RS Goup 3 The Effects of Covid 19 Pandemic and Coping Mechanisms To The Residents of The Selected Municipalities of 1st District in Ilocos Sur

THE EFFECTS OF COVID-19 PANDEMIC AND COPING MECHANISMS
TO THE RESIDENTS OF THE SELECTED MUNICIPALITIES OF
1ST DISTRICT IN ILOCOS SUR
__________________
A Thesis
Presented to
the Faculty of the College of Health Sciences
University of Northern Philippines
Vigan City, Ilocos Sur
__________________
In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Degree
Bachelor of Science in Community Health Management
__________________
by
APRILLE R. BASCONCILLO
STIFFANY MAE N. ALVAREZ
KAIZEL ANN B. VENTURA
DERICK F. ETRATA
SHAINA G. MARZAN
2022
CERTIFICATION
This thesis entitled "THE EFFECTS OF COVID-19 PANDEMIC AND COPING
MECHANISMS TO THE RESIDENTS OF THE SELECTED MUNICIPALITIES OF 1 ST
DISTRICT IN ILOCOS SUR’’ prepared and submitted by Aprille Basconcillo, Stiffany Mae
Alvarez, Kaizel Ventura, Derick Etrata, and Shaina Marzan in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the degree Bachelor of Science Community Health Management, has been
examined and is recommended for acceptance and approval for Oral Examination.
REBECA N. RIOS, MAN
Critic
LEILA SYLVIA BAUTISTA, MAN
Statistician/Adviser
APPROVAL SHEET
Approval by the Panel of Examiners on Oral Examination with a grade of
JOUSSIE B. BERMIO, EdD.
Chairperson
LOWIE LYNETTE Q. BASCONCILLO, MAN EVELYN A.RAFANAN, MAN

Member Member
Accepted and approved in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree
Bachelor of Science in Community Health Management.
JOUSSIE B. BERMIO, EdD.
Dean College of Health Sciences
Date:
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
For the successful completion of this piece of work, the researcher wishes to express their most
profound gratitude and appreciation for the assistance extended by the people who were
instrumental in sharing their valuable time, constant motivation, inspiration, most precious time,
talent, and resources in the realization of this study, particularly to the following:
Dr. Erwin F. Cadorna, President, University of Northern Philippines, for his constant
motivation, encouragement and inspiring his constituents for academic excellence.
Dr. Joussie B. Bermio, Dean of College of Health Sciences and Chairman of the panel
of examiners for her guidance, and for giving unconditional support for the completion of this
study.
Prof. Leila Sylvia Bautista, man, Thesis Adviser and Statistician, for his ultimate
concern, effort, full guidance, scholarly suggestions and recommendation towards the
improvement and completion of this study, for her remarkable assistance and direction in the
analysis and interpretation of data, and her constantly challenging her ideas and ensuring that
her dissertation was backed up with all the necessary reasons and justification, and all-out
support from the conceptualization to the finalization of the study.
Prof. Rebecca N. Rios, critic, for her patience, motivation, enthusiasm, immense
knowledge, and support in the improvement and refinement of this study.
Dr. Evelyn A. Rafanan, and Prof. Lowie Lynette Basconcillo, members of the Panel of
Examiners, for their super suggestion, comments, clarification, polishing and improving this
research.
Prof. Mark Christian R. Arizala, Prof. Greg P. Quilana and Prof. Geraldine A.
Palomares, Questionnaire Validators, for their patience and sharing their most valuable time in
the validation and refinement of the questionnaire.
Gratitude to the five Municipal Mayors of the Province of Ilocos Sur: Hon. Germelina
Singson Goulart, Municipal Mayor of Caoayan, Ilocos Sur; Hon. Dra. Victoria Ina Favis,
Municipal Mayor of Magsingal, Ilocos Sur, Hon. Ma. Elaine Sarmiento, Municipal Mayor of San
Juan, Ilocos Sur, Hon. Sammy Perilla and Hon. Samuel Castillo Parilla, Municipal Mayor of
Bantay, Ilocos Sur, for allowing the researchers to gather the needed information of this study in
their respective vicinities; Hon. Roberto Q. Cabanig, Barangay Captain of Puro, Caoayan, Ilocos
Sur; Hon. Romeo Tiri, Barangay Captain of Manzante, Magsingal, Ilocos Sur; Hon. Martin
Jimenez, Barangay Captain of Barbar, San Juan, Ilocos Sur; Hon. Pedro Cantano Jr., Barangay
Captain of An-Annam West Bantay, Ilocos Sur; Hon. Edgar Q. Peru, Barangay Captain of San
Isidro, Bantay, Ilocos Sur, for allowing the researchers in their respective vicinities to gather the
needed information of this study;
To the Respondents, for their active participation and willingness in answering the
questionnaires and sharing their customary beliefs and practices.
To the researcher’s loving Parents, for their moral encouragement, financial assistance
as well as their spiritual support in every path the researchers take.
Above all, to Almighty God, for His countless and bountiful blessings for through Him
nothing is impossible.
DEDICATION
‘’To be yourself in the world that is constantly trying to make you something else is the
greatest accomplishment. ’’ – Ralph Waldo Emerson
This piece of worked was wholeheartedly dedicated to our Almighty Father, who was
the source of enlightenment, blessings and guidance, I gratefully thanked you… with all my
heart, for YOU listened to my whispers and prayers, for YOU had helped me fulfill my goal and
aspiration, for YOU had granted my requested.
To my mother Melanie R. Basconcillo and to my sister Mary Chille Basconcillo who
serve as my strength and motivation, the foundation of my loved and care.
To all my family, friends, relatives and classmates who shared their words of advice
and encouragement to finish this studied.
To our dear Instructors, who always helped us and believed that we could do it and for
their unending support and encouragement.
And to all, whom I shared my success and failures, from the center of my
hypothalamus… GRACIAS!!!
APRILLE
DEDICATION
I whole heartedly dedicate this to all the people who continue believing and encouraging
me to fulfill my dreams.
To my parents, Sandie Ventura and Rubyline Ventura, Thank you for giving me the
support to reach my dreams. Accomplishing this would hopefully make you proud of me as
much as I am proud of having you as my parents. Thanks for your great support and continuous
care.
To my Best Friend/Boyfriend, Engelbert Fieldad, I am really grateful on having you as
one of my inspirations. Thank you for always pushing me to study hard to reach all my goals in
life.
To my cousins and friends, who always been giving me constant source of support and
encouragement during my whole college life.
To our Dear Instructors, for their guidance and support throughout this study.
And lastly, to our Almighty God, who gave me strength and knowledge on my everyday
life.
KAIZEL
DEDICATION
This study, I dedicate to all who supported me especially the time where I need it the
most and when the time that I thought of giving up.
To both of my Parents, Mr. Estephen G. Alvarez and Mrs. Rona Mae N. Alvarez
thank you for supporting me emotionally and financially and by believing in me that I can do it
by my own strength. Thank you for the trust that both of you gave to me. Without your support, I
might not be who I am today.
To my Siblings, Ron Steven N. Alvarez and Shaira N. Alvarez thank you for pushing
me to be better and for your all support that I can passed through the entire obstacle that I might
be facing. To my groups of friends, I thank you all for the love and support that you gave.
Without all of you, things will not be as easy as it is now.
To our dear Instructor, I am so happy that all of you are part of my education. Thank you
for all the amazing lectures and discussions! I learned a lot and benefited from your entire
course! Thank you!
Thank you, Lord, for the blessings you have bestowed on my life. You have provided me
with more than I could ever have imagined. You have surrounded me with people who always
look out for me. You have given me family and friends who bless me every day with kind words
and actions. They lift me up in ways that keep my eyes focused on you and make my spirit soar.
STIFFANY
DEDICATION
The fruit of labor and sacrifices is heartily and affectionately dedicated to:
To my parents, Papa Benny and Mama Ana, for your love, care, understanding and
sacrifices and making me believe I can achieve anything, a gift I recognize as priceless.
To my family and relatives, Ate Janic, Ate Leslie, Kuya Jaybee, Tita Gina, Kuya Geno,
Tito Hing, Sabreena, Ruth, Samantha, to my sisters Ate Jen, Ate Lyn and Samantha who are
around giving me laughter and support, and to my Inang Basil, Tatang Iban, Lolo Ben, Lola
Estin, for your prayers and guidance that you always give.
To my very supportive friends and classmates.
To my best friends Shean, Jansen, Joanna Marie, Hannah, Kat, Nialyn and Crizel, Who
are always there to support me and looking ways to help me accomplish this challenge
undertaking, and to my friends at school Kaizel and Sharon thank you for being there through
ups and downs.
To our understanding instructors and professors, who patiently gave me, insight in the
realization of this thesis, without their encouragement, support and love, this work would have
not been successful.
And Above all to ALMIGHTY GOD
You made my dream come true, thank you for everything.
SHAINA
D E D I CAT I O N
I humbly and heartily dedicate this piece of work. The fruit of our labor and sacrifices
To the individuals who shared their knowledge and support.
Our dear parents, who serve us our own inspiration, for giving their greatest and most
unconditional love, for the pieces of advice and guidance, for being the anchor and strength in
the family. And for all their moral and financial support.
Our friends who showed love and concerns, who are always at your side with their
encouragement and support, the laughter shared which made our life colorful and meaningful,
To our teacher, for her guidance and motivation that pushes us to be strong, to be able to
make the study productive.
Above all our almighty guide, our hiding place and the source of wisdom, joy and
strength.
To all of you, I humbly dedicate this piece of work.
DERICK
ABSTRACT
This study focused on the effects of covid-19 pandemic and coping mechanisms to the
residents of the selected Municipalities of 1st District in Ilocos Sur from Calendar Year July 2021
to January 2022. It also looked into the relationship between the effects of covid-19 pandemic
and coping mechanisms and the profile of the respondents.
The study used the descriptive-correlational method of research, utilizing the
questionnaire as the primary data gathering tool. The respondents of the study consist of 150
head of the family from July 2021 to January 2022 from the barangay of Puro Caoayan,
Manzante Magsingal, Barbar San Juan, An-Annam West Bantay and San Isidro Ilocos sur.
Arbitrarily set was used to determine the sample size of the study. Purposive sampling was also
employed to determine the respondents of the study. The data gathered were treated statistically
using frequency and percentage, mean, and simple linear correlation analysis.
Based on the findings of the study, the following conclusions were drawn: (1) Most of the
respondents are 41-45 years old, high school graduate, earning Php 1,000-9,000 a month with
skilled occupation, and a Roman Catholic. Majority of the respondents are married and all
female. Great majority of the respondents acquired their information on the effects of covid-19
pandemic and coping mechanisms. (2) The respondents have “Fair” effects of covid-19
pandemic. (3) The respondents had an overall “High” extent of coping mechanisms. (4) There is
an inverse relationship between the effects of covid-19 pandemic among the respondents’ family
monthly income and sex. (5) There is no significant relationship between the extent of coping
mechanisms and the socio-demographic profile of the respondents and (6) There is no significant
relationship between the effects of covid-19 pandemic and the extent of coping mechanisms of
the respondents.
Based on the findings and conclusions of the study, the following recommendations are
forwarded: 1) Since the effects of covid-19 pandemic is ‘’Fair’’ Barangay Health Workers
should conduct and educate their constituent regarding the possible effects of the current
pandemic and measures how to overcome it. 2) Local government should provide vital services
to families and individuals in need. Offer a variety of services that are playing a big role during
this pandemic, including counselling, job placement, food and financial assistance or provide job
opportunities to the families who are affected by the pandemic. 3) Proper teaching and
information to educate families thus making them able to conduct with the battle in this
pandemic brings. Somehow with thorough explanation of the cos and cons of healthy protocols,
we can assure the safety and wellness of the people in the community. 4) Families should
encourage to get vaccinated to protect their selves and their family as well as those in their
community who may not be able to be vaccinated. 5) Launching livelihood projects to help those
who have lost their jobs. 6) Actions are restricted, and work is limited. Earning a living to
survive is difficult for many of our people. Local Government Units must step in to provide food
packs or relief goods to their respective constituents. The food packs usually contain rice, instant
noodles, biscuits, sardines or other canned food.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLETS.............................................................................................
Chapter
I. THE PROBLEM
Introduction...............................................................................
Statement of the Problem..........................................................
Scope and Delimitation.............................................................
Theoretical Framework and Review of Related Literature.......
Conceptual Framework.............................................................
Operational Definition of Terms...............................................
Assumption................................................................................
Hypotheses................................................................................
Methodology..............................................................................
Research Design.................................................................
Population and Sample......................................................
Data Gathering Instrument.................................................
Data Gathering Procedure..................................................
Ethical Consideration…………………………………….
Statistical Treatment of Data.............................................
II. PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA
Socio-Demographic Profile of the Respondents........................
The Effects of Covid-19 Pandemic and Coping Mechanisms
To the Resident of the Selected Municipalities of 1st District in Ilocos
Sur……………
Correlation Coefficient Effects of Covid-19 Pandemic and Coping
Mechanisms of the Respondents in Terms of Economic/Financial, Social,
Emotional/Psychological and Spiritual ………………
III. SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary....................................................................................
Findings......................................................................................
Conclusions................................................................................
Recommendation.......................................................................
BIBLIOGRAPHY.........................................................................................
APPENDICES...............................................................................................
CURRICULUM VITAE...............................................................................
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE Page
1 Distribution of the Respondents…………………………………………..
2 Distribution of the Respondents in terms of

