IET Electric Power Applications

Research Article

Three-phase current injection method for ISSN 1751-8660

Received on 17th November 2017

mitigating turn-to-turn short-circuit fault in

Accepted on 27th December 2017
E-First on 5th March 2018
doi: 10.1049/iet-epa.2017.0754
concentrated-winding permanent magnet www.ietdl.org

aircraft starter generator

Yunyi Jiang1, Zhuoran Zhang1 , Wenying Jiang1, Weiwei Geng1, Jian Huang1
1Center for More-Electric-Aircraft Power Systems, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, No.169 West Shengtai Road, Nanjing,
Jiangsu 210016, People's Republic of China
E-mail: apsc-zzr@nuaa.edu.cn

Abstract: Fractional-slot concentrated-winding (FSCW) permanent magnet synchronous machines, which are characterised
with high power density, fault tolerance and wide constant-power speed range, are gaining more and more attention in the
aircraft starter generator (SG) systems. Nevertheless, the short-circuit (SC) fault, especially the turn-to-turn SC fault, is the
obstruct crux in aviation applications. This study is aimed to demonstrate the feasibility of FSCW permanent magnet SG
(PMSG) in dealing with turn-to-turn SC fault. The law of FSCW-PMSG SC fault is analysed and verified by finite-element
analysis (FEA), including the influence on turn-to-turn SC current by the number of the shorted turns and the coil position in the
slot. The three-phase current injection control is employed to mitigate the SC fault in PMSG when a turn-to-turn SC fault occurs.
A 24-slot, 16-pole FSCW-PMSG with spoke-type rotor topology is designed to confirm the ability of inhibiting turn-to-turn SC
current without the risk of irreversible demagnetisation. Both FEA and experimental results are presented, verifying the
effectiveness of the three-phase current injection control in restraining the turn-to-turn SC current for FSCW PMSG in an
acceptable range.

Nomenclature Mbc mutual inductance between phase ψ and phase ω

e electrical angular velocity of the machine
p pole pairs of the machine
Q slot of the machine f flux linkage produced by the permanent magnet
ua, ub, uc phase voltage σ ratio between the number of shorted turns and whole
ud d-axis voltage turns
τ ratio between the number of healthy turns and whole
uq q-axis voltage
turns
Udc dc-link voltage
rh resistance of the healthy turns
1 Introduction
rs resistance of the shorted turns
rb resistance of phase ψ Compared with the induction machine and the wound rotor
rc resistance of phase ω synchronous machine, the permanent magnet synchronous machine
(PMSM) is a promising candidate for the aircraft starter generator
ia, ib, ic phase current
(SG) due to its high power density, wide constant-power speed
is current of the shorted turns range and high efficiency [1–3]. During the flight, the temperature,
id d-axis current pressure, electromagnetism and machinery conditions might vary
iq q-axis current greatly. The likelihood of short-circuit (SC) fault is much higher.
id* command value of d-axis current Moreover, since the field of PMSM is established by permanent
iq* command value of q-axis current magnets (PMs), the machine cannot be de-excited easily [4]. The
e1 electromotive force (EMF) of the healthy turns SC fault, especially a turn-to-turn SC fault, may result in disastrous
e2 EMF of shorted turns consequences.
Due to its high self-inductance and low mutual inductance, the
eb EMF of phase ψ fractional-slot concentrated-winding (FSCW) machine has been
ec EMF of phase ω proposed as an advantageous solution to the SC fault [5, 6].
Lh self-inductance of the healthy turns Magnetic, physical and thermal isolation can be achieved in FSCW
Ls self-inductance of the shorted turns machines. Although the winding open circuit fault and terminal SC
Lb self-inductance of phase ψ fault can be tolerated by FSCW machines, the winding turn-to-turn
Lc self-inductance of phase ω (especially a single turn) SC current still remains excessively high.
Mhs mutual inductance between the healthy turns and If left unsolved, the turn-to-turn SC fault may cause catastrophic
shorted turns damage, even a fire.
Mhb mutual inductance between the healthy turns and phase Several methods to detect turn-to-turn SC fault have been
ψ reported in the literature. Voltage changes [7, 8], impedance
Mhc mutual inductance between the healthy turns and phase changes [9], torque changes [10], sequence voltage component [11,
ω 12] and harmonic components [13, 14] can be used to detect and
Msb mutual inductance between the shorted turns and phase locate the turn-to-turn fault. Moreover, coaxially insulated
ψ windings are utilised to detect the fault [15]. Also, the fault could
Msc mutual inductance between the shorted turns and phase also be detected by high-frequency method [16, 17]. The rapid
ω detection is an important basis of the post-fault method. However,

