:pdfs.semanticscholar.org/7062/0994de93258ffab9824be8825bc4
d23a376b.pdf
55
Information Communications Technology : WEEK
Social and Political Movements
Lesson 1 12
I
This learning packet will help and guide you with the concepts of
growth of the Internet, a wide range of ICTs have transformed social
relationships, education, and the dissemination of information. The political
sphere has also felt the presence of this worldwide phenomenon. Advances
in technology are producing more powerful computing devices to create a
dynamic virtual network that allows people to communicate and share
information on a larger society. At the end of the lesson:
1.Explain how information communication technology can facilitate

social relationships and political movements (occupy movements)
2.Propose a creative intervention to improve human life using ICT.
WHAT IS NEW?
I
Learning Task 1: Let`s do it! ( Individual Activity)
1. In your notebook, complete the table.
2. List at least 5 significant people in your life and determine how you
connect with them.
Name Relationship Means/ Ways of

Communication
56
WHAT IS NEW?
I
(Continuation of Learning Task 1)
Questions:
a. What are the major means of communication posted on the table?
___________________________________________________________________
b. How often do you use them?
___________________________________________________________________
c. How will you maximize those means of communication to strengthen your

relationship with them?
___________________________________________________________________
B. Give at least five positive and five negative effects of the rapid increase
of the use of ICT in society.
57
WHAT I KNOW?
D
Learning Task 2: Let`s Analyze
I. Based on your answers in Task 1. B, answer this question.
How do you balance the use of ICT to minimize its negative effects?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
II. Directions: Read each statement and write whether it is TRUE or FALSE.
_______1. With the internet, the interaction among societies is unlimited.
_______2. ICT brings positive changes to the society’s lifestyle.
_______3. There is only one way of communication through ICT technology

and that is via Yahoo messenger.
_______4. People can share and exchange opinions, news and information
through the internet.
_______5. Through the internet, communication with anyone and anywhere

in the world is possible.
WHAT IS IN?
D
In the previous module, you have learned about the ICT: dimensions
benefits, and challenges, before reading the next lesson, take time to recall
important details from the previous lesson to help you answer the following
questions. Write your answers in a separate sheet of paper.
1. What is Information Communications and Technology (ICT)?
2. Does ICT produce more benefits than costs? Why did you say so?
3. What are the challenges faced by the ICT industry in the Philippines?
4. Can ICT act as a catalyst to political and social changes? If it`s YES, how?
58
WHAT IS IT?
D
Reading:
Impact of ICT on Social and Political Movements
(Arzadon 2018) mentioned that impact of ICT in ushering in social

movements can be historically traced all the way from December 2010
when citizens of the Arab world used social media as an instrument for
organizing and rallying large numbers of people resulting in a string
popular uprising in the region referred to as the Arab spring. The result is
spectacular. Countries like Tunisia, Egypt, and Libya were able to oust
dictators and corrupt regimes whose powers have gone unchecked for the
longest time.
She also described that the social media arm of ICT has also led to
the formation of occupy movements, or movements that have no set of
leaders, no official set of demands, and no projected outcomes. It is simply
a laboratory of participatory democracy. In the United States, there was
“Occupy Wall Street”, which denounced economic injustice and protests
against the greed of corporate America. In Hongkong, there is the
“Umbrella movement”, which calls for fully free elections of Hongkong
executives that are free from interference from mainland China. These
movements may not be able to boast success in terms of correcting
problems they are protesting about, but it has created enough awareness
and political engagement from its constituents.
You can read more about the topic on the site ( for Online and Digital Learners)
ICT became an instrument of social and political movements
https://prezi.com/86bxnqpycmvo/political-and-social-movements/
59
WHAT IS IT?
D
1. Information and communication technologies (ICTs) are facilitating
collective action in ways never thought possible.
Email, websites, chat rooms, blogs and bulletin boards enable efficient
communication, organization, and even deliberation within social
movements of any size. McAdams (1996) believes that easier international
communication will not automatically translate into success for
international social movements because vital interpersonal networks cannot
be adequately forged and maintained online.
Etzioni agrees that without face-to-face interaction, Internet

communictions cannot build the stable community a long-lasting movement
requires. Petitions are quite easy to conduct online compares to the time it
takes offline.
PetitionOnline.com is a free petition service online
MoveOn.org is a progressive public policy advocacy group with more than 4

million members (began as an online petition in 1998)
2. Decentralized, Horizontal Social Movements Coalesce Online
E-movements are social movements that emerge entirely online; they

have the freedom to operate differently than other traditional Social
Movements. Online movements can now operate successfully without the
hierarchical, centralized command structures of the past, and leaders can
even act with more freedom within the movement. In an e-movement, many
different entrepreneurs can approach the primary objective with their
preferred styles and methods. Today, there are rapidly assembled
self-organizing online groups of protesters that coordinate horizontally with-
out central leadership. Klandermans (1984) proposed that a successful
movement must both affect consensus and achieve action mobilization; it
must generate new supporters to action. Case studies demonstrate that ICTs
are enabling the successful creation and maintenance of geographically
dispersed networks, but it is unclear whether virtual networks can foster
long-term, stable relationships and effectively convey social pressures.
60
WHAT IS IT?
D
3. Social Movements Use the Internet to Access and Bypass Mainstream
Media
Successful movements (SMOs) seek media coverage to amplify their
concerns and frame pertinent issues for the public. Most social movements,
regardless of their size, believe they cannot succeed without media coverage.
Although mass media audiences have long been available to the few groups
with access to the centralized media apparatus, the Internet is now closing
the "media gap" for newer, less established groups. Websites allow move-
ments to control their self- representation to the public. Without the internet,
it would be virtually impossible for movements to gain momentum today even
absent mainstream media attention.
4. Social Networking Sites Facilitate Faster, Real Time Protest

Powerful examples of this can be found surrounding Iran's Election in
June 2009. The government limited press operations and blocked access to
pro-opposition Websites and Social networking sites (SNS). Tens of
thousands of protesters added their virtual voices on SNS. Virtually
overnight, Twitter became an accidental but valuable agent of digital protest.
The international Twitter community formed an e-movement that rallied
around Iranian users The movement spawned organically with no centralized
leadership, simply spreading by word of mouth and morphing to respond to
developments as the arose.
5. Future Directions in Research & Implications for Radicalization

