Overview of Drilling Operations

PAB 2024

1
 LESSON OBJECTIVES
At the end of this lesson you should be able to:
1. Describe the process of rotary drilling;
2. Determine Rig Selection;
3. Describe the data Acquisition and Monitoring
System

2
 INTRODUCTION
• Drilling for oil and natural gas requires two major
constituents: manpower and hardware systems.

• The manpower encompasses a drilling-engineering

group and Rig operation group.

• The first group provides engineering support for

optimum drilling operations, including : rig selection
and design of the mud program, casing and cementing
programs, the hydraulic program, the drill bit program,
the drill string program, and the well control program.

• After drilling begins, the daily operations are handled

by the second group, which consists of a tool pusher
and several drilling crews (derrick and motor
personnel, drillers, etc.).

The hardware systems that make up a rotary drilling rig are

• A power generation system
• A hoisting system
• A drilling fluid circulating system
• A rotary system
• Well blowout control systems
• A drilling data acquisition and monitoring system

3
 The Process of Rotary Drilling
• several elements are needed
to drill the hole successfully
and economically (illustrated
in fig. 1-2), including:

1. A force acting downward

on a drill bit;

2. Rotation of the drill bit;

3. Circulation of fluid, called

drilling fluid (liquid. gas, or
gasified liquid), from the
surface through the tubular
called the drill string, and
back to the surface through
the annular space, the area
between the hole wall and
the outside wall of the drill
string.
Fig-2: Basic Element to Fig-1: vertical and
Drill a Well Directional drilling
4
The Process of Rotary Drilling
A. FORCE

To drill through a rock, a force (weight

on bit / WOB) of a certain magnitude
has to be applied downward on a drill
bit.

This force is provided by slacking

off tension on the drilling line that supports
the total weight of the drill string.

The amount of force varies, depending on the

hardness of rock and the type of drill bit in use,
and is provided by the portion of the
tubular (drill string) above the bit.

Fig-3: Packed Hole

5
Assembly
 The Process of Rotary Drilling
• Drill bit rotation

In rotary drilling, the drill bit has to be rotated at a certain speed

to cut and advance through the rock. Rotation of the drill bit
may be accomplished from the surface or down hole.

Surface rotation is done through the use of a conventional rotary

table or top drive motor.

Bottom-Hole rotation is achieved by using down-hole motors

(positive-displacement mud motors or mud turbines or electric
motors) that directly rotate the drill bit without drill string
rotation.

6
 The Process of Rotary Drilling

• Drilling Fluid Circulation

a fluid has to be continuously circulated from

the surface to the bottom and back to the
surface again to dissipate the heat and remove
cutting

7
 Rotary Drilling Rigs
• The power of rotary rigs is generally generated
by diesel or gas-driven engines.

• The power is transmitted to the various rig

systems (hoisting, rotary, circulating, etc.) by
means of mechanical or electrical drives.

8
 Rotary Drilling Rigs
The electric drive system was introduced to
rotary rigs in the mid of 50’s for use in offshore
operations.

The electric drive system, requires that one or more

DC generators be specifically assigned to a DC
motor to meet the desired load requirement for
a specific unit (pumps, rotary motor, draw-works,
etc.) at a controllable desired speed.

9
 Rotary Drilling Rigs
• The overall efficiency of power-generating
systems defined as follows:

1-1a

or

1-1b

The output power of an engine is generally expressed as a function of the engine

rotary speed, N and the output torque, T:
1-2
10
 Rotary Drilling Rigs
• The input power is expressed in terms of the
rate of fuel consumption, Qf, and the fuel
heating value:
1-3

11
 Rotary Drilling Rigs
• Example 1
A drilling rig has three diesel engines for generating the rig power requirement.
Determine the total daily fuel consumption for an average engine running speed
of 900 rpm, average output torque of 1,610 ft-lbs, and engine efficiency of 40%.
The heating value of diesel oil is 19,000 BTU/lb.

Solution:
From equations ( 1.1)-(1.3), the fuel consumption per engine can be solved
for and is given by :

12
 Rotary Drilling Rigs
• Hence:

For three engines, total Qf = 308 x 3 = 924 gal/day

13
 Rig Selection
• The main objective of rig selection is to choose from the available
rigs the one that will closely meet the criterion for drilling a usable
hole at the lowest overall cost of the proposed well.