IET Electr. Power Appl., 2018, Vol. 12 Iss. 4, pp. 566-574 566
© The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2018
this study, assuming that the detection has been already injection control in restraining the turn-to-turn SC current in an
implemented, mainly focuses on the SC current mitigation. acceptable range.
There are many researches on the protection strategies for
mitigating the turn-to-turn SC current. Shorting winding terminals 2 Analysis of turn-to-turn SC fault
and injecting demagnetisation current are most commonly used.
Shorting phase terminals can be easily implemented via electronic This section presents a detailed analysis of the turn-to-turn SC
devices [18, 19]. It can effectively limit the SC current but the fault. It reveals the failure law and makes a numerical analysis of
machine cannot provide any power after the fault. In order to the SC current. By analytical model and FEA, the relationship
overcome this disadvantage, dual three-phase FSCW configuration between the SC current and the number of the shorted turns, as
is taken into account [20, 21]. Each winding is connected to a well as the relationship between the SC current and the position of
separate inverter, which undertakes half of the power during the the shorted turn are analysed. Through the analysis, the worst-case
normal operation. In the event of an SC fault, the faulty winding is scenario can be inferred, which is important to the design of the
shortened and the machine operates by means of the healthy control strategy.
winding only [21]. It maintains comparable performance under
fault but shorting the phases could cause brake torque [22]. The 2.1 SC current derivation
method also causes unbalanced heating of the switching devices
because only the upper or lower switching devices are loaded [23]. The turn-to-turn SC fault can be classified into two stages:
Moreover, it requires the inductance to be designed near 1 p.u., incipient stage and full SC stage, as illustrated in Fig. 1. In the
which leads to the degradation of the overload capacity. incipient stage, the insulation of the faulty coil has not been fully
Phase current injection technology controls three-phase current destroyed. The current circuit of the faulty turns is coupled with the
to produce flux linkage opposite to that of the PMs. It reduces the healthy turns. The shorted turns are connected with a resistor,
electromotive force (EMF) and thus diminishes the SC current. The namely contact resistance. The value of the contact resistance
method employed in bar wound PM motor is analysed in [24]. It represents the degree of the collapse of the insulation. When the
generates flux linkage in the affected phase with an injected current insulation is totally destroyed, the contact resistance equals zero.
at 90° lagging with respect to the phase EMF. The required The full SC stage begins. While in the full SC stage, the healthy
magnitude of injected current is greater than the terminal SC and the shorted turns are magnetically coupled but electrically
current, which may cause damage to the machine. isolated. Thus, there are two separate circuits. The full-stage SC
In [25], the remaining healthy phases generate flux to null the current is far more larger than the incipient stage SC current. So the
magnet flux. Taking advantage of the injected zero-sequence full-stage SC current is analysed. The model of the full SC stage
current, it could effectively suppress the SC current. However, the can be described as follows:
method requires complex algorithm and high cost. Also, the
irreversible demagnetisation may occur after the fault. di
u= r∗i+e+L (1)
In [26], three-phase current injection method is applied for dt
incipient faults in the single-layer FSCW-PMSM. Once the fault is
detected, the low-speed flux-weakening method is used to control ua rh 0 0 0 ia
e1
the SC current. It could limit the SC current to a permissible level, 0 0 rs 0 0 is
e2
as well as allowing a proportion of power. It is proven that the ub
=
0 0 rb
⋅
0 ib
+
eb
method is effective on the machine with high self-inductance.
However, the method has a strong restriction on its operating speed uc 0 0 0 rc ic ec
and requires early stage detection of the fault. (2)
Lh Mhs Mhb Mhc ia
Since the mutual inductances between the phases in the single-
layer FSCW PMSM are negligibly small, the currents in the Mhs Ls Msb Msc d is
+ ×
healthy phases do not have an impact on the SC current. Wu et al. Mhb Msb Lb Mbc dt ib
[27] proposed a method to control current in the remaining turns Mhc Msc Mbc Lc ic
only. The currents in the other phases could still produce torque.
This method not only mitigates the SC current, but can also
produce power after the fault. However, it requires a more The EMF can be calculated as follows:
complicated algorithm and converter structure. Moreover, the
e1 = τωeψ f sin θ
output power/current rating of the converter could be higher.
It has been acknowledged that single-layer windings and e2 = σωeψ f sin θ
double-layer three-, five- and seven-phase concentrated-windings (3)
2π
with combinations of 2p≃Q, leading to an intrinsically reduced eb = ωeψ f sin θ −
3
mutual inductance between phases and a relatively high self-
inductance [6]. However, in this paper, it has been proved that
2π
double-layer FSCW which is not in these combinations could still ec = ωeψ f sin (θ +
limit turn-to-turn SC current with the active control from drive 3
side.
In this study, three-phase current injection method is analysed The inductance parameters determination is a key to estimate the
on a 24-slot, 16-pole spoke-type double-layer FSCW-PMSG turn-to-turn SC current. Different methods are used to analyse the
(permanent magnet SG) with relatively low self-inductance. The flux distribution and determine the parameters [28–31]. However
study focuses on the full SC stage. Once detected, the load would when the turn-to-turn SC fault occurs, the iron core saturation
be disconnected to the machine. The fault could be controlled by would destroy the linear relation in the magnetic field. So FEA-
injecting maximum demagnetisation current within the machine's based analytical model is proposed in [30]. The accuracy of the
thermal and electrical constraints. The demagnetisation current model has been proven in the previous work [31].
would reduce the EMF in the shorted turns, thus guaranteeing the From (2), it can be seen that
survival of the SC fault until the machine stops spinning.
The characteristic of the turn-to-turn SC fault is analysed both dia dis
isrs + e2 + Mhs + Ls
in the mathematic model and finite-element analysis (FEA). The dt dt
(4)
most severe condition is derived. The effectiveness of the method dib dic
is verified both in the generating mode and the motoring mode by +Msb + Msc =0
dt dt
FEA. Experiments are conducted in the motoring mode to prove
the method further. Both the simulation and experimental results Transforming the equation into frequency-domain expression, the
are presented, verifying the effectiveness of the three-phase current steady-state value of the SC current can be calculated as

