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Science 10 - Q2 - M5-Uses of Mirrors and Lenses - v3
Science 10 - Q2 - M5-Uses of Mirrors and Lenses - v3
Science
Quarter 2 – Module 5:
Uses of Mirrors & Lenses
In Optical Devices
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Table of Contents
Page
COVER PAGE
COPYRIGHT PAGE
TITLE PAGE
TABLE OF CONTENTS
iii
iv
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:
This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and
independent learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also
aims to help learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking into
consideration their needs and circumstances.
In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the
body of the module:
As a facilitator, you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this
module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them
to manage their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and
assist the learners as they do the tasks included in the module.
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For the learner:
The hand is one of the most symbolized part of the human body. It is often
used to depict skill, action and purpose. Through our hands we may learn, create
and accomplish. Hence, the hand in this learning resource signifies that you as a
learner is capable and empowered to successfully achieve the relevant
competencies and skills at your own pace and time. Your academic success lies in
your own hands!
This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful
opportunities for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You
will be enabled to process the contents of the learning resource while being an
active learner.
What I Need to Know This will give you an idea of the skills or
competencies you are expected to learn in
the module.
vi
What I Can Do This section provides an activity which will
help you transfer your new knowledge or
skill into real life situations or concerns.
This module was designed to provide your student with fun and meaningful
opportunities for guided and independent learning at their own pace and time.
They will be enabled to process the contents of the learning resource while being an
active learner, with your guidance.
1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of
the module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other activities
included in the module.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your
answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not
hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are
not alone.
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We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning
and gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!
viii
What I Need to Know
This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help
you master The Uses of Mirrors and Lenses in Optical Devices. The scope of this
module permits it to be used in many different learning situations. The language
used recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged
to follow the standard sequence of the course. But the order in which you read
them can be changed to correspond with the textbook you are now using.
1.Identify ways in which the properties of mirrors and lenses determine their uses
in optical instruments.
Subtasks:
1.Identify ways in which the properties of plane mirrors determine their uses in
optical instruments.
2.Identify ways in which the properties of curved mirrors determine their uses in
optical instruments.
3.Identify ways in which the properties of lenses determine their uses in optical
instruments.
1
Lesson
Uses of Plane Mirrors in
1 Optical Devices
Mirrors and lenses both have the ability to reflect or refract light. This
property has put mirrors and lenses in use for centuries. As of 2010, mirrors and
lenses are so prevalent that most people use them every day, regardless of whether
or not they consciously perceive the use. There are standard and innovative uses
for mirrors.
With the following questions below, allow your curiosity to open up and
answer the questions as thoroughly as you can. Use your stored knowledge to
answer the questions.
2. The shortest mirror in which a creature from outer space can see its entire
body is _________________________.
2
A. twice as its height
B. equal to its height
C. one half of its height
D. four times as its height
4. A ray of light parallel to the optic axis of a concave mirror is reflected back
6. A ray of light passing through the focal point at an angle to the optic axis of a
concave mirror is reflected back
7. What type of image is formed when an object is placed at a distance of 1.5 focal
lengths from a convex mirror?
8. Some yellow objects actually absorb yellow light but reflect red and green light. If
we shine yellow light on such a yellow object, it will appear ...... to our eyes.
A. black
B. green
C. red
D. yellow
3
9. If a ray of light strikes a pane of glass at 45 degrees to the normal, it
10. Two coins are at equal distances from your eye. One is under 40 cm of water,
the other under 40 cm of glass. Which coin appears closer?
A. Cannot be determined
B. The one under the glass
C. The one under the water.
D. They both appear at the same distance.
11. The dispersion of light when it passes through a prism shows that
12. A converging lens is used to form a sharp image of a candle. If the lower half of
the lens is covered by a piece of paper, the
13. In most cameras the location of the image is adjusted to appear on the film by
changing the
4
What’s In
Imagine yourself as a curious little scientist. Have that drive to push new
limits and keep yourself excited about the world around you. Usually, in science,
the real answer is usually far from obvious. When we are curious, we ask ourselves
“why did this happen?” or “why isn’t this the result I expected?”. As human beings,
curiosity is one of the greatest strengths we have.
