BUSINESS LOGIC: GAR 1 (SUMMARY)

MR. ARISTON E. FLORES

Chapter:5 -Necessary and Sufficient Conditions

o NECESSARY CONDITIONS:

According to the internet the definition of necessary condition is a condition A is said to be necessary for a
condition B, if (and only if) the falsity (/nonexistence /non-occurrence) [as the case may be] of A guarantees (or
brings about) the falsity (/nonexistence /non-occurrence) of B. As we all know the common meaning of necessary
is essential and in the logic it is somehow the same. For example, we all know that air is necessary for (human)
life. Without air, there is no (human) life. Similarly, a microscope (or some other instrument) is necessary for
human beings to see viruses. (Viruses are too small to be seen by the naked eye.) But of course, as we all know, in
general a necessary condition is not a sufficient condition. All sorts of conditions may be necessary for others, but
do not - by themselves - suffice for, or guarantee, those others

o SUFFICIENT CONDITIONS

For example, while air is a necessary condition for human life, it is by no means a sufficient condition, i.e. it does
not, by itself, i.e. alone, suffice for human life. While someone may have air to breathe, that person will still die if
s/he lacks water (for a number of days), has taken poison, is exposed to extremes of cold or heat, etc. There are, in
fact, a very great many conditions that are necessary for human life, and no one - or even just a few of them - will
suffice for [or guarantee] human life. Or, further, consider the property of having four sides. While having four
sides is a necessary condition for something's being a square, that single condition is not, by itself, sufficient (to
guarantee) something's being a square, i.e. some four-sided things (e.g. trapezoids) are not squares. There are
several necessary conditions for something's being a square, and all of these must be satisfied for something's
being a square.

o TRUTH TABLE

A truth table is a mathematical table used in logic specifically in connection with Boolean algebra, boolean
functions, and propositional calculus which sets out the functional values of logical expressions on each of their
functional arguments, that is, for each combination of values taken by their logical variables. This also determines
the result of every necessary and sufficient conditions.

o VALID AND INVALID INFERENTIAL FORMS

Antecedent is the first part of the premise and the consequent is the second part of it (If, Then, statements). If you
affirm the consequent(Modus Ponens) it is considered valid because the antecedent is the "Necessary part of the
argument that would be the basis and should not be denied. By affirming the antecedent we can infer that the
argument is valid. The counteroart of it that is fallacious is denying the antecedent because the consequent might
be sufficient but it is not akways the case and would not be enough for an argument to be valid.

Denying the Consequent (Modus Tollens) on the other hand is when you say in the second premise that it is not
true. This means that our consequent that supports our antecedent is not true therefore the antecedent is not true. It
is also valid and by affirming the consequent it makes it invalid because by affirming something that supports
your antecedent it is not enough to prove that it is what made your antecedent true, like what was given in the
example before.

o CONCEPTUAL ANALYSIS AND NECESSARY AND SUFFICIENT CONDITIONS

A central tool in the philosopher’s toolkit is conceptual analysis. Closely related to definition, a conceptual
analysis is an attempt to provide a set of conditions which capture the meaning of a concept. A is necessary and
sufficient for B when B always and only happens when A happens. A necessary and sufficient conditions
combines the properties of necessary and sufficient conditions. So they are often called if and only if (or ‘if’)
statements. The goal of a conceptual analysis is to provide a set of individually necessary and jointly sufficient
conditions. Every condition is necessary, and the combination of the all the criteria is sufficient.

o A PROBLEM WITH AN ORTHODOX VIEW AND SPM

Many recent critics have attacked SPM in terms.

The problem of potential vacuity arises as follows, and is based on Ludwig Wittgenstein’s infamous remarks
about the theory of concepts assumed in SPM. Wittgenstein rejected the notion of a set of necessary and sufficient
contion and use the alternative concept of "Family resemblance relation."
McGinn proposes a solution to a problem.McGinn then shows Wittgenstein’s own theory of concepts in terms of
family resemblances presupposes that concepts can be captured by a special type of necessary and sufficient
conditions: for any concept C, the non-paradigmatic members of C bear a family resemblance relation to the
paradigmatic case(s) of C.McGinn rightly claims that Wittgenstein does not reject . Rather, in his treatment of the
concept of game he is “favoring a particular form of it—one in which the analysis takes the form ‘family-
resembles paradigm games’ (such as chess, tennis, etc.)” (McGinn 2012, 18-19). However, this response does
nothing to defuse the problem that such specifications of conceptual contents cannot plausibly be necessary truths,
as McGinn and other defenders of SPM typically believe. This is because family resemblance relations cannot
plausibly be understood to be necessary truths. In other words, it is clearly not the case that resemblance relations
between objects are such that they are true in all possible worlds

GROUP 4
Leader:

Rolen Gabriel Valle

Members:

Chapter:5 -Necessary and Sufficient Conditions Page 2

Bernadeth Moresca Hannah Krizia Perez

John Patrick Millan Joselle Mores

Princess Mendiogarin Rhael Rodriguez

Rommel Mendoza Armaine Alexis Santos

Yna Mikaela Velasco

Chapter:5 -Necessary and Sufficient Conditions Page 3

A truth table is a mathematical table used in logic specifically in connection with Boolean algebra, boolean
functions, and propositional calculus which sets out the functional values of logical expressions on each of their
functional arguments, that is, for each combination of values taken by their logical variables. This also determines
the result of every necessary and sufficient conditions.

Chapter:5 -Necessary and Sufficient Conditions Page 4