While there has been a growing body of research on the impact of the
Internet on social and political movements, there are a number of areas that
represent critical next steps for research. "Internet optimists" argue that ICTs
have given voices to those who did not have them and have had a
democratizing impact around the world. More research is needed to address
the potential causal relationships between Internet activity and social and
political group dynamics. Research should focus on how effective political
and social movements that form online are in reaching their stated goals,
and how sustainable they are over time. Radical groups have been organizing
and taking collective action over the internet, especially due to low operating
costs. Radical groups have enthusiastically adopted technology to help them
reach their intended goals. Online venues have become the meeting place of
choice due to the ability of communicating messages to a large number of
individuals at a low cost.
61
WHAT IS MORE?
E
Learning Task 4: POSITION PAPER
Write a position paper that explains your idea about the roles,
benefits, impacts of ICT to Philippine politics, economy, society and culture.
Give clear examples to back up your arguments.
I. Introduction
Identification of the issue
Roles, Benefits, Statement of the position
impacts of ICT to
Philippine politics, II. Body
society, economy,
Background information
and culture
Supporting evidence or facts
A discussion of both sides of
the issue
III. Conclusion
WHAT I CAN DO?

E
Learning Task 5: Information Awareness Campaign
The class is tasked to conduct an Information Awareness Campaign in
a Social or political issue of their choice using ICT. The class will be divided
into 5 to 6 members each. Each group should propose a creative intervention
entitled “Empowering Human Life Through ICT. You will choose a topic of
Socio-political concern like Poverty, unemployment, unequal opportunity,
racism, and malnutrition/health concern, voting rights, etc. After having
your topics approved by the teacher, your group will put together an
Information Awareness Campaign which aims to channel attention and
support to your chosen Social or political issue. You need to use the ICT
which include but are not limited to website publishing, online video
presentations that can be shared in social media, or an online news
magazine. The output is expected to be well-researched and informative.
62
WHAT I CAN DO?
E
Note: If the learner has no way of accessing the computer, he/she can just
create an Information Campaign manually.
Rubrics for the Information Awareness campaign
Excellent (5/5) Very good Satisfactory Needs Improvement

4/5 3/5 1/5
Re- Students Students iden- Students Students have an

search identified their tified their required incomplete
topic topic and began topic and teacher as- research on their
research began re- sistance to topic
completed and search identify their
independently almost topic and
independently needed help
throughout
the process
Organi- Very organized, The presenta- Mostly orga- Not well organized;
zation very well- tion of the nized; the hard to follow; does
presented intro- outline is or- Introduction not feel finished
duction, body ganized; there and conclu-
and conclusion is clear intro- sion are
duction, body mostly clear.
and conclu-
sion
Content Demonstrates a Demonstrates Demonstrate Demonstrates a few

full under- a good under- some under- understanding of
standing of the standing of standing of the topic. It is not
topic. It is clear, the topic. It is the topic. It that clear and uses
concise and clear and cor- is correct less reliable re-
correct. rect. but lacks sources.
clarity
Presen- Audio and video There are min- Audio and Audio or video er-
tation are clear and imal audio visual are rors distractions
error free with- and video er- acceptable and background
out distractions rors and other but contain noises are preva-
or extraneous distractions. some notice- lent. Music or
noise or images. Music and able distrac- sound effects de-
Music and sound effects tions or tract from the con-
sound effects mildly en- background tent.
are used appro- hance the noise. Music
priately and content and and sound
enhance the the presenta- effects are
content tion. present but
ineffective
63
WHAT ELSE I CAN DO?
E
Learning Task 5: Essay
Answer the following questions. How is ICT applied in the delivery of social
services? Discuss how ICT can improve the delivery and the quality of
services in the following fields.
a. Health care c. Education
b. Environment d. Governance
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

A
Key Takeaways
• Occupy movements, refers to the movements that have no set of leaders,

no official set of demands, and no projected outcomes.
• Social movements are a type of group action. They are large informal
groupings of individuals or organizations that focus on specific political or
social issues.
• Through ICT on social and political movements may not be able to boast
success in terms of correcting problems they are protesting about, but it
has created enough awareness and political engagement from its
constituents.
• To ensure lasting empowerment, social businesses work from within the
community. As previously highlighted, ICT allows social entrepreneurs to
continuously connect with the people they wish to empower in a direct
and engaging way. Online channels are also an incredibly powerful way to
broadcast business messages.
64
A
• Information and communication technology (ICT) has contributed im-
mensely to social and economic improvements, such as higher employ-
ment and productivity, increasing access to a higher quality of life.
• "Internet optimists" argue that ICTs have given voices to those who did
not have them and have had a democratizing impact around the world.
• The main impact of ICT is it includes both positive effects and negative
effects and looks at how individuals’ organizations and society are affect-
ed. Access to information: Possibly the greatest effect of ICT on individu-
als is the huge increase in access to information and services that has ac-
companied the growth of the Internet.
WHAT I CAN ACHIEVE

A
Treasure:
A. You Interpret the message of the two quotations.
1. “Technology is best when it brings people together.”
-Matt Mullenweg, Social Media Entrepreneur
2. “Information Communications technology unlocks the value of time,
allowing and enabling multi-tasking, multi-channels, multi-this and
multi-that”.
-Li ka Shing
B. Write your reflection in your notebook
Summing what I’ve learned in my journey through this lesson, it ena-

bles me to _____________________________________________________________
It made me realize I therefore commit

that__________________________ to_______________________________
___________________________
Assessment:
Answer the following questions:
1. How does ICT empower social relationships?
2. How does ICT facilitate political movements?
65
66
Key/answer:
Learning Task 1:
Answers may vary
Learning Task 2:
A. Answers may vary
B. 1. false
2. true
3. false
4.true
5. true
ANSWER KEY
REFERENCES
Arzadon, Romerosa, Z., Information and Communication Technology”. In

