Download as docx, pdf, or txt
Download as docx, pdf, or txt
You are on page 1of 54

10

Science
Quarter 2 – Module 5:
Uses of Mirrors & Lenses
In Optical Devices

Department of Education ● Republic of the Philippines


SCIENCE - Grade 10
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 2 - Module 5: Uses of Mirrors and Lenses in Optical Devices
First Edition, 2020

Republic Act 8293, Section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any
work of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government
agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work
for profit. Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the
payment of royalty.
Borrowed materials (i.e. songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names,
trademarks, etc.) included in this book are owned by their respective copyright holders.
Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from
their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim
ownership over them.

Published by the Department of Education – Division of Bukidnon


Development Team of the Module
Writer Monaliza S. Agsalog
Content Editor Said M. Macabago
Language Editor Cecilia C. Damayan
Reviewers Ellen A. Azuelo, Rejynne Mary L. Ruiz
Illustrator:
Layout Artists
Management Team
Chairperson Dr. Arturo B. Bayocot, CESO III
Regional Director
Co-Chairpersons Victor G. De Gracia Jr., PhD CESO V
Asst Regional Director
Randolph B. Tortola, PhD, CESO IV
Schools Division Superintendent
Shambaeh A. Usman, PhD
Assistant Schools Division Superintendent
Mala Epra B. Magnaong, Chief ES, CLMD
Members
Neil A. Improgo, EPS-LRMS
Bienvenido U. Tagolimot, Jr., EPS-ADM

Elbert R. Francisco, PhD, Chief EPS, CID


Ellen A. Azuelo, PhD, EPS in Science
Rejynne Mary L. Ruiz, PhD, LRMDS Manager
Jeny B. Timbal, PDO II
Shella O. Bolasco, Division Librarian II

Printed in the Philippines by


Department of Education – Division of Bukidnon
Office Address: Sumpong, Malaybalay City
Telephone: (088) 813-3634
E-mail Address: bukidnon@deped.gov.ph
10
Science
Quarter 2 – Module 5:
Uses of Mirrors & Lenses
In Optical Devices

This Instructional Material was collaboratively developed


and reviewed by educators from public schools. We encourage
teachers and other education stakeholders to email their feedback,
comments and recommendations to the Department of Education
at bukidnon@deped.gov.ph.

We value your feedbacks and recommendations.

ii
Table of Contents

Page
COVER PAGE
COPYRIGHT PAGE
TITLE PAGE
TABLE OF CONTENTS

Lesson 1: Uses of Plane Mirrors in Optical Devices

What I Need to Know ……………………………….. 2


What I Know ………………………………… 2
What’s In ………………………………… 5
What’s New ………………………………… 5
What is It ………………………………… 6
What’s More ………………………………… 8
What I Have Learned ………………………………… 11
What I Can Do ………………………………… 11
Lesson 1: Assessment ………………………………… 12
Additional Activities ………………………………… 15
Lesson 2: Uses of Curved Mirrors in Optical Devices
What I Need to Know ……………………………….. 17
What I Know ………………………………… 17
What’s In ………………………………… 18
What’s New ………………………………… 18
What is It ………………………………… 19
What’s More ………………………………… 20
What I Have Learned ………………………………… 21
What I Can Do ………………………………… 23
Lesson 2: Assessment ………………………………… 24
Additional Activities ………………………………… 25
Lesson 3: Uses of Lenses

What I Need to Know ………………………………… 26


What I Know ………………………………… 26
What’s In ………………………………… 27
What’s New ………………………………… 27
What Is It ………………………………… 28
What’s More ………………………………… 33
What I Have Learned ………………………………… 33
What I Can Do ………………………………… 34
Lesson 3: Assessment ………………………………… 35
Additional Activities ………………………………… 35

Assessment (Unit Test) ………………………………… 37


Key to Answers ………………………………… 40
References ………………………………… 42

iii
iv
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:

Welcome to the Grade 10 Science Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module


on The Uses of Mirrors and Lenses in Optical Devices.

This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by


educators from public schools to assist you, the teacher or facilitator in helping the
learners meet the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum while overcoming their
personal, social, and economic constraints in schooling.

This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and
independent learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also
aims to help learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking into
consideration their needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the
body of the module:

Notes to the Teacher


Your primary role in classroom is to identify situations
which can challenge students to learn specially at this time of
Covid-19 pandemic. Despite our present situation, let us be
optimistic that quality education can still be delivered to our
students through Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM). It is your role
to explain the purpose of this instruction to the students. As the
facilitator of learning, find a sense of balance between the
academic and nurturing aspects of teaching and approach the
learning experience in a positive, fun and non-dominating way.

As a facilitator, you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this
module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them
to manage their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and
assist the learners as they do the tasks included in the module.

v
For the learner:

Welcome to the Grade 10 Science Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module


on The Uses of Mirrors and Lenses in Optical Devices.

The hand is one of the most symbolized part of the human body. It is often
used to depict skill, action and purpose. Through our hands we may learn, create
and accomplish. Hence, the hand in this learning resource signifies that you as a
learner is capable and empowered to successfully achieve the relevant
competencies and skills at your own pace and time. Your academic success lies in
your own hands!

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful
opportunities for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You
will be enabled to process the contents of the learning resource while being an
active learner.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

What I Need to Know This will give you an idea of the skills or
competencies you are expected to learn in
the module.

What I Know This part includes an activity that aims to


check what you already know about the
lesson to take. If you get all the answers
correct (100%), you may decide to skip this
module.

What’s In This is a brief drill or review to help you link


the current lesson with the previous one.

What’s New In this portion, the new lesson will be


introduced to you in various ways such as a
story, a song, a poem, a problem opener, an
activity or a situation.

What is It This section provides a brief discussion of


the lesson. This aims to help you discover
and understand new concepts and skills.

What’s More This comprises activities for independent


practice to solidify your understanding and
skills of the topic. You may check the
answers to the exercises using the Answer
Key at the end of the module.

What I Have Learned This includes questions or blank


sentence/paragraph to be filled in to process
what you learned from the lesson.

vi
What I Can Do This section provides an activity which will
help you transfer your new knowledge or
skill into real life situations or concerns.

