MAYAPYAP Project MELC (Managing and Enhancing Learning through Contextualization)

National High School STUDENT LEARNING GUIDE IN HEALTH 9

Quarter III, Week 7

Lesson 7: Assessing Emergency Situation

MOST ESSENTIAL LEARNING COMPETENCY

H9IS-IIIb-3: Demonstrates the conduct of primary and secondary survey

of the victim (CAB)
H9IS-IIIb-38: Assesses emergency situation for unintentional injuries
H9IS-IIIc.d-40: Explains the principles of wound dressing

In this set of activities, you should:

1. describe the types of wound dressing; and
2. describe the five principles of wound/laceration management

WHAT YOU NEED TO REMEMBER?

Hello students! Today let us fill your mind and be ready to discover new things and learnings
from our topic for today.

Accident do happen and it is one of the leading causes of death anywhere in the world. To prevent
any intentional and unintentional injuries brought about by natural calamities or accidents, you must
ensure your personal safety first. It is a known fact that although people have knowledge of safety, their
attitude and practice may observe otherwise, thus accidents happen.

Many accidental injuries and emergencies can be prevented by taking another look at our
environment, lifestyle, and risks. Finding problems early and responding quickly is crucial to
keep situations manageable and from becoming an emergency.
Unintentional is used to refer to injuries that were unplanned. The most common unintentional injuries result from motor
vehicle crashes, falls, fires, and burns, drowning, poisoning, and aspirations.

Steps in Assessing Emergency Situations

Dressing is an essential element of standard wound care.

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 The main purpose of wound dressing is:
a.) provide a temporary protective physical barrier,
b.) absorb wound drainage, and
c.) provide the moisture necessary to optimize re-epithelialization
Wounds
A wound is a break in the continuity of a tissue in the body. It may be closed in which there is no break or damage in the
skin. It is also called hematoma or contusions. A wound may also be an open wound in which there is a break in the skin.

Wound Management
The basic principles for the management of a wound or laceration are:
• Haemostasis
• Cleaning the wound
• Analgesia
• Skin closure
• Dressing and follow-up advice

Haemostasis
Haemostasis is the process that causes bleeding to stop. In most wounds, haemostasis will be spontaneous.
In cases of significant injury or laceration of vessels, steps may need to be taken to reduce bleeding and aid haemostasis.
These include pressure, elevation, tourniquet, or suturing.

Cleaning the Wound

Wound cleaning is important for reducing infection and promoting healing. There are five aspects of wound cleaning:
• Disinfect the skin around the wound with antiseptic o Avoid getting alcohol or detergents inside the
wound
• Decontaminate the wound by manually removing any foreign bodies
• Debride any devitalised tissue where possible
• Irrigate the wound with saline o If there is no obvious contamination present, low pressure
irrigation is sufficient* (pouring normal saline from a sterile container carefully into the wound)
• Antibiotics for high-risk wounds or signs of infection (follow local antibiotic guidelines) o Risk
factors for wound infection include foreign body present or heavily soiled wounds, bites (including human),
puncture wounds, and open fractures
*If the wound is clearly contaminated, it must be irrigated at high pressure to remove any visible debris present
Analgesia
Analgesia will allow for a humane and easier closure of the wound. Infiltration with a local anaesthetic is the most
common form of analgesia used, with regular systemic analgesia (such as paracetamol) used as an adjunct.
The maximum level of lidocaine is 3mg/kg and the addition of adrenaline allows for up to 7mg/kg (a 1% solution equates
to 10mg/ml). Remember to not use adrenaline with local anaesthetic if administering in or near appendages (e.g. a finger)
Skin Closure
The aid wound healing; the edges of the wound can be manually opposed. There are four main methods of doing so:
• Skin adhesive strips (e.g. Steri-StripsTM) are suitable if no risk factors for infection are present
• Tissue adhesive glue (e.g. Indermil®) can be used for small lacerations with easily opposable edges (a
popular choice in paediatrics)
• Sutures are typically used for any laceration greater than 5cm, deep dermal wounds, or in locations that
are prone to flexion, tension, or wetting
• Staples can be used for some scalp wounds siegertmarc [CC BY 2.0
(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0)]

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Figure 1 – Suture wound closure, following clavicular surgery

