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THE NATURE OF OBEDIENCE AND CONFORMITY

The Nature of Obedience and Conformity

Sarah Mazzur

Department of Psychology, Seton Hill University

SPY 215: Social Psychology

Dr. Elizabeth Jacobs

May 4, 2020

Author Note

Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Sarah Mazzur. Email:

s.mazzur@setonhill.edu
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The Nature of Obedience and Conformity

Obedience is something that many people learn from a very young age and continue to

develop as they age with different responsibilities. We first learn obedience from our parents

whom we see as our first authoritarian figures. Often times, parents offer rewards in response to

obedience and punishments in response to disobedience. This then trains our minds to constantly

follow what a parent tells us to do, unless someone begins to rebel against said parent. While we

age, we see different authoritarian figures such as teachers and bosses. We often see that we will

be obedient to teachers because we fear a bad grade or being sent to the principal’s office. We

then fear our bosses and are obedient to them in hopes that we won’t be fired. Our lives begin

and end with having someone or something to obey or conform to. Obedience and conformity

have such strong roles in the lives of humans and can be seen throughout time, whether that be

the obedience to Nazis, cults, society, religion, or in the media.

Along with obedience, we also develop a sense of conformity over time. We see those

around us and want to conform to the ideals that those around us set. When we are young, we

often do not feel as though we need to be like other people or feel as though we need to be

“cool.” Once we see social pressures from things like social media, we begin to see conformity

to things like fashion, sports, and schoolwork. We look to social media as a guide for what we

should like and then conform to what others like so that we can be just like other people. But

what happens when we don’t conform to the society that is around us? More importantly, what

happens when we show too much conformity and obedience to authoritarian figures and become

blind to what is happening around us? Blind obedience can be seen throughout history,

experiments, and in everyday life but non-conformity and thinking about blind obedience can

help society think before we listen to avoid disaster.

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Blind Obedience to the Nazis

By the time we are in high school, almost everyone has learned about World War Two,

Hitler, and Nazi Germany. While in World War Two, Adolf Hitler developed his soldiers into

what we now refer to as the Nazi’s. These Nazi’s were informed to do as Hitler asks and obey his

every order, including killing around six million Jewish people throughout Europe. Hitler was a

strong, influential leader whose power defined who he was and how his population listened to

him. When asked about the genocide later, many Nazi soldiers had no idea the horrors that they

had performed and did not realize that what they had done was wrong. These soldiers simply

believed that they were following Hitler’s orders, which at the time seemed to be the right thing

to do. This blind obedience caused the death of millions of people simply because the soldiers

were “just following orders.” If there had been someone in an influential position that stood

against Hitler and stopped this blind obedience, would we still have to learn about the Holocaust

today?

In Barajas article for PBS, we learn the connections of Nazi’s following orders and a

controlled experiment. Barajas compares Stanley Milgram’s Shock Experiment with the ways in

which Nazi’s went so far as to slaughter millions of people in obedience to their leader. In

Milgram’s experiment, participants sat in a room with the experimenter, who donned a lab coat.

The experimenter instructed the participant to administer a shock to another person whom they

thought was actually receiving a shock called the learner. 65 percent of the participants

administered shocks to the learner, even though they could hear them begging not to, because

they were instructed to by the experimenter (Bajaras, 2016). Although they were not killing

millions of people, the participants in Milgram’s experiment had the idea that they were hurting

someone. The person that was receiving the “shocks” was constantly screaming for help when
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the shocks became more aggressive. The actor even goes so far as to stop their cries for help

after the participant uses a shock that seems to mean death for the person being shocked.

The members of the experiment listened solely to what the experimenter was instructing

them to do. Often times, the experimenter would say that the pain they were causing was not the

participants fault, but rather the experimenters. Passing off this blame encouraged the members

of the experiment to continue to torture the learning, although they were not actually receiving

shocks. Similar to this experiment, Nazi’s believed they were “just following orders” and that

this blame would actually be placed on Hitler rather than the individuals. This blind obedience

that can be seen in Milgram’s Shock Experiment and in Nazi Germany can also be seen in the

Stanford Prison Experiment (Bajaras, 2016).