Socio-Demographic Factors……………………………………………....
3 Item Mean Rating Showing the Effects of Covid-19 Pandemic

of the Respondents in terms of Economic/Financial………………

of the Respondents in terms of Social……………………………

of the Respondents in terms of Emotional/Psychological………………

of the Respondents in terms of Spiritual………………
7 Summary on the Effects of Covid-19 Pandemic of the

Respondents………………………………………….
8 Item Mean Rating Showing the Extent of Coping Mechanisms

of the Respondents in terms of Economic/Financial ………………

of the Respondents in terms of Social ………………

of the Respondents in terms of Emotional/Psychological ………………

of the Respondents in terms of Spiritual ………………
12 Summary on the Extent of Coping Mechanisms of the

Respondents………………………………………….
13 Correlation Coefficient Showing the Relationship Between

the Effects of Covid-19 Pandemic and the Socio-Demographic
Profile of the Respondents………………………………………………….

the Extent of Coping Mechanisms and the Socio-Demographic
Profile of the Respondents………………………………………………….
the Effects of Covid-19 and Extent Coping Mechanisms
of the Respondents………………………………………………….
Chapter 1
THE PROBLEM
Introduction
Humanity right now was facing a catastrophic pandemic. A deadly virus that instantly
spreads all over the globe, because of the newness of this virus, the world health organization
temporarily termed the new virus “2019 novel coronavirus” on January 12, 2020. A month later,
they officially named this infectious disease “coronavirus disease 2019”. The movement of our
community was strictly due to the “new normal”, a lot of protocols and rules to obeyed, as a
helped to prevent for the further spread of the contagious disease. The situation was rapidly
deteriorating. A rare disaster, a coronavirus pandemic, had resulted in a tragically large number
of human lived being lost. The number of people deemed safe to congregate in a single location
had decreased from thousands to hundreds to ten. The infection had not only became a public
health crisis, but had also affected the global economy, social, emotional and spiritual life.
The virus reached the Ilocos region on Marched 20, 2020. The province was placed
under community quarantine through executive ordered no. 14 which restricted the movement of
people to and from Ilocos Sur, mandated the establishment of checkpoints and conditions for
transportation and travel, prohibited social gatherings, encouraged flexible/alternative worked
arrangements or suspension of worked, suspended tourism, prohibited hoarding, delineated rules
for business establishments, imposed a curfew and alarming trend of government officials
ignoring public health warnings and refusing to call on houses of worship to close. .
The covid-19 pandemic initiated seismic changes in daily life. Lock-down orders across
the globe necessitated that individuals recalibrate how they interface with worked, community,
and relationships.
Governments required cities, regions, and in some cases entire countries to “lock down”
where only essential employees was allowed to went to worked, leaving millions of families to
figure out how to balance the competing economic and health demands associated with the
disease while also facing physical isolation from extended family and support systems. Even as
“lock downs” eased around the world, the effects of the pandemic had been long-lasting, as
families attempted to adapt to the changes and cope with the uncertainty that may characterize
life in the foreseeable future. Yet, families were resilient, and could emerged from such crises as
strong, if not stronger than before, a process attributable to effective family communication.
From parent-child relationships to intergenerational bonds, family ties and communication
helped individuals understand, cope, adapt to changed, and foster resilience (Theiss, 2019)
The covid-19 pandemic had forced families to tried to maintained work-family balance
with few supports. With schools and daycare facilities closed, a parent was solely responsible
for childcare and, perhaps even homeschooling. Yet, many parents was also working their paid
jobs from home, while others had heightened financial concerns due to losing their job, and yet
others involved in healthcare may been living away from their families to reduce exposing them
to the virus. Whatever the circumstance, work-family balance had became increasingly
challenging. (Ruppanner et al., 2020)
The challenges families faced in the time of covid-19 had potentially negative consequences
for their psychological well-being. According to Roy et al., (2020), more than 80% of people
over 18 had shown the needed for attention to their mental health as a result of the anxiety and
stressed experienced during the pandemic. Forte et al., (2020) agreed with this idea, stating that
the pandemic had caused stressed, psychological discomfort, slept disorders, and instability,
among others, in a large part of the population. In light of pandemic of covid-19, most families
were much more opened to faith as well as prayer. The virus was gone have been spreading
rapidly and causing enormous crisis in all societies. In the current pandemic, engagement with
religious practices gave us controlled over the situation, helps to made it understandable and
what was most important gave us hoped. (Tylkowski et al., 2020)
With this, the researchers we would liked to assess the effects of the covid-19 pandemic and
coping mechanism to the residents of the selected municipalities of 1st district in Ilocos
Sur. How they was affected in terms of the factors being assessed and to formulate
recommendations as to how to eradicate the effects and addressed them.
Statement of the Problem
The study aims to determine the Effects of Covid-19 Pandemic and Coping Mechanisms to
the Residents of the Selected Municipalities of 1st District in Ilocos Sur
Specifically, it will seek answers to the following:
1. What is the socio-demographic profile of the respondents in terms of the following:
a. age
b. sex
c. civil status
d. educational attainment
e. occupation
f. family monthly income, and
g. religion?
2. What are the effects of the Covid-19 pandemic to the respondents along:
a. economic/ financial,
b. social,
c. emotional/ psychological, and
d. spiritual?
3. What is the extent of coping mechanisms of the respondents?

b. social,
d. spiritual?
4. Is there a significant relationship between the effects of covid-19 pandemic and the socio-
demographic profile of the respondents?
5. Is there a significant relationship between the coping mechanisms and the socio-
6. Is there a significant relationship between the effects of covid-19 pandemic and the coping
mechanisms of the respondents?
Scope and Delimitation of the Study
The study aimed to determine the effects of covid-19 pandemic and coping mechanisms
to the residents of the selected municipalities of 1st district in Ilocos Sur Calendar Year 2021. It
determined the significant relationship between the effects of covid-19 pandemic and coping
mechanisms and their socio- demographic profile of the respondents.
The dependent variables in this studied pertained to the effects of covid-19 pandemic and
coping mechanisms to the residents in the selected municipalities of the 1st district in Ilocos Sur
in terms of economic/financial, social, emotional/psychological and spiritual. The independent
variables of the studied include the socio-demographic factors such as age, sex, civil status,
educational attainment, occupation, family monthly income and religion.
The study made used of the descriptive- correlational method of research. The
respondents of the study were the selected 150 head of the family of Puro Caoayan, Manzante
Magsingal, Barbar San Juan, An-Annam West Bantay and San Isidro Ilocos Sur. Arbitrarily set
was utilized to determine the sample size of the study while purposive sampling was used to
select the respondents. Data needed in the study was gathered through the used of questionnaire-
checklist formulated by the respondents and content validated by a pool of experts. Part I gathers
information on the profile of the respondents. Part II consists of the effects of covid-19
pandemic and Part III consists of the extent of coping mechanisms of the respondents. The
statistical tools used in the analysis of data gathered were frequency, percentage, mean, and
simple linear correlational analysis.
Review of Related Literature
For better understanding and comprehension of this research, the following readings are
gathered by researchers.
On Economic/Financial
Covid-19 was having a massive effect on the Philippines economy, even if it was not felt
yet on everyone’s household budgets. Many economists expected the financial effects of the
covid-19 pandemic to caused greater economic stressed in the Philippines than even the housing
crisis and great recession of the late 2000s. Because the Philippines and world’s general
economic situation was overall quite healthy before the novel coronavirus outbreak in the fell of
2019, recovery should eventually been less painful than it otherwise could had been. However,
you should also expected the fallout from the pandemic to affect you directly and personally in
your wallet (Christensen, 2020).
Philippines’ economy was still expected to showed a positive growth rebound in 2021,
the near-term outlook for the Philippines economy had been dampened by the sharply rising
wave of new covid-19 cases since mid-march 2021. This was expected to constrain the paced of
economic recovery in the near-term, as strict pandemic-controlled measures had been imposed in
metro manila and other surrounding areas badly impacted by the latest surge in pandemic cases.
Vaccine rollout in the Philippines had also been constrained by lack of sufficient supplies of
imported (Biswas et al., 2021)
The ongoing pandemic caused by COVID-19 has set off a distinguishable economic
crisis in considerable domains of work and business, including manufacturing, retail, travel and
trade. Unemployment is in the rise and even the most stable and former professionals are having
their work threatened. The International Labor Organization estimates that there will be 25
million new unemployed individuals by the end of the second quarter of 2020. In addition,
surveys with US workers before and after previous economic downturns state that
unemployment is not the only possible detrimental outcome, since pay cuts, reduction in work
hours, increased work demand and challenging working conditions are possibly part of a
contingency plan for this pandemic (Restubog et al., 2020).
According to McAdams (2021), in March 2020, much of the world went into lockdown,
forcing many businesses to temporarily shut down. Countries are gradually relaxing restrictions,
but the future is still uncertain. Even businesses that are reopening have restrictions enforcing
social distancing, the wearing of masks, and limits on how many customers can enter a space at
one time. When traditional shopping becomes difficult, or may even be scary, people are
increasingly inclined to shop online. The fact that consumers were already embracing Amazon
and other online retailers with open arms made this transition considerably easier.
Experienced during the covid-19 pandemic, the government of each country should
offerred financial support for the vulnerable population in this context, including the self-
employed and those with lowered income. It was also crucial to prepare an economical planned
during and after the quarantine, in ordered to reduce stressed about the uncertainty of the future
(Gunnell et al, 2020). Moreover, aiming to alleviate the economic burden faced particularly by
numerous groups throughout the community, medical expenses of covid-19 confirmed and
suspected patients should been subsidized by the government. This strategy may also ensured
that individuals seek medical care and, therefore, promotes health equity and disease controlled
amongst the more vulnerable groups (Wang and Tang, 2020).
World health organization (2020), stated that covid-19 was having on financially
vulnerable people; it was also having an outsized impact on their income and personal financial
situation. Financially vulnerable people often had jobs that must been done in person and were
not able to worked from home. This was in stark contrast to wealthier workers who were able to
continued working remotely and may had seen less of an impact to their income.
Financial loss has been profoundly linked to psychological distress and is considered a
risk factor for mental health disorders, with long lasting effects. The disruption or even
bankruptcy of business, unpaid debts, stress of losing job, poverty, inability to provide support to
the family and food insecurity are only a few examples that portray the extremely harsh scenario
regarding the financial impact secondary to this pandemic (Bhuiyan et al., 2020; Dsouza et al.,
2020; Mamun and Ullah, 2020). Indeed, the lack of basic supplies, including water, food, clothes
and accommodation, seems to be a particularly deleterious source of frustration, anxiety and
anger (Brooks et al, 2020).
According to Parker et al (2020). Families had a trouble paying their bills since the
coronavirus outbreak started, a third have dipped into savings or retirement accounts to make
ends meet, and about one-in-six have borrowed money from friends or family or gotten food
from a food bank.

