Electrical and Electronic Measurements (EC2302)

Chapter 2: Deflection Instruments Fundamentals

Lecture 1

By
Prof. Santos Kumar Das

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Outlines
◼ Deflection Instruments Fundamentals
 Permanent Magnet Moving Coil (PMMC) Instruments
 Galvanometer Instruments

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Deflection Instruments Fundamentals
◼ It has a pointer deflects over its scale to indicate the
quantity to be measured.
◼ Three forces are operating inside the instrument, i.e.,
Deflecting, Controlling, and Damping Force.
◼ Examples: Permanent Magnet Moving Coil (PMMC)
instruments, Electro-dynamic instruments, Moving
iron instruments

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Deflection in PMMC
◼ Deflection force is produced by the current in the moving coil.
◼ This sets up a magnetic flux which interacts with the flux from the poles of
the permanent magnet.

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Deflection in PMMC (Cont…)
◼ Deflecting force deflects the pointer to a
deflecting angle proportional to the input
quantity to be measured.
◼ Its direction is towards the full scale deflection
angle.
◼ Its magnitude is proportional to the input
quantity to be measured.

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Deflection in PMMC (Cont…)
◼ The controlling force in a PMMC instrument is provided by spiral springs.
◼ The two pointers are equal when the pointer is stationary.

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Deflection in PMMC (Cont…)
◼ Controlling force is generated due to two Spiral control springs in case of
Jewel bearing suspension.

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Deflection in PMMC (Cont…)
◼ The taut band control force is generated in case of taut band suspension

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Deflection in PMMC (Cont…)
◼ Controlling force Stops the pointer at its exact
final position.
◼ It returns the pointer to its zero position .
◼ Its magnitude is proportional to the angle of
deflection

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Deflection in PMMC (Cont…)
◼ The correct damping have a fast and zero oscillation of the pointer movement.

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Deflection in PMMC (Cont…)

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Deflection in PMMC (Cont…)
◼ Magnitude of the damping force is proportional to the
pointer acceleration
◼ The direction of the eddy current damping force
opposes the motion of the coil.

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Methods Of Supporting The Moving System Of Deflection
Instrument
◼ Suspension:
 The pointed ends of pivots fastened to the coil are inserted into cone-shaped cuts in jewel bearings
 Some jewel bearings are spring supported to absorb such shocks more easily
 -The most sensitive jeweled-bearing instruments give full scale deflection (FSD) with a coil current of
25 µA

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Methods of Supporting The Moving System of Deflection
Instrument
◼ Suspension:
 Two flat metal ribbons (phosphor bronze or platinum alloy) are held under
tension by springs to support the coil
 The ribbons also exert a controlling force as they twist, and they can be used as
electrical connections to the moving coil

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PMMC Instruments Construction

◼ A permanent magnet with two soft-iron pole shoes

◼ A cylindrical soft-iron core is positioned between the shoes

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PMMC Instruments Construction (Cont…)

◼ One of the two controlling spiral springs is shown.

◼ One end of this spring is fastened to the pivoted coil, and the other end is
connected to an adjustable zero-position control.
◼ The current in the coil must flow in one direction to cause the pointer to
move from the zero position over the scale.
◼ The terminals (+) and (–) indicate the correct polarity for connection, and
the instrument is said to be polarized.
◼ It cannot be used directly to measure alternating current Without rectifiers,
it is purely a dc instrument

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PMMC Instruments Construction (Cont…)

The mirror is placed below the pointer to get the accurate

reading by removing the parallax.

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