Assessment This is a task which aims to evaluate your


level of mastery in achieving the learning
competency.

Additional Activities In this portion, another activity will be given


to you to enrich your knowledge or skill of
the lesson learned. This also tends retention
of learned concepts.

Answer Key This contains answers to all activities in the


module.

For the parent/guardian:

As schools continue to remain closed due to coronavirus, parents and


guardians are challenged with a new role in guiding students in module-based
learning at home.

This module was designed to provide your student with fun and meaningful
opportunities for guided and independent learning at their own pace and time.
They will be enabled to process the contents of the learning resource while being an
active learner, with your guidance.

At the end of this module you will find:

References This is a list of all sources used in


developing this module.

The following are some reminders in using this module:

1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of
the module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other activities
included in the module.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your
answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not
hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are
not alone.

vii
We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning
and gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!

viii
What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help
you master The Uses of Mirrors and Lenses in Optical Devices. The scope of this
module permits it to be used in many different learning situations. The language
used recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged
to follow the standard sequence of the course. But the order in which you read
them can be changed to correspond with the textbook you are now using.

The module is divided into three lessons, namely:


 Lesson 1 – Uses of Plane Mirrors in Optical Devices
 Lesson 2 – Uses of Curved Mirrors in Optical Devices
 Lesson 3 – Uses of Lenses in Optical Devices

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1.Identify ways in which the properties of mirrors and lenses determine their uses
in optical instruments.

Subtasks:
1.Identify ways in which the properties of plane mirrors determine their uses in
optical instruments.
2.Identify ways in which the properties of curved mirrors determine their uses in
optical instruments.
3.Identify ways in which the properties of lenses determine their uses in optical
instruments.

1
Lesson
Uses of Plane Mirrors in
1 Optical Devices

What I Need to Know

Mirrors and lenses both have the ability to reflect or refract light. This
property has put mirrors and lenses in use for centuries. As of 2010, mirrors and
lenses are so prevalent that most people use them every day, regardless of whether
or not they consciously perceive the use. There are standard and innovative uses
for mirrors.

After going through this lesson, you are expected to:


1.Identify ways in which the properties of plane mirrors determine their uses in
optical instruments.

Lesson 1: What I Know

With the following questions below, allow your curiosity to open up and
answer the questions as thoroughly as you can. Use your stored knowledge to
answer the questions.

Choose the letter which corresponds to your correct answer.

1. What happens to the image produced by a pinhole camera when you


move the back wall farther from the pinhole? It becomes

A. larger and brighter.


B. larger and fainter.
C. smaller and brighter.
D. smaller and fainter.

2. The shortest mirror in which a creature from outer space can see its entire
body is _________________________.

2
A. twice as its height
B. equal to its height
C. one half of its height
D. four times as its height

3. A ray reflected from a retro-reflector

A. passes through the focal point.


B. forms a right angle with an incident ray.
C. travels in the direction opposite that of the incident ray.
D. has an angle of reflection equal to the angle of incidence.

4. A ray of light parallel to the optic axis of a concave mirror is reflected back

A. through the focal point.


B. parallel to the optic axis.
C. as if it came from the focal point.
D. through the center of the sphere.

5. The back surfaces of automobile headlights are curved

A. to concentrate light in one direction.


B. to get multiple images of the filament.
C. for structural reasons not related to optics.
D. because inverted, real images of filaments shine brighter.

6. A ray of light passing through the focal point at an angle to the optic axis of a
concave mirror is reflected back

A. through the focal point.


B. parallel to the optic axis.
C. in the horizontal direction.
D. through the center of the sphere.

7. What type of image is formed when an object is placed at a distance of 1.5 focal
lengths from a convex mirror?

A. erect and real


B. erect and virtual
C. inverted and real
D. inverted and virtual

8. Some yellow objects actually absorb yellow light but reflect red and green light. If
we shine yellow light on such a yellow object, it will appear ...... to our eyes.

A. black
B. green
C. red
D. yellow

3
9. If a ray of light strikes a pane of glass at 45 degrees to the normal, it

A. leaves the glass at a larger angle to the normal.


B. leaves the glass at a smaller angle to the normal.
C. passes straight through as if the glass were not there.
D. leaves with the same angle to the normal, but is deflected to the side.

10. Two coins are at equal distances from your eye. One is under 40 cm of water,
the other under 40 cm of glass. Which coin appears closer?

A. Cannot be determined
B. The one under the glass
C. The one under the water.
D. They both appear at the same distance.

11. The dispersion of light when it passes through a prism shows that

A. all colors in the light are treated the same.


B. the speed of light in a vacuum is a constant.
C. different colors have different indices of refraction.
D. the prism contains many narrow, equally spaced slits.

12. A converging lens is used to form a sharp image of a candle. If the lower half of
the lens is covered by a piece of paper, the

A. image will not change.


B. image will become dimmer.
C. lower half of the image will disappear.
D. upper half of the image will disappear.

13. In most cameras the location of the image is adjusted to appear on the film by
changing the

A. shape of the lens.


B. position of the lens.
C. focal length of the lens.
D. diameter of the diaphragm.

14. A human eye employs a _____ lens to form _____ images.

A. diverging .... real


B. converging .... real
D. diverging .... virtual
C. converging .... virtual

15. A camera employs a _____ lens to form _____ images.

A. diverging .... real


B. converging .... real
C. diverging .... virtual
D. converging .... virtual

4
What’s In

Imagine yourself as a curious little scientist. Have that drive to push new
limits and keep yourself excited about the world around you. Usually, in science,
the real answer is usually far from obvious. When we are curious, we ask ourselves
“why did this happen?” or “why isn’t this the result I expected?”. As human beings,
curiosity is one of the greatest strengths we have.

In this lesson, you will learn how plane mirrors are used in devices utilized
by scientists and even ordinary people like you.

You will have a broader understanding on how plane mirrors are widely used
in our day to day living and how they play a significant role in technology.

What’s New

Optical Devices

Optical instruments are the devices that process light wave to improve an
image for clearer viewing. Using an optical instrument like a magnifying lens or
other complex device like microscope or telescope usually makes things bigger and
allows us to see in a more detailed manner. Using converging lenses makes things
look bigger and on the other hand, diverging lenses always gets smaller images for
you.