These pandemic effects on the sector might linger for some time. As the labor market
recovers and parents seek ways to get back to work, a decline in child care capacity, combined
with higher wages, could continue to push up the cost of care in the short run. Expanded federal
aid to families may ease the burden of child care costs, but more income for families with
children could just increase demand and thus, to some extent, prices until supply catches up
(Gascon, 2022).
On Social
The global outbreak of COVID-19 and the unprecedented lockdowns that followed have
had a massive impact on relationships and family life. Many couples redefined their
relationships, and many homes witnessed drastic changes in their family dynamics.
Personal relationships among families and friends have been reshaped during the
COVID-19 pandemic. The lockdown has forced family members to live closer together, whereas
others, such as friends and extended family members, have been further apart from each other.
However, due to social distancing precautions, people have suffered from isolation from friends
and the community (Al-Tammemi, 2020; Brooks et al, 2020; Liu, 2020). Such situations could
lead to feelings of boredom and loneliness, which increases tension. With the cancellation of
social gatherings such as mass gatherings, birthdays, festivals, sports etc., the inability to go to
cafes, restaurants, or shopping, and with friends and family being hesitant to get together for fear
of infection with COVID-19, the level of boredom and tension will escalate. Additionally,
uncertainty adds to the situation where people are unaware of how long this pandemic will go on
for and if ‘physical distancing’ is going to become the new normal (Claridge et al, 2020).
According to Waite et al (2020). Parents and children living through covid-19 were
faced with numerous challenges, which together present a constellation of risk. Recent
researched had identified that the top stressors faced by parents and careers during covid-19
include worked, their children’s well-being, and the well-being of family and friends outside
their household. Of concern, two thirds of parents report that they were not meeting the dueling
needed of worked and their child’s well-being.
Limited access to outdoor recreational facilities, such as parks and playgrounds, reduces
the opportunity for families to be physically active. Closures of schools and child-care centers
may have further reduced children’s activity levels as these settings are shown to be associated
with increased physical activity. Reduce physical activity may also impact sleep quality and
related routines. (Sadowski et al, 2020)
The covid-19 pandemic had affected the way people lived interpersonal relationships.
The lockdown was characterized of a different organization of daily life, with an incrimination of
time at home and a reduction of distance through digital devices. This period was also seen as an
evolution in the concept of empathy, producing new perspectives in the studied of the
phenomenon according to sociological and neurological points of view. Indeed, empathy—
defined as the ability to understand and shared the feelings of another—involves several
elements, such as: (a) social context and historical period of the individual, (b) neurological
mechanisms, and (c) psychological and behavioral responses to feelings of others. The neuro-
sociological perspective analyzes the mechanisms involved in the empathic process, focusing on
human communication and interpersonal relationships (Lamm et al, 2009).
Due to the covid-19 disease, which appeared in the world towards the end of 2019 and
was declared as a pandemic by the World Health Organization (2020), radical changes had
occurred in the lifestyles and habits of individuals and societies. In line with the decisions taken
in the pandemic period, measures such as lockdowns, quarantine, social distancing, travel
restrictions, closures of institutions and workplaces, flexibility in working hours, implementation
of homeworking and conducting the education process online (Üstün & Özçiftçi, 2020) had been
included in the new social ordered.
Families, which made up the smallest units of society, had had their shared of these
changes. During this period, when there was limited contact with the outside world, many
families, who had found themselves imprisoned in their own homes, had faced negative
situations such as domestic violence, depression and anxiety (Campbell, 2020). Due to changes
occurring in their working lived, while some parents had left worked, others had switched to the
system of working part time or working from home, and the periods of isolation and time spent
at home had increased. In this period, it was seen that mothers‟ transfer of their working lived to
the home environment had caused an increase in their responsibilities related to care and
education of their children, and a large increase in their household chores (Akbaş-Zeybekoğlu &
Dursun, 2020). These changes had altered the family lifestyleand with regard to both parents
and their children it had became more difficult to maintained a balanced and sustainable lifestyle.
(Yıldız et al, 2020).
Social networks can amplify the spread of behaviours that are both harmful and
beneficial during an epidemic, and these effects may spread through the network to friends,
friends’ friends and even friends’ friends’ friends. The virus itself spreads from person to person,
and since people centrally located in networks come into contact with more people, they are
often among the first to be infected. But these very same central people may be instrumental in
slowing the disease because they can spread positive interventions like hand washing and
physical distancing by demonstrating them to a wide range of people. Some research suggests
that a larger proportion of interventions can come not from direct effects on people who receive
the intervention, but from indirect effects on their social contacts who copied the behavior (
Bavel, et al, 2020).
On Emotional/ Psychological
Covid-19 was unique in the way that it had spread far beyond health centers’ borders.
With the entire population at risk, the necessary restricting measures had created an unparalleled
scenario, dominated by fear and uncertainty. Even though fear was an essential adaptive
mechanism that humans and other species had developed to cope with threats in the environment,
it could only been supportive for those who felt capable of dealing with the menaces presented
specifically to them. To those who considered themselves as unable to handle such risks, fear
could trigger defense responses (Bavel et al, 2020). And so, in a conjuncture where the fear was
not only of death but also of the repercussions in a myriad of different spheres, including family
organization, schools closure, social isolation and economic consequences, it was vital that closed
attention was paid to the mental health of the individuals (Onell et al. 2020). In fact, previous
studied showed that fear positively associates with depression, anxiety, perceived infect ability
and germ aversion. Furthermore, another detrimental consequence of fear was the stigmatization
and discrimination of those infected or exhibiting symptoms of covid-19 (Ahorsu et al, 2020).
According to Schimmenti et al., (2020) The risk of contamination and the experience of
social distancing changed people's behaviors and deeply impacted individual feelings, daily
habits, and relationships. Uncertainty about the timeline of the growing pandemic strengthened
people's fears stress, and confusion Isolation and restrictions due to quarantine worsened feelings
of anxiety and loneliness among both older and younger populations

In the pandemic background, stressors must also been considered in the assessment of the
emotional and neuropsychological impact. These mainly include covid-19-related circumstances,
such as potential exposure to the virus and loss of loved ones, as well as secondary adversities due
to economic difficulties, unavailability of food, psychosocial effects, disruption of future planned
and underlying physical and psychological conditions (Islam et al, 2020; Pfefferbaum and North,
2020).
Stressors
In the pandemic background, stressors must also be considered in the assessment of the
emotional and neuropsychological impact. These mainly include COVID-19-related
circumstances, such as potential exposure to the virus and loss of loved ones, as well as
secondary adversities due to economic difficulties, unavailability of food, psychosocial effects,
disruption of future plans and underlying physical and psychological conditions (Islam et al.,
2020; Pfefferbaum and North, 2020).
Anxiety
Anxiety, one of the main evaluated subjects, had been significantly increasing in society
during this pandemic (Huang and Zhao, 2020; Li et al, 2020; Qiu et al, 2020; Teufel et al, 2020).
One particular kind of anxiety was worth mentioning: health anxiety. It was characterized
mainly by catastrophic misinterpretations of bodily sensations, dysfunctional beliefs about health
and illness and maladaptive coping behaviors. Harmful consequences could derive from this
condition, including excessive handed washing, social withdrawal, panicked purchasing and
overspending in resources such as handed sanitizers, medications and protective masks
(Asmundson and Taylor, 2020b). In fact, especially for the suspected cases of covid-19, the
development of obsessive-compulsive symptoms may been a consequence of anxiety related to
their health status (Dubey et al, 2020). The same rising tendency had been seen for depressive
symptoms. Interestingly, groups with less education seemed have been more susceptible to these
manifestations in an epidemic context, especially due to unreliable access to information and
apprehension to its academic formation (Pfefferbaum and North, 2020)
According to Salari et al, (2020), people who follow COVID-19 news the most,
experience more anxiety. Most of the news published on COVID-19 are distressing, and
sometimes news are associated with rumors, which is why anxiety levels rise when a person is
constantly exposed to COVID-19 news . Misinformation and fabricated reports about COVID-19
can exacerbate depressive symptoms in the general population . The latest and most accurate
information, such as the number of people who have improved and the progress of medications
and vaccines, can reduce anxiety levels.
On Spiritual
At a time when it is crucial to respond thoughtfully and prudently to this pandemic, there
is an alarming trend of government officials ignoring public health warnings and refusing to call
on houses of worship to close. Establishing religious exemptions—in this case, by freeing houses
of worship from public health order compliance—will only result in more cases of COVID-19
and greater numbers of death from the disease. Many religious organizations have found new
and creative ways to gather for worship, pray together, and continue community social service
work. Faith community leaders deserve praise for their efforts to combat the coronavirus; they
serve as trusted messengers who affect the daily lives of people of faith outside faith-specific
space. (Gonzalez et al, 2020).