• The selection process is the evaluation of all of the following rig

systems:

1. Power generation system

2. Hoisting system
3. Fluid circulation system
4. Rotary system
5. Well control system
6. Drilling data acquisition and monitoring system

14
 Rotary Drilling System
• Hoisting System
Function: to hoist the drill and casing strings
during drilling and casing operations,
respectively.

Major components are the draw-work, the

crown block, the travelling block, the hook,
the drilling (wire) line, and the elevator.

15
 HOISTING SYSTEM
• Consist of :
1. Draw Work
2. Crown Block
3. Dead Line anchor
4. Travelling Block
5. Hook
6. Drilling line

16
 HOISTING SYSTEM
• Hoisting Design Consideration
The procedure to carrying out hoisting design calculation are as
follow:
1. Determine the deepest hole to be drilled;
2. Determine the worst drilling loads or casing load;
3. To select drilling line and derrick capacity.

17
 HOISTING SYSTEM
• Example 2
The following well data refer to a 1.5 inch block line with 10 lines strung of extra improved
plough Steel wire rope strung to travelling block.
Table-1
Hole depth = 10,000 ft
Drillpipe = 5 inch OD; 4.27 inch ID, 19.5 lb/ft
Drill collars = 500 ft, 8 inch / 2.825 inch, 150 lb/ft
Mud weight = 10 ppg
Line and sheave efficiency Coefficient = 0.9616
Buoyancy factor = 0.847

Determine:
1. Weight of drill string in air and mud;
2. Hook load, assuming weight of travelling block and hook to be 23,500 lb;
3. Dead line and fast line loads, assuming an efficiency factors of 0.81
4. Dynamic crown load;
5. Wire line design factor during drilling if breaking strengths of wire is 228,000 lb;
6. Wire line design factor when running casing 7 inch of 29lb/ft.

18
 HOISTING SYSTEM
• Solution
1. Weight drill string in air (unit in lb) :
Weight of DP and DC (unit in lb)

Weight of drill string in mud (unit in lb):

Buoyancy factor x weight drill string in air.

2. Hook Load (unit in lb):

Weight of string in the mud + weight of travelling block and hook

3. Dead line load (unit in lb) :

Where : N: number of line strung, K = Line efficiency per sheave (see Table-1)
HL : Hook Load, lb

Fast line Load (unit in lb) :

19
 HOISTING SYSTEM
4. Dynamind Crown Load (unit in lb) :
Dead line load + fast line load + Hook Load

5. Wire line design factor (no unit):

Breaking strength / fast line load

6. Design factor when ruuning 7 inch casing 29 lb/ft (no unit):

- calculate casing weight in mud (depth of hole x lb/ft x Buoyancy factor);
- determine hook load (weight of casing in mud + weight of block and Hook;
- calculate fast line load;
- determine wire line design factor.

20
 Rotary Drilling System
• Drawworks

1. The drowworks is an assemblage of components that provides the hoisting

and breaking power to enable the down- and up-hole movements of heavy loads of the drill
string and casings or other equipment. Its components include the drum, the brakes. the
transmission, and the cathead.

2. Drawworks rated by input horsepower. And calculated as follows:

3. To determine the drawworks horsepower required for drilling a well, the hook horsepower is
first calculated using the weight of the heaviest drill string in air, along with a reasonable
hoisting speed. A minimum of 100 ft/min is recommended for rating a rig.
An overall hoisting efficiency of 65% is recommended to calculate the required drawworks
horsepower rating .

21
 Rotary Drilling System
• Example 3:
What minimum drawworks horsepower is required in order to drill a well
when using 10,000 ft of 16.6 lb/ft drill pipe with an outside diameter (OD) of
4 ½ inches (in.) and 50,000 lbs of drill collars? (the rotary table speed of
100 ft/min) and overall hoisting efficiency of 65%.