Trends, Networks, and Critical Thinking. Quezon City: Vibal Group,
Inc.,2018
Dela Cruz. Arleigh Ross D., PhD, Cecile C. Fadrigon, PhD Cand., and
Napoleon M. Mabaquiao Jr., PhD (2016), Trends, Networks, and
Critical Thinking in the 21st Century Culture (The Padayon Series).
Quezon City: Phoenix Publishing House
Mangiduyos, Gladys P., 2017. Trends, Networks, and Critical Thinking in

the 21st Century. Manila: Rex Publishing
https://prezi.com/86bxnqpycmvo/political-and-social-movements/
67
Trends, Network and
Grade 12
Quarter 4
Neural and Social Networks
(Week 13-15)

Merle D. Lopez
Writer/s: Mark Louise O. Pacis

Quarter 4
First Edition, 2020

68
Connections, Relationships and Networks WEEK

Lesson 1
13
I
This learning packet will help and guide you to learn about the
connections, relationships, and network as key components in studying
society This lesson investigates the very nature of relationship of society
that exist from individuals. It uncovers the importance of connections
in understanding of social network that holds society as one. At the end
of the lesson, you will be able to:
• Differentiate connections from relationships and networks
• Illustrate how the brain or neural network works
Learning Task 1: Quote Analysis
Read and analyze the quote given below. Then explain the moral we can
get from the quote.
“A single twig breaks, but the ___________________

bundle of twigs is strong.” ___________________
-Tecumseh, Native American Leader
___________________
WHAT IS NEW?
I
Learning Task 2: My Pandemic Buddies
Considering that we are in a pandemic situation and assuming that we are
staying alongside with our family or relatives and face to face meetings are
discouraged but with the aid of communication technology or observing
proper health standard when engaging a short meeting, make a list of
people that you considered immediate or close buddies. Then explain
below how you choose them properly.
My Pandemic Buddies ____________________

____________________
____________________
____________________
____________________
69
WHAT I KNOW?
D
Learning Task 3: MY OWN SOCIAL WEB
The activity “My Social Web” shows the different network that we create.
Read each question written in each square and answer them properly. Then write
the names of a person that you can think of as you answer the questions below.
Reflective Questions:
1. By observing your own Social Web, did it contain similar names in
every question?
______________________________________________________________
2. How do you think your own Social Web influence you as an individual?
______________________________________________________________
3. Do you believe that building your own social group or unit in different
situations or places creates is vital for social relations? Why?
______________________________________________________________
70
WHAT IS IT?
D
Social relations link each of us to become a social group and these
relations that connect us with others can produce diverse consequences. When
meeting with another person, either from school or church, it leads us to
improve our own self to be part of a growing society. By this, we acquire
knowledge, memory and skills that can be useful of. In this lesson, we are going
to learn social relations by looking into the meaning and significance of
connection, relationships and networks. In the concept of social network
analysis, you and me and everyone who are having interactions with are
considered as an actor. To differentiate with the term actor which means to act,
like in a television programs or theater , we rather use it in reality as a social
unit that is playing a role in the society.
Connection refers to the tie that binds actors to each other. This shows
what binds unit A to unit B. There is a wide variety of associations or links that
bind either of the two actors. One example of connection that can be used to
show ties are physical connections or behavioral interactions, association or
affiliation evaluation of one person by another person and even formal relations.
In the school, two actors can be two Senior High School HUMSS students
chatting and talking about the topic discussed by teacher. There are chatting
together manifesting behavioral interaction while they are seated together in a
classroom shows physical connection. Association or affiliation is demonstrated
because they talk about a same topic and considering that they belong into a
one group, Senior High School HUMSS Students. Then considering that if they
are best friends, it shows evaluation of one person by another, or can be based
on who has the authority because they form as a team and one of them is the
leader or facilitator ( formal relations).
71
WHAT IS IT?
D
A tie or bond between two actors or social units is formed by
relations between social units. Connection of two actors form is a dyad.
Dyad is the fundamental social network unit that consists of a pair of
actors. Below are the example:
• A child who wishes to form friendship ties with another child.
• The School Principal consults with his/her Vice Principal on

school matters.
When there are three actors involved in a connection, the triad occurs.
Below are the examples showing how triad works.
• A child who wants to form a friendship ties with two other

children.
• The Principal consults his/her Vice Principal and a Master

Teacher.
To understand more about connections, it is vital to gather

information on different ties or links and have deep comprehension of
connections or the lack if there has. This collection of ties among the
actors in a group is called relationship. Relationship represents the
multiple ties or links between two or more people. A one group of actors
can have different form of relationships. Below is an example of a
relationship,
• Considering that in a study of connections of childhood friends,

one can also examine how well are the connections of the parents
before.
Networks are set of units like nerves, species, individuals ,

institutions or states. It is also a rule that determines the “magnitude,
and /or direction of ties” that exist between any two social entities or
nodes. A network shows the relations that exist between nodes. For
example, a group of persons in a church organization may be a member
of different networks like a friendship network, neighborhood network.
72
WHAT IS IT?
D
Networks can be classified into two types. Relation networks or
one-mode network are characterized by rules that determine the
presence, direction and extent of a relationship between any two units.
It shows the network of neighborhood, friendship, alliance or trade
networks. Affiliation network refer to a rule that determines an affiliation
of a unit with an event, organization or group. Examples are membership
in a professional organization or distribution of the different provincial
population based on their religion or ethnic affiliations.
What we have learned in Connection, Relationships and Network,

it is a comparable thing to one of the vital part of our body, the Brain. It is
an organ is composed of nerve cells, that also called as neurons. Neurons
are cells within the nervous system that transmit information to other
nerve cells, muscle, or gland cells. Brain is considered as biological neural
network which is made up of an interconnected web of neurons
transmitting signals. That is how our brain works when we are awake or
even as sleep. The human nervous system can be considered as a
three-stage system. The human brain is the center of the system. It is
represented by the neural which acts as the receive of information called
stimulus that gather information.
Fig.1 A Representation of the Nervous System
Neural
Stimulus Receptors Effectors Response
Net
The diagram above provides a representation of the nervous system.