One interesting study that was done in direct comparison with the research done through

Milgram’s obedience exercises was that of Gustave Gilbert. Unlike Milgram, Gilbert was

actually able to have direct contact with actual Nazi’s to examine and study the blind obedience

that they had exhibited. In a study done by Ian Nicholson, we can look at Gilbert and the work

that he had done to understand what makes the Nazi’s do what they did. Gilbert was actually the

prison psychologist in the Nuremberg Trials and an intelligence officer in the war, so he was able

to sit down and really get to know the Nazi soldiers. The main goal that Gilbert had for doing

this research was simply to stop this blind obedience to such terrible psychopathic leaders in the

future (Nicholson, 2019).

Many of the prisoners during the Nuremberg Trials were more than willing to speak to

Gilbert and were actually excited to have their feelings heard. Through interviews and different

tests, Gilbert learned the different roles that many soldiers had taken part in and the shame they

now felt. Most of those on trial explained that they had been kept in the dark for much of what
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had happened during the Holocaust and that they actually felt betrayed by their leader. Even into

the trials, Hitler was such an influential leader that his soldiers still felt this obedience to him and

as though he had betrayed them. In fact, one officer even confessed that if Hitler came to him in

his prison cell and asked him to do something, he would still do it (Nicholson, 2019). To think,

that after all of the horrors that Hitler had done and the millions of lives that were lost, those that

were blindly obeying would still do as he asked is astounding.

Another study, similar in intentions of looking at obedience and conformity was done for

the psychology department of Stanford University. Philip Zimbardo was a psychologist professor

at Stanford University and completed one of the most widely known experiments today, the

Stanford Prison Experiment. The study has inspired many different articles, other studies, and

even movies over time. Inspired by the blind obedience seen in Nazi Germany, Zimbardo also

wanted to see what would happen in a controlled environment with obedience and conformity. In

the basement of a building at Stanford, Zimbardo set up a makeshift prison and selected

participants to either be prisoners or prison guards. Neither group was given orders as to the way

they should act, except that one group was prisoners and the other prison guards. Zimbardo

wanted to see, how will these participants conform to their different roles as either prison or

guard?

After going to the participants residence and taking them into the makeshift prison,

Zimbardo sat back and watched to see what would happen, how members would conform, and

how others would obey. Zimbardo found that the prison guards took on a very lifelike

representation of prison guards and treated the prisoners with psychological abuse. In his TED

Talk, Zimbardo talks about the way prison guards conformed to the way they thought they

should act and prisoners blindly obeyed. Even though they were all college students, the
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prisoners sat back and listened to everything that the prison guards had to say, without being told

to do so by experimenters. Each and every participant conformed to what they believed would be

the roll of that which they were demonstrating. Because those who played prison guards believed

that their role should be to discipline their prisoners, that is what they did. Similar to this, those

who played prisoners believed that the role of a real-life prisoner would be to obey a guard, they

conformed to that role.

Conformity played such a key role in this experiment; Zimbardo was heavily criticized

for not stepping in when things got out of hand. There seemed to be an unaccepted conformity to

roles as the prison guards abused the other members of the study. Even though Zimbardo gave

no instructions to the participants, they still conformed to the societal view that they believed

would represent their role. Zimbardo also goes on to compare Nazi Germany, the Shock

Experiment, and his own with the blind obedience and conformity that occurs in each. He then

goes on to connect this blind obedience with that seen within cults (Zimbardo, 2008).

Obedience and Conformity of Cults

Similar to what was seen with blind obedience in the past through Nazi Germany and

other experiments, cult members often times obey their cult leaders in the same way. Just as the

Nazi’s killed millions of people in accordance with Hitler, members of the Jonestown society

followed the orders of their leader to eventually commit mass suicide. So why do people join

cults in the first place and what causes the blind obedience that comes hand in hand with

membership? Lalich’s TED Talk explores these ideas and further explains the draw within

cultism. One idea discussed is that cult-like thinking is centered around a charismatic leader.

