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:
Kalinga State University
College of Engineering and Effectivity Date: January 2021

Information Technology Revision No.:

MODULE 9 Page No.:

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(CE 151)

Instructor: NOEL B. ESTILONG, BSCE, MPA, LREB, LREA, ME1

Subject: CE 151- Hydraulics
Student: BSCE– 3
Semester: Second Semester, SY 2020-2021

I. Topic

Chapter 9: Pipe Networks

II. Introduction
It refers to the investigation of a particular area of the system of fluid flow rate and its
pressure through hydrodynamic network using interconnected branches. Pipe network consists
of interconnected pipes, which are used to solve the problems of hydraulic design. The
specialized section where the pipe network theory can apply is in water utilities.

III. OBE Objectives: At the end of the chapter, the student should be able to:

a. Know and understand pipe networks;

b. Develop analytical and problem solving skills; and
c. Appreciate, study, learn and work independently.

IV. Discussions

The Hardy Cross method is an application of continuity of flow and continuity of

potential to iteratively solve for flows in a pipe network. In the case of pipe flow,
conservation of flow means that the flow in is equal to the flow out at each junction in
the pipe.

Hardly Cross method based on the following principles:

1. The flow entering a junction must be equal to the flow leaving the junction.
2. The algebraic sum of friction losses around any closed loop is zero (0).

Illustration:

Chapter 9: Pipe Networks

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(CE 151)

Qt = Q a + α
Where: Qt = true flow
Qa = assumed flow
α = correction to be applied
𝛴𝐾𝑄𝑎2
α=-
2𝛴𝐾𝑄𝑎
0.0826 𝑓 𝐿
K= (Darcy Weishback)
𝐷5
Note: Use positive (+) sign for clockwise direction of flow and use negative (-) sign for
counter-clockwise direction of flow.

Sample Problem:

Using a Moody friction f = 0.02, flow of 0.40 m3/s enters at A and goes out of D and E
as shown on the figure. Compute the corrected flows on all the pipes: AB, BE, CE, DC,
BC and AD.

Given: Figure and data shown.

Required: Corrected flows on all the pipes: AB, BE, CE, DC, BC and AD.
Solution:
1. Solve “K” for each pipe.

0.0826 𝑓 𝐿
K=
𝐷5

 For line AB

0.0826(0.02)(700)
KAB = = 115,640
(0.10)5

 For line AD

Chapter 9: Pipe Networks

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0.0826(0.02)(900)
KAD = = 148,680
(0.10)5

 For line BC

0.0826(0.02)(600)
KBC = = 3,097.5
(0.20)5

 For line CD

0.0826(0.02)(400)
KCD = = 2,065
(0.20)5

 For line BE

0.0826(0.02)(1,000)
KCD = = 21,755
(0.15)5

 For line CE

0.0826(0.02)(1,800)
KCE = = 39,159
(0.15)5

2. Solve for the correction to be applied (α).

A. Consider loop ABCD

𝛴𝐾𝑄𝑎2
αABCD = -
2𝛴𝐾𝑄𝑎
2 2 2 2
[𝐾𝐴𝐵 𝑄𝐴𝐵 + 𝐾𝐵𝐶 𝑄𝐵𝐶 − 𝐾𝐶𝐷 𝑄𝐶𝐷 − 𝐾𝐴𝐷 𝑄𝐴𝐷 ]
αABCD = -
2[𝐾𝐴𝐵 𝑄𝐴𝐵 + 𝐾𝐵𝐶 𝑄𝐵𝐶 + 𝐾𝐶𝐷 𝑄𝐶𝐷 + 𝐾𝐴𝐷 𝑄𝐴𝐷 ]

[115,640(0.20)2 + 3,097.5(0.10)2 − 2,065(0.10)2 − 148,680(0.20)2 ]

αABCD = -
2[115,640(0.20) + 3,097.5(0.10) + 2,065(0.10) +148,680(0.20)]

Chapter 9: Pipe Networks

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[ −1,311.275]
αABCD = - = 0.0123
2[53,380.25]

B. Consider loop BCE

2 2 2
[𝐾𝐵𝐸 𝑄𝐵𝐸 − 𝐾𝐵𝐶 𝑄𝐵𝐶 − 𝐾𝐶𝐸 𝑄𝐶𝐸 ]
αBCE = -
2[𝐾𝐵𝐸 𝑄𝐵𝐸 + 𝐾𝐵𝐶 𝑄𝐵𝐶 + 𝐾𝐶𝐸 𝑄𝐶𝐸 ]

[21,755(0.10)2 − 3,097.5(0.10)2 − 39,159(0.20)2 ]

αBCE = -
2[21,755(0.10) + 3,097.5(0.10) + 39,159(0.20)]

[ −1,379.785]
αBCE = - = 0.0669
2[10,317.05]

C. Consider the pipe network and apply the corrections to solve for the true flow
in each pipe.

i. For loop ABCD

Qt = Qa + αABCD
QtAB = 0.20 + 0.0123 = 0.2123 m3/s
QtBC = 0.10 + 0.0123 - 0.0669 = 0.0454 m3/s (Note: Pipe BC is part of
loops ABCD and BCE)
3
QtCD = 0.10 - 0.0123 = 0.0877 m /s
QtAD = 0.20 – 0.0123 = 0.1877 m3/s
ii. For loop BCE
QtBE = 0.10 + 0.0669 = 0.1669 m3/s
QtCE = 0.20 -0.0669 = 0.1331 m3/s

iii. Illustration of the true flow in each pipe.

Chapter 9: Pipe Networks

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College of Engineering and Effectivity Date: January 2021

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References:
1. https://www.cheggy.com
2. https://en.wikipedia.org
3. Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics (3rd Edition), Copyright 1996 by Venancio I. Besavilla

Activities

Problem 1.

Using a Moody friction f = 0.02, flow of 0.50 m3/s enters at A and goes out of D and E
as shown on the figure. Compute the corrected flows on all the pipes: AB, BE, CE, DC,
BC and AD based from the data given…

As shown above are the dimensions of the pipes and rate of flows from inlet A to outlets
D & E, likewise as shown below are the distributions and directions of flow in each pipe.

Chapter 9: Pipe Networks

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College of Engineering and Effectivity Date: January 2021

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Instructions:
1. Answers must be written on clean sheet of paper/s then later be submitted in PDF
Form. Avoid excessive erasures.
2. Round-off the value of “K” to a whole number, “α” and the true flow to 4 decimal
places in your solutions and answers. Units must be indicated.
3. Please be updated by logging-in in to our google classroom account and in our
group chat from day to day.

Prepared by: Checked by & Recommending Approval:

NOEL B. ESTILONG ENGR. GINE O. GANAGAN

BSCE, LREB, LREA, MPA, ME1 Chairman, BSCE Program
Subject Instructor

Approved by:

ENGR. RHONJHON R. GARMING, MEd-Math, MECE

Dean, CEIT

Chapter 9: Pipe Networks