IET Electr. Power Appl., 2018, Vol. 12 Iss. 4, pp. 566-574 567
© The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2018
Fig. 1 Progress of the turn-to-turn Sω fault
(a) Healthy coil, (b) Incipient stage, (c) Full SC stage

2.2 Effect of the number of shorted turns

Since the EMF of the shorted coil is in proportion to the number of
shorted turns while the inductance value is proportional to the
square of the number of turns, combining (5), the SC current
amplifies as the number of shorted turns decreases.
A 24-slot, 16-pole PMSG with spoke-type rotor topology is
taken for instance. The sectional view of the PMSG is shown in
Fig. 2. The specifications of the PMSG are listed in Table 1. There
are 16 turns in a slot. Both analytical model and FEA are used to
calculate turn-to-turn SC current in the generating mode. The SC
current with different numbers of shorted turns is simulated under
no load condition at 3600 r/min. The analytical results and
simulation results are shown in Figs. 3a and b.
From the results it can be seen that the analytical and simulation
Fig. 2 Sectional view and conductors position of the PMSG results are generally in agreement. When the number of the shorted
turns becomes lower, the difference of the analytical model and
E2(ω) jωMhs FEA is larger. This is because when the SC current increases, the
Is(ω) = −
rs + jωLs
− I (ω)
rs + jωLs 1 saturation becomes severe. From the results, it can be clearly seen
(5) that as the number of shorted turns decreases, the SC current
jωMsb jωMsc becomes larger. The results prove that single-turn SC fault is the
− I (ω) + I (ω)
rs + jωLs b rs + jωLs c most critical situation.