The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted religion and faith in different ways. Numerous
restrictions have been implemented worldwide. Believers are in conflict with authorities’
warnings that gatherings must be limited to combat the spread of the virus. Religion has always
played a role of the balm for the soul, and the regular religious participation is associated with
better emotional health outcomes. In our study, we examined whether the exposure to COVID-
19 enhances the faith.
In light of pandemic of COVID-19, most people are much more open to faith as well as
prayer. The virus is going to be spreading rapidly and causing enormous crisis in all societies. In
the current pandemic, engagement with religious practices gives us control over the situation,
helps to make it understandable and what is most important gives us hope. (Tylkowski et al,
2020)
Spirituality, a source of comfort, support and meaning, instills the idea of a sense of
belonging and existential interconnectedness, promoting mental health. In the literature, in fact,
the accent has been placed on the association that exists between having spirituality and having a
greater perception of well-being, physical and mental health. A particularly important aspect is
related to coping, or the function performed by spiritual well-being in the management of
stressful events. Spiritual coping can be understood as cognitive and behavioral efforts to find or
maintain meaning, purpose and connection in the face of difficult situations. (Gray AJ, 2019)
Spirituality is a foundation of all population groups since the beginning of recorded
history. It plays an integral component of quality of life, health and well-being both in the
general population and those affected by illnesses. The relationship with the transcendent or
sacred has a strong influence on a people’s beliefs, attitudes, emotions and behavior. Research
has shown that families rely on their spirituality for emotional, mental and physical well-being
Spirituality practices have been recognized as a powerful coping mechanism for dealing with
life-changing and traumatic events. During this global pandemic of Coronavirus disease 2019
(COVID-19), does spiritual care contribute as a coping strategy for practitioners and families.
(Roman et al, 2020)
The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted religion and faith in different ways. Numerous
restrictions have been implemented worldwide. Believers are in conflict with authorities’
warnings that gatherings must be limited to combat the spread of the virus. Religion has always
played a role of the balm for the soul, and the regular religious participation is associated with
better emotional health outcomes. (Kowalczyk et al, 2020)
Some authors over the years have argued that faith and spirituality can also be perceived
as a source of resilience both from a physical, psychological and mental point of view.
Especially in stressful situations, faith and spirituality seem to also act positively on the immune
system, particularly for older people who are also those most involved in religious and/or
spiritual activities. Furthermore, spiritual well-being is defined as a state that connects the mind
and body of the individual, society, intelligence and health, supporting the individual in his/her
attitudes and life goals. According to Ellison 2018, moreover, spiritual well-being includes both
a psycho-social dimension and a more religious dimension, a unifying force that aims to
integrate the physical, emotional and social dimensions of health. A study by Saiz et al 2017
demonstrated that spirituality in people with heart failure has broader associations with measures
of psychosocial and physical symptoms than belonging to a religious organization and that
religious affiliation alone did not emerge as a reliable predictor for health benefits. Indeed, it was
even counterproductive: in fact they found that those who belonged to a religious organization,
but with a low level of spirituality, perceived a state of anxiety and greater emotional fatigue.
The literature also highlights how spiritual well-being is significantly higher in women than in
men. (Ellison, 2018)
Closely connected to spiritual well-being, there are spiritual needs, which include
everything that refers to the need to find meaning, value in one's life, peace and a sense of
connection. These needs are not necessarily exclusively religious; in fact, even those who do not
have a religious faith still refer to systems of beliefs that provide feelings of meaning and
purpose. In this period of the COVID-19 pandemic they seem to assume a role and an even
deeper meaning in relation to the bewilderment that people are confronted with when faced with
such a pervasive, disruptive event, creating daily fragility, fear and uncertainty. In particular, the
spiritual distress in those people going through adverse situations, such as that caused by
COVID-19, should not be underestimated. By spiritual distress we mean suffering connected to
the impossibility of feeling meaning in life, a state of anguish that occurs when an individual
experience suffering that in some way undermines their personal identity, for example by raising
existential questions about the reason for that particular suffering. Religion and spirituality,
therefore, are particularly fundamental and worthy of study in this highly complex period:
COVID-19 and its physical, social and psychological consequences represent a challenge for the
mental well-being of the entire world population. ( Coppola et al, 2021).
Studies have reported that healthcare practitioners who provide spiritual care to their
patients contribute significantly to improve their patients’ overall well-being. Spiritual care is
regarded as a life-enhancing factor and a coping resource, which allows patients to deal with
adversity in a better way. It may also increase their hopes for the future. Research reports
significantly increased immune functions in response to spiritual care practices. The current
restrictions imposed amidst the lockdown prevent free movement and access to normal daily
services. Countries are restricted to the confines of their homes, which may increase levels of
anxiety in the general population and even more so in those affected by illnesses. This may
negatively affect the health and well-being of many people. These restrictions impede the
facilitation of spiritual care in clinical settings. Spiritual care is based on a bio-psycho-socio-
spiritual integrative model that requires a specific set of skills such as active listening, spiritual
assessment skills and the ability to refer patients to pastoral care, or other types of intervention
services focused on spirituality. For this reason, under the current circumstances, healthcare
professionals should be extra-sensitive to the spiritual needs of their patients and their own, as
studies have reported that patients’ reliance on spirituality increases during life-changing events.
However, this may be problematic as research indicates that whilst many health professionals
agree that spiritual care is important for their patients, many are ill-equipped to deal with this
aspect. Collaborative effort may be required to draw on the expertise of those practitioners of
spiritual care to support the spiritual care needs of families. (Roman et.al, 2020)
According to Wall et.al, (2007), states that the spiritual care provider play an important
role when families are faced with challenging health risks and the prospect of palliative care. For
example, when families are able to get in touch with a spiritual care provider, they offer a
supportive role in the decision-making of a family member who is a patient; they have a sense of
peace; they have the opportunity for bereavement and grief counselling and just being able to
cope in a very difficult time. The access to spiritual care for the patient and the role of spiritual
care for families are clear within the research, but in the case of a pandemic such as COVID-19,
where the treatment for the disease becomes limited as more people become sick and the disease
is life threatening, there could be challenges to provide this much-needed support. In light of the
current global pandemic, examples of the responses of families and communities from countries
having faced disasters are discussed.

Conceptual Framework
The study will revolves around the paradigm presented below.
Independent Variables Dependent Variables
A) Socio demographic factors The Effects of COVID-19

Pandemic
a) Age
1. Economic/ Financial
b) Sex
2. Social
c) Civil Status
3. Emotional/Psychological
d) Educational Attainment
4. Spiritual
e) Occupation
f) Family Monthly Income
g) Religion Coping Mechanisms
1. Economic/ Financial
2. Social
h) 3. Emotional/Psychological
4. Spiritual
Figure1. The Research Paradigm
This paradigm shows the relationship between the effects of covid-19 pandemic and
coping mechanisms and their socio demographic factors of the respondents.

Operational Definition of Terms
In this study, the following terms were defined conceptually and operationally for greater
clarity and understanding.
Effects of the Pandemic. This refers to the respondents affected by the pandemic along
economic/ financial, social, emotional and spiritual
Coping Mechanisms. This refers to the strategies people often used in the faced of
stressed and/or trauma to helped managed painful or difficult emotions.
Economic /Financial. This refers to the monetary or sources of income affected by the
pandemic.
Social. This refers to the effects of the pandemic on the respondents’ relationship with
family, relatives and friends.
Emotional/Psychological. This refers to a person's emotions or feelings of the
respondents as the effect of the pandemic.
Spiritual. This refers to effects of the pandemic on the respondents’ religious belief.
Socio-demographic Factors. It refers as the characteristics of the respondents like as age,
sex, civil status, educational attainment, occupation, monthly income, and religion.
Age. This refers to the respondent’s level of maturity. It refers to the period of time during
which someone or something has lived or existed; a stage of life
Sex. This refers to the characteristic that distinguishes whether the respondent is female or
male.
Civil Status. This refers to the respondents’ status whether single, married, separated,
widow or widower.
Educational Attainment. It refers to the level of education level of the family members in
the family.
Occupation. It refers to the respondents occupation is skilled, semi- skilled, professional or
has no job. And also it will affect their level of knowledge.
Family Monthly Income. The amount of money earned in exchange of medical services by
the respondents.
Religion. This refers to the spiritual belief of the respondents.
Hypothesis
The researchers posited that there is no significant relationship between the effects of
covid-19 pandemic and coping mechanisms of the respondents and their socio demographic
profile.
Research Methodology
This section presents the researched design, methods and procedures which was
undertaken in the conduct of this study. Among others, it included descriptions of the methods of
the study, population, data gathering techniques, and statistical treatment of data.
Research Design. This study made used of the descriptive-correlational method of
research. The questionnaire was formulated by the researchers and content validated by pool of
experts.
Population and Sample. The setting of the study was in the municipalities of 1 st district in
Ilocos Sur, namely: Puro, Caoayan, Manzante, Magsingal, Barbar, San Juan, An-Annam West
Bantay and San Isidro, Bantay, Ilocos Sur.
The respondent of the study was the 150 head of the family of the selected municipalities
of 1st district in Ilocos sur. Arbitrarily set was utilized to determine the sample size of the
studied. Purposive sampling was also employed to determine the respondents of the studied. The
distribution of the respondents is shown in Table 1.
Table 1
Distribution of respondents
Barangay n f
Puro, Caoayan 30 30
Manzante, Magsingal 30 30
Barbar, San Juan 30 30
An-Annam West Bantay 30 30
San Isidro, Bantay 30 30
Total 150 150
Data Gathering Instrument. The primary tool employed by the researcher in
obtaining the necessary data for the study was a questionnaire-checklist which was floated
personally by the researchers and accompanied by an informal interview to ensure accuracy of
responses. This was formulated by the researchers and content validated by a pool of experts.
The questionnaire consists of three parts as follows. Part I included the personal information
about the respondents, Part II contains a checklist on the effects of covid-19 and Part III consists
of the extent of coping mechanisms of the respondents. The effects of covid-19 and coping
mechanisms of the respondents are interpreted through the following norms:
Item Descriptive Rating Overall DR

4.21-5.0 Always (A) Very High (VH)
3.41-4.20 Often (O) High (H)
2.61- 3.40 Sometimes (So) Fair (F)
1.81-2.60 Seldom (Se) Low (L)
1.00-1.80 Never (N) Very Low (VL)
Data Gathering Procedure. Before the distribution of the questionnaire/checklist, the
researchers secured a permit to conduct the study from the Municipal Mayor, and the different
Barangay Captains. After securing the approval, the researchers administered the questionnaire
and guided the respondents in answering.
Ethical Considerations
The following ethical principles were observed in the conduct of the study.
Conflict of Interest. The researchers did not had conflicts of interest because
they were only interested in identifying the effects of Covid -19 pandemic and coping
mechanisms of the selected municipalities of 1st district in Ilocos Sur. The findings that derived
from the study were all for the benefits of the respondents and not for the investigators.
Privacy and Confidentiality. Privacy and confidentiality of the respondents
their response was maintained all throughout the study. This was done by assigning codes to the
questionnaires that even the researchers was not aware of whom among the respondents who
gave such answers. All data was kept in a locked drawer and computer where the data shared
and assigned with security code.

Informed Consent. This was taken from the respondents before conducting the
research. The researcher discussed what the research was all about particularly the purpose and
benefits of the study, and the respondents’ rights such as the right to withdraw their participation
anytime and their right not to answer any questions which they were uncomfortable to answer.
The informed consent form was distributed to those willing to participate in the study for them to
sign.
Recruitment. The respondents were recruited by getting the list of head of the
family in the barangay. The researchers explained the benefits, purpose and the possible risks of
the conduct of the study. They also informed that they could withdraw anytime during the
conduct of the study without being penalized. Only those who were willing to answer the
questionnaires were considered as participants of the study.
Vulnerability. Before the conduct of the study, the researchers asked permission
from municipal mayor, and the different barangay captains. The researchers informed them that
they were important persons in the completion and see to it that their customs and practices was
not been violated during the conduct of the study.
Risk. The researchers saw the safety of the respondents especially on the
emotional and psychological aspects during the data gathering. The respondents was given the
freedom to answer the questions during the interview.
Benefits. The conduct of the study consists of value and beneficial insights to the
residents of Puro, Caoayan, Manzante, Magsingal, Barbar, San Juan as well as An-Annam West
Bantay and San Isidro, Bantay, Ilocos Sur, the head of the family, the researchers, and other
interested individuals because this provides an accurate and productive baseline data in a
community to determine the effects of covid-19 pandemic and coping mechanisms in terms of
economic/financial, social, emotional and spiritual. It served as guiding light on the process of
recovery from this pandemic. Design programs focused on educating families, and other
members of the community and on how to prevent, control and manage it.
Statistical treatment of the data.
Statistical tools to treat and analyze the data gathered in the study were:
1. Frequency count and percentage determined the socio-demographic factors of the
respondents.
2. Mean described the effects of covid-19 pandemic and coping mechanisms.
3. Simple Linear Correlation analysis determined the relationship between the effects of
covid-19 pandemic and socio demographic profile of the respondents.