In this lesson, you will learn how plane mirrors are used in devices utilized
by scientists and even ordinary people like you.
You will have a broader understanding on how plane mirrors are widely used
in our day to day living and how they play a significant role in technology.
What’s New
Optical Devices
Optical instruments are the devices that process light wave to improve an
image for clearer viewing. Using an optical instrument like a magnifying lens or
other complex device like microscope or telescope usually makes things bigger and
allows us to see in a more detailed manner. Using converging lenses makes things
look bigger and on the other hand, diverging lenses always gets smaller images for
you.
Plane Mirrors
5
bathrooms to hallways to exteriors of buildings – and knowing how they reflect light
can make complex mirror variants significantly easier to understand.
The images that a plane mirror reflects are known as "virtual images" – but
they are different from the simulated digital images that you can see on your
computer screen or in a game on your phone. The difference between a real versus
virtual image is that a real image is formed when light converges at a point – like
looking at an apple on your desk – a virtual image is formed from two divergent
rays of light which never meet. To simplify, a plane mirror creates an image of an
object you cannot touch. This way, all mirrors create virtual images, but plane
mirrors reflect light differently than concave or convex mirrors do.
Reflections from the plane mirror create upright virtual images with the
same magnification or size and distance as the objects they reflect. That is why you
can use a plane mirror to decide precisely where there is something behind you.
What is It
6
Turns out, back in the day, when elevators were relatively new, people stood
in them, staring into nothingness with an exaggerated sense of time because they
had nothing else to do. All they could think of was their very natural fear of falling
from an elevator suspended mid-air with nothing but cables. So, mirrors were
installed in order to distract people and give them something to look at while they
waited. The mirrors also gave the usually small space of an elevator a sense of
depth, thereby reducing the feeling of claustrophobia that one might feel in such an
enclosed space.
2. Periscope
7
Image Source: https://blog.hubspot.com/marketing/these-brands-are-proving-how-
effective-periscope-can-be
3. Kaleidoscope
A kaleidoscope is a toy that uses light and mirrors to reflect objects and
create beautiful, fascinating repeating patterns. There are many different types of
kaleidoscopes that create different patterns, but all use the same basic laws of
physics, manipulating light and reflection.
When looking through the hole, light filters through the glass (or clear
plastic) on the end of the object chamber and illuminates the objects, which then
reflect off of all of the mirrors. The reflections bounce off of one another as the light
passes through the tube. The eye sees these bouncing reflections, creating the
patters. As the kaleidoscope rotates, the objects shift in the chamber, and the
reflection changes, creating new patterns. The concept is simple, but creates a
wonderful end result that delights and entertains.
What’s More
8
dealers in your nearby area, you may request them to do the cutting of the mirrors
for you to have your own kaleidoscope.
9
Image Source: https://www.wikihow.com/Make-a-Kaleidoscope, Accessed June 26, 2020
5. Create your plastic lenses. Get an empty plastic container or two and trace two
circles using the end of your tube (permanent marker is easiest to see). With an
object that's about ½" (1.25 cm) larger than your tube, draw around the previous
ones. Then, cut around the each of the larger circles with scissors. Lenses!
With one of the circles, cut notches all the way to the inside of the smaller circle --
this'll be called lens 1. It should sort of resemble a gear. With the other circle, cut
notches to the outside tracing of the smaller circle — this'll be lens 2. Lay them flat
against the table and bend the notches upwards.
6. Assemble the inside of your kaleidoscope. To begin, slide your triangular mirror
inside the cardboard tube. Take lens 1 and place it inside your tube against the
edges of the mirror, notches facing up; this should form a sort of makeshift pouch.
Place your selected beads, sequins, glitter, gems, and/or confetti on top of this
plastic lens. Cap your gems using lens 2, notches facing down, and use masking
tape to secure it all together.
10
bubbles! But you can also use construction paper or even gift wrap to
jazz it up. And then add on some glitter or stickers if the urge strikes!
What I Can Do
All of you must take hold of a paper and pen, then somebody
will give a go signal to start writing your names on a piece of
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paper that it would read correctly when you place it in front of a
mirror.
ENJOY!!!!!!!!
