NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF FASHION TECHNOLOGY

BHUBHANESWAR

FABRIC SCIENCE
ASSIGNMENT -2

TOPIC - DOCUMENT ON NEW INNOVATION IN

DYEING AND PRINTING PROCESSES

SUBMITTED TO- SUBMITTED BY-

MR. SUMIT KUMAR ARPITA SELOT
BFT/19/243
INDEX-

 Dyeing

 Disadvantages of traditional dyeing

 Waterless dyeing

 Air dyeing technology

 Dye coo dyeing

 Advantages of Dyecoo dyeing

 Textile printing

 Digital fabric printing

 Bibliography
 DYEING
It is the application of dyes or pigments on textile materials such as fibers, yarns and fabrics
with the goal of achieving color with desired color fastness.

Dyeing is normally done in a special solution containing dyes and particular chemical material .

DISADVANTAGES OF TRADITIONAL DYEING

 Required waste water treatment process.

 Water pollution occurs.
 More process required.
 Fabric can degrade.
 More energy requires.
 Water hardness required to remove.
 Chemicals and auxiliaries are required more.
 Dye can waste.

Due to so many disadvantages many developments were made in dyeing process.

One such development is waterless dyeing.

WATERLESS DYEING
 Waterless dyeing is the process by which dyeing is perform without water.
 It is the process that used no water and requires less energy than traditional methods
of dyeing, while still achieving impressive colors in solids and prints.
 Waterless dyeing process required less process, time, chemicals, & auxiliaries. As a
result production cost is also less.

TYPES OF WATERLESS DYEING-

Waterless are generally two types-

 Air dyeing technology

 Dyecoo waterless dyeing
 1. AIR DYEING TECHNOLOGY-
Airflow was the key element of the technology, as air is an ideal transport medium. The
replacement of dye liquor with air as a method of transporting piece goods in jet-dyeing
machines was a big step toward reducing water and chemicals consumption.

Air dye technology manages the application of color to textile without the use of water; it is
also called as water-free dye technology.

The Air Dye process employs air instead of water to help the dyes penetrate fibers. Air dye
technology heats up fabric and then injects dye directly into the fibers in the form of a gas.

It is the process that used no water and requires less energy than traditional methods of
dyeing, while still achieving impressive colors in solids and prints.

AIR DYEING BENEFITS-

Consumer based benefits:

The air dye process manufactures fabric that can be washed at any temperature, with whites
or color, with or without bleach. Because the air dye process injects the dyes in the fabric and
not on the fabric, bleach and cleaning agent do not affect then.

Economic benefit:

Colorep claims that its air dye process is priced competitively compared to traditional
technology. The air dye process allows the manufacturer to shift from “make and sell” to “sell
and make”.

Environmental benefit:

As water scarcity is increasing it is important that we use less water and air dye technology
eliminates hazardous waste water as a byproduct of dyeing fabric.

2. DyeCoo dyeing-
It is a waterless dyeing process in which Supercritical CO2 is used.

When carbon dioxide is heated to above 31 degree Celsius and pressurized to above 74 bar, it
becomes supercritical, a state of matter that can be seen as an expended liquid, or a heavily
compressed gas.
 Dyeing process
The dyeing takes place in following steps-

 Dissolution of dye in CO2.Transport to the fibers.

 Adsorption of dye on fiber surface and finally. Diffusion of dye into the fiber takes place.
 The sample to be dyed is wrapped around a perforated stainless steel tube and
mounted inside the autoclave around the stirrer.
 Dyestuff powder is placed at the bottom of the vessel and the apparatus is sealed,
purged with gaseous CO2 and preheated.
 When it reaches the working temperature, CO2 is isothermally compressed to the
chosen working pressure under constant stirring.
 Pressure is maintained for a dyeing period of 60 minutes and afterwards released. The
CO2 and excess dyes are separated and recycled.

Influence of temperature and pressure

The influence of temperature on the dyeing is mainly due to the increase in the diffusion rate
of dyes in the polymer and thus affects the dyeing time.

Pressure regulates the solubility of the dye stuff. The diffusion coefficients of the dye dissolved
in the supercritical medium are higher than in water, leading to generally very short dyeing
time.

At low temperature, the solubility of the dye stuff in CO2 is high and with low pressure and
high temperature the dye content is small but its penetration into the fiber is facilitated .

Advantages-

 Dyeing houses may be started on sites where there is water scarcity.

 CO2 is non toxic obtained from natural resources and can be easily recycled in dyeing
process.
 Dyeing occurs with high degree of levelness.
 No need of drying textiles.
 Elimination of water treatment and water pollution.
 PRINTING
Textile printing is the process of applying colour to fabric in definite patterns or designs. In
properly printed fabrics the colour is bonded with the fibre, so as to resist washing and friction.

Textile printing is related to dyeing but in dyeing properly the whole fabric is uniformly covered
with one colour, whereas in printing one or more colours are applied to it in certain parts only,
and in sharply defined patterns.

Screen-printing fabric using flat screens has been the well-established technique for applying
colour and design to fabric until recently. This process was suitable for medium to large runs.
For very high volume, rotary screen-printing was the normal process. The set up costs to
engrave and produce the screens were very high but because of the size of runs they were the
most economic.

Small runs were not economic using either of these techniques for fabric printing. This made
the small runs very expensive because of the high set up costs and in the flag and banner
market small runs were usually either hand printed or embroidered.

Because of this reason new technique of fabric printing came.

DIGITAL FABRIC PRINTING

Digital fabric printing introduced a completely new concept whereby small runs could be done
at a far lower cost. Printing digitally onto fabrics made from polyester has now reached new
heights.

Stunning results are now being achieved on fabrics and this can be seen in a wide range of
applications from flags, banners, artist’s canvas, exhibition graphics, mobile displays, stretch
display systems, theatrical backdrops, point of sale displays, home furnishings, window blinds,
roller blinds etc.

Printing fabrics using dye-sub water-based direct to polyester textiles requires complex
chemistry applying to the fabric to ensure the printer gets the optimum performance from the
ink, machine and rip used. This will then give high definition, brilliant strong colours and when
required for flags excellent print through, for all types of printing on fabric.

Although dye-sub printing polyester fabric probably produces the best results advances in UV
inks means that results have improved dramatically in recent years. The inks have become
more flexible making suitable for textile printing.
 In addition to this Latex ink technology also means that these inks are suitable for textiles. This
is further evidence of the importance of fabrics for digital printing where textile is replacing
traditional media such as PVC.

A recent development has seen the introduction of two environmentally friendly compostable
and biodegradable fabrics called Gossyp (cotton) and Chorus (jute).

Printing on fabrics that are compostable and biodegradable is becoming more and more
important as landfill taxes continue to rise and not forgetting that polyesters fabrics can of
course be recycled.

This is especially important for those companies who are aware of the growing demand for
more green products.

BIBLIOGRAPHY-

 www.brookinternational.com
 www.researchgate.net
 www.slideshare.net
 new development in textile printing - Google Search
 www.fespa.com
 www.clubink.ca