Project proposal on

Menz Sheep Community Based Selective Breeding Program

Establishment
By
Debre Berhan University (DBU)
In collaboration with
International Center for Agricultural Researches in the Dry Areas
(ICARDA)

Mr. Hulunim Gatew (Animal Genetics & Breeding) Focal Person

Mr. Amare Migbe (Animal Genetics & Breeding)
Dr. Mekete Bekele (Animal Production)
Dr. Admasu Lakew (Animal Production)
Dr. Yohanes Muluneh (Tropical Animal Production & Health)
Dr. Kassahun Bekele (Veterinary epidemiology and economics)
Miss Aeden Dereje (Agri. Business & Value Chain mngt
Mr. Anmut Tafet (N.Shoa zone L & F development office)

Debre Berhan, Ethiopia

September, 2021
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TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF TABLES...................................................................................................3
LIST OF TABLES IN THE APPENDIX..............................................................4
1. INTRODUCTION.............................................................................................5
2. OPERATING STRATEGY................................................................................8
2.1 Site Selection....................................................................................................................................8
2.2 Trait Preferences and Production Objectives................................................................................8
2.3 Identification of the Community Members...................................................................................9
2.4 Organizing Farmers into Cooperatives..........................................................................................9
2.5 Development of by-laws.................................................................................................................10
2.6 Involvement of local institutions...................................................................................................11
2.7 Capacity Building..........................................................................................................................11
2.8 Organizing Farmers into Cooperatives........................................................................................12
2.9 Describing Population and Production Systems..........................................................................13
2.9.1 Description of the production system....................................................................................13
2.9.2 Phenotypic data collection......................................................................................................13
2.10 Feed Development Strategy........................................................................................................14
2.10.1 Backyard forage production................................................................................................16
2.10.2 Forage production on soil & water conservation structures /check dams, soil bunds,
terraces, gully banks, etc. and stock exclusion areas.....................................................................16
2.10.3 Oat-vetch mixture forage.....................................................................................................17
2.10.4. Feeding value improvement and minerals supplementation............................................17
2.10.5 Improved feeding and feed management............................................................................18
2.10.6 Training and technical support............................................................................................18
2.10.7 Sheep fattening......................................................................................................................18
2.11 Disease Prevention, Control and Monitoring............................................................................18
2.12 Animal Identification and Record Keeping...............................................................................19
2.13 Ram Selection and Distribution..................................................................................................19
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 2.14 Market Linkage...........................................................................................................................20
2.15 Monitoring and Evaluation.........................................................................................................20

3. Work Plan........................................................................................................24
4. Budget Break Down........................................................................................31
5. APPENDEX.....................................................................................................34
6. REFERENCES................................................................................................38

LIST OF TABLES
Table 1 Suggested key Species for forage development...............................................................16
Table 2 Monitoring and evaluation of community-based breeding programs for sheep..............21
Table 3 Breeding work plan..........................................................................................................23
Table 4 Feed development and supplies work plan.......................................................................24
Table 5 Socio-Economics activities work plan.............................................................................27

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Table 6 Flock Health monitoring work plan..................................................................................28
Table 7 Action plan for 2021/2022 (2014 E.C).............................................................................29
Table 8 Personnel Expense for 5 project years..............................................................................31
Table 9 Input Material Expenses for 5 project years.....................................................................33
Table 10 Budget Summery for 2021/2022 (2014 E.C)..................................................................34

LIST OF TABLES IN THE APPENDIX

Appendix Table 2 Quantitative traits measurement recording format..........................................37

Appendix Table 3 Reproductive performance recording format...................................................38

Appendix Table 4 Sheep off take recording format......................................................................39

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Appendix Table 5 Health monitoring record sheet........................................................................40

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 1. INTRODUCTION
Sheep account for one of the major livestock species and sheep husbandry is one of the major
sources of livelihood for the resource challenged members of the society (Gizaw et al., 2008).
Sheep are considered a key asset for smallholders playing significant economic and cultural roles
and reared in different agro ecological systems in Ethiopia. Indigenous sheep breeds have an
advantage over exotic breeds in improving the livelihood of the smallholders and pastoralist
under low input agro-pastoral and pastoral production system (Kosgey and Okeyo 2007). This
may be attributed to their ability in effectively utilizing the available feed resources, most of
which are obtained from the degraded grasslands unsuitable for the agronomic activities.

However, the contribution of sheep to the people and economy of the country is low. This is
because of socio economic and technical limitations like inadequate feed quality and quantity,
diseases, underutilized breed potentials and inadequate livestock policies of credit, extension,
marketing and infrastructure that affect sheep production potentials.