These leaders then practice “little tolerance for internal disagreement” and use “formal and

informal systems of influence and control to keep members obedient” (Lalich, 2017).
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Similar to our fear of punishment to our parents, cult members feel this same fear against

what they believe will happen if they disobey their cult leaders. These cult leaders, just like

Adolf Hitler, are very influential and controlling, making weaker people more vulnerable to their

grasps. Cults are sort of like joining a sorority, you often join as a way of having a social life,

and then you continuously pay fees and endure leaders in hopes of not being kicked out. Along

with being influenced by punishment, leaders are often highly persuasive and strive on the

obedience of their members. The obedience of one member allows the cult to grow and progress

to become more and more dangerous. Blind obedience in cults often leads to denial of basic

freedoms like freedom of speech and causes psychological damage (Lalich, 2017).

A prime example of the obedience and dangers seen in cults and the power that a

charismatic leader has is the People’s Temple in Guyana. In an article for the Monitor on

Psychology, Dittmann discusses Jim Jones and what we can learn from blind obedience. Jim

Jones was the charismatic leader of the People’s Temple, which was a religious movement that

eventually moved to Guyana to a town they named Jonestown. Jim Jones was the perfect man to

become a cult leader because he talked, and people listened. Just as Hitler had his many

followers and soldiers, Jones was able to recruit many different members into group to follow

him and his message. He was so influential and such a strong leader that his followers actually

were convinced to follow him all the way to Guyana to live in a brand-new society. Jones taught

his cult members that “big brother is watching you” to convince people to blindly obey him

because he saw everything (Dittmann, 2003).

Along with always being watched, Jones also taught his members suicide drills, which

taught members about threats of war. If war was at risk, members of the People’s Temple were

taught to kill themselves before the enemy could get them. It was this obedience to Jones and his
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ideas which eventually lead to a 912-member mass suicide via drinking poisoned Kool-Aid.

Obviously, there are many lessons that we can learn from history, especially in regard to Nazi

Germany as well as the Jonestown Massacre. In order to change the future away from this blind

obedience, people must recognize past mistakes and build awareness of mind control techniques

and encourage non-conformity (Dittmann, 2003).

Blind Obedience in American Society

It is very evident that we can see the effects of obedience and conformity throughout

history by looking at Nazi’s, cults, and different experiments performed. We have seen the

horrors that have occurred through blind obedience and we often disown those leaders involved,

especially in the Holocaust and Jonestown Massacre. We learned that we need to build

awareness of mind control and change our ways when we begin to blindly obey, but are we

capable of changing these ways? Despite all of the knowledge that we have from histories many

examples of obedience, we still are able to see the effects of obedience and conformity today. In

the media, we see this obedience in everyday life of North Koreans, obedience to our own law

enforcement, or simply in our own homes.

I think that one of the most obvious forms of obedience that people can see in everyday

life is the way we blindly obey law enforcement in America. If a police officer tells you to do

something, you are more than likely going to do so. Just as we see in our own homes and through

Nazi’s and cults, we are afraid of the repercussions that we may face if we disobey officers of the

law. Punishments may be as minor as a warning or could be as fateful as time in prison, which

encourages people to avoid a life of crime. In a journal article written by Tyler and Jackson, we

can further explore why we trust and obey authority figures, specifically in the United States.
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We can see from our own lives and from the lives of those around us within the United

States that we comply with the orders of law enforcement officials. In the study done by Tyler

and Jackson, a survey evaluates legitimacy of authorities in achieving desire to cooperate.

Researchers found that those surveyed thought that there should be a difference in consent to

authority and justifiability of power. To do so, the study gathered information from a research

survey firm with 2,561 participants. The survey asked basic demographic questions followed by

questions about how often they disobey five everyday laws. Participants were asked to rate this

disobedience on a scale of never, once, twice, 3-4 times a day, or 5 or more times a day. After

this, participants were asked a number of questions about help from police, legal system, self-

defense, and revenge. They were also asked about political and economic activity, their

obligation to obey, their trust in the law, and effectiveness of the police.