CHAPTER II
PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA
This chapter presents, analyzes and interprets the data gathered to determine the the
Effects of Covid-19 Pandemic and Coping Mechanisms to the Residents of the Selected
Municipalities of 1st District in Ilocos Sur. Textual and tabular presentations were used for better
understanding of the results.
Problem 1. What is the socio-demographic profile of the respondents in terms of the
following:
a. age
b. sex
c. civil Status
d. educational Attainment
e. occupation
f. family monthly income, and
g. religion?
On the Socio-demographic Profile of the Respondents
Table 2 presents the distribution of the respondents in terms of the socio-demographic
factors.
Table 2
Distribution of the Respondents in terms of the Socio-demographic Factors
Personal Profile f %
Age
66-70 7 4.7
61-65 8 5.3
56-60 17 11.3
51-55 17 11.3
46-50 23 15.3
41-45 28 18.7
36-40 19 12.7
31-35 10 6.7
26-30 18 12.0
21-25 3 2.0
Total 150 100.0
Sex
Female 101 67.3
Male 49 32.7
Total 150 100.0
Civil Status
Widow/widowed 8 5.3
separated 3 90.0
married 135 2.0
single 4 2.7
Total 150 100.0
Educational Attainment
Doctoral Graduate 1 0.7
College Graduate with Doctoral Units 0 0
Master’s Degree 1 0.7
College Graduate with Master’s Units 2 1.3
College Graduate 53 35.3
College Undergraduate 25 16.7
High School Graduate 54 36.0
Elementary Graduate 10 6.7
Elementary Undergraduate 2 1.3
No formal schooling 2 1.3
Total 150 100.0
Occupation
Professional ( attorney, doctor, teacher, nurse, 17 11.3
midwife, office worker, etc
Non – Professional ( midwife, saleslady, 29 19.3
office clerk, security guard, etc.)
Skilled (weaving, tailoring, welder, driver, 74 49.4
etc.)
None ( housewife, not working ) 30 20.0
Total 150 100.0
Family Monthly Income
40,000 and above 4 2.7
30,000 -39,999 9 6.0
20,000 – 29,999 14 9.3
10,000 – 19,999 57 38.0
1000 – 9,999 66 44.0
Total 150 100.0
Religion
Roman Catholic 140 93.4
Iglesia ni Kristo 5 3.3
Muslim 1 0.7
Baptist 2 1.3
Jehovahs Witness 2 1.3
Total 150 100.0
On Age. A great number (28 or 18.7%) of the respondents are 41-45 years of age, while the least
(3 or 2.0%) are 21-25 years of age.
On Sex. Majority the respondents are female (101 or 67.3%), while (49 or 32.7%) are male.
On Civil Status. Majority the respondents are married (90.0%) and the least one (2.0%) is
separated.
On Educational Attainment. A great percentage of the respondents (54 or 36.0%) are high
school graduate. There is an equal number of respondents which is 1 (0.7%) pursued master’s
degree and doctoral graduate.
On Occupation. Majority of the respondents (74 or 49.4%) are skilled, while the least (17 or
11.3%) are professionals.
On Family Monthly Income. Majority of the respondents (66 or 44.0 %) earn a monthly
income of Php 1000- 9,999 while the least (4 or 2.7%) have monthly income of Php 40,000 and
above.
On Religion. Most of the respondents (140 or 93.4%) are Roman Catholic and the least one (1 or
0.7%) is Muslim
Problem 2. What are the effects of the Covid- 19 Pandemic to the respondents
along:
a. Economic/Financial
b. Social
c. Emotional/psychological, and
d. Spiritual?
On the Effects of COVID 19 Pandemic to the Respondents
The effects of covid-19 pandemic to the respondents along economic/financial is shown in table
3.
Table 3
Item Mean Rating Showing the Effects of COVID 19 Pandemic to the Respondents
Along Economic/Financial
Financial Mean DR
1. Experiencing financial difficulties during pandemic 3.7400 O
2. Difficulty paying bills or buying necessities 3.4933 O
3. Getting worried about having enough food because of the 3.5200
coronavirus O
4. Incurred increased costs for childcare expenses 3.5667 O
5. Spending more money because of the coronavirus 3.7667 O
6. Lost job-related income due to the Coronavirus 2.8000 So
Over All 3.4811 HIGH
Item Descriptive Rating Overall DR
4.21-5.0 Always (A) Very High (VH)
3.41-4.20 Often (O) High (H)
2.61- 3.40 Sometimes (So) Fair (F)
1.81-2.60 Seldom (Se) Low (L)
1.00-1.80 Never (N) Very Low (VL)
On the overall, the respondents have a “High” effect of covid-19 pandemic in terms of
economic/financial as evidence by the mean rating of 3.4811. Most of the effects in financial
were ‘’often’’ complied. The highest rated items which give emphasis to economic/financial is
that they ‘’ spending more money because of the coronavirus’’ with a mean rating of 3.7667.
This means that Covid-19 pandemic has affected the flow of money through most households.
As shown in Crawford et al. (2020) the spending patterns of households in different parts of the
income distribution will tend to be impacted differently by sector shutdowns, because they spend
their money on different things.

Looking closer at the table, the respondents attained a “Fair” effects o covid-19 pandemic
along financial as they ‘’ Sometimes’’ Lost job-related income due to the Coronavirus with the
mean score of 2.8000. This means the COVID-19 related job and income losses are clearly
related to increased hardship such as difficulty making housing payments even after controlling
for income, age, gender, and household size.
According to Despard et al., (2020) a job loss is one of the worst financial shocks most
families will face, making it extremely difficult to make ends meet and avoid devastating
downstream effects like foreclosures or evictions.
The effect of covid-19 pandemic to the respondents along social is shown in table 4.
Table 4
Along Social
Social Mean DR
1.There are restrictions preventing to socialize with others such as
mass gatherings, birthdays, festivals, sports etc. 4.2267 A
2. Limited travel within and outside the province 4.2533 A
3.Loss of family’s daily routine (such as sleeping patterns, meal 2.9933
times and work) So
4. Compromised relationship with relatives and neighbors because 3.6667
of lesser personal contact with them O
5.Having difficulty getting supplies including face masks, hand 3.1667
sanitizers, medicines, food, drinks or other essentials So
6. Limited opportunity to have leisure activities outside home 3.6133 O
7. Canceled or postponed personal or social activities 3.7867 O
Over All 3.6724 HIGH
The table reveals that on the overall, the assessed effects of covid-19 pandemic along
social is ‘’High’’ (x̄=3.6724). This means that the respondents are socially aware on the effects
of COVID 19 within the society.

However, the highest rated item that gives emphasis to effects of covid-19 pandemic
along social is ‘’ Limited travel within and outside the province’’ with the mean rating of 4.2533.
This means that social restrictions, has certainly been a challenging situation for them and they
are not be able to reduce other less important trips during a pandemic; however, they may be
compelled to travel for a certain primary trip purpose. The respondent knows about this travel
restriction not only in the locality and the nation but also around the world and this was
implemented.
On the other hand the lowest rated item is number 3 ‘’ Loss of family’s daily routine such
as sleeping patterns, meal times and work’’ (x̄2.9933). Since all social were ‘’Fair’’ by the
respondents. This means that this effect of COVID 19 is sometimes observed within the house
since the pandemic boom, families were given the chance to be with their love ones since work
from home is one of its modality that they adopt in workplace.
Numerous challenges, however, may interfere with families’ ability to engage in
behavioral and social routines during the COVID-19 pandemic. During “typical” times, the
implementation of routines is partly dictated by social structures outside of the home, including
work, school, and activity schedules (Brazendale et al., 2020), most of which were limited during
the COVID-19 quarantine period. Moreover, socioeconomic factors including inconsistent or
demanding work schedules have previously been shown to limit families’ ability to participate in
positive routines (Davison & Birch, 2001), and this may play a role for individuals and families
who experienced changes in work status or schedules during the pandemic.
The effects of covid-19 pandemic to the respondents along emotional/psychological is shown in

table 5.
Table 5
Along Emotional/ Psychological
Emotional/ Psychological Mean DR

1.Covid-19 pandemic brought me anxiety/ distress 2.9200 So
2. Facing Fears about Finances 3.5800 O
3. Presence of sleep problems or poor sleep quality. 2.7067 So
4. Loneliness and boredom because of limited opportunity to 3.2867
socialize outside home So
5. Worried about personal health or safety 4.4067 A
6. Feeling more down or depressed 2.3867 So
7. Little interest or pleasure in doing things 2.9533 So
8. Having difficulty in doing activities of day to day life, such as 2.7133
reading the newspaper or watching television So
9. Feeling paranoid that someone might be a carrier of the virus 3.6733 O
10. My fear resulted to always wash hands with water and 3.9067
soap/alcohol to avoid being infected with Covid-19 O
Overall 3.2533 FAIR
Going further, it is viewed in the table that the overall effects of covid-19 pandemic along
emotional/psychological is ‘’Fair as evidence by the mean rating of 3.2533.
Further, item 5 ‘’ Worried about personal health or safety’’ resulted the highest
(x̄=4.4067). This means that the respondents prioritized their health during the Pandemic” which
implies that they are afraid of being contaminated with this Virus. On the other hand, item 6 ‘’
Feeling more down or depressed’’ has the lowest mean of 2.3867. All mean rating were
described as ‘’Sometimes’’ This means that the respondents are not totally depressed or down
during the pandemic and as they are aware on the effect of it within ourselves.
It is well established that some of these psychological problems are habitual in depressed
people. Depressed people are more anxious as anxiety is closely linked to depression. They feel
overwhelmed by sadness, by a loss of energy and decreased interest in activities. They suffer
more from social isolation and insomnia. As a result, the COVID-19 pandemic and the lockdown
measures may have greatly amplified depressed people’s initial difficulties. This might have
made life during lockdown unbearable for them compared to those with little or no depression.
(Martinelli et al., 2021).
The effects of covid-19 pandemic to the respondents along spiritual is shown in table 6
Table 6
Along Spiritual
Spiritual Mean DR
1. Loss of hope/ faith during the time of pandemic 2.3067 Se
2. Not being able to go to church or place of religious worship 2.9467 So
3. Wasn’t able to pray all the time 2.1867 Se
4. Slowly losing belief/ faith 2.0933 Se
5. Practicing prayer and religious worship more often at home 3.4667 O
Overall 2.6000 LOW
As reflected in the table as a whole, the respondents had a ‘’LOW’’ effects of covid-19
pandemic along spiritual as indicated with the overall mean rating of 2.6000. These data reflect
that the respondents ‘’Seldom’’ with the different effects of covid-19 pandemic along spiritual.
This may be attributed to their basic knowledge and understanding of the advantages and
disadvantages and observations of the identified spiritual. Their previous experiences or those of
someone that they know may have also influenced their responses.
Looking closely at the table, the highest rated items which give emphasis to spiritual is
that they ‘’ Practicing prayer and religious worship more often at home’’ by the mean rating of
3.4667. On the other hand, item 4’’Slowly losing belief/ faith’’ has the lowest mean of 2.0933.
This means that families’ belief/faith is not totally affected during the covid-19 pandemic.
People in spiritual distress often no longer believe the world is a safe place. They might
lose hope and have a difficult time finding meaning and purpose in what’s happening to them.
For a religious person, that often takes the form of losing faith in a loving and merciful God after
witnessing a tragic event. But even those who don’t pray to a higher power still usually have
some belief in how the world works that gives them a sense of safety and security (Eric Hall et
al., 2020).
The summary of the effects of covid-19 pandemic to the respondents is shown in table 7.
Table 7
Item Mean Rating Showing the Summary of the Effects of COVID 19 Pandemic to the
Respondents
Effects Mean DR
1. Financial 3.4811 O
2. Social 3.6724 O
3. Emotional 3.2533 So
4. Spiritual 2.6000 Se
As a Whole 3.2517 FAIR
As a whole, it is reflected that the effects of covid-19 pandemic of the respondents was
found “Fair” as backed up by an overall ¿ = 3.2517).
Hence, when taking closer scrutiny at the table, the respondents’ effects of covid-19
pandemic on all four dimension obtained “Fair” mean score along social ( x = 3.6724), followed
by Financial ( x = 3.4811), and then emotional ( x = 3.2533) and the least is on spiritual ( x =
2.6000).
The findings imply that the respondents focus more on the effects of covid-19 pandemic
on social as uniquely affected children and families by disrupting routines, changing
relationships and roles. The discrepancies may be attributed to the individual differences of the
respondents regarding what they knew, experienced, and prioritized.
Problem 3. What is the extent of coping mechanisms of the respondents along
b. social,
d. spiritual?
On the Extent of Coping Mechanisms of the Respondents
The extent of coping mechanisms of the respondents along economic/financial is shown in table
8.
Table 8
Item Mean Rating Showing the Extent of Coping Mechanisms of the Respondents Along
Economic/ Financial
Financial Mean DR
1. Only buy necessary goods and groceries that will sustain the 4.5000
family A
2. Start a more substantial emergency fund 4.0600 O
3. Asking loan or borrow from family/friends/others 3.3800 So
4. Getting Financial support from others 3.4933 O
5. Always save money for the family 4.4200 A
6. Engage into online business 2.7400 So
Overall 3.7656 HIGH
On the overall, it can be seen on the table that the respondents had a ‘’ High’’ extent of
coping mechanisms along Economic/financial as determined by the mean ratings of 3.7656.
These findings imply that the respondents “Often” with the coping mechanisms identified along
economic/financial. Further, item 1 ‘’ only buy necessary goods and groceries that will sustain
the family’’ resulted the highest ( x =4.5000). On the other hand, item 6 ‘’ Engage into online
business’’ has the lowest mean rating of 2.7400. This implies that some respondents like to
engage online businesses in order to get more income for their family during the pandemic.
According to Arreola (2020), with consumers resorting more to online shopping amid
pandemic restrictions, entrepreneurs have embraced the digital phenomenon for online shopping
even more. E-commerce websites such as Lazada and Shopee are at the forefront of these online
shopping platforms with expected surges in sales revenues in millions of pesos. Technology has
already transformed online business transactions into an infinite marketplace where conducting
business has become more convenient and efficient for both vendors and vendees. The COVID-
19 pandemic has made this marketplace a more obvious necessity. When traditional shopping
becomes difficult, or may even be scary, people are increasingly inclined to shop online. The fact
that consumers were already embracing Amazon and other online retailers with open arms made
this transition considerably easier (McAdams, 2021).
The extent of coping mechanisms of the respondents along social is shown in table 9.
Table 9
Item Mean Rating Showing the Extent of Coping Mechanisms of the Respondents
Along Social
Social Mean DR
1. Connect with others like family or friends through social media 4.3333 A
2. Follow the health protocols 4.6800 A
3. Preferred to do online shopping than going personally to malls 3.5867 O
4. Visited friends and relatives only when necessary 4.0400 O
5. Caring more for family members’ feelings 4.4533 A
6. Doing things with relatives (get-togethers, dinners, etc.) 3.6600 O
7. Avoided crowds and large gatherings 4.3133 A
Overall 4.1524 HIGH
The table reveals that on the overall, the extent coping mechanisms along social is
‘’High’’ by the mean rating of 4.1524. However, the highest rated item that gives emphasis to
coping mechanisms in social is ‘’ Follow the health protocols’’ ( x =4.6800). This means that
every family in the community is aware of the health protocols. Following health protocols such
as wearing facemask/face shields, social distancing, hand hygiene, avoid going to public places
etc. can reduce the risk of virus transmission, and when they consistently practiced together, they
can help keep their family safe.
Looking further at the table, the lowest rated item through extent of coping mechanisms
is item 3 ‘’ Preferred to do online shopping than going personally to malls’’ by the mean rating
of 3.5867. This only proves that a certain coping mechanism of the respondents during this
pandemic is buying things online through Shopee, Lazada and other online shopping stores.
They are avoiding buying necessities in public places so they too not exposed to too many
people.
These findings imply that the respondents “often” with the coping mechanisms identified,
some may not have applied them into practice possibly because of lack of awareness or
uncertainty of what may happen.
The coronavirus pandemic has pushed many shoppers to make their purchases online as
many physical retail outlets across the world are either closed due to lockdown measures or have
limited capacities to maintain social distancing (Choudhury, 2020)
The extent of coping mechanisms of the respondents along emotional/psychological is shown in
table 10.
Table 10
Along Emotional/Psychological
Emotional/Psychological Mean DR
1. Getting emotional support/comfort from others. 3.7600 O
2. Trying to get advice or help from other professionals about what 3.2600
to do. So
3. Tried to look at the positives, trying to learn from what 4.4800
happened to prevent it from happening again. A
4. Look for creative ways/ something to do to alter difficult 4.2800
situations. O
5. Voice out unpleasant feelings 3.5800 O
6. Slept more than usual 3.2400 So
Overall 3.7667 HIGH
Going further, it is viewed in the table that the overall extent of coping mechanisms along
Emotional/psychological is ‘’High’’ as evidence by the mean rating of 3.7667.