Productivity improvement can be caused through genetic improvement and/or improvement of

the production environment (improved feeding and disease control). Genetic improvement
techniques are also limited by lack of proper identification, paucity of reliable records
(performance, pedigree etc.), low education and scattered settlements (Jaitner et al., 2001).
Selective breeding within the indigenous population is one of the methods used to improve
genetic merits of indigenous breeds. Sire rotation or loan schemes, community-based breeding
programs and nucleus-based programs are among models tried for within-breed improvement
programs (Gizaw et al., 2011, Wurzinger et al., 2011).

One of selective breeding within the indigenous population called community-based breeding
program (CBBP) is organized breeding activity that are planned, designed and implemented by
smallholder farmers individually or in cooperation with technical stakeholders to effect genetic
improvement within their livestock (Karnuah et al., 2018). The approach is participatory,
relatively cheap and implemented directly by the farmers. It is also integrated, taking into
consideration genetics, nutrition, health, input supply, services, and market access
(https://www.icarda.org/). CBBP is proposed as an option for genetic improvement of livestock in
developing countries. Typically CBBP related to low-input systems with farmers within
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geographical boundaries having a common interest to work together for the improvement of their
genetic resources (. This new approach has been tested in a few places with promising results in
Mexico (dairy goats), Bolivia (llamas and alpacas), Liberia (goats) and Ethiopia (in different
production systems for sheep and goats) (Haile et al., 2011; Karnuah et al., 2018). It is also being
replicated in Iran, Malawi, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, and Uganda.

Community-based breeding program (CBBP) was first introduced in Ethiopia in 2009 by

International Center for Agricultural Researches in the Dry Areas (ICARDA) together with
the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Boku University, and Ethiopian National
Agricultural Research System (NARS). The above mentioned institutions in partnership
designed implemented CBBP for four sheep breeds (Afar, Bonga, Horro and Menz) representing
different production systems in Ethiopia.

Within ten years (2009-2018), the programs have directly benefited 3,200 households in CBBP
sites of Bonga, Horro, and Menz. Farmers have created 35 formal breeders’ cooperatives in 40
villages. Onwards to its implementation (2009), farmer incomes increasing by 20%. The number
of beneficiaries increased by fold until 2021. The major selection trait in CBBPs i.e. six month
weight increased over the years in all breeds. In Bonga, the average increase was 0.21 ± 0.018
kg/year, followed by average increase of 0.18 ± 0.007kg/year in Horro and 0.11 ± 0.003 kg/year
for Menz.  In Horro and Bonga sheep twinning rate was one of the selection traits and litter size
increased over the years: 15.4% in Bonga and 11.6% in Horro. The results show that CBBPs are
technically feasible, result in measurable genetic gains in performance traits and impact on the
livelihood of farmers (Haile et al., 2020).

Due to increased demand from farmers for improved sheep breeds, scaling up CBBPs have
recently received support due to evidence-based results from current implementation and results
of CBBPs implemented areas (Kaumbata et al., 2020). Therefore, the CGIAR Research Program
on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS) in partnership with ICARDA
organized a one day CBBPs optimization consultative workshop at Bahir Dar on July, 20/2020.
The workshop aimed engaging Ethiopian Public Universities in CBBPs and Debre Berhan
University was one of the Universities invited and participated in the consultative workshop to
be engaged in upscaling of Menz Sheep CBBP.
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The engagement of Debre Berhan University in Menz sheep CBBP will have variety of benefits
to both the institution and the local community. The first importance is that animal science
students will get the chance to learn practically, secondly it is one of the way to reach to the local
community in delivering community service through transfer of technology and participatory
approaches and thirdly can create partnership with different governmental and non-governmental
organizations.

Therefore, establishment of community based selective breeding program for Menz sheep
population is planned to achieve the following general and specific objective/s:

General Objective:

 To establish functional participatory selective breeding scheme within Menz sheep breed

Specific Objectives;

 To organize and mobilize participating farmers in to sheep breedering cooperatives

 To improve farmers sheep husbandry practices (health, feeding and other management)
for enhancement of productivity

 To facilitate establish market linkage for sheep breeding cooperatives

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2. OPERATING STRATEGY
2.1 Site Selection
The project will be implemented in in two villages in North Shoa Zone of Amhara
Administrative Region.

A hierarchical or multi-stage sampling procedure will be followed where the big sampling frame
is North shewa zone of Amhara region. A rapid informal field survey and discussion with the
zonal agricultural and livestock and fishery development bureau officers and elders will be made
before the starting of preliminary data collection to identify two potential Menz sheep producing
and accessible villages.

Based on the outcome of the rapid informal field survey and discussion with the zonal, districts
livestock and fishery officers and representative farmers, two CBBP sites will be selected based
on Menz sheep production potential, and accessibility and existence of previous CBBP works.
However, if crossbreeding has been going on in the sites, selective breeding will not be
acceptable by the sheep keepers. Therefore, assessment of alternative breeding programs in the
area will be done before the selection of the CBBP sites.