The first optical instruments were telescopes which were used to magnify


distant images, and microscopes used for magnifying very small images. These
instruments have been greatly improved since the days of Galileo and Van
Leeuwenhoek, and have been extended into other portions of the electromagnetic
spectrum.

Plane Mirrors

A mirror with a flat surface is a plane mirror. An "ordinary" mirror without a


curve inside and out. These mirrors can be found almost anywhere – from

5
bathrooms to hallways to exteriors of buildings – and knowing how they reflect light
can make complex mirror variants significantly easier to understand.

The images that a plane mirror reflects are known as "virtual images" – but
they are different from the simulated digital images that you can see on your
computer screen or in a game on your phone. The difference between a real versus
virtual image is that a real image is formed when light converges at a point – like
looking at an apple on your desk – a virtual image is formed from two divergent
rays of light which never meet. To simplify, a plane mirror creates an image of an
object you cannot touch. This way, all mirrors create virtual images, but plane
mirrors reflect light differently than concave or convex mirrors do.

Image Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Plane-mirror.png

Reflections from the plane mirror create upright virtual images with the
same magnification or size and distance as the objects they reflect. That is why you
can use a plane mirror to decide precisely where there is something behind you.

What is It

Application of Plane Mirrors


Where are plane mirrors used?
1. Elevator Mirrors

Elevators are one of the greatest products of technology, because going up


25 flights of stairs sounds tiring and time-consuming. If you thought that the
creators of elevators were only concerned with the engineering part of it, you're
definitely wrong. Installed mirrors are strategically placed for a great reason.

6
Turns out, back in the day, when elevators were relatively new, people stood
in them, staring into nothingness with an exaggerated sense of time because they
had nothing else to do. All they could think of was their very natural fear of falling
from an elevator suspended mid-air with nothing but cables. So, mirrors were
installed in order to distract people and give them something to look at while they
waited. The mirrors also gave the usually small space of an elevator a sense of
depth, thereby reducing the feeling of claustrophobia that one might feel in such an
enclosed space.

Image Source: https://www.storypick.com/elevators-mirrors-quora/

2. Periscope

A periscope is an instrument for observation over, around or through an


object, obstacle or condition that prevents direct line-of-sight observation from an
observer's current position.

A simple periscope consists of an outer case with mirrors at each end set


parallel to each other at a 45° angle. Periscopes allow a submarine, when
submerged at a relatively shallow depth, to search visually for nearby targets and
threats on the surface of the water and in the air.

7
Image Source: https://blog.hubspot.com/marketing/these-brands-are-proving-how-
effective-periscope-can-be

3. Kaleidoscope

A kaleidoscope is a toy that uses light and mirrors to reflect objects and
create beautiful, fascinating repeating patterns. There are many different types of
kaleidoscopes that create different patterns, but all use the same basic laws of
physics, manipulating light and reflection.

When looking through the hole, light filters through the glass (or clear
plastic) on the end of the object chamber and illuminates the objects, which then
reflect off of all of the mirrors. The reflections bounce off of one another as the light
passes through the tube. The eye sees these bouncing reflections, creating the
patters. As the kaleidoscope rotates, the objects shift in the chamber, and the
reflection changes, creating new patterns. The concept is simple, but creates a
wonderful end result that delights and entertains.

Image source: https://babbledabbledo.com/mini-diy-kaleidoscopes-open-ended/

What’s More

Activity 1.1 The Kaleidoscope (1)


Task: Construct a kaleidoscope. If you ever looked through a kaleidoscope, you
would surely say it's beautiful. The sunlight bounces off the glass with colors and is
reflected in the mirrors to create beautiful patterns which you can see if you look
inside.
Note: Cutting your own mirror maybe not possible at your home. You can use
three mirrors available in your home with identical shape and size. If there is none,
you may borrow from your teachers since there may be available mirrors of
identical sizes cut into strips in your science laboratory. If there are available glass

8
dealers in your nearby area, you may request them to do the cutting of the mirrors
for you to have your own kaleidoscope.

CAUTION: Be careful in handling mirrors since the edges might be sharp.


.
Procedure:
1. You may use 3 small rectangular mirror strips to form your kaleidoscope.
2. Connect the three rectangular mirror strips using a scotch tape to form a
triangle
3. Cut your cardboard roll to the length of your mirror plus 1/3" (.85
cm). This is with a box cutter, but scissors will do. Just be careful
not to stab yourself.

Image Source: https://www.wikihow.com/Make-a-Kaleidoscope, Accessed June 26, 2020

4. Create your peephole. Here's how:


*Place one of the circular ends of your tube flat on a piece of paper -- contact
paper is best, but construction paper or even gift wrap will work, too.
*Cut about 1" (2.5 cm) around the traced circle; with that extra 1", cut little
notches around the circle so it bends more easily (it'll sort of look like a
firework).
*Cut a triangle or circle in the center of the paper to view through. Center
the cardboard tube on top of your circle and secure the edges with tape
(unless you're using contact paper, of course).

9
Image Source: https://www.wikihow.com/Make-a-Kaleidoscope, Accessed June 26, 2020

5. Create your plastic lenses. Get an empty plastic container or two and trace two
circles using the end of your tube (permanent marker is easiest to see). With an
object that's about ½" (1.25 cm) larger than your tube, draw around the previous
ones. Then, cut around the each of the larger circles with scissors. Lenses!
With one of the circles, cut notches all the way to the inside of the smaller circle --
this'll be called lens 1. It should sort of resemble a gear. With the other circle, cut
notches to the outside tracing of the smaller circle — this'll be lens 2. Lay them flat
against the table and bend the notches upwards.

Image Source: https://www.wikihow.com/Make-a-Kaleidoscope, Accessed June 26, 2020

6. Assemble the inside of your kaleidoscope. To begin, slide your triangular mirror
inside the cardboard tube. Take lens 1 and place it inside your tube against the
edges of the mirror, notches facing up; this should form a sort of makeshift pouch.
Place your selected beads, sequins, glitter, gems, and/or confetti on top of this
plastic lens. Cap your gems using lens 2, notches facing down, and use masking
tape to secure it all together.