Equation (5) represents the steady-state value of the SC current. 2.3 Effect of the position of shorted turn
The transient stage lasts for a short time. The damage of the turn-
to-turn SC fault is mainly due to the heat, which is mainly decided Since conductors in the same slot do not share the slot-leakage flux
by the steady-state SC current. Besides, the windings can withstand equally, the inductance differs as the position changes. For the
instantaneous large current. So this paper only focuses on the convenience of analysis, turns in different positions are numbered
steady state of the SC current. from 1 to 8 and the corresponding turns in the other slot are
From (5), it can be inferred that the SC current can be divided numbered from 1′ to 8′, as illustrated in Fig. 2. The analytical and
into three parts: the EMF of the shorted turns contribution, the simulation results are presented in Figs. 3c and d. The analytical
current of the healthy turns contribution and the current in the other model results and FEA results are in agreement, while the
phases contribution. The EMF of the shorted turns is decided by analytical results are slightly higher than the FEA results. This is
the machine design, while the three-phase currents can be because the iron saturation is severe in the single-turn SC fault. It
controlled by the drive side. It gives the chance to mitigate the SC can be seen in Figs. 3c and d that the SC current increases as the
current through controlling the phase current. To prevent the spread shorted turn gets closer to the slot opening. The analytical model
of the overheat produced by the SC fault, as soon as the fault is results and FEA results are in agreement, while the analytical
detected, the load should be cut off immediately. To analyse the results are slightly higher than the FEA results. This is because the
inherent characteristic of the SC current, the research assumes that iron saturation is severe in the single-turn SC fault. It can be seen
the machine operates under no load condition. that the SC current increases as the shorted turn gets closer to the
slot opening. When the SC fault occurs in position 1, the SC
current reaches its maximum. Combining the conclusion drawn in
Section 2.2, the most severe condition is the single-turn SC fault
Table 1 Specifications of the PMSG occurs closer to the slot opening.
slots/poles 24/16
rated voltage, V 540
3 Three-phase current injection control
rated power, kW 50
rated motoring speed, rpm 2200
In this section, the three-phase current injection protection method
is analysed. The principle of the control strategy is presented both
maximum generating speed, rpm 3600
in the motoring mode and the generating mode. FEA is made in the
rated phase current, A 100 worst-case scenario to verify the effectiveness of the method.
phase self-inductance, mH 1.8
phase mutual inductance, µH 184
cooling method air cooling

568 IET Electr. Power Appl., 2018, Vol. 12 Iss. 4, pp. 566-574
© The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2018
Fig. 3 Effect of the number of the shorted turns and the position of the shorted turn on the Sω current
(a) Plot of SC current of different shorted numbers, (b) Root mean square (RMS) value of SC current of different shorted turn numbers, (c) Plot of SC current of different SC
positions, (d) RMS value of SC current of different SC positions

Fig. 4 ωontrol structure

(a) Motoring mode, (b) Generating mode

3.1 Control principle
The PMSG needs to satisfy two basic functions: to accelerate the
engine during the start-up period and to supply electrical power in
the generation mode. Thus, the control strategy can be separated
into two modes: the motoring mode and the generating mode. Both
the two modes not only have to meet the basic requirements but
can also limit SC current to a permissible level in the case of a
turn-to-turn SC fault. Fig. 4 depicts the protection principles. Both
two modes use the same bi-directional three-phase bridge
converter. It reduces the weight of the converter and increases the
power density of the SG system.
When an SC fault occurs, the direct control of air gap flux is not
available, however, the armature reaction can be used to control it.
Injecting negative id generates flux linkage opposite to that of the
PMs in the air gap. Consequently, the EMF of the shorted turns is