Further, item 3 ‘’Tried to look at the positives, trying to learn from what happened to
prevent it from happening again.’’ resulted the highest (x̄=4.4800). This finding may be
attributed to the strong beliefs that they have the skill and ability to make good things happen.
They ‘’often’’ on the coping mechanisms on the emotional the ‘’ Getting emotional support/
comfort from others by the mean rating of 3.7600. This means that the respondents are not totally
getting emotional support/comfort from others or during the pandemic. They have the trust in
themselves self to cope with their emotional feelings.
Maintaining social connections is critical! Taking time to share your feelings and to listen
and support others will go a long way. Talking with others who have our best interests at heart
makes us feel safe. Use phone, video, text, or email. Fortunately these new highways of social
contact are unlimited resources. More than just providing social support about the current crisis,
it is a good idea to use these connections to talk about the things you normally would - host your
book club online, for example - which can create feelings of connectedness.
The extent of coping mechanisms of the respondents along spiritual is shown in table 11.
Table 11
Along Spiritual
Spiritual Mean DR
1. Trying to find comfort in my religion or spiritual beliefs. 4.3733 A
2. Have more faith in God or a higher power 4.6067 A
3. Often engage with God by praying 4.5400 A
4. Always pray to God for the safety of everybody 4.6000 A
5. Attending religious services in the television or social media 4.1200 O
Overall 4.4480 Very
High
Apparently, the table reveals that in the overall, the extent of coping mechanisms by the
respondents along spiritual is ‘’ Very High’’ as evidence by the mean rating of 4.4480. However
the highest item evidence by the mean rating of 4.6067 is item 2 ‘’ Have more faith in God or a
higher power’’ This explain by the fact that their faith in God is truly essential during this time of
pandemic crisis.
Meantime, results shows that the lowest rated mean (x̄=4.1200) is item 5, ‘’ Attending
religious services in the television or social media’’ This means that they need to watched
religious services online or on television at their congregation without contracting or spreading
the coronavirus.
On March 16th 2020, the national lockdown forced people of faith to find new ways of
reaching out. Many religious institutions transferred their services online. Individuals set up new
social media accounts to engage virtually with their religious communities. Others accessed
opportunities to learn, worship and celebrate via online or traditional broadcasting. Zoom,
YouTube, Facebook, Instagram and WhatsApp all became meeting places for the religious-
minded. (Connie Dimsdale, 2020).
The summary of the extent of coping mechanisms of the respondents is shown in table 12.
Table 12
Item Mean Rating Showing the Summary of the Extent of Coping Mechanisms of the
Respondents
Summary Item Mean DR
Financial 3.7656 O
Social 4.1524 O
Emotional 3.7667 O
Spiritual 4.4480 A
Overall 4.0332 HIGH
The table revealed that the overall extent of coping mechanisms to the respondents is
“High” with a mean score of 4.0332.
Hence, when taking closer scrutiny at the table, the respondents’ beliefs on all four
dimension obtained “High” mean score along Spiritual ( x = 4.4480), followed by Social ( x =
4.1524), and Emotional ( x = 3.7667), and the least is on Financial ( x = 3.7656). The findings
imply that the respondents focus more on the coping mechanisms on spiritual that could help
their families obtain the effects of covid-19 pandemic. The discrepancies may be attributed to the
individual differences of the respondents regarding what they knew, experienced, and prioritized.
Problem 4. Is there a significant relationship between the effects of covid-19 pandemic and
the socio-demographic profile of the respondents?
On Significant Relationship between the Effects of Covid-19 Pandemic and the Socio
Demographic Profile of the Respondents
The relationship between the effects of covid-19 pandemic and the socio demographic
profile of the respondents is shown in table 13.
Table 13
Correlation Coefficients between the Effects of Covid-19 Pandemic and the Socio-
Variables Financial Social Emotional Spiritual Overall
Age 0.001 0.009 0.040 0.032 0.027
Sex 0.099 -0.079 -.193 *
-0.031 -0.056
Civil Status 0.013 -0.014 -0.094 -0.042 -0.044
Educ_Attainment -0.157 0.000 0.034 0.034 -0.033
Occupation -0.125 0.073 0.022 0.040 -0.002
Family Monthly Income -.387** -0.050 -0.135 -.208* -.273**
Religion -0.056 -0.158 -0.024 -0.040 -0.087
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).
*. Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed).
Overall there is an inverse significant relationship between the effects of Covid-19
pandemic and the monthly family income (r=-.273) of the respondents. This means those having
low family monthly income are the most affected with the covid-19 pandemic. Families with
lower incomes have been more likely to lose access to child care, including in-person care,
during the pandemic.

The Covid-19 pandemic has been more prevalent among low-income families resulting in
much more anxiety in these families about threats to their health and well-being. The changes
arising from the coronavirus can also have a direct effect on the level of distress parents and
children experience arising from social isolation due to stay at home orders, including physical
and social distance from their friends and schools and changes to their usual daily routines.
Parental and child well-being may be diminished by concerns about their own and their family’s
health as a consequence of exposure to the virus itself. The COVID-19 crisis will not affect all
families equally, but may cause particular harm to children of low-income and less-educated
parents, who tend to have lower academic and socioemotional skills compared to higher income
or more educated parents already (Attanasio et al., 2020)
Taken singly the sex attained an inverse significant relationship between the effects of
covid-19 pandemic of the respondents with an r=value of -.193. This means the female are the
more affected of the effects of covid-19 pandemic.
Problem 5. Is there a significant relationship between the coping mechanisms and the socio-
On Significant Relationship Between the Extent of Coping Mechanisms and the Socio-
The relationship between the extent of coping mechanisms and the socio- demographic
profile of the respondents is shown in table 14.
Table 14
Correlation Coefficients between the Extent of Coping Mechanisms and the Socio-
Variables CMFinancial CMSocial CMEmotional CMSpiritual Overall
Age 0.069 -0.021 0.158 0.082 0.089
Sex 0.026 0.046 0.016 0.048 0.041
Civil Status 0.028 0.062 0.036 0.141 0.080
Educ_Attainment 0.044 0.122 0.082 0.091 0.101
Occupation -0.011 0.134 0.059 -0.011 0.049
Family MonthlyIncome 0.040 0.150 0.022 0.026 0.069
Religion -0.085 -0.075 -0.111 -0.028 -0.090
Overall there is no significant relationship between the extent of coping mechanisms and
the socio-demographic profile of the respondents
Problem 6. Is there a significant relationship between the effects of covid-19 pandemic and
the coping mechanisms of the respondents?
On Significant Relationship between the Effects of Covid-19 Pandemic and the Extent of
Coping Mechanisms of the Respondents
The relationship between the effects of covid-19 pandemic and the extent of coping
mechanisms of the respondents is shown in table 15.
Table 15
Correlation Coefficients between the Effects of Covid-19 Pandemic and the Extent of
Coping Mechanisms of the Respondents
Variables CMFinancial CMSocial CMEmotional CMSpiritual Overall
EFinancial .438** 0.138 .210** 0.004 .239**
ESocial .421** .347** .387** 0.048 .360**
EEmotional/psychological -0.014 -.244 **
-0.024 -.289 **
-.169*
ESpiritual -0.132 -.417** -.161* -.477** -.354**
Overall .222** -0.085 0.116 -.255** 0.001
*. Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed).
Overall the effects of Covid-19 pandemic has no significant relationship to the coping
mechanisms (r= 0.001) of the respondents. This means the effects of covid-19 pandemic and the
extent of coping mechanisms of the respondents.