Solution:

22
 Rotary Drilling System
Block and drilling line.
• The principle function is to provide a mechanical advantage while raising and
lowering the extremely heavy loads into the wellbore. Their efficiency is measured
by equation (1-1a).
• The output power is define as follows: The input power is define :

1-4 1-5

23
 Rotary Drilling System
The magnitude of Ftp depends on the number of lines strung between the crown
Block and the traveling block and the frictional forces induced between the contact
surfaces of the lines and block sheaves. Utilizing equations (1.4) and (1.5), equation
(1.1a) becomes :

1-6

It can be easily established that,

1-7

24
 Rotary Drilling System
• Therefore ,

1-8

where n is the number of lines strung between the crown block and the traveling
block.

Example 1-4 .

A rotary rig that can handle triples is equipped with 1.200 hp draw-works and 90 ft
line strung (Ls). The output of the drawwork is 927 hp and the efficiency of the
hoisting system is 81%. Determine the time it takes to pull one stand at a hook load
of 300,000Ibs.

25
 Rotary Drilling System
• Solution:

26
 Rotary Drilling System
This method neglects the effect of buoyancy and the weight of
the block and hook. In straight holes, buoyancy can be assumed
to be offset by pipe drag. In directional holes, drag has to be
Considered.

27
 Mud System Evaluation
• The function of the Fluid circulating system in rotary
drilling is to allow the movement of a drilling fluid
from the surface to the hole bottom and back to
surface again. The main components of the system
include
• Mud pumps/air compressors
• High-pressure surface connections
• Drill string
• Drill bit
• Return annulus
• Mud pits
• Mud treatment equipment

The configuration of tanks, shakers, stirring devices, and

solids control equipment is unique to each rig.

28
 Mud System Evaluation

• Mud pumps
Rotary rig pumps are reciprocating
positive-displacement units and are
either duplex or triplex pumps.
Duplex pumps have two liners and
move fluid on the forward and
backward stokes (double acting).
Triplex pumps have three liners and
move fluids only on the forward stoke
(single acting).

29
 Mud System Evaluation
Example 5 (Horse Power req. of mud Pump)
Calculate the power requirement for the following pump:
Flow rate = 1200 gpm; pump pressure = 2000 psi and
mechanical efficiency = 0.85

Solution:
- Determine hydraulic HP = (Flow rate (gpm) x Pressure) / 1713.6
- Power equired from motor = hydraulic HP / mechanical eff.

30
 Well Control System
• Primary Function??
The system requirements are to safely permit:
1) shutting in the well at the surface,
(2) controlling the removal of formation fluids from
the wellbore.
(3) pumping higher-density mud into the hole, and
(4) stripping the drill pipe in to or out of the hole.

31
 Well Control System
• The basic components of the well control system are:
• Annular preventer
1. Ram preventers
2. Spools
3. Internal preventers
4. Casing head
5. Flow and choke lines and fittings
6. Kill lines and connections
7. Mud- and gas-handling facilities
8. Accumulators

BOP are rated by API as 3 M (3000 psi), 5 M, 10 M and

15 M. For HPHT well BOP’s are either 15 M or 20 M
32
 Well Control System

• Ram preventer
Pipe ram preventers are mechanical
devices that close in the annular space
around the drill pipe or casing when they
are hydraulically activated.

There are three types of ram preventers:

• pipe ram or casing ram
• Blind ram
• Shear ram

33
 Well Control System
• Rams that are designed to close in the annulus
when no pipe is present are called blind rams.
• Rams that are designed to shear off drill pipe
while string is in hole are referred to as shear
rams.
• These kind of rams are activated only if all
other preventers fail to shut the well.

34
 Well Control System
• Annular preventer : well control devices that
employ a ring of reinforced synthetic rubber
as a packing unit that surround the drill string
to cause the shut- off.
• These preventers will close and shut in the
well regardless of the shape or diameter of
the conduit that might be in the hole.

35
 Well Control System
• Drilling spools
• are drill-through-type fittings that are placed
in the BOP stack assembly to provide space
between two consecutive pipe rams for
temporary storage of tool joints during
stripping operations and to allow attachment
of the kill and choke lines.

36
 Data Acquisition and Monitoring System

The data acquisition and monitoring system of a rotary drilling

rig consists of all the devices used to monitor analyze, display,
Record and retrieve information regarding drilling operations.

