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To expl aint he
|[Z=|†s:t=t=s:c , the authorproposedtwo hypothesis, Hypothesis(1) andHypothesis(2),
shown asfol
lows:
Hypothesi
s(1) :Charged part
icl
e underst
rong el
ect
ric fi
eld generat
es a new gravi
tat
ionalfi
eld ΦA
aroundi
tsel
f.
Hypot
hesi
s(2) :Addi
tionalequi
val
entmassdue t
othe el
ect
ricfi
eldi
scancel
edbynegat
ive mass

From Hypot
hesi
s(1), t
he
generat
edbyt
w
s:¥g—d,*Œ0Fc‚,.c‚0Fi:w
,.]/t=0Fs:]xb
he new gravi
tat
ionalfi
eld.
sat
isfi
es

∂ q
g ij Φ A = − F i0 , (1)
∂x j
m
whi
ch i
sderi
vedfrom t
he rel
ati
vist
icequat
ion ofa movi
ngchargedpart
i e[2], where
cl
F i 0 = (0,− E1 ,− E 2 ,− E3 ) ( Ei : componentofthe electricfield), q ischarge ofthe particle , m is
itsmassand g ij isa metrictensorofspace. Then t
he new gravitat
ionalfield generated atthe
centerofthe chargedparticle becomes

∂ q
ΦA ≈ − E , (2)
∂x m
where E isintensityofthe electricfield.Comparing q / m valuesofan electron anda pion, Φ A
isgeneratedbyan electron ratherthan a pion.W hen we let q ≈ e and m ≈ me ( e :charge oft
he
he electron) and δ be a l
electron, me :massoft ength ofthe domain where the new gravitational
fieldisgenerated, the acceleration ofthe atom inducedbyelectricfieldcan be shown as[3]

e  1 1 
α = −δ 2  + E , (3)
 (a0 + λ ) (a0 − λ )2 
2
me
where λ is a displacement of charge with applied electric field and a 0 is an orbital radius of the
electron around the nucleus which can be replaced by Bohr’s radius. From Hypothesis(2), we obtain
δ= 8.12 × 10 −21 m, which is much smaller than the size of the nucleus[3]. Then acceleration of a
pion induced by the new gravitational field due to electrons around the nucleus becomes

 1 1 
α ≈ −1.2 × 10 − 29  + E , (4.1)
 (a0 + λ ) (a0 − λ )2 
2

( κ − 1)ε 0 E
λ= , (4.2)
ρ
whereκ is specific inductive capacity of the dielectric material,ε0 is permittivity of free space and
ρ is charge density inside the dielectric material. From which t V§ ¨œ©Pª=«—¬†«—­„¬Ž§V¨–®=¯°/±?²¨°
³ ²*²*¨—ª=¨—´ ³ ¬e®=«—¯˜µL¶L·y®F¸©P´*¨¶*¶%¨—°¹¨—ªF¨—²¬e´*®=²’­v®=¨—ª=°¹®x¶¶%§V«º¯˜®=¯˜» ®=¼{·¾½L·/» ´*«¸¿º$§?®F²§˜®=¬p®=¶¶!¨—¨—¯£¬Ž§ ³ ¬
®=¯V°P±V²*¨—° ³ ²*²*¨—ªF¨—´ ³ ¬Ž®=«—¯ÁÀy ³ §V®=¼.§Ã©P«—¬Ž¨—¯V¬e® ³ ªÄ¨—ª=¨—²*¬Ž´®F²Å­Æ®=¨—ªF°Ç¨—È.§V®=Ày®F¬Ž¶ ³ ¯V«—¯Éƪ=®=¯V¨—´
²*§ ³ ´ ³ ²*¬Ž¨´*®=¶!¬Ž®=²¶£º$§V¨—¯–¬e§V¨'¨—ª=¨²*¬Ž´®=² ­Æ®F¨—ª=°”¨—È.²*¨—¨°/¶ 1011 µ.ʊ¸£· Satisfying that a0 >> λ , the
acceleration of the dielectric material induced high potential electric field can be approximated as

δ 2e
α≈− 2
E = −0.42 × 10 −8 E (m/s2) , (5)
me a 0
which shows the weight reduction of a capacitor is proportional to the impressed electric field.

EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
Το confirm the theoretical explanation, the author and his co-workers conducted experiments
described as follows [4-7]:
Experiment(1)
The capacitor used for the experiment shown in Fig.2 was a plastic diskwith thin copper films on
both sides , the size of which was t=0.2mm, d=65mm, weight=4.2kg andκ= 2.3 .
The experiment was conducted by applying high voltage 0 ~1200 volt to the capacitor placed inside
the plastic casing to reduce the influence of electric wind as shown in Fig.3. Weight reduction of the
capacitor measured by the electric balance with the precision of 0.1mg is shown in Table.1.

Table.1 Weight reduction observed at the experiment

Voltage 300V 600V 900V 1200V
-1.0 -3.7 -7.8 -10.3
Weight reduction -0.9 -3.2 -7.4 -10.0
of the capacitor -0.6 -4.0 -8.3 -11.1
(mg) -0.8 -3.1 -7.7 -12.0
-3.5 -8.8 -11.1
-8.2
-7.9

¦
Fig.4 shows the compared result between the experimental result and the theoretical value
calculated by Eq.(6). From which, it is seen that the experiment coincide well with the theoretical
calculation.