Video Title: Lateral Inversion: Why is ‘Ambulance’ written in reverse
Channel: It’s AumSum Time
Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bjlYKvQo-kI
Based on the video you have watched or based on the activity you have
performed, explain in your own words, why the word ‘Ambulance’ is written in
reverse in this emergency vehicle?
Lesson 1: Assessment
Now after learning about plane mirrors, answer the following questions
based on what you have learned from this lesson.
Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of
paper.
1. The dispersion of light when it passes through a prism shows that
12
C. different colors have different indices of refraction.
D. the prism contains many narrow, equally spaced slits.
3. A ray of light parallel to the optic axis of a concave mirror is reflected back
5. In most cameras the location of the image is adjusted to appear on the film
by changing the:
6. A ray of light passing through the focal point at an angle to the optic axis of
A concave mirror is reflected back:
7.What happens to the image produced by a pinhole camera when you move
the back wall farther from the pinhole? It becomes
8. The shortest mirror in which a creature from outer space can see its
entire body is _________________________.
13
A. twice as its height
B. equal to its height
C. one half of its height
D. four times as its height
10. Some yellow objects actually absorb yellow light but reflect red and green
light. If we shine yellow light on such a yellow object, what color can be
perceive by the eye?
A. black
B. green
C. red
D. yellow
12. Two coins are at equal distances from your eye. One is under 40 cm of water,
the other under 40 cm of glass. Which coin appears closer?
A. Cannot be determined
B. The one under the glass
C. The one under the water.
D. They both appear at the same distance.
13. A converging lens is used to form a sharp image of a candle. If the lower
half of the lens is covered by a piece of paper, the
14
15. A camera employs a _____ lens to form _____ images.
Additional Activities
Procedure:
1. Using the materials listed, design and construct an improvised periscope
based on the information gathered from different resources.
2. A record sheet is provided to serve as your guide for accomplishing the
written report on your constructed periscope.
15
ACTIVITY SHEET
What concepts did you learn in the construction of the device? Explain
Lesson
Uses of Curved Mirrors in
2 Optical Devices
Now that you already understand what optical devices are and how plane
mirrors are used in these devices, it’s now time to learn something new. Aside from
plane mirrors, we also have another classification of mirrors known as the curved
mirrors (spherical mirrors). There is also a wide array of optical devices using the
curved mirrors. Let us explore more with the succeeding items.
16
Lesson 2: What I Know
Column A Column B
1 Solar Cooker
2 Dental Mirror
3 Concave Mirror
4 Convex Mirror
5 Projector
17
What’s In
In this lesson, you will learn how curved mirrors are used in devices utilized
by scientists and even ordinary people like you.
You will have a broader understanding on how curved mirrors are widely
used in our day to day living and how they play a significant role in technology.
What’s New
18
Concave mirrors curve inwardly. Light rays diverge off the curve of this
mirror. The image may be upside down if the object is too far away. When the
object is close to the mirror, it appears right side up and magnified. (2)
What is It
19
Image Source: https://www.wowwoodys.com/side-mirror-safety-options/
2. Dental Mirror
Concave mirrors are the most common dental instruments used in a
dentist’s office, and most patients will agree that they are less scary compared to
other equipment such as forceps and drills. They are part of
diagnostic instruments in dentistry. The concave mirror is sometimes referred to
as the mouth mirror. The head of the mirror is usually round and can be in
different sizes depending on the diameter of the mirror.
The mirror is made of a handle and head. The head is made of specified sizes
depending on the manufactures but what is likely to change is the head, which
depends on the requirement. Concave mirrors magnify images such that when the
object is at a distance from the mirror, it forms an inverted image and as the object
gets closer to the mirror it forms an image that is magnified.
Some of the mirror’s handles are metal, while others are made of a
combination of metal and resin or metal with silicon padding. Others are made of
resin only. Dentists that are concerned about the weight of the mirror prefer a
lightweight mirror made of a resin handle with handgrips that are silicon padded.
