Lecture 4

Fluid Dynamics and

the Bernoulli Equation
Energy Balance

Energy E in a system can be classified in three ways:

1. Potential energy (zg) due to the position of the mass, where z is the relative
height from the reference plane
2. Kinetic energy (v2/g) due to the translational or rotational motion, where v is
the velocity
3. Internal energy (U) due to other energy present such as rotational and
vibrational energy in chemical bonds
Energy Balance

Consider a fluid flowing in a stream tube:

● Heat is supplied in the inlet stream

● Work done by the system is
expressed as p/⍴
● The mechanical energy balance is
given by:

ΔH + ΔKE + ΔPE = Q - W
Energy Balance

Applying the mechanical energy balance

to the given figure:

𝛼 = 2 for laminar and 1 for turbulent

Example 1

Water enters a boiler at 18.33 0C at 137.9 kPa through a pipe at an average

velocity of 1.52 m/s. Exit stream at a height of 15.2 m above the liquid inlet leaves
at 137.9 kPa, 148.9 0C and 9.14 m/s. At steady state, how much heat must be
added per kg mass of steam? The flow is turbulent.
 Water enters a boiler at 18.33 0C at 137.9 kPa through a pipe at an average velocity
of 1.52 m/s. Exit stream at a height of 15.2 m above the liquid inlet leaves at 137.9
Example 1 kPa, 148.9 0C and 9.14 m/s. At steady state, how much heat must be added per kg
mass of steam? The flow is turbulent.

Kinetic energy term:

From the steam stable, the values of H1 and H2 at the given conditions are as follows:

Energy balance:
Bernoulli Equation

This equation provides an approximate

relation between pressure, velocity, and
elevation. It is valid in regions of steady,
incompressible flow where net frictional
losses are negligible
Example 2

Water is flowing in a fire hose with a velocity of 1.0 m/s and a pressure of 2 x 10 5
Pa. At the nozzle the pressure decreases to atmospheric pressure (101, 325 Pa),
there is no change in height. Use the Bernoulli equation to calculate the velocity of
the water exiting the nozzle. The density of water is 1000 kg/m 3.
 Water is flowing in a fire hose with a velocity of 1.0 m/s and a pressure of 2 x 10 5 Pa. At the nozzle the
pressure decreases to atmospheric pressure (101, 325 Pa), there is no change in height. Use the
Example 2 Bernoulli equation to calculate the velocity of the water exiting the nozzle. The density of water is
1000 kg/m3.
Example 3

Through a refinery, fuel ethanol is flowing in a pipe at a velocity of 1 m/s and a

pressure of 101, 300 Pa. The refinery needs the ethanol to be at a pressure of 2
atm (202, 600 Pa) on a lower level. How far must the pipe drop in height in order to
achieve this pressure? Assume the velocity does not change. The density of
ethanol is 789 kg/m3.
 Through a refinery, fuel ethanol is flowing in a pipe at a velocity of 1 m/s and a pressure of
101, 300 Pa. The refinery needs the ethanol to be at a pressure of 2 atm (202, 600 Pa) on a
Example 3 lower level. How far must the pipe drop in height in order to achieve this pressure? Assume
the velocity does not change. The density of ethanol is 789 kg/m 3.