Dressing the Wound and Follow-Up

Correct dressing of the wound will reduce infection and contamination.
When applying a wound dressing to a non-infected laceration, the first layer should be non-adherent (such as a saline-
soaked gauze), followed by an absorbent material to attract any wound exudate, and finally soft gauze tape to secure the
dressing in place.
Tetanus prophylaxis is required for any individual not up to date with (or unsure of) their tetanus immunization status.
Following initial wound management, advise patients to:
• Seek medical attention for any signs of infection
• Take simple analgesia (e.g. paracetamol)
• Keep the wound dry as much as possible, even if wearing a waterproof dressing
Any sutures or adhesive strips should be removed 10-14 days after initial would closure (or 3-5 days if on the head); tissue
adhesive glue will naturally slough off after 1-2 weeks. Remove dressings at the same time as the sutures or adhesive
strips.
Key Points
• Clean the wound thoroughly, starting antibiotics and referring for debridement as necessary
• Ensure adequate analgesia is provided
Choice of skin closure technique depends on the wound • Ensure the wound is appropriately dressed.

When it comes to wound healing, it is vital to ensure that healing is as fast and effective as possible, for this using the
right dressing is crucial. The type of dressing used for dressing a wound should always depend on various factors,
including the type of injury, the size, location, and severity.
To make the process of choosing the right wound dressing for the injury, that little bit easier, we have put together the
guide below, detailing what each of the seven most commonly used wound dressings should be used for.

1. Hydrocolloid dressings
Hydrocolloid dressings can be used on burns, wounds that are emitting
liquid, necrotic wounds, pressure ulcers, and venous ulcers. These are non-
breathable dressings that are self-adhesive and require no taping. The
flexible material that they are made from makes them comfortable to wear
and suitable for even the most sensitive of skin types. How these dressings
work is by creating moist conditions which help to heal certain wounds;
the surface is coated

with a substance which contains polysaccharides and other polymers which absorb water and form a gel, keeping the
wound clean, protecting it from infection, and helping it to heal more quickly. Hydrocolloid dressings are impermeable
to bacteria, which is what makes them so effective at preventing infections. They are also long-lasting, biodegradable,
and easy to apply.

2. Hydrogel
Hydrogel can be used for a range of wounds that are leaking little or no
fluid, and are painful or necrotic wounds, or are pressure ulcers or
donor sites. Hydrogel can also be used for second-degree burns and
infected wounds. Hydrogel dressings are designed to maximize patient
comfort and reduce pain while helping to heal wounds or burns and
fight infection. The cooling gel in products like Burn Soothe are what
makes them so effective at reducing pain and speeding up the healing
process.

3. Alginate dressings
Alginate dressings are made to offer effective protection for wounds that have high amounts of drainage, and

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 burns, venous ulcers, packing wounds, and higher state pressure ulcers.
These dressings absorb excess liquid and create a gel that helps to heal
the wound or burn more quickly. Containing sodium and seaweed fibers,
these dressings are able to absorb high amounts of fluid, plus they are
biodegradable after use. These dressings require changing around every
two days, sometimes more, due to the amount of liquid that they absorb
and the nature

of the wound. Changing them too often could cause too much dryness or could lead to bacteria penetrating the wound.
These should only be used for wet wounds with high liquid drainage; else they can hinder healing by drying out
wounds too quickly

4. Collagen dressings
Collagen dressings can be used for chronic wounds or stalled wounds, pressure sores, transplant sites, surgical wounds,
ulcers, burns, or injuries with a large surface area. These dressings act as a scaffolding for new cells to grow and can be
highly effective when it comes to healing.
Collagen dressings encourage the wound healing process in a range of ways; these include by helping to remove dead
tissue, aiding the growth of new blood vessels, and helping to bring the wound edges together, effectively speeding up
healing.
5. Foam
For wounds of varying degrees of severity, foam dressings can work incredibly well, as well as for injuries that

exhibit odors. Foam dressings absorb exudates from the wound’s surface,
creating an environment that promotes faster healing. These dressings
allow water vapour to enter, keeping the area moist, promoting faster
healing, but prevent bacteria from entering the affected area. These
dressings come in various sizes and shapes, as well as in a range of
adhesive and non-adhesive options.