IET Electr. Power Appl., 2018, Vol. 12 Iss. 4, pp. 566-574 569
© The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2018
reduced, taking SC current under control. This technique is called
three-phase current injection control. Based on that theory, when an
SC fault takes place, injecting negative id current can limit SC
current.
The control structure in the motoring mode contains an outer
loop, an inner loop and space vector pulse width modulation
(SVPWM) module, as illustrated in Fig. 4a. The outer loop is a
speed regulation loop. It receives the speed command. A position-
speed sensor detects the speed of the machine and feedbacks it to
the outer loop. A summing junction determines the error between
the command and measured speed. This error is operated upon by a
proportional–integral (PI) regulator, whose output is iq*. The inner
loop is a current regulation loop. A load current sensor generates
the phase current feedback signals. The current transformation part
transforms the phase currents ia, ib, ic to id and iq. Then a PI
regulator operates on the error between the command and
measured iq and outputs the command uq. The turn-to-turn SC fault
detection module analyses the feature signal changes, such as
sequence voltage component and harmonic components, to detect
the fault, as discussed in Section 1. The command id calculator
receives the SC fault detection feedback signals to determine the
command value of id. Another PI regulator transforms the error
between the command and measured id into the command value of
ud. The SVPWM part is employed to calculate the pulse width
modulation signals to drive the insulated-gate bipolar transistors
(IGBTs) to function the machine as a motor.
When the machine operates in the normal motoring mode, id* is
zero. When a turn-to-turn SC fault takes place, the load is cut off
immediately. Since the machine continues to rotate, the SC current
still exists which would produce huge heat and threaten the safety
of the machine as well as the whole system. So the fault detection
device sends the signal to the command id calculator. The id* value
is set to the maximum value within the machine's thermal and
electrical constraints. The irreversible demagnetisation is also a
constraint. The method guarantees the survival of the SC fault until
the machine stops spinning.
In the generating mode, three-phase controlled rectifier is
employed. The output voltage is set to 540 Vdc, which is a typical
value in the configuration of HVDC electrical system in the
aircraft. The task in this mode is to control the dc-link voltage Udc.
Hence, the machine speed is no longer a controlled parameter but
an external parameter determined by engine. The control structure
is also composed of an outer loop, an inner loop and SVPWM
module, as illustrated in Fig. 4b. The outer loop regulates the
output voltage. It receives the command and measured output
voltage Udc. The command value of iq is regulated by a PI
regulator whose input is the error between the command and the
measured output voltage. The inner loop is similar to which of the
motoring mode, making the measured current track on command
and setting the command values of Ud and Uq. The SVPWM
module generates the switching signal of the IGBTs to output 540 
Vdc voltage.
The three-phase current injection method can also be used in
the generating mode. When the generator functions normally, the
id* value is zero. When a turn-to-turn SC fault occurs, the id* value
becomes a certain negative value to induce flux opposite to that of
the magnets. The value of the id* should also be the maximum
value within the electrical and thermal constraints. In some critical
applications, the prime mover must continue to rotate after power
generation failure. Thus, the SC current must be similar to the
operation current. In this case, the method can ensure that. Besides,
if combined with the high-reactance PM machine (HRPMM), the
generation system could still provide a proportion of power after
the fault. The command id calculator is a look-up table considering
the variation of self-inductance with the power angle. The id* value
is determined by iq and speed. In this paper, since the reactance of
the machine is relatively small, the id* value is the maximum value
within the machine's thermal and electrical constraints. The output
voltage can still be regulated to 540 V after the fault, which will
not do harm to the steadiness of the bus voltage.
570
3.2 FEA verification
3.2.1 Motoring mode: Field-circuit coupling electromagnetic
calculation model is established in the simplorer and Maxwell co-
simulation platform to verify the effectiveness of the proposed
control strategy. The simplorer platform is used to simulate the
controlling part of the system. The Maxwell platform is utilised to
do the electromagnetic calculation of the machine. Since the
single-turn SC fault occurring near the slot opening is the worst-
case scenario, simulations are carried out in such situation. When
the SC fault happens, the machine operates at 2200 r/min and the
load torque is zero, assuming that the load will be cut off
immediately in the case of an SC fault. From Figs. 5a and b, it can
be seen that the single-turn SC current is 639.7 A, which is 6.4
times of the rated value.
Then different values of id current are injected to observe the
decrease of the SC current. When id current is −200 A, the phase
current is 106 A, which is within the thermal constraint. Thus, the
injected id current varies from 0 to −200 A. From the results, it can
be seen that when the id decreases from 0 to −200 A, the SC
current decreases from 639.7 to 67.6 A.
Fig. 5c describes the plot of tangential magnetic density