The two sets of arrow in the figure shows the transmission and feedback
system within the process. The right pointing arrow in the figure shows
the transmission and feedback system within the process. The receptors
translate stimuli from the human body or any external environment into
electric impulses that relay the information to the neural net or the brain.
73
WHAT IS IT?
D
In order for you to understand networks, the graphs can be a
useful tool for it. Graph is a visual representation of a social network,
where actors are represented as nodes or vertices and the lines are
manifested as connections or ties. An example below is a graph of
network.
Fig. 2 A representation of graph Fig 3. Simple Artificial Neural Network
Because of the fascinating works of the Human Brain Processes,

neural network are likened to the brain and its function as biological
neural network. Neural network is a defined as a massively parallel
distributed processor made up of simple processing units, which has a
natural propensity for storing experimental knowledge and making it
available for us. It is also called as Artificial Neural Network.
The most common example of this consists of three group of layers

of units called, input layer, hidden layer, and output layer. The layer of
input units is connected to a layer of hidden unit. The hidden layers are
connected to a layer of outputs units. The activity of the input units
represents the raw information that is fed into the network. The action of
each hidden unit depends on the activities of input unit the weights on
the connection between the input and the hidden units. The response of
the output units is determined by the activity of the hidden units and the
weights between the hidden and output units. It can be applied in
pattern recognition or information recognition apps as a representation
and to be discussed on the next lesson.
74
WHAT IS MORE?
E
Learning Task 4: THINK AND POINT OUT!
Directions: In each boxes corresponding connections, relationship and
network, explain their definitions and cite examples that
applies in your experience or in the community if you
observe.
Below is the suggested rubrics for you to guide in doing your tasks.
SUGGESTED RUBRICS Rating

Content and ideas are organized in a clear, logical manner. 5 4 3 2 1
The work provides adequate if information about the lesson. 5 4 3 2 1
The work is original. 5 4 3 2 1
Total points (15)
75
WHAT I CAN DO?
E
Learning Task 5: OBSERVING MY NETWORK
Directions: During these tumultuous times of pandemic,

socialization and going outside is limited. However,
because of our undeniable practices as part of the
society, observe a good example of a network that you
think you belong to and illustrate it on the box. Then
reflect on it by answering the question below. You may
use extra sheet if it pleases you.
Reflective Question:
Explain your thoughts about the network that you are belong to.
What kind of network it is and how does it benefit you and the group?
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
Below is the suggested rubrics for you to guide in doing your tasks.

Total points (15)
76
A
Learning Task 7: I RECALL
Let us review the knowledge and skills you learned in the lesson.
1. Why is it important to study social relations?
______________________________________________________________
2. How different is connection to relationships and networks?
______________________________________________________________
3. In this part, illustrate the processes of the brain and neural network
works.
Learning Task 8 : I LEARN
As a learner, give five (5) things that you learn during in this lesson.
1. ________________________________________________________
2. ________________________________________________________
3. ________________________________________________________
4. ________________________________________________________
5. _______________________________________________________
77
WHAT I CAN ACHIEVE?
A
Learning Task 9: WHAT CAN YOU SAY?
Directions: Read the question carefully then answer them briefly and
properly. Write your answer on the box.
Why do you think connections, relationships and

networks are vital in studying our society?
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
78
79
Learning Task 9:
Answers may vary
Learning Task 8:
Answers may vary
Learning Task 7:
Answers may vary
Learning Task 6:
Answers may vary
Learning Task 5:
Answers may vary
Learning Task 4:
Answers may vary
Learning Task 3:
Answers may vary
Learning Task 2:
Answers may vary
Learning Task 1:
Answers may vary
ANSWERS
REFERENCES
Azardon, Romerosa Zarate (2018). “Neural and Social Networks” In Trends,

Networks and Critical Thinking, Vibal Group, Inc. Quezon City
Carolan, Brian ( 2014). Social Network Analysis and Education: Theory, Methods and
Applications. Sage. Los Angeles, London & New Delhi
Dacombe, J. ( 2017). An Introduction to Artificial Neural Networks, Medium. com

https://miro.medium.com/max/500/1*YgJ6SYO7byjfCmt5uV0PmA.png
Dela Cruz, A.(2017). The Padayon Series: Trends, Networks, and Critical Thinking in
the 21st Century Culture. Phoenix Publishing House, Quezon City, Philippines.
Prell, Christina ( 2012). Social Network Analysis: History, Theory and Methodology.
Sage. Los Angeles, London & New Delhi
ing in the 21st Century, Great Books Trading, Quezon City, Philippines.
80
Neural and Social Network WEEK
Lesson 1 14
I
This learning packet will help and guide you to learn about the
parallelism between neural and social networks. Social network and
neural networks are interrelated concepts because both deal with
identifying and tracing patterns, trends, connection, and relations.
At the end of the lesson, student will be able to :
•Compare neural networks with social networks.
•Establish linkage between self and the social network one belongs to
Learning Task 1: NEURAL NETWORK

Before we go into our lesson, let us wrap up your past topic about Neural
Networks. Write 5 words that you think associate with the word “BRAIN”.
Then explain it briefly.
__________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
WHAT IS NEW?
I
Learning Task 2: I ANALYZE
Learning about Connections, Relationships and Network in the past
lesson, let us explain the quote that is written in the box. Explore some
insights, explain, and reflect on it.
“Networking is not collecting contacts! Networking is about Planting
Relations” - Anonymous
81
WHAT I KNOW?
D
Learning Task 3: READING
To have an understanding more about our Brain and Neural Networks
as discussed in the past lesson, let us read the article of Daniel Shiffman.
Then let`s answer some questions. Write your answer in a sheet of paper.
The Human Brain and Neural Network