Overall the effects of covid-19 pandemic is significantly related to the coping mechanism
along financial (r=.222). This means the higher the effects of covid-19 pandemic to the
respondents along financial, the higher their coping mechanism.
There is an inverse relationship between the effects of covid-19 pandemic is significantly
related to the coping mechanism along spiritual (r=-.255). This means the respondents who are
less affected with the effects of the covid-19 pandemic along spiritual have higher coping
mechanism.
Overall the coping mechanism is significantly related to the effects of covid-19 pandemic
along financial (r=.239) and social (r=.360) of the respondents. This means the higher the effects
of covid-19 pandemic to the respondents along financial and social, the higher their coping
mechanism.
And there is an inverse relationship between the coping mechanism and effects along
emotional (r=-.169) and spiritual (r=-.354). This means the respondents who are less affected
with the effects of the covid-19 pandemic along emotional/psychological and spiritual have
higher coping mechanism.

CHAPTER III
SUMMARY, FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
This chapter presents the summary of findings, conclusion drawn and recommendation
forwarded by the respondents.
Summary
This study sought to determine determine the effects of covid-19 pandemic and coping
mechanisms to the residents of the selected municipalities of 1st district in Ilocos Sur Calendar
Year 2021. It would also determine the significant relationship between the effects of covid-19
pandemic and coping mechanisms and their socio- demographic profile of the respondents.
The dependent variables in this studied pertained to the effects of covid-19 pandemic and
coping mechanisms to the residents in the selected municipalities of the 1st district in Ilocos Sur
in terms of economic/financial, social, emotional/psychological and spiritual. The independent
variables of the studied include the socio-demographic factors such as age, sex, civil status,
educational attainment, occupation, monthly income and religion.
The studied would made used of the descriptive- correlational method of researched. The
respondents of the studied had been the selected 150 head of the family of Puro Caoayan,
Manzante Magsingal, Barbar San Juan, An-Annam West Bantay and San Isidro Ilocos sur.
Arbitrarily set was utilized to determine the sample size of the studied while purposive sampling
was used to select the respondents. Data needed in the studied was gathered through the used of
questionnaire-checklist formulated by the respondents and content validated by a pool of experts.
Part I gathers information on the profile of the respondents. Part II consists of the effects of
covid-19 pandemic and coping mechanism.

The following statistical tools had been used in the analysis of data gathered: frequency,
percentage, mean, and simple linear correlational analysis.
Findings
The following are the findings of the study based on the results and discussions presented
in the previous chapter.
1. Profile of the Respondents
A. Socio-demographic factor
On Age. A great number (28 or 18.7%) of the respondents are 41-45 years of age.
On Sex. Majority of the respondents are female (101 or 67.3%).
On Civil Status. Majority of the respondents are married (135 or 90.0%).
On Educational Attainment. A great percentage of the respondents (54 or 36.0%) are
high school graduate.
On Occupation. Majority of the respondents (74 or 49.4%) are skilled.
On Family Monthly Income. Majority of the respondents (66 or 44.0 %) earn a monthly
income of Php 1,000-9,999.
On Religion. Most of the respondents (140 or 93.4%) are Roman Catholics.
2. The Effects of Covid-19 pandemic
The overall effects of covid-19 pandemic in the Selected Municipalities of 1st District in
Ilocos Sur is ‘’Fair’’ with an overall mean of 3.2517.
1. Economic/Financial. The overall effects of covid-19 pandemic along
economic/financial was perceived to be ‘’High’’ as supported by the mean rating of 3.4811.

2. Social. The overall effects of covid-19 pandemic along social was perceived to be
‘’High’’ as supported by the mean rating of 3.6724.
3. Emotional/ Psychological. The overall effects of covid-19 pandemic along Emotional/
Psychological was perceived to be ‘’Fair’’ as supported by the mean rating of 3.2533.
4. Spiritual. The overall effects of covid-19 pandemic along Emotional/ Psychological
was perceived to be ‘’Low’’ as supported by the mean rating of 2.6000.
3. Extent of Coping Mechanisms
The overall effects of covid-19 pandemic in the Selected Municipalities of 1st District in
Ilocos Sur is ‘’High’’ with an overall mean of 4.0332.
1. Economic/Financial. The overall coping mechanisms along economic/financial was
perceived to be ‘’High’’ as supported by the mean rating of 3.7656.
2. Social. The overall effects of covid-19 pandemic along social was perceived to be
‘’High’’ as supported by the mean rating of 4.1524.
3. Emotional/ Psychological. The overall effects of covid-19 pandemic along Emotional/
Psychological was perceived to be ‘’High’’ as supported by the mean rating of 3.7667.
4. Spiritual. The overall effects of covid-19 pandemic along Emotional/ Psychological
was perceived to be ‘’Very High’’ as supported by the mean rating of 4.4480.
4. The Relationship between the Effects of Covid-19 Pandemic and the Socio-Demographic
Profile of the Respondents?
Overall, family monthly income (r=-.273) and sex (r-.193) have an inverse significant
relationship between the effects of covid-19 pandemic.

5. Relationship between the Coping Mechanisms and the Socio-demographic Profile of the
Respondents?
Overall there is no significant relationship between the extent of coping mechanisms and
the socio-demographic profile of the respondents
6. Relationship between the Effects of Covid-19 Pandemic and the Coping Mechanisms of
the Respondents.
Overall the coping mechanism is significantly related to the effects of covid-19 pandemic
along financial (r=.239) and social (r=.360) of the respondents. And there is an inverse
relationship between the coping mechanism and effects along emotional (r=-.169) and spiritual
(r=-.354).
Conclusions
(1). Most of the respondents are 41-45 years of age, high school graduate, earning Php 1,000-
9,000 a month with skilled occupation, and a Roman Catholic. Majority of the respondents are
married and all are female.
2). The respondents have “Fair” effects of covid-19 pandemic.
3). The respondents had an overall “High” extent of coping mechanisms
4). There is an inverse relationship between the effects of covid-19 pandemic among the
respondents’ family monthly income and sex.
5) There is no significant relationship between the extent of coping mechanisms and the socio-
demographic profile of the respondents.

6) There is no significant relationship between the effects of covid-19 pandemic and the extent of
coping mechanisms of the respondents.
Recommendations
Base on the conclusion drawn, the following recommendations are forwarded for considerations:
1) Since the effects of covid-19 pandemic is ‘’Fair’’ Barangay Health Workers should conduct
and educate their constituent regarding the possible effects of the current pandemic and
measures how to overcome it.
2) Local government should provide vital services to families and individuals in need. Offer a
variety of services that are playing a big role during this pandemic, including counselling, job
placement, food and financial assistance or provide job opportunities to the families who are
affected by the pandemic.
3) Proper teaching and information to educate families thus making them able to conduct with
the battle in this pandemic brings. Somehow with thorough explanation of the cos and cons
of healthy protocols, we can assure the safety and wellness of the people in the community.
4) Families should encourage to get vaccinated to protect their selves and their family as well as
those in their community who may not be able to be vaccinated.
5) Lunching livelihood projects to help those who have lost their jobs.
6) Actions are restricted, and work is limited. Earning a living to survive is difficult for many of
our people. Local Government Units must step in to provide food packs or relief goods to
their respective constituents. The food packs usually contain rice, instant noodles, biscuits,
sardines or other canned food.
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the comment of conceptual)

BIBLIOGRAPHY
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APPENDICES
Republic of the Philippines
Province of the Ilocos Sur
College of Health and Sciences
November 17, 2021
Hon. Roberto Q. Cabanig

Barangay Captain
Puro, Caoayan Ilocos Sur
Dear Sir,
Greetings in the Name of Good Health!
In partial fulfillment for our course Research 199, we the students of University of Northern
Philippines, taking up Bachelor of Science in Community Health Management are conducting a
research study entitled “The Effects of Covid-19 Pandemic and Coping Mechanisms to the
Residents of the Selected Municipalities of 1st District in Ilocos Sur.
In connection with this, we would like to ask your good office to allow us to conduct and data
gathering and interview among mothers in your barangay. Rest assured that data gathered will
remain absolutely confidential and to be used on academic purposes only.
Your approval to conduct this study will be greatly appreciated. For further questions please
contact us all at 09759779522/09366325531
We hope for positive response on this humble matter. Thank You Very Much!
Respectfully Yours,
DERICK F. ETRATA
SHAINA G. MARZAN
Noted By:

Research Adviser
Approved:
(SGD) ROBERTO Q. CABANIG
Brgy. Captain

November 17, 2021
Hon. Romeo Tiri

Barangay Captain
Manzante, Magsingal, Ilocos Sur
Dear Sir,
contact us all at 09759779522/09366325531
Respectfully Yours,
DERICK F. ETRATA
SHAINA G. MARZAN
Noted By:

Research Adviser
Approved:
(SGD) ROMEO TIRI

Brgy. Captain
Appendix “N

November 17, 2021
Hon. Martin Jimenez

Barangay Captain
Barbar, San Juan Ilocos Sur
Dear Sir,
contact us all at 09759779522/09366325531
Respectfully Yours,
DERICK F. ETRATA
SHAINA G. MARZAN
Noted By:
Research Adviser
Approved:
(SGD) MARTIN JIMENEZ
Brgy. Captain
Letter to the Barangay Captain
November 17, 2021
Hon. Edgar Q. Peru

Barangay Captain
San Isidro, Bantay, Ilocos Sur
Dear Sir,
contact us all at 09759779522/ 09366325531
Respectfully Yours,
DERICK F. ETRATA
SHAINA G. MARZAN
Noted By:

Research Adviser
Approved:
(SGD) EDGAR Q. PERU

Brgy. Captain
Appendix “N”
Letter to the Barangay Captain
November 17, 2021
Hon. Pedro Cantano Jr.

Barangay Captain
An-Annam West Bantay, Ilocos Sur
Dear Sir,
contact us all at 09759779522/09366325531
Respectfully Yours,
DERICK F. ETRATA
SHAINA G. MARZAN
Noted By:

Research Adviser
Approved:
(SGD) PEDRO CANTANO JR.
Brgy. Captain
Appendix “N
UNIVERSITY OF NORTHERN PHILIPPINES
Tamag, Vigan City
2700 Ilocos Sur
October 26, 2021
Prof. GERALDINE A. PALOMARES

Professor, College of Health and Sciences
Tamag, Vigan City Ilocos Sur
Madam,
We, the undersigned, are students of University of Northern Philippines, College of Health and
Sciences taking up Bachelor of Science in Community Health Management are currently
conducting a study on “THE EFFECTS OF COVID-19 PANDEMIC AND COPING
DISTRICT IN ILOCOS SUR”. The objective of the study is to determine the effects of covid-19
pandemic and coping mechanisms of the respondents.
In connection to this may we solicit your precious time to validate our questionnaire in gathering
data needed for our study.
Thank you and God Bless!
Respectfully Yours,
DERICK F. ETRATA
SHAINA G. MARZAN
Researchers
Noted By:

Research Adviser
Tamag, Vigan City
2700 Ilocos Sur
October 26, 2021
Prof. MARK CHRISTIAN R. ARIZALA

Sir,
Respectfully Yours,
DERICK F. ETRATA
SHAINA G. MARZAN
Researchers
Noted By:

Research Adviser
Tamag, Vigan City
2700 Ilocos Sur
October 26, 2021
Prof. GREG P. QUILANA

Sir,
Respectfully Yours,
DERICK F. ETRATA
SHAINA G. MARZAN
Researchers
Noted By:

Research Adviser
Appendix “O”
Tamag, Vigan City
2700 Ilocos Sur
INSTRUMENT VALIDATION SHEET
Name:
Position:
School/ Agency:
Direction: Please specify your assessment of the attached questionnaire to be used in measuring
The Effects of Covid-19 Pandemic and Coping Mechanisms to the Residents of the Selected
Municipalities of 1st District in Ilocos Sur by placing a check mark in the corresponding columns:
5- Very High
4- High
3- Moderate
2- Low
1-Very Low
Criteria 5 4 3 2 1
1. The items are relevant and adequately cover the objectives of the
study
2. The questionnaire contains clear and explicit directions as to how it

should be accomplished.
3. The statement are clear and can be understood by the respondents
4. . The vocabularies used are appropriate.
5. There are no items with the same thought/idea as other items.
6. The items are stated in simple and understandable format.
7. All the items/questions are objective.
8. All items in the questionnaire are necessary.