Most mirrors are made of round surfaces. The mirror number shows the
relative diameter of the mirror. Most dentists prefer size four or five mirrors, but a
small-sized mirror with a number three diameter is important in case of mirror size
issues. Mirrors that are double-sided help dentists enhance visualization, improve
light reflection and are ergonomically beneficial since they have a unique bend in
the mirror stem. Today dentists’ mirrors are more than a shiny surface as
manufacturers have come up with all kinds of mirrors that give dentists an
enhanced view of the inside of the patient’s mouth. (3)
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http://i.ebayimg.com/images/i/152446894748-0-1/s-l1000.jpg
3. Solar Cooker
A solar cooker can do almost anything a stove or an oven can do, only it
uses a natural nonpolluting, free, abundant energy source. In this article, we'll find
out how sunlight becomes heat, check out the different types of cookers available
and how they work, see what makes solar cooking a potential lifesaver in many
parts of the world and examine some of its shortcomings.
At its simplest, the sunlight-to-heat conversion occurs when photons
(particles of light) moving around within light waves interact with molecules moving
around in a substance. The electromagnetic rays emitted by the sun have a lot of
energy in them. When they strike matter, whether solid or liquid, all of this energy
causes the molecules in that matter to vibrate. They get excited and start jumping
around. This activity generates heat. Solar cookers use a couple of different
methods to harness this heat. (4)
Image Source:
https://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/green-science/solar-
cooking1.htm
21
What’s More
Image Source:
https://s3mn.mnimgs.com/img/shared/discuss_editlive/2191102/2013_07_31_10_57_59
/image3241484778515667493.jpg
22
What I Have Learned
(Lesson Summary)
What I Can Do
Task: Interview someone you know who frequently use an optical device or
instrument. In your interview, be sure to highlight the significance of the
optical device they use.
23
Lesson 2: Assessment
Column A Column B
1 Solar Cooker
2 Dental Mirror
3 Concave Mirror
4 Convex Mirror
5 Projector
24
Additional Activities
Task: Roam around your house and list all the mirrors and lenses you can identify.
Beside each item, describe how each item is being used and explain how is it
significant in your day to day living. List as many items as you can.
25
3 Devices
Essentially, lenses work by bending light rays that pass through them
through refraction, but this basic point can be implemented in different ways that
varies according to the lens type. Luckily, the basics of such lenses are easy to
understand when you learn a little more about how they work. (6)
What I Know
True or False. Identify each statement as true or false based on the underlined
word/s.
_______1. When light interacts with objects several times as large as its wavelength,
It travels in straight lines and act as a ray.
_______2. A focal point is a point at which rays of light or other radiation converge.
_______3. The optical axis is the line of asymmetry for the lens.
_______4. A biconvex lens is a simple optical lens with one convex side.
_______5. A magnifying glass is a convex lens.
_______6. Simple microscopes use two or more lenses in a row to magnify objects
for
viewing.
_______7. A wide-angle lens is a type of lens with a very small focal length that
dramatically increases the field view.
_______8. Lenses work by bending light rays that pass through them through
refraction.
_______9. The depth of field describes the range of distances at which objects are in
focus when viewed through a lens.
_______10. The mirror in a microscope is convex, so it focuses the light to a real
image
on the same side of the mirror as the object.
26
What’s In
In this lesson, you will learn how lenses are used in devices utilized by
scientists and even ordinary people like you.
You will have a broader understanding on how lenses are widely used in our day to
day living and how they play a significant role in technology.
What’s New
Lenses
A lens is a piece of transparent material that is shaped so as to cause light
rays to bend in a specific way as they pass through it, whether that means making
the rays converge to a specific point or to diverge as if from a specific point. The
material used could be a piece of glass or plastic, and the shape of the lens
determines whether it causes light rays to converge or diverge. The word “lens”
comes from the Latin word for “lentil,” due to the similarity in shape between a
converging lens and the legume.
The actual bending of light rays produced by a lens occurs because the lens
material has a different index of refraction than the surrounding air. This behavior
is described by Snell’s law for refraction, which relates the different in angle
between the incident and refracted light ray to the indices of refraction for the two
materials.
In short, the law says that if you’re going from a lower refractive index
substance to a higher one (e.g., from air to glass), the light ray is deflected towards
the “normal” to the surface (i.e., towards the direction perpendicular to the surface
at that point) and that the opposite is true for light rays going from a higher
refractive index material to a lower one. (6)
Terms in Optics
There are quite a few unique terms used in optics and understanding these
is crucial if you’re studying the physics of lenses.