by Daniel Shiffman
The human brain can be described as a biological neural network—an
interconnected web of neurons transmitting elaborate patterns of electrical
signals. Dendrites receive input signals and, based on those inputs, fire an
output signal via an axon. Or something like that. How the human brain
actually works is an elaborate and complex mystery, one that we certainly are
not going to attempt to tackle in rigorous detail in this chapter. The good news
is that developing engaging animated systems with code does not require rigor
or accuracy, as we’ve learned throughout this book. We can simply be inspired
by the idea of brain function.
A neural network is a “connectionist” computational system. The
computational systems we write are procedural; a program starts at the first
line of code, executes it, and goes on to the next, following instructions in a
linear fashion. A true neural network does not follow a linear path. Rather,
information is processed collectively, in parallel throughout a network of nodes
(the nodes, in this case, being neurons).
Computer scientists have long been inspired by the human brain. In
1943, Warren S. McCulloch, a neuroscientist, and Walter Pitts, a logician,
developed the first conceptual model of an artificial neural network. In their
paper, "A logical calculus of the ideas imminent in nervous activity,” they
describe the concept of a neuron, a single cell living in a network of cells that
receives inputs, processes those inputs, and generates an output. The most
common application of neural networks in computing today is to
perform one of these “easy-for-a-human, difficult-for-a-machine” tasks, often
referred to as patter recognition. Applications range from optical character
recognition (turning printed or handwritten scans into digital text) to facial
recognition. We don’t have the time or need to use some of these more
elaborate artificial intelligence algorithms here, but if you are interested in
researching neural networks, I’d recommend the books Artificial Intelligence: A
Modern Approach by Russell and Norvig and AI for Game Developers by Bourg
and Seemann.
Reflective Question:
1. How did Daniel Shiffman explain the connectivity of our own brain
processing into a some sort of computational system?
2. In the mind of Shiffman, do you think we can apply the concept of neural
network in real life?
82
WHAT IS IT?
D
Neural networks are considered as a massive parallel distributed
processor made up of simple processing units, which has a natural propensity
for storing experimental knowledge and making it available for use. In
comparison for brain processes, neural network can be resembled into two
ways. First is the information is outsourced by the network from its
environment through a process. Then, interneuron connection strengths,
known as synaptic weights, recorded the gathered knowledge.
For many years, it was believed that the human brain has fixed
memory, processing speed and intelligence. It was hardwired, meaning it has
permanently into it. It was assumed that we are born with a skills and
abilities naturally, which are unchanging for the rest of our lives. Then lately,
there has been a movement of interest of studying about the brain`s capacity
to change itself structurally and functionally throughout the duration of
one`s life cause of the influence of one`s environment as well as biological
factors.
The Brain is composed of 80 to 100 Billion neurons or nerve cells.

These neurons process information through electrical and chemical signals.
Clusters of neurons that connect to each other can be referred as “biological
neural network” as was discussed in the past lesson. It referred as with
different networks connecting to each other in circuits called neural
pathways. Take as a example the process of learning how to dance and sing at
the same time. Sometimes, beginner dancers practicing their steps and with
the timing of singing, it is may confuse the dancer how to process the
locomotion and to sing combine. But with the practice on doing these kinds
of activities, it will be effortless. Thru repeating process, it will create a new
ways or a path in the mind that will make it like a hardwired or connected to
perform the activity well.
83
WHAT IS IT?
D
Individuals like you are connected to one another on the basis of their
different goals, interests and common ground. The Social Network concept
views these social relations in terms of connections called ties and interact as
nodes. The core of forming social networks is to develop support systems
within the society itself. Interests and goals are influenced by sociocultural
factors such as ethnicity, gender, race and social class. This suggests that
human needs are realized through our interpersonal social relationships.
Through these connections and interactions, we form social relationships and
develop socialization.
A social network is consist up of individual person that interact within

a social group. It is defined as network members that are connected by one or
more types of relations. Networks are the key components of the society.
They are formed by social connections. It can be personal or more than that.
Some are formal or professional from we do at school, or through
organizations. Because these are formed through interests that are tied to
our way of life, it can be political, religious, economic or even ideological in
nature. Society itself is formed by multiple social networks.
Social networks and neural networks are interrelated concepts because

they both deal with identifying and tracing patterns, trends, connections and
relations. Social Network looks into the relations of a group of social entities
and any information with regard to each actors including the relations within
the network. If an expert want to study about social relationships in the
society, it is properly to identify and analyze the connections within a group,
thus using the concept of studying social network analysis. On the other
hand, Neural Network have the ability to develop meaning from complex or
inaccurate patterns. It can be used to extract patterns and identify trends
that are too complicated for humans or other computer techniques.
84
WHAT IS IT?
D
Neural network can be an application of social network analysis
because neural networks can be used to effectively identify connections and
relations. It can be used to extract patterns and trace trends and connections
that are very complicated for humans to process or for other computers to
perform. A neural network can be used an expert to analyze a certain
category of information. It can be used to provide projections to a particular
event of interest. Examples of these are the pattern recognitions, like the
facial or optical analyzation through an app. Also the time prediction in the
study of business and economics. Neural networks can be taught also to
process an audio signal and screen it properly like what they are using in
identifying a person who is talking to, some apps are used in audio recording.
Another good example of neural network as an application is the Tesla
Self-driving cars, A.I. as a controller of the system of the car drives itself like a
human one. Lastly are sensors, like what in android phone or in an
computerized data system to record our fingerprints or information, using it
to detect our authenticity when using the system or a gadget as a security
feature.
In this lesson, you as a students are example of key actors in these

interactions, we contextualize the situation of the lesson of social network in
today`s events. Like what is happening today, where face-to-face stuff are
limited. However, most of you have social media networks and other ways of
communicating due to the software trigger of the digitally powered world .
As an individual, you form a social connection to your friends, classmates
and teachers through the aid of social media. Social media also drives us to
deliver information, most of them are social issues that sometimes unite or
divide the public opinion. Because of the advent of technology, the algorithm
that manages the social media world can be considered as monitor to us. It
also determines the patterns how you behave in using these gadgets. The
computer can suggest what you like, what mood do you want based on your
past activities and so on.
85
WHAT IS MORE?
E
Learning Task 4: STIMULI AND RESPONSE
Draw a shape of a brain, then your brief answer to the following
question below:
Why do we consider the human brain as a neural network? Cite an
example in your own experience of stimuli and response?
Encircle the number in the rating to give rate in the learner`s work
then add points.
Total points (15)
86
WHAT I CAN DO?
E
Learning Task 5: WHAT`S ON YOUR MIND?
Thinking about the application of neural networks and social