Image Source: https://www.wikihow.com/Make-a-Kaleidoscope, Accessed June 26, 2020

7. Decorate your tube. The easiest way to make this kaleidoscope look as


impressive as possible is contact paper -- so long as you work out the

10
bubbles! But you can also use construction paper or even gift wrap to
jazz it up. And then add on some glitter or stickers if the urge strikes!

Image Source: https://www.wikihow.com/Make-a-Kaleidoscope, Accessed June 26, 2020

8. Put your kaleidoscope to good use. Done! Now all you have to do is


hold it up to the light and look through it. The light bounces off the
mirrors, creating the kaleidoscope effect you see inside. (1)

What I Have Learned (Lesson Summary)

1. How are images formed with plane mirrors?


2. What are the devices where plane mirrors are used?
3. How important is plane mirror to you.?

What I Can Do

Activity 1.2 Why is ‘AMBULANCE’ written in reverse?


Watch the video on the link given below to understand more about plane mirrors
and how it is so important in our daily lives. But if you cannot watch the video, you
may have a game with your brothers and sisters to learn about Lateral Inversion.
Here’s how:

 All of you must take hold of a paper and pen, then somebody
will give a go signal to start writing your names on a piece of

11
paper that it would read correctly when you place it in front of a
mirror.
ENJOY!!!!!!!!
Video Title: Lateral Inversion: Why is ‘Ambulance’ written in reverse
Channel: It’s AumSum Time
Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bjlYKvQo-kI

Image Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bjlYKvQo-kI

Based on the video you have watched or based on the activity you have
performed, explain in your own words, why the word ‘Ambulance’ is written in
reverse in this emergency vehicle?

Lesson 1: Assessment

Now after learning about plane mirrors, answer the following questions
based on what you have learned from this lesson.

Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of
paper.
1. The dispersion of light when it passes through a prism shows that

A. all colors in the light are treated the same.


B. the speed of light in a vacuum is a constant.

12
C. different colors have different indices of refraction.
D. the prism contains many narrow, equally spaced slits.

2. A ray reflected from a retro-reflector

A. passes through the focal point.


B. forms a right angle with an incident ray.
C. travels in the direction opposite that of the incident ray.
D. has an angle of reflection equal to the angle of incidence.

3. A ray of light parallel to the optic axis of a concave mirror is reflected back

A. through the focal point.


B. parallel to the optic axis.
C. as if it came from the focal point.
D. through the center of the sphere.

4. The back surfaces of automobile headlights are curved

A. to concentrate light in one direction.


B. to get multiple images of the filament.
C. for structural reasons not related to optics.
D. because inverted, real images of filaments shine brighter.

5. In most cameras the location of the image is adjusted to appear on the film
by changing the:

A. shape of the lens.


B. position of the lens.
C. focal length of the lens.
D. diameter of the diaphragm.

6. A ray of light passing through the focal point at an angle to the optic axis of
A concave mirror is reflected back:

A. through the focal point.


B. parallel to the optic axis.
C. in the horizontal direction.
D. through the center of the sphere.

7.What happens to the image produced by a pinhole camera when you move
the back wall farther from the pinhole? It becomes

A. larger and brighter.


B. larger and fainter.
C. smaller and brighter.
D. smaller and fainter.

8. The shortest mirror in which a creature from outer space can see its
entire body is _________________________.

13
A. twice as its height
B. equal to its height
C. one half of its height
D. four times as its height

9.What type of image is formed when an object is placed at a distance of 1.5


focal length from a convex mirror?

A. erect and real


B. erect and virtual
C. inverted and real
D. inverted and virtual

10. Some yellow objects actually absorb yellow light but reflect red and green
light. If we shine yellow light on such a yellow object, what color can be
perceive by the eye?

A. black
B. green
C. red
D. yellow

11. If a ray of light strikes a pane of glass at 45 degrees to the normal, it

A. leaves the glass at a larger angle to the normal.


B. leaves the glass at a smaller angle to the normal.
C. passes straight through as if the glass were not there.
D. leaves with the same angle to the normal, but is deflected to the side.

12. Two coins are at equal distances from your eye. One is under 40 cm of water,
the other under 40 cm of glass. Which coin appears closer?

A. Cannot be determined
B. The one under the glass
C. The one under the water.
D. They both appear at the same distance.

13. A converging lens is used to form a sharp image of a candle. If the lower
half of the lens is covered by a piece of paper, the

A. image will not change.


B. image will become dimmer.
C. lower half of the image will disappear.
D. upper half of the image will disappear.

14. A human eye employs a _____ lens to form _____ images.

A. diverging .... real


B. converging .... real
D. diverging .... virtual
C. converging .... virtual

14
15. A camera employs a _____ lens to form _____ images.

A. diverging .... real


B. converging .... real
C. diverging .... virtual
D. converging .... virtual

Additional Activities

Activity 1.3 The Simple Periscope


Task: Construct a simple periscope and trace the incident and reflected rays.
Materials:
1. Plane mirrors – 2 pcs
2. Illustration board or cardboard
3. Cutting Mat
4. Glue or sticky tape
5. Cutter, scissors, ruler, flashlight or lamp

Procedure:
1. Using the materials listed, design and construct an improvised periscope
based on the information gathered from different resources.
2. A record sheet is provided to serve as your guide for accomplishing the
written report on your constructed periscope.

Image Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hDDisOh4oZE

15
ACTIVITY SHEET

Name:_________________________________ Grade and Section:_______________________

Sketch the device/model constructed:

What concepts did you learn in the construction of the device? Explain

Lesson
Uses of Curved Mirrors in
2 Optical Devices

What I Need to Know

Now that you already understand what optical devices are and how plane
mirrors are used in these devices, it’s now time to learn something new. Aside from
plane mirrors, we also have another classification of mirrors known as the curved
mirrors (spherical mirrors). There is also a wide array of optical devices using the
curved mirrors. Let us explore more with the succeeding items.

After going through this lesson, you are expected to:


1.Identify ways in which the properties of curved mirrors determine their uses in
optical instruments.

16
Lesson 2: What I Know

Match the items in Column A and B.

Column A Column B

1 Solar Cooker

2 Dental Mirror

3 Concave Mirror

4 Convex Mirror

5 Projector

17
What’s In

In this lesson, you will learn how curved mirrors are used in devices utilized
by scientists and even ordinary people like you.