distribution in PMs. From the plot, it can be inferred that the
minimum flux density in magnetisation direction is 0.3 T, which
will not cause irreversible demagnetisation, according to the
demagnetisation curve of the magnet (Fig. 5d). So it can be
concluded that the proposed method is effective in the motoring
mode.
3.2.2 Generating mode: FEA is also carried out in the generating
mode. Fig. 6 illustrates the plot of the output voltage. The SC fault
takes place at 20 ms, and the three-phase current injection method
is performed at 60 ms. From Fig. 6, it can be seen that after a ripple
of 3.7%, the output voltage can be regulated at 540 Vdc after the
method is performed. Slight influence on the dc-link voltage is
induced by such method, but rapidly suppressed by the voltage
regulator.
The single-turn SC current is calculated under no load condition
at 3600 r/min. The results are shown in Fig. 7. From the figure, it
can be seen that the SC current reaches 803 A in such condition,
which is eight times of the rated current. When the demagnetisation
current varies from 0 to −200 A, the SC current can be decreased to
the rated current.
Fig. 7c describes the plot of flux density distribution in PMs.
The minimum flux density in magnetisation direction of the PMs is
larger than 0.3 T. The method does not cause irreversible
demagnetisation. So conclusion can be drawn that the proposed
method is also effective in the generating mode.
4 Experiment verification
4.1 Prototype and experiment platform
In order to validate the proposed method further, experiments are
conducted on the 24-slot, 16-pole FSCW-PMSM prototype.
Figs. 8a–c show the prototype of the FSCW-PMSM. Two turns of
the same slot are brought out along with phase line ends and the
neutrals. The two turns are shortened externally to emulate the
turn-to-turn SC fault. The experiment platform is shown in Fig. 8d,
including the prototype, a torque and rotational speed sensor, a DC
motor acting as load, a DC voltage source and an oscilloscope.
4.2 Turn-to-turn SC experiments
For the consideration of coils’ safety, the SC fault experiments are
carried out at relatively low speed, no more than 600 r/min. The
PMSG operates as a motor under no load condition. Fig. 9
illustrates the SC currents at different speed.
To verify the analysis above, FEA is also carried out under the
same condition. From the results it can be seen that the SC current
increases when the machine operates at higher speed. The
experiment results correspond with the simulation results generally.
The experiment results are slightly smaller than the simulation
ones. That is because the heat produced during the rotation
IET Electr. Power Appl., 2018, Vol. 12 Iss. 4, pp. 566-574
© The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2018
Fig. 5 Simulation results of the three-phase current injection method in the motoring mode
(a) Plot of stable turn-to-turn SC current under different id, (b) Relationship between the stable SC current and the id, (c) Tangential magnetic density distribution plot of PMs, (d)
Demagnetisation curve of the magnet
Fig. 6 Plot of output voltage Udc
magnifies the resistance of the copper conductors, reducing the SC
current.
4.3 Three-phase current injection method experiments
When the machine operates at 600 r/min, different id is injected to
observe the response of SC current. Fig. 10 illustrates the
simulation and experiment results. The experiment results are in
accordance with the simulation results. When the id current varies
from 0 to −150 A, the SC current can be reduced from 130.5 to
83.1 A. Similarly, the experiment results are slightly higher than
the simulation results due to the temperature rising. The
experiment reveals that SC current can be lowered under the rated
value when the id current is large enough. The irreversible
demagnetisation would not happen.
5 Conclusion
The paper takes a deep insight into the turn-to-turn SC fault in
PMSM and investigates the three-phase current injection method
dealing with turn-to-turn SC fault in aircraft PMSG. From the
analysis, conclusions can be made that:
IET Electr. Power Appl., 2018, Vol. 12 Iss. 4, pp. 566-574
© The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2018
i. The turn-to-turn SC current is influenced by the number of the
shorted turns and the position of the shorted turns. The worst-
case scenario is the single-turn SC fault occurring close to the
slot opening.
ii. The three-phase current injection method is effective in
limiting the turn-to-turn SC current in the motoring mode for
the double-layer FSCW-PMSG. It can limit the SC current to a
permissible level.
iii. The three-phase current injection method can also ensure a
survival of turn-to-turn SC fault in the generating mode for the
double-layer FSCW-PMSG. If combined with the HRPMM, it
can still provide a proportion of power.
Based on all these facts, the three-phase current injection
method raises the reliability of the PMSG system. It widens the
application foreground of PMSG in the aircraft electrical power
system.
6 Acknowledgments
This research work was supported by the National Natural Science
Foundation for Outstanding Young Scholar of China under Award
51622704, Jiangsu Provincial Science Funds for Distinguished
Young Scientists under Award BK20150033 and Open Foundation
of Graduate Student Innovation Base of NUAA under Award
kfjj20170321.
571
Fig. 7 Simulation results of the three-phase current injection method in the generating mode
(a) Plot of stable turn-to-turn SC current under different id, (b) Relationship between the stable SC current and the id, (c) Tangential magnetic density distribution plot of PMs