networks in our daily lives discussed in the lecture on previous pages, cite
an existing program or technology that is truly beneficial to humankind
especially in these times of pandemic. Explain how the technology applies
neural or social network and benefit us. You can do research through
references or in other means available to you. Write your answer below.
_______________________________________
( Name of the program)
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
then add points.
Total points (15)
87
WHAT ELSE I CAN DO?
E
Learning Task 7: POSITION PAPER
Read the question below and construct a brief position paper that
explains your stand on the issue. You may write your answer in a
separate sheet of paper or type it depends on your modality of learning.
Question: Is Social Media Applications good for you and the

society? Expound your answer.
A position paper can be arranged in the following format:
 Introduce your topic with some basic background information.

Build up to your thesis sentence, which asserts your position.
Introduce possible objections to your position.
Support and acknowledge the opposing points.
 Explain that your position is still the best one, despite the
strength of counter-arguments.
 Summarize your argument and restate your position. End your

paper focusing on your argument and avoid the
counter-arguments.
Cite some references.
then add points.
Total points (15)
88
A
Complete the following.
1. N e u r a l Networks have the ability to develop
____________________________________.
2. The main reason of forming social networks is to
_______________________________.
3. Neural networks and Social networks differ in some ways like
__________________________________________________________________.
As a learner, give three (5) things that you learn during in this lesson.
1. ________________________________________________________
2. ________________________________________________________
3. ________________________________________________________
4. ________________________________________________________
5. _______________________________________________________
89
WHAT I CAN ACHIEVE?
A
Share some thoughts about the possibility of future

on neural networks application in our society.
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
90
91
Learning Task 9:
Answers may vary
Learning Task 8:
Answers may vary
Learning Task 7:
Answers may vary
Learning Task 6:
Answers may vary
Learning Task 5:
Answers may vary
Learning Task 4:
Answers may vary
Learning Task 3:
Answers may vary
Learning Task 2:
Answers may vary
Learning Task 1:
Answers may vary
ANSWERS
REFERENCES


92
The Self and Social Relationship WEEK

Lesson 1
15
I
This learning packet discusses about self into social relationship.
At the end of the lesson, you`ll be able to:
• Demonstrate how thinking process are shaped by social
relationships.
• Identify the significant social roles students play within the
community by creating a social map of their relationships.
Learning Task 1: ALTERNATE RESPONSE

Write AGREE if you approve the statement and DISAGREE if you disap-
prove it.
_________1. Society is formed by diverse social networks.
_________2. Being part of a social group is harmful for the society.
_________3. As a student, your experiences contribute to your views and
opinion.
_________4. Social connections can be get only through professional
experiences.
_________5. Schools, government and economy are key factors of shaping
our thinking process.
WHAT IS NEW?
I
Learning Task 2: OBSERVING MY COMMUNITY
In this activity, you are tasked to observe how your community works.
Observe the practices that usually prevalent in your community, the
institutions like schools, government, family and your peers as well.
Describe it inside the box. You can use separate sheet if you want a
detailed illustration.
93
WHAT I KNOW?
D
Learning Task 3: WORD CLOUD
After observing your community, now your task is to observe yourself
as a member of the society. Create a word cloud and write down at
least five characteristics or social skills that you like in friends, family
or community members. Then use these words to think and explain
how you can be an even better friends, family member or community
member. Write the words inside the cloud and explain it below the
cloud.
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
94
WHAT IS IT?
D
Social relationship do affect or influence every individual thinking
process. Because as we interact with every individual around us we use our
thinking skill on how are we going to be able to socialize and fit with their
different characteristics and deal with their different attitudes. We individual
undergo in a process of thinking first as we socialize and interact with other
people around us. Social relationship change the way we think and act because
in this process you will be influenced by the people around you and change the
way you behave, interact, and think. One of the most common reason on why
social relationship influence the way of individual thinking is their peers that
surrounds them, their peers who they bond along the day. Our peer is one of the
biggest influence that change us in a simple or a domed way.
Social relationship is something that mold us to think more and to think

clearly and deeply if we allow our social relationship change us the way we live in
our life. We all know that social relationship can lead us into something new but
it's up to us on how are we going to deal and adjust with it. In the past
lesson, we learned that social network is made up of individuals that interact
within a social group. Network serves as the building blocks. Social relationship
as explained in the first paragraph, can be a personal or more than a friendship
from peers. Some of these are formal and also professional but there are multiple
sources we can acquire. We developed it from work, school and organizations.
Being a student, you interact with your classmates, teachers, other school staffs.
As you interact with them, either directly or indirectly, you developed friendship
and also connection with them. It provides you an enabling social experiences.
We can also get these from joining in clubs or organizations to help you in your
needs. Others join in leadership or governing organizations like the Supreme
Student Government or YES-O because they want to develop their sense of
leadership, enhance their social skills with other people and connect with a
larger group
95
WHAT IS IT?
D
Example, if you join in a group that promotes pro-life choices, what
you learn an experience in hanging out with your peers or actors inside
the group, contributes to your mind in creating bases in giving opinion
about a certain issue. That is also works for political parties that
governs our country and also religious groups that existing across
communities. So, it is important for you understand the actions of social
exchanges and networks because it is foundational to the attainment of
your goals.
Social Scientists, from the ideas of Georg Simmel and Emile