You will have a broader understanding on how curved mirrors are widely
used in our day to day living and how they play a significant role in technology.

What’s New

Concave and Convex Mirrors


In contrast to plane mirrors, convex and concave mirrors curve the rays of
light that hit them. This results in the virtual images produced by their reflections
coming out distorted, as the light rays move towards or away from the center of the
mirror. For this reason, convex and concave mirrors aren't useful in bathrooms,
but they can be helpful in the right situation; for example, because plane mirrors
can't produce useful images at certain angles, the mirrors on the side of a car are
convex. They allow drivers to see behind and to the sides of their vehicle, though
these virtual images aren't at the same distance as the objects they reflect. This is
why car mirrors have messages reminding drivers that objects in the mirror may be
closer than they appear in the reflection.
Convex mirrors curve outwardly. Light rays diverge as they reflect off the
curve of this mirror; when the rays converge again, the viewer sees an image.
Convex mirror images are upright and appear farther away than they really are.

Image Source: https://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/images/48-convex-mirror

18
Concave mirrors curve inwardly. Light rays diverge off the curve of this
mirror. The image may be upside down if the object is too far away. When the
object is close to the mirror, it appears right side up and magnified. (2)

Image Source: https://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/images/47-concave-mirror

What is It

Application of Curved Mirrors


Where are curved mirrors used?
1. Side Mirrors (Motorcycle or Car)
One of the most important safety devices on your vehicle is its set of mirrors.
It might be considered the simplest but it plays a great role in ensuring your safety
on the road. A side mirror, also known as the wing mirror, is a mirror placed on the
outside of motor vehicles to help the driver see areas behind and to the sides of the
vehicle, outside the driver's peripheral view known as the "blind spot”.

Image Source: https://unsplash.com/s/photos/side-mirror

19
Image Source: https://www.wowwoodys.com/side-mirror-safety-options/

2. Dental Mirror
Concave mirrors are the most common dental instruments used in a
dentist’s office, and most patients will agree that they are less scary compared to
other equipment such as forceps and drills. They are part of
diagnostic instruments in dentistry. The concave mirror is sometimes referred to
as the mouth mirror. The head of the mirror is usually round and can be in
different sizes depending on the diameter of the mirror.
The mirror is made of a handle and head. The head is made of specified sizes
depending on the manufactures but what is likely to change is the head, which
depends on the requirement. Concave mirrors magnify images such that when the
object is at a distance from the mirror, it forms an inverted image and as the object
gets closer to the mirror it forms an image that is magnified.
Some of the mirror’s handles are metal, while others are made of a
combination of metal and resin or metal with silicon padding. Others are made of
resin only. Dentists that are concerned about the weight of the mirror prefer a
lightweight mirror made of a resin handle with handgrips that are silicon padded.
Most mirrors are made of round surfaces. The mirror number shows the
relative diameter of the mirror. Most dentists prefer size four or five mirrors, but a
small-sized mirror with a number three diameter is important in case of mirror size
issues. Mirrors that are double-sided help dentists enhance visualization, improve
light reflection and are ergonomically beneficial since they have a unique bend in
the mirror stem. Today dentists’ mirrors are more than a shiny surface as
manufacturers have come up with all kinds of mirrors that give dentists an
enhanced view of the inside of the patient’s mouth. (3)

20
http://i.ebayimg.com/images/i/152446894748-0-1/s-l1000.jpg
3. Solar Cooker
A solar cooker can do almost anything a stove or an oven can do, only it
uses a natural nonpolluting, free, abundant energy source. In this article, we'll find
out how sunlight becomes heat, check out the different types of cookers available
and how they work, see what makes solar cooking a potential lifesaver in many
parts of the world and examine some of its shortcomings.
At its simplest, the sunlight-to-heat conversion occurs when photons
(particles of light) moving around within light waves interact with molecules moving
around in a substance. The electromagnetic rays emitted by the sun have a lot of
energy in them. When they strike matter, whether solid or liquid, all of this energy
causes the molecules in that matter to vibrate. They get excited and start jumping
around. This activity generates heat. Solar cookers use a couple of different
methods to harness this heat. (4)

Image Source:
https://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/green-science/solar-
cooking1.htm

21
What’s More

Activity 2.1 Convex Spoon Mirror


Task: Your goal is to examine convex mirrors and the reflection of light. Here, you
have to learn and understand the bend in a convex mirror, and how it distorts the
view of the image being looked at.
Light rays reflect from convex mirrors. Convex mirrors make the light rays
focus together. Images that are on the outside of the mirror are inverted or upside
down. The inside focus is upright and larger in view, like the side mirror on a
car. These types of mirrors distort the images they make.  A convex mirror like the
front of the spoon, makes an image that can be small or large, and right side up or
upside down. It’s also important for students to understand that the closeness of
the spoon has an effect. The closer you are to the mirror (spoon), the larger the
image, up to a certain point. (5)

Image Source:
https://s3mn.mnimgs.com/img/shared/discuss_editlive/2191102/2013_07_31_10_57_59
/image3241484778515667493.jpg

1. Describe what you see in front and back of the spoon.


2. Move the spoon back and forth towards your face changing focus.
3. Provide an explanation on your observation
.

22
What I Have Learned
(Lesson Summary)

1. Describe a convex and concave mirror.


2. How are images formed with curved mirrors?
3. What are the devices where curved mirrors are used?

What I Can Do

Activity 2.2 Interview

Task: Interview someone you know who frequently use an optical device or
instrument. In your interview, be sure to highlight the significance of the
optical device they use.

Your interview will be rated with the following criteria:


Creativity 20%
Significance of Content 40%
Clarity of Content 30%
Overall Presentation 10%
TOTAL 100%

23
Lesson 2: Assessment

Match the items in Column A and B.

Column A Column B

1 Solar Cooker

2 Dental Mirror

3 Concave Mirror

4 Convex Mirror

5 Projector

24
Additional Activities

Activity 2.3 Detective Mode On.

Task: Roam around your house and list all the mirrors and lenses you can identify.
Beside each item, describe how each item is being used and explain how is it
significant in your day to day living. List as many items as you can.