Fig. 8 Prototype and experiment platform

(a) Stator lamination of the topology, (b) Rotor of the topology, (c) 24-slot, 16-pole PMSG prototype, (d) Experiment platform

572 IET Electr. Power Appl., 2018, Vol. 12 Iss. 4, pp. 566-574
© The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2018
Fig. 9 Sω current plots at different speed
(a) SC current at 200 rpm, (b) SC current at 400 rpm, (c) SC current at 600 rpm, (d) RMS value of the SC current
Fig. 10 Sω current plots under different id
(a) SC currrent at id = −90 A, (c) SC currrent at id = −120 A, (d) SC currrent at id = −150 A, (d) RMS value of the SC current
7 References
[1] Cao, W., Mecrow, B.C., Atkinson, G.J., et al.: ‘Overview of electric motor
technologies used for more electric aircraft (MEA)’, IEEE Trans. Ind.
Electron., 2012, 59, (9), pp. 3523–3531
[2] Zhang, Z., Huang, J., Jiang, Y., et al.: ‘Overview and analysis of PM starter/
generator for aircraft electrical power systems’, ωES TEMS, 2017, 1, (2), pp.
117–131
[3] Zhou, L., Wu, Y., Geng, W., et al.: ‘Comparative study on concentrated-
windings permanent magnet synchronous machines with different rotor
structures for aircraft generator application’. Proc. 2015 Int. Conf. Electrical
Machines and Systems, Pattaya, 2015, pp. 1246–1251
[4] El-Refaie, A.M.: ‘Fault-tolerant permanent magnet machines: a review’, IET
Electr. Power Appl., 2011, 5, (1), pp. 59–74
[5] El-Refaie, A.M.: ‘Fractional-Slot concentrated-windings synchronous
permanent magnet machines: opportunities and challenges’, IEEE Trans. Ind.
Electron., 2010, 57, (1), pp. 107–121
[6] Prieto, B., MartíNez-Iturralde, M., FontáN, L., et al.: ‘Fault-tolerant
permanent magnet synchronous machine – phase, pole and slot number
IET Electr. Power Appl., 2018, Vol. 12 Iss. 4, pp. 566-574
© The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2018
selection criterion based on inductance calculation’, IET Electr. Power Appl.,
2015, 9, (2), pp. 138–149
[7] Sarikhani, A., Mohammed, O.A.: ‘Inter-turn fault detection in pm
synchronous machines by physics-based back electromotive force estimation’,
IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., 2013, 60, (8), pp. 3472–3484
[8] Kim, K.H., Choi, D.U., Gu, B.G., et al.: ‘Fault model and performance
evaluation of an inverter-fed permanent magnet synchronous motor under
winding shorted turn and inverter switch open’, IET Electr. Power Appl.,
2015, 4, (4), pp. 214–225
[9] Cheng, S., Zhang, P., Habetler, T.G.: ‘An impedance identification approach
to sensitive detection and location of stator turn-to-turn faults in a closed-loop
multiple-motor drive’, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., 2011, 58, (5), pp. 1545–
1554
[10] Awadallah, M.A., Morcos, M.M., Gopalakrishnan, S., et al.: ‘A neuro-fuzzy
approach to automatic diagnosis and location of stator inter-turn faults inCSI-
fed PM brushless dc motors’, IEEE Trans. Energy ωonvers., 2005, 20, (2), pp.
253–259
[11] Urresty, J.C., Riba, J.R., Romeral, L.: ‘Application of the zero-sequence
voltage component to detect stator winding inter-turn faults in PMSMs’,
Electr. Power Syst. Res., 2012, 89, (4), pp. 38–44
573
[12] Saavedra, H., Urresty, J.C., Riba, J.R., et al.: ‘Detection of interturn faults in
PMSMs with different winding configurations’, Energy ωonvers. Manage.,
2014, 79, (2), pp. 534–542
[13] Urresty, J.C., Riba, J.R., Romeral, L.: ‘Diagnosis of inter turn faults in
PMSMs operating under non-stationary conditions by applying order tracking
filtering’, IEEE Trans. Power Electron., 2013, 28, (1), pp. 507–515
[14] Faiz, J., Nejadi-Koti, H., Valipour, Z.: ‘Comprehensive review on inter-turn