Durkheim who wrote about the studies on patterns about social
relationships that connect social actors, developed the idea of Social
Network Analysis (SNA). In the previous lesson, you learn the ideas of
SNA. It is the process of investigating social structures through the use of
networks and graph. It characterizes network structures in terms of nodes
( or the actors) and the ties, edges or link (relationships or interactions)
that connect them.
The SNA according to Marin and Wellman, rests on the assumption

that social life is made up of relations and patterns that formed these
relations. It is to understand the structure of a network and how they
behave or act. It is vital in the study of people because it shows how they
communicate with one another and how people use it to share their
knowledge. By this, we can understand how information is constructed
and disseminated in the community. It also shows and track or map the
relationship of people within a given social network by looking at the
patterns and dynamics of their interaction. Interpreting these ways of
interaction gives us an answer on how people within the community learn
from each other or how they are divided by issues.
96
WHAT IS IT?
D
Figure 1. An example of Social Network Map
A social map is a visual representation of a social network. It is

used to determine the connections of certain groups. With the help of the
Internet, social maps are utilized as a powerful for marketing, establishing
connection and learn their patterns. This can be also used to represent the
view of social structures and institutions in the community. Using it also
to identify the population by gender and age ranges. This also involves
looking at power structures existing in the community.
By these explanations, we can see that individual’s opinion shaped

by their social relationships with different people they spend to.
Identifying our self in a role as part of the social network is vital. You as a
student have a role to follow rules and regulations within the school
premises considering it the school not only a place but a social network of
different students. Outside the school, your role can be a friend to
someone, a member of a youth group or organization, or a player in activi-
ties. Social map can be a tool to examine our relationships with other
people how we make it grow. You can also a person`s history and track his
life using social network map, identifying his role in network and other
people`s role connected to him.
97
WHAT IS IT?
D
Roles in a community network can be examined and shown by a social
map. The best example of these are the Student Leadership programs like the
SSG, Sanggunian Kabataan or Youth Organizations. Because the youth is seen
as a contributing factor to the society, these groups are created to train you in
leading and caretaking the community. When you join in these groups, it will
add a “role” to you. Thus, it tends to transform yourself not only as an abiding
student but also a youth leader. It widens your worldview, not only thinking
about your academic performance but also caretaking and governing the welfare
of your co-students or constituents within the community, planning and creating
programs for them. Thus if we create a social network map of a specific person
who is a member of an organization, we can imagine that each member of the
network function on a specific role. Someone can be a president, or a treasurer
or a member who attend meetings and be an audience and advise the group. The
same situation can be applied in a classroom, someone is the leader or
then the other is the collector or the treasurer, some are peace keepers. In each
network we belong, we do some roles, maybe specific or same with others.
With the advent of the technology, you can access and share information
as well as participate in informal social exchanges. Such opportunities allow
them to learn new information. Considering that using the social media sites,
like Facebook, Twitter or Instagram, it also serves as a virtual social community
within a common interest. These new modes of learning are different to the ways
they are taught inside the school. This means that as youth access and share
information in the social media, they reconstruct, reconfigure and reproduce
knowledge. This make them a participant, a part of a newly created group. Youth
as like you, are engaging in issues that makes around in the social media.
Because of these, we tend to give our opinions and create a social connection
with other people with the same view as you are. Youth of today are now moving
into roles or such spaces that is usually taken by adults like commenting about
certain issues, tendencies that created because of the Internet. You as a student
learn more about the happenings in your environment because of the
technological progress of social media information.
98
WHAT IS MORE?
E
Learning Task 4: Let`s Figure Out
Inside the graphic organizer, think of your roles not only as a student
but also a part of growing society. Then explain how it oc-
curs to you to embody that role. You can copy the graphic
organizer and write it in a separate sheet to add answers
then add points.
Total points (15)
99
WHAT I CAN DO?
E
Learning Task 5: MY SOCIAL MAP
For you to figure out how social network works, you need to create
a social map. Identify a particular network in the community ( town, city
or barangay) in which you are part of. Create a social map or matrix that
traces your role and participation in that particular community network.
Use your answers in the Learning Task 5 to explain your significant
social roles you play in the community.
Note: The graph or matrix must identify the significant roles you play. Then
show the relationship with different members of the network and
rank the roles of the members in community network in terms of
importance. Then explain the matrix by writing a reflection paper and
relate it on what you think about the society and your view on issues
like politics, education, religion, etc..
You may search examples of Social Map in the Internet or books. You can
use a separate paper to construct your own social map matrix and for the
reflective paper.
then add points.
Total points (15)
100
WHAT ELSE I CAN DO?
E
Learning Task 6: MY ENVIRONMENT AND MY SOCIAL NETWORK
Because of the issues about the environment, we are living to, did
you know that you can be “friends” with (supporters of) geological
formations or environmental space or parks within your community?
What kind of group do you want to form and establish how will you take
care of that place? Write a brief explanation of your goals and objectives
and whom will you invite to create this network of yours?
Name of the Social Group:

______________________________________________________________________
Environmental Place you want to take care:
______________________________________________________________________
Possible members:
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
Goals and Objective:
__________________________________________________________
Discuss your view on the issues that surrounds the place and how to
solve it.
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
Note: This format is a suggestion only. You can explain it like the
suggested format or any means like presentations, action plan or through
academic essay.
then add points.
Total points (15)
101
A
1. How do social relationships affect our thinking process?
2. Explain briefly the Social Network Analysis?
3. How important is the social map in studying social relationship and
dynamics in society ?
As a learner, give three (5) things that you learn during in this lesson.
1. ________________________________________________________
2. ________________________________________________________
3. ________________________________________________________
4. ________________________________________________________
5. _______________________________________________________
102
WHAT I CAN ACHIEVE?
A
After studying social networks, social relationships and

social map, how can we make it beneficial to the
community and to yourself?
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
103
104
Learning Task 9:
Answers may vary
Learning Task 8:
Answers may vary
Learning Task 7:
Answers may vary
Learning Task 6:
Answers may vary
Learning Task 5:
Answers may vary
Learning Task 4:
Answers may vary
Learning Task 3:
Answers may vary
Learning Task 2:
Answers may vary
Learning Task 1:
1. Agree 2. Disagree 3. Agree 4. Disagree 5. Agree
ANSWER KEY
REFERENCES


For the image:

Social network diagram world map concept Vector Image (vectorstock.com)
105
Trends, Network and
Grade 12
Quarter 4
Culminating Activity
(Week 16)