Name of Item Usage Significance

Lesson Uses of Lenses in Optical

25
3 Devices

What I Need to Know


You encounter lenses every day. Whether it’s the lens on your cell phone
camera, the lenses on the eyeglasses or contact lenses you use to see clearly,
magnifying glasses, microscopes, telescopes or something else entirely, the physics
of lenses explains how a simple piece of glass can be used to magnify, minimize or
bring images into focus for any purpose.

Essentially, lenses work by bending light rays that pass through them
through refraction, but this basic point can be implemented in different ways that
varies according to the lens type. Luckily, the basics of such lenses are easy to
understand when you learn a little more about how they work. (6)

After going through this lesson, you are expected to:


1.Identify ways in which the properties of lenses determine their uses in optical
instruments.

What I Know

True or False. Identify each statement as true or false based on the underlined
word/s.

_______1. When light interacts with objects several times as large as its wavelength,
It travels in straight lines and act as a ray.
_______2. A focal point is a point at which rays of light or other radiation converge.
_______3. The optical axis is the line of asymmetry for the lens.
_______4. A biconvex lens is a simple optical lens with one convex side.
_______5. A magnifying glass is a convex lens.
_______6. Simple microscopes use two or more lenses in a row to magnify objects
for
viewing.
_______7. A wide-angle lens is a type of lens with a very small focal length that
dramatically increases the field view.
_______8. Lenses work by bending light rays that pass through them through
refraction.
_______9. The depth of field describes the range of distances at which objects are in
focus when viewed through a lens.
_______10. The mirror in a microscope is convex, so it focuses the light to a real
image
on the same side of the mirror as the object.

26
What’s In

In this lesson, you will learn how lenses are used in devices utilized by
scientists and even ordinary people like you.

You will have a broader understanding on how lenses are widely used in our day to
day living and how they play a significant role in technology.

What’s New

Lenses
A lens is a piece of transparent material that is shaped so as to cause light
rays to bend in a specific way as they pass through it, whether that means making
the rays converge to a specific point or to diverge as if from a specific point. The
material used could be a piece of glass or plastic, and the shape of the lens
determines whether it causes light rays to converge or diverge. The word “lens”
comes from the Latin word for “lentil,” due to the similarity in shape between a
converging lens and the legume.

The actual bending of light rays produced by a lens occurs because the lens
material has a different index of refraction than the surrounding air. This behavior
is described by Snell’s law for refraction, which relates the different in angle
between the incident and refracted light ray to the indices of refraction for the two
materials.

In short, the law says that if you’re going from a lower refractive index
substance to a higher one (e.g., from air to glass), the light ray is deflected towards
the “normal” to the surface (i.e., towards the direction perpendicular to the surface
at that point) and that the opposite is true for light rays going from a higher
refractive index material to a lower one. (6)

Terms in Optics
There are quite a few unique terms used in optics and understanding these
is crucial if you’re studying the physics of lenses.

 Focal point is the point where parallel rays converge when after
passing through a lens.

27
 Focal length of a lens is the distance from its center to the focal point.
 Optical axis is the line of symmetry for the lens.
 Light ray is an approximation of the path of light, where straight lines
are used to represent the motion of light waves.
 Biconvex lens is a simple optical lens with two convex

What is It

Where are lenses used?


1. Magnifying Lens
A magnifying glass is a convex lens. Convex means curved outward, like the
underside of a spoon or the dome of a sports stadium. It is the opposite of concave,
or curved inward. A lens is something that allows light rays to pass through it and
bends, or refracts, them as they do so. A magnifying glass uses a convex lens
because these lenses cause light rays to converge, or come together.

Image Source:
https://thesocialclasslens.files.wordpress.com/2014/03/magnifying-glass-2.jpg

A magnifying glass, in effect, tricks your eyes into seeing what isn't there.
Light rays from the object enter the glass in parallel but are refracted by the lens so
that they converge as they exit, and create a "virtual image" on the retina of your
eye. This image appears to be larger than the object itself because of simple
geometry: Your eyes trace the light rays back in straight lines to the virtual image,
which is farther from your eyes than the object is and thus appears bigger. (7)

28
Image Source: https://sciencing.com/magnifying-glasses-work-4567139.html

The magnifying lens is a critical aspect of modern technology. Without it,


you would not be able to take advantage of cameras, watch movies on a screen or
use gadgets such as the night-vision goggles that are vital in certain military
operations. Going back to the early 17th century, Galileo assembled the first
astronomical telescope, and discovered previously unknown features of Earth's
moon and nearby planets, and also revealed that Jupiter has multiple moons of its
own. (7)
2. Camera
A camera lens is one of the most familiar types of lenses you encounter on a
daily basis, and these come in many different types, although they all share the
same basic principles of operation outlined previously. (8)

Image Source: https://sciencing.com/lens-physics-definition-types-how-they-work-


13722365.html

The aperture, which lets light into the inside of the camera, corresponds to
the pupil. The system of lenses in a camera performs the same function as the lens
of the eye. However, whereas the lens of the eye changes shape to change focus,

29
glass lenses are not very forgiving of shape changes. Instead, the lens system can
be slid along its optical axis in order to focus on the film. Of course, the film plays
the role of the retina. In addition, cameras have a shutter, which opens and closes
quickly so that the film does not get inundated with light. This produces a more or
less clear image of the instant that the photographer shoots. (9)

Image Source: https://sciencing.com/lens-physics-definition-types-how-they-work-


13722365.html

A prime lens is a basic lens with a fixed focal length, and a zoom lens has a
variable focal length, so you don’t have to physically change your location to get
something in focus. A wide-angle lens is a type of lens with a very small focal length
that dramatically increases the field of view, and a fisheye lens is essentially an
extreme version of a wide-angle lens. (8)
3. Eyeglass or Contact Lens
Other common types of lenses are eyeglasses lenses or the contact lens, and
both of these works to correct the problems with your vision. If you’re
“nearsighted,” this means your eye lenses create images in front of the light-
sensitive retina in your eye, and so you need diverging (concave) lenses to move the
image further back.
If you’re “farsighted,” the lenses in your eyes would produce an image
further back than your retinas, so you need converging lenses to correct this issue.
Both contact lenses and eyeglasses correct this in the same way – by adding
an additional corrective lens to make the effective focal length of your eye match
the distance to your retina – but there are differences because contact lenses sit
directly on your eyes. In a contact lens, the lens doesn’t need to cover as much
space (it only needs to be big enough for your pupil at its maximum dilation) and
can achieve this with less material. For eyeglasses lenses, the lens needs to cover a
much larger area and is thicker as a result. (8)
4. Microscope
Microscopes work by using biconvex lenses (lenses with two convex sides) to
produce a magnified version of the images. Microscopes are a little more
complicated (because they usually have multiple lenses), but they produce
magnified images in basically the same way. As on microscopes, these have another
lens in the eyepiece to make sure the captured light is in focus when it reaches

