SCOPE OF STUDIES

The hospital is going to build in Perak Tengah. The reason why the hospital will be developed
there because it is located in the middle of the town. So, the hospital will be the main hospital in
that place and will be very busy because the population in town is bigger than village area. Other
reason is people who live in town is more active than villager, so the hospital will open for 24
hours. The main target why the hospital will be developed in the middle of the town is to receive
patients from nearby urban or rural residents.

2.1 HOT AND COLD WATER SYSTEM

2.1.1 Types
Hot Water Supply System
Hot water is one of the important thing that be used by the staff and patients in hospital. Hot
water very useful for washing and cleaning such an example for washing patient’s clothes or bed
sheets. This is because when patient’s clothes and bed sheet wash using hot water, it will be
more effective for removing dirt. Other than that, hot water can be useful for drinking and
heating. For an example staff and patients can make a hot drink by using water dispenser, while
for patients who cannot stand the cold can take a hot shower. There are 2 types for hot water
system which is central hot water system and local hot water system. So, the most suitable
system for this project is local hot water system.

Central Hot Water System

Water is stored in vast amounts in centralized hot water storage systems without being
completely used. In fact, for standard hot water situations, much smaller amounts are needed: as
a rule, only 10 litres or less of water is required for kitchen flushing. The system is used in
temporary hard water districts or when the hot water supply system is combined with heating. An
indirect cylinder is used that has every pipe connection to the boiler, and valves for isolation purposes
must be provided with calorifiers. The most suitable hot water system in this project is indirect central
hot water system.
Cold Water Supply System
The cold water supply system is a local power that has a responsibility to ensure that the area
supplied basically includes the dwelling or accessible and has a proper supply of water for
domestic purposes. There are two types of this cold-water supply system that are direct and
indirect. The most suitable for cold water system is indirect system.

Indirect Water System

There is only one drinking water outlet in the indirect cold water supply scheme, at the sink.
For placement in the roof space, the cold water storage cistern has a minimum capacity of 230
liters. It provides adequate emergency storage in the event of water main failure, in addition to its
normal supply function. The system requires more tubing than the direct system and is therefore
more cost to install, but at all cistern-supplied outlets, uniform pressure occurs.

Operational Process
Hot and cold water supply are a different which is came in with separate pipes. Cold water
supply is pipework carrying water for domestic purposes including drinking, washing and
operation of sanitary appliances, meanwhile hot water supply is pipework carrying heated water
for domestic purposes including washing. This guide excludes continuously circulated hot water
systems. Hot water supply is known as recirculating, secondary hot circulation, return or ring
main systems carry pumped hot water to outlets where the temperature is typically above 60°C
(maximum 70°C) and is replenished by an incoming water supply to replace the water drawn to
outlets. These systems are very different from intermittent systems for hot water distribution
which are only hot when water is being drawn. Only products approved by the manufacturer for
continuously operating systems should be used. The manufacturer and their technical
information must always be consulted for specific limitations. A clear understanding of the
quality of the water to be used in a recirculating system is essential. The long-term performance
of a continuously operating system will be affected by the temperature and pressure duty cycle
and the aggressiveness of the water e.g. from free chlorine and pH. Disinfection routines may
also have an effect and therefore must also be agreed by the manufacturer.
Operational process for hot water, there is pipework and radiators linked to a boiler in a
central heating system. The heat is provided by the boiler and the pump transfers heated water
from the boiler to the radiators via the pipework, and back to the boiler for reheating. It even
supplies the hot taps in your home with hot water. This system has a pump, a programmer and a
room thermostat. You can control the heating and hot water separately by using the programmer.
It heats hot water and stores it in a cylinder, usually found in your airing cupboard. This system
also can control by using room thermostat which is to set the temperature of building. It does this
by sensing the temperature around it. When the air around the thermostat reaches the set
temperature, it sends a signal to the central heating pump and boiler to stop sending hot water
around the system. The radiator will cool down then. When the air cools, the thermostat sends
another signal to the system to start pumping hot water to your radiators again.
For cold water system is Indirect cold water systems are used when the mains supply is
insufficient to deliver water to a large number of properties at peak times. By using indirect cold
water systems, you are putting less pressure on the mains water supply. Indirect cold water
systems require larger storage and more pipe work because they provide water for hot and cold
services. If you have an indirect cold water supply, the only taps that source water from the
mains supply will be those used for drinking water and food preparation, the rest will source
from the storage cistern. Storage water is used for heating, bathing and flushing the toilet.
Benefits/Advantages
The benefits of central hot water supply system for hospitals are:
 Easy to control the temperature from one central thermostat
 Comfortable and consistent temperature from room to room
 Lower the cost of heating
The benefits of cold water supply system for hospital are:
 There is no risk of back siphon age with this system
 There is no tendency of pipe bursting due to the low pressure in the pipe work
 In case of interruption in the mains supply there is an adequate store of water

Related specification or regulation

British Standards
BS4213, Specification for cold water storage and combined feed and expansion
cisterns (polyolefin or olefin copolymer) up to 500L capacity used for domestic
purposes.
• BS 5546, Specification for installation of gas hot water supplies for domestic
purposes (1st, 2nd and 3rd family gases)
• BS 5615, Specification for insulating jackets for domestic hot water storage
cylinders
• BS 6920-1, Suitability of non-metallic products for use in contact with water for
human consumption with regard to their effect on the quality of the water – Part 1:
Specification
• BS 6920-2 (all sections), Suitability of non-metallic products for use in contact with
water for human consumption with regard to their effect on the quality of the water
– Part 2: Methods of test
• BS 6920-3, Suitability of non-metallic products for use in contact with water for
human consumption with regard to their effect on the quality of the water – Part 3:
High temperature tests

Malaysian Standards
• MS 1058-2, Specification for Polyethylene (PE) piping systems for water supply.
Part 2: Pipes
• MS 1058-3, Specification for Polyethylene (PE) piping systems for water supply.
Part 3: Fittings
• MS 1736-2, Plastics piping systems for hot and cold-water installations. Cross-linked
Polyethylene (PE-X). Part 2: Pipes
• MS 1736-3, Plastics piping systems for hot and cold-water installations. Cross-linked
Polyethylene (PE-X). Part 3: Fittings
• BS EN 13280, Specification for glass fiber reinforced cisterns of one-piece and
sectional construction, for the storage, above ground, of cold water