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AI (pronounced AYE-EYE) or artificial intelligence is the simulation

of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer

systems. These processes include learning (the acquisition of information

and rules for using the information), reasoning (using the rules to reach

approximate or definite conclusions), and self-correction. Particular

applications of AI include expert systems, speech recognition, and

machine vision.

Source: http://searchcio.techtarget.com/definition/AI posted by: : Margaret

Rouse last updated November 2010 topic: Definition of expert system

“Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the part of computer science concerned

with designing intelligent computer systems, that is, systems that exhibit

characteristics we associate with intelligence in human behavior

understanding language, learning, reasoning, solving problems, and so

on.” Bullinaria J.A. (2005)

Source: Bullinaria J.A(2005). The Roots, Goals and Sub-fields of AI.n.p

In the 21st century artificial intelligence (AI) has become an

important area of research in virtually all fields: engineering, science,

education, medicine, business, accounting, finance, marketing,

economics, stock market and law, among others (Halal (2003), Masnikosa
(1998), Metaxiotis et al. (2003), Raynor (2000), Stefanuk and

Zhozhikashvili(2002), The field of AI has grown enormously to the extent

that tracking proliferation of studies becomes a difficult task (Ambite and

Knoblock (2001), Balazinski et al. (2002) and Goyache(2003)). Apart from

the application of AI to the fields mentioned above, studies have been

segregated into many areas with each of these springing up as individual

fields of knowledge (Eiter et al. (2003), Finkelstein et al. (2003), Grunwald

and Halpern (2003), Guestrin et al. (2003), Lin (2003), Stone et al. (2003)

and Wilkins et al. (2003)).

Source: Oke S.A(2008).A Literature Review on Artificial

Intelligence.International journal of information and management

science. Volume 19. Introduction

On a very broad account the areas of artificial intelligence are

classified into sixteen categories. These are: reasoning, programming,

artificial life, belief revision, data mining, distributed AI, expert systems,

genetic algorithms, systems, knowledge representation, machine learning,

natural language understanding, neural networks, theorem proving,

constraint satisfaction, and theory of computation (Peng and Zhang

(2007), Zhou et al. (2007) and Wang et al. (2007)).

Source: Oke S.A(2008).A Literature Review on Artificial

 Intelligence.International journal of information and management

science. Volume 19. Overview Of the AI field

An expert system is computer software that can solve a narrowly

defined set of problems using information and reasoning techniques

normally associated with a human expert. It could also be viewed as a

computer system that performs at or near the level of a human expert in a

particular field of Endeavour. Oke S.A(2008)

Source: Oke S.A(2008).A Literature Review on Artificial

Intelligence.International journal of information and management

science. Volume 19. 1.2.3 Expert System

An expert system is a computer system that emulates the decision-

making ability of a human expert. Expert systems are designed to solve

complex problems by reasoning about knowledge, like an expert, and not

by following the procedure of a developer as is the case in conventional

programming. The first expert systems were created in the 1970s and

then proliferated in the 1980s. Expert systems were among the first truly

successful forms of AI software.

An expert system has a unique structure, different from traditional

computer programming. It is divided into two parts, one fixed, independent

of the expert system: the inference engine, and one variable: the

knowledge base. To run an expert system, the engine reasons about the

knowledge base like a human. In the 80s a third part appeared: a dialog

interface to communicate with users. This ability to conduct a conversation

with users was later called "conversational”.

Source: Expert System. Retrieval date September 23 2013.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expert_system#cite_note-Jackson1998-1

Experts system in any field- besides being highly skillful at their

tasks- employ a large body of specialized knowledge which is stored at

many levels in their minds and is brought to bear upon specific problem

situations. However, expert tasks often involve large components of

routine activity which can be mechanized. For example, in medical

diagnosis preliminary routine investigations can be performed by a

machine. This has given rise to the field of Expert Systems (ES), also

known as Knowledge Based Systems (KBS). Most commercial successes

of AI have come from expert systems.

Source: Bhattacharyya P.(n.d).“ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE”.

Department of Computer Science and Engineering. Indian Institute of

Technology Bomba, India