30
your eye. The other major type of telescope is a reflector telescope, which uses
mirrors instead of lenses to gather the light and send it to your eye. The mirror is
concave, so it focuses the light to a real image on the same side of the mirror as the
object. (8)

Image Source:
https://sciencing.com/difference-glass-compound-light-microscope-8611655.html

A simple microscope uses a single lens, so magnifying glasses are simple


microscopes. Stereoscopic or dissecting microscopes usually are simple
microscopes as well. Stereoscopic microscopes use two oculars or eyepieces, one for
each eye, to allow binocular vision and provide a three-dimensional view of the
object. Stereoscopic microscopes may have different lighting options as well,
allowing the object to be lit from above, below or both. Magnifying glasses and
stereoscopic microscopes can be used to view details on opaque objects like rocks,
insects or plants.
Compound microscopes use two or more lenses in a row to magnify objects
for viewing. In general, compound microscopes require that the specimen to be
viewed is thin enough or transparent enough that light can pass through. These
microscopes provide high magnification, but the view is two-dimensional. (10)

31
5. Binoculars
Binoculars and telescopes are the next best thing. They take you up to the
action without having to move a muscle. Binoculars are based on the science of
optics and some pretty clever tricks that lenses pull on light. (11)

Image Source: https://www.explainthatstuff.com/binoculars.html


You can probably see where we're heading. If you want to see something in
the distance, you can use two convex lenses, placed one in front of the other. The
first lens catches light rays from the distant object and makes a focused image a
short distance behind the lens. This lens is called the objective, because it's nearest
to the object you're looking at. The second lens picks up that image and magnifies
it, just like a magnifying glass magnifies an image on paper. If you put the two
lenses in a closed tube, hey presto, you have a telescope. (There's quite a good
demonstration on this page at Birdwatching.com.) You can make your own
telescope easily enough with a couple of magnifying glasses and a cardboard tube
wrapped around them.
Binoculars are simply two telescopes side by side, one for each eye. But
there's a catch. When light rays from a distant object pass through a convex lens,
they cross over. That's why distant things sometimes look upside down if you look
at them through a magnifying glass. The second lens doesn't sort out that problem.
So, binoculars have a pair of prisms (large wedges of glass) inside them to rotate
the image through 180 degrees. One prism rotates the image through 90 degrees
(flips it onto its side), then the next prism rotates it through another 90 degrees
(flips it onto its side again), so the two prisms effectively turn it upside down. The
prisms can either be arranged in a back-to-back arrangement (known as roof
prisms) or at 90 degrees (known as Porro prisms).

32
The prisms explain why binoculars are heavy and why they are sometimes
quite chunky in the middle. Field glasses, which are compact binoculars like the
ones shown in the photo here, flip the incoming images using only lenses. There
are no prisms, so field glasses are smaller, lighter and more compact—but the
image quality is poorer. (11)

What’s More

Activity 3.1 Making Improvised Camera


Task: Construct a pin hole camera and explain the factors that affect the image on
the screen.

Materials:
1. Illustration board or cardboard
2. Black cartolina, cutting mat
3. Pin or sewing needle, glue or sticky tape
4. Cutter, scissors, ruler, flashlight or lamp

Procedure:
1. Using the materials given, design and construct an improvised camera based on
the information gathered from different resources.
2. A record sheet is provided as your guide for accomplishing the written report on
your constructed camera.
Reference Video: Pinhole Camera by ThinkTac
Source: YouTube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4jbjolpz2BQ

What I Have Learned (Lesson Summary)

1. What is a lens?
2. How are images formed with lenses?
3. What are the devices where lenses are used?

33
What I Can Do

Activity 3.2 I’m a Song Composer


Music is known to affect our feelings and energy levels. It can prompt
memories, enhance brain activity and stimulate the mind. (Brewer, 1995). Based
on what you have learned in Lesson 1 to 3, compose a song parody using the words
and sentences found within the lessons. An example is shown below:
Song Title: A Molecular Shape of You (Ed Sheeran Parody)

Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f8FAJXPBdOg

Note: If you have a cellphone, use it to record your composition. Enjoy!

34
Lesson 3: Assessment

True or False. Identify each statement as true or false based on the underlined
word/s.

_______1. Simple microscopes use two or more lenses in a row to magnify objects
for
viewing.
_______2. A wide-angle lens is a type of lens with a very small focal length that
dramatically increases the field of view.
_______3. Lenses work by bending light rays that pass through them through
Refraction.
_______4. The depth of field describes the range of distances at which objects are in
. focus when viewed through the lens.
_______5. The mirror in a microscope is convex, so it focuses the light to a real
image
On the same side of the mirror as the object.
_______6. When light interacts with objects several times as large as its wavelength,
. it travels in straight lines and act as a ray.
_______7. A focal point is a point at which rays of light or other radiation converge.
_______8. The optical axis is the line of asymmetry for the lens.
_______9. A biconvex lens is a simple optical lens with one convex side.
_______10. A magnifying glass is a convex lens.

Additional Activities

Activity 3.3 Concept Map


A concept map is a visual organizer that can enrich your understanding of a
learned concept. In this activity, you are free to create a concept map on what you
have learned from Lesson 1, 2 and 3. See below concept map as an example:
Your work will be rated using the following rubrics found on the concept map
below.