Kindly give your comments/suggestions for the improvement of the instrument in the space
provided for.
Signature of Validator
QUESTIONNAIRE: THE EFFECTS OF COVID-19 PANDEMIC AND COPING
DISTRICT IN ILOCOS SUR
PART I. SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE:
Direction: Please answer each item in the space provided for by filling the blanks and checking
the appropriate item.
Name: (optional) ______________________________
Age: __________
Sex:
a. Male ____
b. Female ____
Civil Status
a. Single ____
b. Married ____
c. Separated ____
d. Widow/Widowed ____
Educational Attainment:
a. Doctoral Graduate ____

b. College Graduate with Doctoral Units ____
c. Master’s Degree ____
d. College Graduate with Master’s Units ____
e. College Graduate ____
f. College Undergraduate ____
g. High School Graduate ____
h. Elementary Graduate ____
i. Elementary Undergraduate ____
j. No formal schooling ____
Occupation:
a. __ Professional (attorney, doctor, teacher, nurse, midwife, office worker, etc.)

b. __ Non – Professional ( midwife, saleslady, office clerk, security guard, etc)
c. __ Skilled (weaving, tailoring, welder, driver, etc.)
d. __ None (housewife, not working )
Family Monthly Income:
a. 40,000 and above ____

b. 30,000 – 39,999 ____
c. 20,000 – 29,999 ____
d. 10,000 – 19,999 ____
e. 1000 – 9,999 ____
Religion:
a. Roman Catholic ____

b. Iglesia ni Kristo ____
c. Muslim ____
d. Baptist ____
e. Jehovah’s Witness ____
f. Others (pls specify) ____
Part II. Effects of the Pandemic
Instruction: Check on the number corresponding to your answer.
5 – Always
4 – Often
3 – Sometimes
2 – Seldom
1 – Never
A. Economic/Financial Effects
5 4 3 2 1
1. Experiencing financial difficulties during pandemic
2. Difficulty paying bills or buying necessities
3. Getting worried about having enough food because of the
coronavirus
4. Incurred increased costs for childcare expenses
5. Spending more money because of the coronavirus
6. Lost job-related income due to the Coronavirus
B. Social
1. There are restrictions preventing to socialize with others such
as mass gatherings, birthdays, festivals, sports etc.
2. Limited travel within and outside the province
3. Loss of family’s daily routine (such as sleeping patterns,
meal times and work)
4. Compromised relationship with relatives and neighbors
because of lesser personal contact with them
5. Having difficulty getting supplies including face masks, hand
sanitizers, medicines, food, drinks or other essentials
6. Limited opportunity to have leisure activities outside home
7. Canceled or postponed personal or social activities
C. Emotional/ Psychological
1. Covid-19 pandemic brought me anxiety/ distress
2. Facing Fears about Finances
3. Presence in sleep problems or poor sleeps quality.
4. Loneliness and boredom because of limited opportunity to
socialize outside home
5. Worried about personal health or safety
6. Feeling more down or depressed
7. Little interest or pleasure in doing things
8. Having difficulty in doing activities of day to day life, such as
reading the newspaper or watching television
9. Feeling paranoid that someone might be a carrier of the virus
10. My fear resulted to always wash hands with water and
soap/alcohol to avoid being infected with Covid
D. Spiritual
1. Loss of hope/ faith during the time of pandemic
2. Not being able to go to church or place of religious worship
3. Wasn’t able to pray all the time
4. Slowly losing belief/ faith
5. Practicing prayer and religious worship more often at home
Part III. Coping Mechanisms.
Instruction: Check on the number corresponding to your answer.
5 – Always
4 – Often
3 – Sometimes
2 – Seldom
1 – Never
A. Economic/Financial Coping
5 4 3 2 1
1. Only buy necessary goods and groceries that will sustain the
family
2. Start a more substantial emergency fund
3. Asking loan or borrow from family/friends/others
4. Getting Financial support from others
5. Always save money for the family
6. Engage into online business
B. Social
1. Connect with others like family or friends through social
media
2. Follow the health protocols
3. Preferred to do online shopping than going personally to
malls
4. Visited friends and relatives only when necessary
5. Caring more for family members’ feelings
6. Doing things with relatives (get-togethers, dinners, etc.)
7. Avoided crowds and large gatherings
C. Emotional/ Psychological
1. Getting emotional support/ comfort from others.
2. Trying to get advice or help from other professionals about
what to do.
3. Tried to look at the positives, trying to learn from what
happened to prevent it from happening again
4. Look for creative ways/ something to do to alter difficult
situations.
5. Voice out my unpleasant feelings
6. Slept more than usual
D. Spiritual
1. Trying to find comfort in my religion or spiritual beliefs.
2. Have more faith in God or a higher power
3. Often engage with God by praying
4. Always pray to God for the safety of everybody
5. Attending religious services in the television or social media
CURRICULUM VITAE
Personal Profile
NAME : APRILLE R. BASCONCILLO
ADDRESS : Puro, Caoayan Ilocos Sur
DATE OF BIRTH : April 19, 2000
PLACE OF BIRTH : Puro, Caoayan Ilocos Sur

RELIGION : Roman Catholic
CIVIL STATUS : Single
PARENTS : Mr. Reygard Q. Basconcillo
Mrs. Melanie R. Basconcillo
ELEMENTARY : Puro, Elementary School

2006-2012
SECONDARY : Puro, National High School
2012-2016
University Of Northern Philippines

Tamag Vigan City
2016-2018
TERTIARY : University of Northern Philippines

MOTTO: “IF YOU CAN DREAM IT, YOU CAN DO IT”

CURRICULUM VITAE
Personal Profile
NAME : STIFFANY MAE NAVARRO ALVAREZ

ADDRESS : Manzante, Magsingal, Ilocos Sur
DATE OF BIRTH : June 9, 2000
PLACE OF BIRTH : Paramount Vill. Talon Las Piñas City
PARENTS : Mr. Estephen G. Alvarez
Mrs. Rona Mae N. Alvarez
ELEMENTARY : Namalpalan Elementary School

Namalpalan, Magsingal, Ilocos Sur
2006-2012
SECONDARY : Saint William’s Institute

San Ramon, Magsingal, Ilocos Sur
2012-2016

Tamag Vigan City
2016-2018

MOTTO: “A MIND THAT IS STRETCHED BY A NEW

EXPERIENCE CAN NEVER GO BACK TO ITS OLD
DIMENSIONS”
CURRICULUM VITAE
Personal Profile
NAME : KAIZEL ANN B. VENTURA
ADDRESS : Barbar, San Juan Ilocos Sur
DATE OF BIRTH : June 9, 2000
PLACE OF BIRTH : Magsingal Ilocos Sur

PARENTS : Mr. Sandie B. Ventura
Mrs. Mr. Sandie B. Ventura
ELEMENTARY : Bar-Bar Elementary School

Barbar, San Juan Ilocos Sur
2006-2012
SECONDARY : Nagsuputan National High School

Nagsuputan, San Juan,Ilocos Sur
2012-2016

Tamag Vigan City
2016-2018

MOTTO: “I CAN DO ALL THINGS THOUGH CHRIST WHO

STRENGTHENS ME”-Philippians 4:13.
CURRICULUM VITAE
Personal Profile
NAME : SHAINA GUIEB MARZAN
ADDRESS : An-Annam West Bantay, Ilocos Sur
DATE OF BIRTH : October 18, 1999
PLACE OF BIRTH : San Fernando City La Union

PARENTS : Mr. Venancio Marzan
Mrs. Annabelle Marzan
ELEMENTARY : Santiago Norte, San Fernando City La Union

2006-2012
SECONDARY : Devine Word College of Vigan
2012-2016

MOTTO: “ALL THINGS ARE POSSIBLE IF YOU BELIEVE”.

CURRICULUM VITAE
Personal Profile
NAME : DERICK FETALVERO. ETRATA
ADDRESS : San Isidro Bantay, Ilocos Sur
DATE OF BIRTH : March 22, 2000
PLACE OF BIRTH : San, Isidro Bantay, Ilocos Sur

PARENTS : Mr. Dominador P. Etrata
Mrs. Aida F. Etrata
ELEMENTARY : San Julian Elementary School

2006-2012
SECONDARY : Divine Word College of Vigan
2012-2016

MOTTO: “TRAIN YOUR MIND TO SEE THE GOOD IN

EVERY SITUATION”

RS Goup 3 The Effects of Covid 19 Pandemic and Coping Mechanisms To The Residents of The Selected Municipalities of 1st District in Ilocos Sur

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THE EFFECTS OF COVID-19 PANDEMIC AND COPING MECHANISMS

TO THE RESIDENTS OF THE SELECTED MUNICIPALITIES OF

1ST DISTRICT IN ILOCOS SUR

the Faculty of the College of Health Sciences

University of Northern Philippines

Vigan City, Ilocos Sur

of the Requirements for the Degree

Bachelor of Science in Community Health Management

STIFFANY MAE N. ALVAREZ

KAIZEL ANN B. VENTURA

This thesis entitled "THE EFFECTS OF COVID-19 PANDEMIC AND COPING

MECHANISMS TO THE RESIDENTS OF THE SELECTED MUNICIPALITIES OF 1 ST

REBECA N. RIOS, MAN

LEILA SYLVIA BAUTISTA, MAN

Approval by the Panel of Examiners on Oral Examination with a grade of

JOUSSIE B. BERMIO, EdD.

LOWIE LYNETTE Q. BASCONCILLO, MAN EVELYN A.RAFANAN, MAN

Bachelor of Science in Community Health Management.

JOUSSIE B. BERMIO, EdD.

Dean College of Health Sciences

motivation, encouragement and inspiring his constituents for academic excellence.

support from the conceptualization to the finalization of the study.

knowledge, and support in the improvement and refinement of this study.

the validation and refinement of the questionnaire.

needed information of this study;

To the Respondents, for their active participation and willingness in answering the

questionnaires and sharing their customary beliefs and practices.

as well as their spiritual support in every path the researchers take.

greatest accomplishment. ’’ – Ralph Waldo Emerson

aspiration, for YOU had granted my requested.

To my mother Melanie R. Basconcillo and to my sister Mary Chille Basconcillo who

serve as my strength and motivation, the foundation of my loved and care.

and encouragement to finish this studied.

their unending support and encouragement.

To my Best Friend/Boyfriend, Engelbert Fieldad, I am really grateful on having you as

encouragement during my whole college life.

most and when the time that I thought of giving up.

might not be who I am today.

Without all of you, things will not be as easy as it is now.

course! Thank you!

To my very supportive friends and classmates.

ups and downs.

not been successful.

And Above all to ALMIGHTY GOD

You made my dream come true, thank you for everything.

To the individuals who shared their knowledge and support.

make the study productive.

To all of you, I humbly dedicate this piece of work.

and coping mechanisms and the profile of the respondents.

The study used the descriptive-correlational method of research, utilizing the

noodles, biscuits, sardines or other canned food.

Statement of the Problem..........................................................

Scope and Delimitation.............................................................

Theoretical Framework and Review of Related Literature.......

Operational Definition of Terms...............................................

Population and Sample......................................................

Data Gathering Instrument.................................................

Data Gathering Procedure..................................................

Statistical Treatment of Data.............................................

II. PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

Socio-Demographic Profile of the Respondents........................

The Effects of Covid-19 Pandemic and Coping Mechanisms