One subject that I found very interesting from this study was the questions about the

participants obligation to obey. The survey presented statements like “people should do what the

law says” and reverse statements like “sometimes the law needs to be broken.” I think that these

statements do not directly explain that someone might be blindly obeying the law but asks if they

believe that we should be following the rules that are set in place in our society. I also thought

that the way that they worded the statement that sometimes laws need to be broken to do the

right thing encourages a trend away from blind obedience. If some laws are okay to be broken in

order to do the right thing, then we may be able to stray away from what has happened in other

obedient situations. The study found that rather than simply obeying authority, this research goes

to show that we should have consensual agreement between law enforcement and the general

society (Tyler & Jackson, 2014).

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The work done through this article proves that we are moving in the right direction away

from the blind obedience that we have seen throughout history. This article gives us a modern

look at the way we have changed our ideas of conformity and obedience as well as our trust in

higher authority. Instead of showing the obedience to authority figures that we can see through

Hitler’s reign, we are trending in the right direction of consensual agreement. If we know the

laws we need to follow and we work together with law enforcement, we are more likely to agree

to what officers have to say. Working together rather than simply obeying allows our society to

trend away from disasters like the Holocaust and towards a more powerful society as a whole.

Hopefully, this will lead away from simply obeying authority, although sometimes I believe that

those who support our current president may have a cult mentality similar to that of Hitler.

Despite this research, we can often see where there is not consensual agreement but

rather abuse of power through officers throughout the United States. There are so many stories

almost every week on the news that show an officer abusing their power. We see deaths during

mundane traffic stops and physical abuse for simple misdemeanors. During these times of abuse

by officers, it comes into question why we are obeying in the first place? Is it because we fear the

idea of ending up in prison or with a heavy ticket, or are we afraid of the objects that are placed

on an officer’s utility belt? In my mind, many people obey officers because of the gun on their

belt, in fear that one wrong move will lead to a shot to our bodies or even death. If we had the

consensual agreement that we can see through Tyler and Jacksons experiment, will we have less

fear of law enforcement and more agreement?

Obedience and Conformity in China

Similar to the obedience that we often see to law enforcement in the United States, we

can see this same law obedience in the Chinese society. In a study done by psychologists Gao
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and Zhao, researchers look into why participants obey certain laws. Through this study, we are

able to compare the obedience seen in American culture to that of Chinese culture. Researchers

put out a survey that explored multiple different laws such as traffic laws or public disturbance,

this study looks into what factors go into whether or not someone obeys what is legal or illegal.

Similar to the study done by Tyler and Jackson, this study researches if it is legitimacy or

morality that influences a member of Chinese society (Gao & Zhao, 2018).

Unlike those survey in the United States, it is not legitimacy that encourages Chinese

members of society to obey their laws. Instead, researchers found that surveyors show

compliance to the law because of their ideas of morality. In fact, not only did morality win out

over legitimacy, but it also beat out obedience based on the severity of the punishment (Gao &

Zhao, 2018). This study not only shows implications of the difference of obedience to authority

but also just the difference of the Chinese society and American society in general. Rather than

obeying the law because it is morally right as the Chinese do, Americans focus solely on the

legitimacy of why we should do something.

Comparing these two studies may show that Americans are further along in the fight

against blind obedience than Chinese. Americans seem to look for a legitimate reason for what

they are doing while members of the Chinese society seem to simply listen to what they believe

is morally right. This may also be attributed to the differences in the leadership in China versus

in the United States. In America, there is a Democratic party which allows members to believe

that they have a say in what happens to them through voting. China, on the other hand, is a

Communist party who do not determine what happens in their laws and leadership. In a way,

they are still blindly obeying leadership in a similar fashion to those members of the Nazi party.
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Conformity within Religion

Similar to the way that the Chinese seem to focus on morality over legitimacy, we can

also see this same fight in conformity within religion. When looking at Tyler and Jackson’s

study, we saw that there was a focus on legitimacy in regard to following law enforcement in

America. In a similar study completed by psychologists Skitka, Bauman, and Lytle, researchers

looked at what happens when morality conflicts legitimacy. This study researches when exactly

morality comes into play, and often times trumps people’s views on legitimacy. At this point, is

there more obedience to the law and legitimacy or more obedience to people’s moral views?