35
Source:
http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Dj2pChR-QFw/Upi_AWKSOQI/AAAAAAAAUyI/61KKE9
tp2jU/s1600/a+concept+map.png

36
POST-TEST: Assessment

1. A ray of light passing through the focal point at an angle to the optic axis of a

A. through the focal point.


B. parallel to the optic axis.
C. in the horizontal direction.
D. through the center of the sphere.

2. What happens to the image produced by a pinhole camera when you move the
back wall farther from the pinhole? It becomes…
A. larger and fainter.
B. larger and brighter.
C. smaller and brighter.
D. smaller and fainter.

3. The shortest mirror in which a creature from outer space can see its entire body
is _________________________.

A. twice as its height


B. equal to its height
C. one half of its height
D. four times as its height

4. A ray reflected from a retro-reflector

A. has an angle of reflection equal to the angle of incidence.


B. passes through the focal point.
C. forms a right angle with an incident ray.
D. travels in the direction opposite that of the incident ray.

5. A ray of light parallel to the optic axis of a concave mirror is reflected back

A. through the center of the sphere.


B. through the focal point.
C. parallel to the optic axis.
D. as if it came from the focal point.

6. The back surfaces of automobile headlights are curved

A. because inverted, real images of filaments shine brighter.


B. to concentrate light in one direction.

37
C. for structural reasons not related to optics.
D. to get multiple images of the filament.

7. The dispersion of light when it passes through a prism shows that

A. the prism contains many narrow, equally spaced slits.


B. all colors in the light are treated the same.
C. different colors have different indices of refraction.
D. the speed of light in a vacuum is a constant.

8. A human eye employs a _____ lens to form _____ images.

A. converging .... real


B. converging .... virtual
C. diverging .... real
D. diverging .... virtual

9. A camera employs a _____ lens to form _____ images.

A. converging .... real


B. converging .... virtual
C. diverging .... real
D. diverging .... virtual

10. A converging lens is used to form a sharp image of a candle. If the lower half of
the lens is covered by a piece of paper, the

A. lower half of the image will disappear.


B. upper half of the image will disappear.
C. image will become dimmer.
D. image will not change.

11. In most cameras the location of the image is adjusted to appear on the film by
changing the

A. position of the lens.


B. diameter of the diaphragm.
C. shape of the lens.
D. focal length of the lens.

12.What kind of mirror is used by department stores to give a wider area and
smaller image of the shoppers?
A. Plane mirror
B. Convex mirror
C. Concave mirror
D. None of the above

38
13. If you wish to have a magnified image of your face for applying makeup or
shaving, the mirror you will use must be:
A. Convex mirror
B. Concave mirror
C. Plane mirror
D. any of these

14. Farsightedness is corrected by a:


A. convex mirror
B. convex lens
C. concave mirror
D. Concave lens

15. A person views his image in front of a mirror. His image appeared to be real,
inverted and larger than him. What kind of mirror did he used?
A. Plane Mirror B. Convex mirror C. Concave Mirror D. Magic Mirror

39
Answer Key

Lesson 1 What I Lesson 3 What I


Know Know
1. D 1. True
2. A 2. True
3. B 3. False - Symmetry
4. A 4. False -Two convex
5. A sides
6. B 5. True
7. D 6. False - Compound
8. D
7. True
9. D
8.True
10.B
11.D 9. True
12.A 10. False – Concave
13.C
14.A
15.C

Lesson 1 Lesson 3 UNIT TEST


Assessment Assessment 1. B
1. D 1. False - Compound 2. A
2. B 2. True 3.A
3. A 3.True 4. D
4. A 4. True 5. B
5. C 5. False – Concave 6. B
6. B 7. C
6. True
7. D 8. A
7. True
8. A 9. A
9. D 8. False - Symmetry
9. False -Two convex 10. C
10. D 11. A
11. D sides
10. True 12. B
12. B 13. B
13. A 14. D
14. A 15. C
15. C

40
Lesson 2: What I Know/Assessment

41
References

1. https://www.wikihow.com/Make-a-Kaleidoscope, Accessed June 26, 2020


2. https://sciencing.com/concave-mirrors-used-7238113.html, Accessed June 26,
2020
3. https://www.vitadentalspring.com/blog/dentist-use-concave-mirror
4. https://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/green-science/solar-
cooking1.htm
5. https://rampages.us/robinsonqj/2017/07/03/concave-spoon-mirror-topic-9-
activity-1/
6. https://sciencing.com/lens-physics-definition-types-how-they-work-
13722365.html
7. https://sciencing.com/magnifying-glasses-work-4567139.html
8. https://sciencing.com/lens-physics-definition-types-how-they-work-
13722365.html
9.
https://www.math.ubc.ca/~cass/courses/m309-01a/chu/Applications/apps.htm
10. https://sciencing.com/difference-glass-compound-light-microscope-
8611655.html

11. https://www.explainthatstuff.com/binoculars.html

12. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Plane-mirror.png
13. https://www.storypick.com/elevators-mirrors-quora/
14. https://blog.hubspot.com/marketing/these-brands-are-proving-how-effective-
periscope-can-be
15. https://babbledabbledo.com/mini-diy-kaleidoscopes-open-ended/

16. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bjlYKvQo-kI

17. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hDDisOh4oZE

18. https://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/images/48-convex-mirror
19. https://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/images/47-concave-mirror
20. https://unsplash.com/s/photos/side-mirror
21. https://www.wowwoodys.com/side-mirror-safety-options/
22. http://i.ebayimg.com/images/i/152446894748-0-1/s-l1000.jpg
23. https://www.solarcooker-at-cantinawest.com/images/new_solsource500.jpg

42
24.https://s3mn.mnimgs.com/img/shared/discuss_editlive/
2191102/2013_07_31_10_57_59/image3241484778515667493.jpg
25. https://thesocialclasslens.files.wordpress.com/2014/03/magnifying-glass-
2.jpg
26. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f8FAJXPBdOg
27.
http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Dj2pChR-QFw/Upi_AWKSOQI/AAAAAAAAUyI/61KKE9
tp2jU/s1600/a+concept+map.png

43
For inquiries and feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education – Bureau of Learning Resources (DepEd-BLR)

DepEd Division of Bukidnon


Fortich Street, Sumpong, Malaybalay City
Telefax: (088) 813-3634
E-mail Address: bukidnon@deped.gov.ph

You might also like