Merle D. Lopez
Writer/s: Marife D. Santiago

Quarter 4
First Edition, 2020

106
WEEK
Culminating Activity 16
In your previous chapter lessons, you have learned about the
Democratic Interventions, Information Communication Technology
(ICT) and Neural and Social Networks. Since we are in this new normal this
could limit our culminating activity to synthesize all your learning through
this given final learning task.
In this part, you are expected to propose the kind of future you
want, explain why you want that future and illustrate how you get
there.
Make sure you emphasize the product of your good decision making
on being a productive citizen of this country as you recall to generate good
practices in democracy, same with how ICT has shaped your society as you
know it today, and what it can still do for you in the future then lastly,
realizing your interconnections between your neural connections and social
realities which could aid you in developing your critical and creative thinking
skills as you see the significance of your roles played within the community
as a 21st Century learner.
Build our Skills: Practice, Extend and Apply

Shaping the Future, I want
Guide questions:
1. Are you always sure about what you wanted to do exactly, and whether
that you had different feelings about starting something new?
2. How do you feel about starting something new? Your long-term goal might
not be quite clear yet, but you may feel ready to start something now. Or
perhaps you would like to make sure that you are really clear about
where you’re headed before you take on a new commitment?
107
TASKS
Task 1: Clarifying your goals through visualization
It’s time to think about your own goals. In your Reflection Log or
consult your notebook if you have been using one.
Now take some time to visualize yourself in the future.
Where are you?
 What are you doing? Allow yourself scope to consider that

there are possibilities open to you.
What are your hopes and plans for the future?
Task 2: You should just capture an impression of your thoughts and

ideas at this stage.
A good way to do this is to try creating a picture of what your

future life might look like: either by drawing a picture or a
spider-diagram using pen and paper. You can do this by tearing
images out of newspapers and magazines to add to your drawing
and keywords. Then explain and tell something about your final
task.
Answering the question: What am I doing in the picture?
- for Modular mode of delivery
Have an artistic and creative way of presenting your visual digital

presentation. You can refer to the given multimedia formats below.
Integrate text, audio clips and image file.
MP4 , AVI, WMA
- for Digital/Online Learning delivery
108
TASKS
Another alternative is creating through:
Digital poster (or e-posters with keywords) that is displayed on a
screen instead of being printed. Your visual Digital posters can be
created using Microsoft PowerPoint (MS PPT), you may also
personalize your poster design through canva.com, or you CAN use
your collage app in your mobile phone. This is to be posted in your
Facebook timeline or in Instagram.
- for Digital/Online Learning delivery
Suggested Rubric for the Final Output

CRITERIA EXCELLENT VERY SATISFACTORY FAIR
SATISFACTORY
30 pts. 15 pts. 10 pts.
20 pts.
CREATIVITY
Unique presentation
CONTENT
Thoughts and ideas

are clear and concise
OVER-ALL IMPACT
Very organized and well

presented
It communicates good
message
109

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Trends, Network and Critical

Thinking in the 21st

Schools Division Office Management Team: : Rosemarie C. Blando, August Jamora,

Writer/s: Annabelle D. Resurreccion, Catherine U. Coles, Mark Louise O. Pacis,

Editor: Mark Louise O. Pacis

Illustrator: Julius Burdeos

Trends, Network and Critical Thinking in the 21st Century Culture

Published by: Department of Education SDO—Rizal

Democratic Form of Government, Practices and Approaches 1

II. INFORMATION, COMMUNICATION AND TECHNOLOGY 31

Information Communications Technology : Dimensions, Benefits 32

Connections, Relationships and Networks 69

Neural Network and Social Network 81

Schools Division Office Management Team: : Rosemarie C. Blando, August Jamora,

Writer/s: Annabelle D. Resurreccion

Editor: Mark Louise O. Pacis

Illustrator: Julius Burdeos

Trends, Network and Critical Thinking in the 21st Century Culture

Published by: Department of Education SDO—Rizal

Learning Task 2: Agree or Disagree

Learning Task 3: Illustration

People involved Position Services Rendered Recipients of

Learning Task 6: My Idea!

Learning Task 7: Expository Essay Instructions

There are philosophies on Historical Model of Democracy

• A leadership by authority over a certain area

• Directly on decision-making and appointing representatives who

Direct or Pure– takes place when people support directly.

Representative—is indirectly way of governance where sovereignty is

Democracy can be identified through people’s practices. The main

Anticipatory serves as benchmark for bigger outcomes since it

Adversialism or Adversarial expresses on liberty from oppositional

Delegative puts voting power in the self-chosen envoys than elected

Deliberative takes its agreement on the majority in its decision making

Democratic Centralism covers discussion and debate on policies

Democratic Dictatorship (Democratur) is that the popular vote is

Democratic Republic is both democratic and republic, the citizens are

Ethnic employs dominance with democracy.

Market (Democratic Capitalism) presents a market economy through

Semi-direct states the importance of the tools, elements, and

Sociocracy performs on consensus, the inner organization, and the

Learning Task 8: Critical Support

Among the types of democracy, choose 5, defend and elaborate how it is

Types of Democracy Explanations

Participatory Democracy Representative Democracy

These are the differences between participatory from representative

Write your observations on the democratic practices in our school,

 Do the newly elected student leaders and barangay officials exercise

 Is the election held according to the school rules and regulations?

State the similarities and differences between Participatory from

Identify the term being defined. Write the correct answer.

___________ 1. The constitution is the framework of how the country

___________ 2. It serves as benchmark for major outcomes.

___________ 3. It demonstrates the agreement than using the customary

___________ 4. It allows citizen to vote in selecting their representatives

___________ 5. It talks about liberality serving the elite class, focus by

WHAT I CAN ACHIEVE?

Make a reflection essay of 5-10 sentences, on the importance

•Assess democratic interventions prevailing in political and

•Formulate a viable alternative to undemocratic practices

Learning Task 2: True or False

________ 2. Indigents are used during election by the candidate.

1. s _ _t _a_ r ___ instructions that tell a computer what to do

2. T_ h l_ ____ y consists of computer hardware, software ,

6. S _ _ r ____ small programs that allow mobile devices to