fault indexes in permanent magnet motors’, IET Electr. Power Appl., 2017,
11, (1), pp. 142–156
[15] Barater, D., Buticchi, G., Gerada, C., et al.: ‘Diagnosis of incipient faults in
PMSMs with coaxially insulated windings’. Proc. 39th Annu. Conf. IEEE
Ind. Electron. Soc., 2013, pp. 2756–2761
[16] Arellano-Padilla, J., Sumner, M., Gerada, C.: ‘Winding condition monitoring
schemefor a permanent magnet machine using highfrequency injection’, IET
Electr. Power Appl., 2011, 5, (1), pp. 89–99
[17] Yang, S.C.: ‘Online turn fault detection of interior permanent-magnet
machines using the pulsating-type voltage injection’, IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl.,
2016, 52, (3), pp. 2340–2349
[18] Mecrow, B.C., Jack, A.G., Haylock, J.A., et al.: ‘Fault-tolerant permanent
magnet machine drives’, IEE Proc. Electr. Power Appl., 1996, 143, (6), pp.
437–442
[19] Arumugam, P., Hamiti, T., Gerada, C.: ‘Turn–turn short circuit fault
management in permanent magnet machines’, IET Electr. Power Appl., 2015,
9, (9), pp. 634–641
[20] Bai, H., Zhu, J., Qin, J., et al.: ‘Fault-tolerant control for a dual-winding fault-
tolerant permanent magnet motor drive based on SVPWM’, IET Power
Electron., 2017, 10, (5), pp. 509–516
[21] Barcaro, M., Bianchi, N., Magnussen, F.: ‘Faulty operations of a PM
fractional-slot machine with a dual three-phase winding’, IEEE Trans. Ind.
Electron., 2011, 58, (9), pp. 3825–3832
[22] Welchko, B., Jahns, T.M., Soong, W.L., et al.: ‘IPM synchronous machine
drive response to symmetrical and asymmetrical short circuit faults’, IEEE
Trans. Energy ωonvers., 2003, 18, (2), pp. 291–298
574
[23] El-Refaie, A.M., Shah, M.R., Huh, K.K.: ‘High-power-density fault-tolerant
pm generator for safety-critical applications’, IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., 2014,
50, (3), pp. 1717–1728
[24] Mitcham, A.J., Antonopoulos, G., Cullen, J.J.A.: ‘Implications of shorted turn
faults in bar wound PM machines’, IEE Proc. Electr. Power Appl., 2004, 151,
(6), pp. 651–657
[25] Welchko, B.A., Wai, J., Jahns, T.M., et al.: ‘Magnet flux nulling control of
interior PM machine drives for improved steady-state response to short-circuit
faults’, IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., 2006, 42, (1), pp. 113–120
[26] Cintron-Rivera, J.G., Foste, S.N., Strangas, E.G.J.G.: ‘Mitigation of turn-to-
turn faults in fault tolerant permanent magnet synchronous motors’, IEEE
Trans. Energy ωonvers., 2015, 30, (2), pp. 465–475
[27] Wu, F., Zheng, P., Jahns, T.M.: ‘Analytical modeling of inter-turn short circuit
for multiphase fault-tolerant pm machines with fractional-slot concentrated
windings’. Proc. Conversion Congress and Exposition, September 2015, pp.
6970–6977
[28] Gu, B.G., Choi, J.H., Jung, I.S.: ‘Development and analysis of interturn short
fault model of pmsms with series and parallel winding connections’, IEEE
Trans. Power Electron., 2014, 29, (4), pp. 2016–2026
[29] Arumugam, P., Hamiti, T., Gerada, C.: ‘Modeling of different winding
configurations for fault-tolerant permanent magnet machines to restrain
interturn short-circuit current’, IEEE Trans. Energy ωonvers., 2012, 27, (2),
pp. 351–361
[30] Mohammed, O.A., Liu, Z., Liu, S., et al.: ‘Internal short circuit fault diagnosis
for pm machines using fe-based phase variable model and wavelets analysis’,
IEEE Trans. Magn., 2007, 43, (4), pp. 1729–1732
[31] Huang, J., Jiang, W., Jiang, Y., et al.: ‘Research on modeling methods of
permanent magnet machine winding faults’. Proc. 2017 Int. Conf. Electrical
Machines and Systems, 2017, pp. 1–6
IET Electr. Power Appl., 2018, Vol. 12 Iss. 4, pp. 566-574
© The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2018