DELHI PUBLIC SCHOOL

VADODARA ACADEMIC
SESSION 2021-2022

CHEMISTRY INVESTIGATORY
PROJECT
TOPIC: DETERMINATION OF FOAMING
CAPACITY OF SOAPS AND EFFECT OF
ADDITION OF SODIUM CARBONATE

NAME: Jyotirmayi Biju Nair

CLASS: XII
SEC: A
AISSCE ROLL NO.:

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 CERTIFICATE

I, Jyotirmayi Nair of class XII-A, solemnly

declare that this project work in Chemistry is a faithful record of
Bonafide work carried out by me, under the supervision of my
Chemistry Teacher Aparna Mahajani and Lab Assistant Mr. Shitul.

I, further declare that, the work presented in this project is to the

best of my knowledge and understanding.

__________________
__________________
Internal Examiner Examiner's

Signature ______________

_________________
School stamp

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 ACKNOWLEGEMENT

The success and final outcome of this project required a

lot of guidance and assistance from many people and I am
Jyotirmayi Nair extremely privileged to have got this all along
the completion of my project. All that I have done is only due to
such supervision and assistance and I would not forget to thank
them.

I respect and thank the principal, Dr. A K Sinha, for providing

me an opportunity to do the project work in the school.

I owe my deep gratitude to my chemistry teacher Aparna

Mahajani, who took keen interest in my project work and
guided me all along, till the completion of my project work by
providing all the necessary information. I am extremely
thankful to her for providing support and guidance.

I am thankful to and fortunate enough to get constant

encouragement, support and guidance from the lab assistant Mr.
Shitul who helped me in successfully completing my project.

I heartily thank my parents and group members for their

guidance and suggestions during this project work.

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 INDEX

1)Aim…………………………………………
…………………… 5
2)Introduction…………………………………
………….. 6
3)Materials/Apparatus required………….11-
12
4)Procedure……………………………………
……………13
5)Observation ……….
……………………………………14
6)Conclusion…………………………………
……………..15
7)Result………………………………………
………………….16
8)Relevant
pictures…………………………………..17
9)Bibliography………………………………
……………..18

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 AIM

DETERMINATION OF FOAMING CAPACITY OF

SOAPS AND EFFECT OF ADDITION OF SODIUM
CARBONATE

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 INTRODUCTION

The type of fatty acid and length of the carbon chain determines the
unique properties of various soaps. Tallow or animal fats give
primarily sodium stereate (18 carbons) a very more insoluble soap.
Fatty acids with longer chains are even more insoluble. As a matter of
fact, zinc stearate is used in talcum powders beacause it is water
repellant. Coconut oil is a souce of lauric acid (12 carbons) which can
be made into sodium lorate. This soap is very soluble and will lather
easily in sea water. Fatty acids with only 10 or fewer carbons are not
used in soaps because they irritate the skin and objectionable odours.

WHAT IS SOAP?
Soaps are basically salt of fatty acids which are used to cleanse
different products. The salts can be sodium can be of sodium,
magnesium, etc. and the acid can either be saturated or unsaturated.

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HOW SOAP
WHAT IS MADE? OF SOAP MADE OF?
IS A MOLECULE

The most popular soap

soap molecule is a making process today
long hydrocarbon is of
chain themany
cold process
carbons with
method
one where fats
carboxylic acidsuch as olive
group whichoilacts
reactaswith strong alkaline
a functional group. It is in
solutions
the form ofwhile somelike
tadpole soap makerswith
structure use the historical
different endshot process.
having different
HandmadeAt
polarities. soap
thedefers
end offrom
longindustrial soap in
hydrocarbon that usually,
chain, it is the and
non-polar
excess
end andofhydrophobic.
fat is used toAt
consume theend
the other alkali (super
which fattening),
is the and ion
carboxylate in is
that the
polar glycerin
and is not removed, leaving a naturally moisturizing
hydrophilic.
soap.

HOW CLEANSING OF FABRIC IS DONE?

FOAM IS FORMED?

The
Whenlong non-polar
water is addedendto of theand
soap soap is molecule which hydrophobic,
mixed, a colloidal solution is
starts
formed.to And
surround
whenthe dirt (fat
mixed moreor itoilgets
molecules) on the
concentrated to fabric.
surfaceThen
and
the
foamsshort
areend whichthis
formed is polar
helps and
it tocontains
forms athe carboxylate layer
unimolecular ion gets
on
away
water from the dirt
penetrate and lets the long end face the dirt. Now numeral
the fabric.
soap molecules surround the dirt molecules forming a structure
known as “micelles”. Now these micelles are now separated from
the fabric, hence cleansing the fabric.

WHAT IS HARD WATER?

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Hard water is a water that has high mineral content. It is formed
when water passes through deposits of minerals like limestone,

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HOW DOES Na2CO3 HELP WITH THIS SCUM PROBLEM?

As we know the cleansing action is reduced in hard water. The Mg +

and Ca+ ions react with soap molecule to form scum. This can be
prevented by adding Sodium Carbonate solution to the hard water.
This is known as “Softening of water” where ions double of the
mono cations (Mg+ and Ca+) are used to replace them such as Na + or
K+ ions.
Ca2+ + Na2CO3 -> CaCO3 (ppt.) + 2Na+
Mg2+ + Na2CO3 -> MgCO3 (ppt.) + 2Na+

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 MATERIALS REQUIRED

1. Soap sample 2. Tap Water

3. Distilled water 4. M/10 Solution of Na2CO3

APPARATUS REQUIRED

1. Test tubes 2. Test tube stand

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3)Stop Watch

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 PROCEDURE:

FOR COMPARING THE FOAMING CAPACITY OF

DIFFERENT SOAPS

o Weigh about 0.5g of soap and add about 50ml of distilled

water and stir to dissolve till clear solution is obtained.

o Take three test tubes and label them as A, B and, C.

o Add about 10ml of distilled water in test tube A. Add about

10 ml of tap water in test tube B. And lastly add 5 ml of tap
water mixed with 5ml of m/10 of Na2CO3 in test tube C.

o Add about 1ml of soap solution to each of the test tube.

o Now stir the test tubes one by one and wait for the foam to
get formed. After the foams starts getting formed in the test
tube, record the time in the stop watch until that foam
disappears.
o Now repeat this step for remaining test tubes.
o Record your observations in a table.

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 OBSERVATIONS

Weight of soap taken = 0.5g

Vol of distilled water taken for preparing solution = 50ml

Sr. No Water Volume Of Time

Used Soap Taken
1
Distilled 1ml
water

Tap Water 1ml

3 Tap Water 1ml

+ m/10
Na2CO3

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15
 CONCLUSION/RESULTS

 In conclusion foaming capacity of soap is maximum in

distilled water.
 Also foaming capacity increases on addition of Na2CO3

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RELEVANT PICTURES/ PHOTOGRAPHS

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 BIBLIOGRAPHY

1)www.seminarsonly.com
2)www.icbse.com
3)youtube.com
4)Class 10 Science TB

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