By examining a Supreme Court ruling on physician-assisted suicide, surveyors were

asked whether moral ideals out ruled their ideas on legitimacy and fairness. Just as in the

Chinese society, those surveyed for the experiment seemed to be guided by morality. Rather than

looking to what they believed was fair through law enforcement, those surveyed seemed to be

ruled by moral fairness (Skitka et al., 2009). In this world, we are definitely guided by our

different belief systems. In some parts of our lives we are guided by what we think is fair and

what we think is legitimately meant to be obeyed. In other parts of our lives, we are guided by

religious aspects and what we believe is moral, but it seems that much of our lives are spent in

obedience to others. Whether it be legal or religious laws, we are almost always being obedient

to someone or something.

Conformity in Social Media

It may be hard for some people who lack a certain religion to understand why someone

might conform to other people’s beliefs. In today’s society, one of the prime examples of

conformity can be seen through social media. Whether it be through friends, family, or social

media influencers, many young people conform to what they see on their phones. If someone
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influential goes on an app such as Instagram, it is easy to be convinced that you should do or buy

what they advertise. In my own life, I have definitely seen myself and others be influenced by

what we see on social media and we have also seen how much of a negative impact it has. There

have been countless suicides attributed to the usage and bullying of social media.

In a study designed to look into the psychology of social media influence and vigilantism,

researchers looked at a questionable call to unauthorized justice. Although the call to justice had

no legitimate connection to actual law enforcement, many people seemed to like, share, and

comment on the post on Facebook. Because peers seemed to be liking and commenting, it

seemed as though this peer pressure had a direct impact on whether those surveyed conformed.

This goes to show that even if someone does not believe in what they see on social media, the

social influence of those members around them encourages people to conform to what is

happening around them. Rather than sticking to what they knew, participants in this study only

liked or shared something on social media because others around them had done so (Neubaum et

al., 2018). Unlike legitimacy, morality, and religious ideals, social media conformity seems to be

influenced by peer pressure.

This influence that can be seen just in this simple survey shows what our younger

generations go through every day. If they don’t repost something or receive a certain amount of

likes on something, will they be scrutinized by an online troll? This research was as simple as

reposting a Facebook post about justice and yet shows the pressures that are placed on people

every day. So many different psychological problems can be developed by online bullies if

someone doesn’t conform. In a way, this too shows the way and the subject in which people will

obey in society. Because they saw others reposting something on Facebook, participants felt as

though they needed to like, comment or repost, but what happens when we don’t conform?
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Disobeying Authority and Non-Conformity

Throughout history and by looking into current trends in conformity, we learned what

happens when we blindly obey, but what happens when we disobey authority? Why we obey

authority in the first place depends on what exactly we happen to be obeying. Nazi’s obeyed

Hitler because it was what they believed was the right thing to do for their country. Members of

the People’s Temple obeyed Jim Jones because of his charismatic nature and rules which he

ingrained in people’s minds. Every situation has a different reason for obedience, but what

happens when we think about blind obedience or we do not conform to societal norms?

In a study completed by psychologists Clegg, Win, and Legare, researchers compare how

adults feel about children being creative and not following general conformity. Similar to the

comparisons seen between authority in China and America, this study looks at parents from both

Western and non-Western families in attempt to compare the way the two regions of the world

differ. By looking at different practices of what parents believe should be how to raise a child,

the study shows which parent is more likely to encourage a child to conform or vice versa. This

experiment showed that parents in the Western part of the world seem to encourage children to

practice non-conformity. These parents seem to think that non-conformity in children encourages

individualism and creativity (Clegg et al., 2017).

In non-Western families, parents seemed to encourage conformity in their children

because, to them, this represents intelligence. Clearly, there is a large difference in the ideas of

families in the Western world and non-Western world, similar to the difference of America and

China. Here, we can see that some parts of the world believe that non-conformity can be a good

thing and can be considered creativity. Many people in the world, similar to half of the parents

surveyed, seem to think that conformity and obedience is a good thing. Is there a line that can be
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crossed in which conformity or obedience begins to be a bad thing? How can we practice partial

conformity but also avoid blind obedience?