Experiment(2)
The successive experiment was conducted for a large size capacitor with thickness=2mm,
diameter=10cm and weight=26g. Impressed voltage to the capacitor ranged 0 ~ 12000v. To estimate
the influence of high voltage applied to the electric balance, the shift of the scale was measured in
advance by suspending the capacitor not to contact the electric scale with supports as shown in
Fig.5(A). We compared the shift of the scale with the successive measurement results as shown in
Fig.5(B), it was seen that the influence of the high voltage electric field of the capacitor to the
electric scale was negligible small. Weight reduction of the measurement results is plotted in the
figure below. At the experiment, maximum weight reduction observed was about 200mg, which is
0.8% of its own weight of the capacitor.

AdditionalExperimentalResult
An additional experiment was conducted under the circumstance by rejecting influence of ambient
ion momentum transfer by the research group of HONDA R&D Institute to confirm the B-B effect
[8]. For this purpose, the capacitor was set in the insulator oil inside the metal case, which was
grounded(Fig.6). The capacitor used at the experiment was a circular plate made of glass with
thickness=1mm, diameter=170mm, weight=62g and κ=10. They conducted experiments for two
cases, DC 18kv and AC 8kv pulse with the frequency of 50Hz impressed to the capacitor. The
experimental results measured by the HONDA research group is shown in Fig.7, which shows that
the case of AC 8kv pulse exhibits higher reduction of weight than the case of DC 18kv. The order of
obtained results for the static case agrees well with the calculated value by Eq.(5), which is about
0.5 g. M aximum weight reduction observed at the experiment is about 2g for AC pulse, which is
about 3% of its own weight of the capacitor (These measurements were conducted nearly at noon
between Feb.1st and M arch.1st. in 1996).

Ì͒ΎÏVЗÑ%ÐЗÒ.ÓPЗÔ*Õ=֐З×VΎØyُÔ*ЗÑ%ÚVÙ=ΎÑLÛ:Õ=ÎÜÕ=ÑÝ*ޗ×?Ñ!Õ=ßPЗÔ*Зß_ΎÏVØyÎÜΎÏVÐÌàÕ=Ð ávЗÙ=ßPâÆÌàÔ*ޗãאЗáÆávЗÝ*ÎÜÕ=ÑpÔ*ЗØyÙ9ä
SOME CONSIDERRATIONS ON THE OBTAINED RESULTS

However it was observed at the experiment å

͔ÎeÏVÐæçèé$êëÔ*НÑ%ЗØyÔÝ*Ïíì.Ô*ޗÚVÓ that weight
ä Ô*ЗÝޗì.×VÕ=î:ЗߢØyÎïÎeÏVЋЗÒLÓ/НÔ*Õ=ÖïЗ×VÎeÑ
Ý*ޗ×VßPÚVÝ*Î‚Ð—ß å ͒ðñ*òñIóyô}õ:öõ:ñ.÷øù~ú{ñ.ûIü:÷ñ.ý‚ü%÷Æþ and it was suspected that the òñI÷ÿx
ñ
øõü PýƒùPõ õ%ÿ ùPý
reduction was varied with time This phenomena was also

÷õ 

øý‚ÿFü pñ ö_÷õ:óxñ.ý‚õ £ý‚üïöü:óFñ.÷ ñ £ó Pñ.÷~ý‚ÿ yõ: ö yüòVõ:÷ÿ  þ'ýeùPÿxö_ü:ûIöõ:÷Æò
ñIý‚ÿFü ÜýeùP õ õ%ÿ  ù
ý
÷õ 

øýeÿxü ñ  the moon phase at the time of experiment ñ.÷õøü Lñ.÷õ _ñ.ö shown in Fig.8.  ÷ü 
"! $#&%'pñ.øøõ:óxõ:÷ñIýeÿŠü ”üý‚ù
( õ yÿxõ%óFõ:øýƒ÷ÿF)
ø _ñIýeõ%÷ˆÿFñIóû*þœý‚ù
õ£ÿ *L÷õ%ö*öõ õ:óxõ:øý‚÷ÿx) ø =ÿFõ%ó ö*ñIýƒÿF+ö  þ
ÿ 
a >> λ
ÿxö ñ võ:øý‚õ û*þ_ýeùPõõ , ýeõ:-÷ Pñ.ó  ÷ñ*òÿFý‚ñ.ýeÿxü
ñ.ó =ÿFõ:ó ’ö*ùPü .Dñ.ö
0

α = −0.42 × 10 −8 Ei / g ii , (6)
where g ii
is a major diagonal of metric tensor of space. By substituting g ≈ 1 + h into Eq.(6), ii ii

the weight variance ∆w induced by an external gravitational field can be given by