Focal point is the point where parallel rays converge when after
passing through a lens.
27
Focal length of a lens is the distance from its center to the focal point.
Optical axis is the line of symmetry for the lens.
Light ray is an approximation of the path of light, where straight lines
are used to represent the motion of light waves.
Biconvex lens is a simple optical lens with two convex
What is It
Image Source:
https://thesocialclasslens.files.wordpress.com/2014/03/magnifying-glass-2.jpg
A magnifying glass, in effect, tricks your eyes into seeing what isn't there.
Light rays from the object enter the glass in parallel but are refracted by the lens so
that they converge as they exit, and create a "virtual image" on the retina of your
eye. This image appears to be larger than the object itself because of simple
geometry: Your eyes trace the light rays back in straight lines to the virtual image,
which is farther from your eyes than the object is and thus appears bigger. (7)
28
Image Source: https://sciencing.com/magnifying-glasses-work-4567139.html
The aperture, which lets light into the inside of the camera, corresponds to
the pupil. The system of lenses in a camera performs the same function as the lens
of the eye. However, whereas the lens of the eye changes shape to change focus,
29
glass lenses are not very forgiving of shape changes. Instead, the lens system can
be slid along its optical axis in order to focus on the film. Of course, the film plays
the role of the retina. In addition, cameras have a shutter, which opens and closes
quickly so that the film does not get inundated with light. This produces a more or
less clear image of the instant that the photographer shoots. (9)
A prime lens is a basic lens with a fixed focal length, and a zoom lens has a
variable focal length, so you don’t have to physically change your location to get
something in focus. A wide-angle lens is a type of lens with a very small focal length
that dramatically increases the field of view, and a fisheye lens is essentially an
extreme version of a wide-angle lens. (8)
3. Eyeglass or Contact Lens
Other common types of lenses are eyeglasses lenses or the contact lens, and
both of these works to correct the problems with your vision. If you’re
“nearsighted,” this means your eye lenses create images in front of the light-
sensitive retina in your eye, and so you need diverging (concave) lenses to move the
image further back.
If you’re “farsighted,” the lenses in your eyes would produce an image
further back than your retinas, so you need converging lenses to correct this issue.
Both contact lenses and eyeglasses correct this in the same way – by adding
an additional corrective lens to make the effective focal length of your eye match
the distance to your retina – but there are differences because contact lenses sit
directly on your eyes. In a contact lens, the lens doesn’t need to cover as much
space (it only needs to be big enough for your pupil at its maximum dilation) and
can achieve this with less material. For eyeglasses lenses, the lens needs to cover a
much larger area and is thicker as a result. (8)
4. Microscope
Microscopes work by using biconvex lenses (lenses with two convex sides) to
produce a magnified version of the images. Microscopes are a little more
complicated (because they usually have multiple lenses), but they produce
magnified images in basically the same way. As on microscopes, these have another
lens in the eyepiece to make sure the captured light is in focus when it reaches
30
your eye. The other major type of telescope is a reflector telescope, which uses
mirrors instead of lenses to gather the light and send it to your eye. The mirror is
concave, so it focuses the light to a real image on the same side of the mirror as the
object. (8)
Image Source:
https://sciencing.com/difference-glass-compound-light-microscope-8611655.html
31
5. Binoculars
Binoculars and telescopes are the next best thing. They take you up to the
action without having to move a muscle. Binoculars are based on the science of
optics and some pretty clever tricks that lenses pull on light. (11)
32
The prisms explain why binoculars are heavy and why they are sometimes
quite chunky in the middle. Field glasses, which are compact binoculars like the
ones shown in the photo here, flip the incoming images using only lenses. There
are no prisms, so field glasses are smaller, lighter and more compact—but the
image quality is poorer. (11)
What’s More
Materials:
1. Illustration board or cardboard
2. Black cartolina, cutting mat
3. Pin or sewing needle, glue or sticky tape
4. Cutter, scissors, ruler, flashlight or lamp
Procedure:
1. Using the materials given, design and construct an improvised camera based on
the information gathered from different resources.