The parameters that are of prime concern are the following:

1. Drilling rate 6. Torque 11. Pump stroke
2. Hook Load 7. Rotary speed 12. WOB
3. Hole depth 8. Mud density, temperature, salinity
4. Pump Pressure 9. flow properties 13. Hoisting speed
5. Flow rate 10. Mud tank level

37
 Data Acquisition and Monitoring System

• Drilling problems ?
• can be easily detected by the monitoring
equipment.
• Drilling breaks, which are easily seen on the
drilling rate chart can provide information on
changes of lithology and formation pressures.
• Excessive torques may indicate a bit bearing
failure or an extremely high concentration of
drilled cuttings in the wellbore annulus.
38
 Data Acquisition and Monitoring System

• A drastic increase in hook load or decrease in mud

returning to the surface could indicate that a lost
circulation zone has been encountered.

• A sudden increase in pit level indicates that formation

fluids are entering the wellbore and. Hence, that
blowout is eminent.

• The proper maintenance of rotary speed, weight on bit,

mud properties, and now rates is of upmost importance
for achieving optimum drilling conditions.
39
 Special Systems for Offshore Drilling

• Drilling at sea requires two special systems:

1. a motion compensating system for floating
units and;
2. a marine riser system.

40
 Special Systems for Offshore Drilling
• Riser system and components
The marine riser is an extension of the
wellbore from the ocean floor to the derrick
floor above the water surface. Its purpose is to
guide and protect the drill string and to serve
as a conduit for the return of drilling fluid and
cutting to the surface

It is a structure that is made of 40-50-ft-long

joints. which are connected by means of rigid,
pressure-tight couplings, called riser connectors.

41
 Special Systems for Offshore Drilling
Large fixed-end moments are avoided by using ball joints at the riser ends. Ball joints
are normally designed for rotations of up to 8-100 in any direction However, the drill
string has to pass freely through the joints, which limits the drilling operation to bail
joint angles of at maximum. 4-5°.

42
Marine Riser

43
 SUPPLEMENTARY PROBLEM
• PROBLEM-1:
The following well data refer to a 1.5 inch block line with 10 lines strung of extra improved
plough Steel wire rope strung to travelling block.
Table-1
Hole depth = 12,000 ft
Drillpipe = 5 inch OD; 4.27 inch ID, 19.5 lb/ft
Drill collars = 500 ft, 8 inch / 2.825 inch, 150 lb/ft
Mud weight = 14 ppg
Line and sheave efficiency Coefficient = 0.9616
Buoyancy factor = 0.847

Determine:
1. Weight of drill string in air and mud;
2. Hook load, assuming weight of travelling block and hook to be 23,500 lb;
3. Dead line and fast line loads, assuming an efficiency factors of 0.81
4. Dynamic crown load;
5. Wire line design factor during drilling if breaking strengths of wire is 228,000 lb;
6. Wire line design factor when running casing 12,000 ft 7 inch of 29 lb/ft.
44
 SUPPLEMENTARY PROBLEM

• PROBLEM-2:
A drilling rig has three diesel engines for generating the rig
power requirement. Determine the total daily fuel consumption
for an average engine running speed of 800 rpm, average output
torque of 1,610 ft-lbs, and engine efficiency of 45%.
The heating value of diesel oil is 18,000 BTU/lb.

45
 SUPPLEMENTARY PROBLEM

• PROBLEM-3.
Compute the tension in the fast line when lifting
a 500,000 lb load for 6, 8, 10 and 12 line strung
between the crown block and travelling block.

46
 SUPPLEMENTARY PROBLEM

• PROBLEM-4.
Discuss the function of this marine drilling
equipment:
1. Marine riser
2. Ball Joint
3. Pneumatic tensioning device,
4. Bumper sub
5. Slip joint
6. Taut-line Inclinometer.

47
 SUPPLEMENTARY PROBLEM

• PROBLEM-5 : Describe how the rig can be monitor :

1. Hole depth
2. Penetration rate
3. Rotary speed
4. Rotary torque
5. Pump rate
6. Pump pressure
7. Mud density
8. Mud temperature
9. Mud salinity
10. Gas contents of mud
11. Pit level
12. Mud flow rate.

48