Ë
 ∆w ≈ 0.42 × 10 −8 mEi h ii , (7)
where m is a mass of the dielectric material and h ii is the perturbations of space metric generated
by an external gravitational field. From which, it is considered that experimental results have the
correlation with the external gravitational field. From Eq.(7), It can be estimated that electric
balance can detect the perturbations of space metric to have the order 10 −2 . By the theory of
relativity, perturbations of space metric induced by the movement of celestial bodies can be given
by[9]
h ii = φ ii + h / 2 , (8.1)
and
4G ρ 2 v i ( x ′, y ′, z ′, t − r / c) 4
φ ii =
c4 ∫ r
dx ′dy ′dz ′ , (8.2)

where G is the gravitational constant, c is the light speed ,ρ is a mass density and v i is a
velocity component of the moving bodies. From which the value of h ii generated by the moon is
estimated to have the order 10 −14 at most. Hence it is concluded that the variance of weight of the
capacitor observed at the experiment is not due to the external gravitational field generated by the
moon but due to the unknown origin.

POSSIBLE APPLICATIONS OF THE B-B EFFECT FOR SPACE PROPULSION SYSTEM

Under the assumption 02130402165)3876021:9<;>= ?*0@1A5<9>;BDC?*;+CE 1:0FG 38HCIC02B of the B-B effect for the
propulsion system was studied by Iwanaga [10]. J'KML 38N
H5O PQF:021:5)R+38HR+7:H3
025>IS021:;+76?0UTWV9>X45<;
;+3802C9Y9>ZA021:5Y[\][^5<Z_Z]5<R0`R9<aV38;5<I*XbC021021:54R+9 K G
5 K 02C9 K 38H6V;9<V7AH?C9 K ?B
?c025>a?.C?dV;+5>?5 K 0@5<IeO
From this table, it is seen that the 021:;+7:?c0fTgV9>X45>;b;+380@C9hZ_9<; the BB effect is much better than the
arc jet and the photon rocket and it is considered the BB effect is applicable for the propulsion
system of small vehicles in a space.

Table.2 Thrust/power of the propulsion system

Propulsion System Thrust(N) Thrust/Power(N/kW)
Jet engine 2×105 4.0
Chemical fuel rocket 245×103 1.0
Arc jet 150×10-3 0.136
Nuclear power 882×103 0.22
Photon rocket 3.3 3.3×10-6
Biefeld-Brown System* 100 2.5
*calculated for the capacitor, M=100kg, diameter/height ratio=100,κ=5 and E=7×108 v/m [10]

CONCLUSION
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joŽ~ k.‚-l nvk…~+*opjk.|k†„
r-l‡:{opl op{q|l z8ˆ{kz…„yk|kr-l opk…l o
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™"š"›Qš"™"š"œ4š"ž
1.Rho Sigma,”Eher-Technology: A rational approach to gravity control”,Cadake Industries,
Clayton,1986
2.Musha,T . and Sawatari,K.,”Possibility of space drive propulsion by high potential field”,
Proc. of the 36th Space Sci. and Tech. Conf., JSASS,1992,PP.95-96(J)
3.Musha,T. and Abe,I.,”Biefeld-Brown effect and electro-gravitic propulsion by high potential
electric field”, Proc. of the 24th JSASS Annual Meeting, JSASS,1993,pp.189-192(J)
4.Musha,T . and Kanamoto,T.,”Electro-gravitational effect for dielectric material by high potential
electric field”, Proc. of the 38th Space Sci. and Tech. Conf., JSASS,1994,PP.31-32(J)
5.Musha,T.,”Possibility of gravitational propulsion by electromagnetic field”, Proc. of the 25th
JSASS Annual Meeting,JSASS,1994,pp.122-123(J)
6.Musha,T., ”Brown’s Electro-Gravitic Propulsion System”,Sec.3.6.3,Report of Advanced Space
Propulsion Investigation Committee, JSASS,1996,pp.104-116(J)
7.Musha,T., ”Study on Brown’s Propulsion System”, Proc. of the 37th Conf. on Aerospace
Propulsion,JSASS,1997,pp.342-349(J)
8.Okamoto, H.,Nagao,A. et al, “Research on the Gravity Control”,HONDA R&D Technical
Review,Vol.9 Report (unpublished)(J)
9. Weber, J.,”General relativity and Gravitational waves”,Inter Science,1961
10.Iwanaga,N.,”Review of Some Field Propulsion Methods from the General Relativistic
Standpoint, Space Technology and Applications International Forum,1999,pp.1051-1059
*(J) means the report is written in Japanese

Fig.1 Acceleration generated by high potential electricfield

˜
 Fig.2 Capacitor used for the experiment Fig.3Experimental setup at the Experiment(1)

(A) (B)

1 ~ 3
Capacitor

¹¹¹¹ »»»»»»»»»»»»»»»»»»» »»»»»»»»»»»»»»»»»»»

Capacitor
Support
Support
¹¹¹¹ ººº
ººº
Electric scale Electric scale

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°©<±c²:¯_­:®8¬:³Y­2´:©f­@´6©>µ>ª©>­@¡¶® ¯  e¡£ ¤W·.¸Œ©>®
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Fig.6Experimental setup for the additional experiment

７Mass reduction observed at the experiment

Fig.７

Fig.8Mass reduction measured vs. moon phase