6. Transparent dressings
Transparent dressings are useful for when medical professionals or cares want to monitor wound healing, as

these dressings cover the wound with a clear film. These make identifying
potential complications much easier, such as by making infections easier
to spot at an earlier time. For this reason, these kinds of dressings are often
used on surgical incision sites, on burns and ulcers, and on IV sites. These
dressings are breathable but impermeable to bacteria, helping to keep the
wound clean and dry, preventing infection and speeding up healing. They
are also flexible, which makes them comfortable to wear.
6. Cloth Dressing
Cloth dressings are the most commonly used dressings, often used to
protect open wounds or areas of broken skin. They are suitable for minor
injuries such as grazes, cuts, or areas of delicate skin.

Moving a casualty carries with it a very real risk. It is either you make the casualty safe or aggravate his/her injury or
condition. Therefore, it is important not to moved to a shelter while awaiting medical help to arrive. You must never ever
endanger your own safety to move a casualty.
Transporting an injured person to a safer place requires great care. A first aider must undergo proper training. When
doing this, a first aider must consider the following factors:

a. Weight and height of the victim

b. Status of the victim (conscious or unconscious)
c. Environment (safe, floor is smooth, narrow, or wide)
d. Special need considerations (injured of the victims)

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 YOUR TASKS

Reminder: DO NOT WRITE ANYTHING ON THIS STUDENT LEARNING GUIDE.

Write your answer on your answer sheet.

Enrichment Activity 1: “Emergency! Emergency! What will I do?”

Evaluate the given situation below by simply checking the appropriate response. (5pts.)

- One day, you were invited to attend your friend’s birthday party. While you and your friends were happily
having a meal around the dinner table and enjoying the sumptuous food served, you noticed that one of them
was suddenly was gasping for air and eventually passed out.
What would you do to assess the emergency situation?

YES NO
1. I do first aid even if I don’t know how to do it
2. I asses first the situation
3. If the victim is awake and talking, identify yourself; ask if it is ok to help
4. Open Airway, if unresponsive, tilt head-lift chin
5. Do not move, Cry for help

Enrichment Activity 2:

Match the column A to column B. Choose the word that best describes the following statements. (5pts.)

A B

1. These are non-breathable dressings that A. Foam

are self adhesive and require no taping
2. It can also be used for second degree burns B. Collagen
and infected wounds
3. These dressings absorb excess liquid and C. Alginate
create a gel that helps to heal the wound quickly
4. These dressing act as a scaffolding for new cells to D. Hydrogel
grow and can be highly effective when it comes to healing
5. It can work incredibly well, as well as for injuries E. Hydrocolloid
that exhibit odors

Written Task 4
Match the column A to column B. Choose the word that best describes the following statements. (10pts.)

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 A B
1. It is required for any individual not up to date with A. Tissue adhesive glue
(or unsure of) their tetanus immunization status.
2. It will allow for a humane and easier closure of the wound. B. Satures
3. It is important for reducing infection and promoting healing. C. Open wounds
4. Is the process that causes bleeding to stop D. close wounds
5. It is a break in the continuity of a tissue in the body E. Correct dressing
6. It will reduce infection and contamination F. Wound
7. There is no break or damage in the skin G. Haemostasis
8. It can be used for small lacerations with easily opposable edges H. Wound cleaning
9. are typically used for any laceration greater than 5cm, I. Analgesia
deep dermal wounds
10. can be used for small lacerations with easily opposable edges J. Tetanus Prophylaxis

WRAP-UP ACTIVITY

Questions:
1.What is bandage? (2points)
2. What are the three types of bandages? (3points)

REFERENCE

Doria, Jose P., Gonzales, Madonna C., et al. 2014 Grade 9

Physical Education and Health: Learners’ Material,
Philippines: Department of Education
https://www.clhgroup.co.uk/news-article/2017/09/12/7-types-of-wound-dressings-when-to-
useeach/258

This Student Learning Guide will be discussed during Online Consultation on the following schedule.
2nd Week of 3rd Quarter
Wednesday & Thursday
8:00am -10:00am

Visit your Official Facebook Class Group.

Search MNHS (Subject Area) (Surname of your subject teacher, School Year)
Example: MNHS MAPEH 9 Sison/Camua/Ocampo/Ramos/Aguinaldo SY 2021-2022

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