In a study done by Graupmann and Frey, we can see what we can do to avoid what

happened to the Nazi’s, the Jonestown followers, and those members of the Stanford Prison

Experiment. During this study, participants watch a video on Milgram’s Shock Experiment and

then are evaluated as to whether or not they felt a change in personal responsibility. The study

found that after watching this experiment, participants felt as though they personally should

participate in a volunteer opportunity. Graupmann and Frey proved that by looking at blind

obedience and realizing its consequences, people feel a need to change their ways (Graupmann

& Frey, 2014). Although it needs more research, this may be a way that we can improve the way

we think about blind obedience. By simply watching and understanding a person’s responsibility,

we may be able to change the way we obey or conform in the future.

Future Implications

Obviously, it is not always realistic to have every person in the world watch a video on

blind obedience. There are so many people in the world that can be easily manipulated that blind

obedience is very likely to happen. It would be nearly impossible to rid the world of obedience

and conformity because people are so very impressionable. It is possible to try to teach from a

young age that non-conformity can be a good thing. It is possible to teach in school what

happens when we blindly obey leaders as seen throughout history. As many people have said,

history tends to repeat itself and we must learn from our past mistakes.

We are able to learn from history and from the many studies that have been done through

psychologists about obedience and conformity. As seen in some of the articles such as Gao and

Zhao’s, we can see why people obey the laws in place by the government. Articles like this teach
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us why people obey and why we may not need to change our ideals. In my mind, we should take

articles that teach us why we might obey, the history of obedience, and ways we can think about

this obedience and combine them all together. If we are able to look at everything and put it all

into perspective, we can look at what is good obedience and what is bad obedience. If we look at

obedience from this perspective, we can then set new ideals in order to not find ourselves in a

loop of blind obedience.

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References

Barajas, J. (2016). How the Nazi’s defense of ‘just following orders’ plays out in the mind. PBS

News Hour. https://www.pbs.org/newshour/science/how-the-nazis-defense-of-just-

following-orders-plays-out-in-the-mind

Clegg, J. M., Win, N. J., & Legare, C. H. (2017). Is non-conformity WEIRD? Cultural variation

in adults’ beliefs about children’s competency and conformity. Journal of Experimental

Psychology: General, 146(3), 428-441. https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0000275

Dittmann, M. (2003, November). Lessons from Jonestown. Monitor on Psychology, 34(10), 36.

https://www.apa.org/monitor/nov03/jonestown

Gao, J., & Zhao, J. (2018). Legitimacy versus morality: Why do the Chinese obey the law? Law

and Human Behavior, 42(2), 167-180 https://doi.org/10.1037/lhb0000271

Graupmann, V., & Frey, D. (2014). Bad examples: How thinking about blind obedience can

induce responsibility and courage. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology,

20(2), 124-134. https://doi.org/10.1037/pac0000021

Nicholson, I. (2019). A tale of two methods: Gustave Gilbert, Stanley Milgram, and the

“Mysterious Nazi Mind” (1945-1965). Qualitative Psychology, 6(1), 99-115.

https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/qup0000098

Lalich, J. (2017, June). Why do people join cults? [Video]. TED-Ed.

https://www.ted.com/talks/janja_lalich_why_do_people_join_cults#t-820

Neubaum, G., Rosner, L., Ganster, T., Hambach, K., & Kramer, N.C. (2018). United in the name

of justice: How conformity processes in social media may influence online vigilantism.

Psychology of Popular Media Culture, 7(2), 185-199.

https://doi.org/10.1037/ppm0000112
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Skitka, L. J., Bauman, C. W., & Lytle, B. L. (2009). Limits on legitimacy: Moral and religious

convictions as constraints on deference to authority. Journal of Personality and Social

Psychology, 97(4), 567-578. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015998

Tyler, T. R., & Jackson, J. (2014). Popular legitimacy and the exercise of legal authority:

Motivating compliance, cooperation, and engagement. Psychology, Public Policy, and

Law, 20(1), 78-95. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0034514

Zimbardo, P. (2008, February). The psychology of evil [Video]. TED2008.

https://www.ted.com/talks/philip_zimbardo_the_psychology_of_evil/up-next