2. A record sheet is provided as your guide for accomplishing the written report on
your constructed camera.
Reference Video: Pinhole Camera by ThinkTac
Source: YouTube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4jbjolpz2BQ
1. What is a lens?
2. How are images formed with lenses?
3. What are the devices where lenses are used?
33
What I Can Do
Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f8FAJXPBdOg
34
Lesson 3: Assessment
True or False. Identify each statement as true or false based on the underlined
word/s.
_______1. Simple microscopes use two or more lenses in a row to magnify objects
for
viewing.
_______2. A wide-angle lens is a type of lens with a very small focal length that
dramatically increases the field of view.
_______3. Lenses work by bending light rays that pass through them through
Refraction.
_______4. The depth of field describes the range of distances at which objects are in
. focus when viewed through the lens.
_______5. The mirror in a microscope is convex, so it focuses the light to a real
image
On the same side of the mirror as the object.
_______6. When light interacts with objects several times as large as its wavelength,
. it travels in straight lines and act as a ray.
_______7. A focal point is a point at which rays of light or other radiation converge.
_______8. The optical axis is the line of asymmetry for the lens.
_______9. A biconvex lens is a simple optical lens with one convex side.
_______10. A magnifying glass is a convex lens.
Additional Activities
35
Source:
http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Dj2pChR-QFw/Upi_AWKSOQI/AAAAAAAAUyI/61KKE9
tp2jU/s1600/a+concept+map.png
36
POST-TEST: Assessment
1. A ray of light passing through the focal point at an angle to the optic axis of a
2. What happens to the image produced by a pinhole camera when you move the
back wall farther from the pinhole? It becomes…
A. larger and fainter.
B. larger and brighter.
C. smaller and brighter.
D. smaller and fainter.
3. The shortest mirror in which a creature from outer space can see its entire body
is _________________________.
5. A ray of light parallel to the optic axis of a concave mirror is reflected back
37
C. for structural reasons not related to optics.
D. to get multiple images of the filament.
10. A converging lens is used to form a sharp image of a candle. If the lower half of
the lens is covered by a piece of paper, the
11. In most cameras the location of the image is adjusted to appear on the film by
changing the
12.What kind of mirror is used by department stores to give a wider area and
smaller image of the shoppers?
A. Plane mirror
B. Convex mirror
C. Concave mirror
D. None of the above
38
13. If you wish to have a magnified image of your face for applying makeup or
shaving, the mirror you will use must be:
A. Convex mirror
B. Concave mirror
C. Plane mirror
D. any of these
15. A person views his image in front of a mirror. His image appeared to be real,
inverted and larger than him. What kind of mirror did he used?
A. Plane Mirror B. Convex mirror C. Concave Mirror D. Magic Mirror
39
Answer Key
40
Lesson 2: What I Know/Assessment
41
References
11. https://www.explainthatstuff.com/binoculars.html
12. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Plane-mirror.png
13. https://www.storypick.com/elevators-mirrors-quora/
14. https://blog.hubspot.com/marketing/these-brands-are-proving-how-effective-
periscope-can-be
15. https://babbledabbledo.com/mini-diy-kaleidoscopes-open-ended/
16. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bjlYKvQo-kI
17. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hDDisOh4oZE
18. https://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/images/48-convex-mirror
19. https://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/images/47-concave-mirror
20. https://unsplash.com/s/photos/side-mirror
21. https://www.wowwoodys.com/side-mirror-safety-options/
22. http://i.ebayimg.com/images/i/152446894748-0-1/s-l1000.jpg
23. https://www.solarcooker-at-cantinawest.com/images/new_solsource500.jpg
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24.https://s3mn.mnimgs.com/img/shared/discuss_editlive/
2191102/2013_07_31_10_57_59/image3241484778515667493.jpg
25. https://thesocialclasslens.files.wordpress.com/2014/03/magnifying-glass-
2.jpg
26. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f8FAJXPBdOg
27.
http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Dj2pChR-QFw/Upi_AWKSOQI/AAAAAAAAUyI/61KKE9
tp2jU/s1600/a+concept+map.png
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