2.2 Trait Preferences and Production Objectives

The success of CBBPs depends on understanding livestock keepers’ breeding objectives and
selection criteria (Haile et al., 2020). Identification general breeding objectives, selection criteria
or trait preference of farmers are prerequisite to establish CBBP (Jaitner et al. 2001) with the
active involvement of the community members using farmers personal interview, focus group
discussions (farmer discussion workshops) and phenotypic ranking of animals according to
producers and consumers (markets) preferences. However, Menz sheep breed is one of the most
studied and CBBP has been ongoing for the past ten years. Hence, we do not need to do new
study to know general breeding objectives, selection criteria or trait preference of farmers rather
we will use published materials to identify general breeding objectives, selection criteria or trait
preference of farmers for Menz sheep rearing (Gizaw et al., 2008; Getachew, 2008; Gizaw et al.,
2013; Gebre et al., 2017). Delectable meat, disease tolerance, feed shortages and cold climates
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resistance presence of horns, shorter lambing interval, and denser fleece are the traits preferred
by Menz sheep. While the traits not preferred by Menz sheep keepers include: small size, slow
growth rate, short tail and short ear (Gizaw et al., 2013). Preferred traits by the producers’ shows
their interest for trait categories they would like to be improved and comprises growth,
reproduction and adaptive traits. Income generation, meat consumption, manure, hair and means
of saving are major purpose of Menz sheep production in their order of appearance (Tesfaye,
2008). Identified purposes of sheep production are explanatory of body size indicating the
primary production objective of Menz sheep is body size and or growth rate followed by coat
color and hair production.

2.3 Identification of the Community Members

Participating communities in each identified village will be selected by a team composed of

researchers, development agents, and local government officials following syntheses of
secondary information and diagnostic surveys conducted to determine major Menz sheep-
producing areas. A total of two villages will be selected based on Menz sheep population,
presence of communal grazing land, common watering point, accessibility, clustering of the
villages, and willingness of the community to get involved in the improvement program. For
individual households, possession of breedable Menze ewes is the requirement to enroll as a
member in the community-based breeding program. A total of 100 households will be selected
based on having a Menz sheep population, accessibility, clustering of the villages, and
willingness of the household to get involved in the improvement program. Indigenous
knowledge of the communities will be considered at each phase of the breeding program design
and implementation.

2.4 Organizing Farmers into Cooperatives

Based on an interest to participate in the CBBP and other specific membership requirements,
farmers will be encouraged to form legally licensed cooperatives. Cooperatives will be
established based on the guidelines of the district level cooperatives promotion office. The
formation of licensed cooperatives will help ensure better access to markets and give stronger
bargaining power to farmers. The communities are encouraged to take the leading role and have

10
full participation in implementing and design of the program. In the establishment of the
cooperatives decision making on resources or other aspects of management will be participatory
and members will have to meet on regular basis. Therefore, the cooperatives will have formal
organizational structures.

Community leaders/ elders who are important to the social and traditional structures in the region
will be encouraged to take part in establishment of cooperatives. Special incentives will be given
for women who will have an interest to participate in the program. These special incentives will
be on the different membership requirements. Women will also be encouraged to take part in the
leadership of cooperatives to help address their specific interests. Moreover, the cooperatives
will have a support system to enhance the participation of the youth in the CBBP.

In order to build trust and boost sense of ownership in the cooperatives a system of transparent
and responsible management will be placed. Transparency mainly in the selection of rams, price
setting and benefit sharing will be integral part of organizing of cooperatives. As a result there
will be a proper financial recording system. Income and expenses will be audited annually and
audit reports will be presented to members. In a nut shell, the organized cooperatives are
expected to help achieve core objectives of CBBP, ensure community ownership and ensure
sustainability of the program.

2.5 Development of by-laws

Cooperatives will have by-laws and formal organizational structure. Cooperative members will
stand by common agreements at the beginning of the program. These agreements will include
some mandatory prerequisites for the implementation of the CBBP. The agreements will be
binding to meet the core objectives of the CBBP. So, one of the binding agreements will be, for
example, using only the selected rams for breeding and castrating unselected rams. In such a
way, other agreements in line with the objectives of CBBP will be placed.

Besides the binding agreements, there will be other rules that will be made by taking into
account context of the sites that will be selected. These rules will be set based on active
participation of the members. So, the members are expected to abide by their by- laws.
Generally, there will be strict rules and principles on the management of the cooperatives
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resources and breeding rams. The by-laws will include the rights and responsibilities of each
member. It will clearly state the specific opportunities and privileges that members will have. It
will also have clearly stated measures that will be implemented for any violation of the due rules
and principles.

2.6 Involvement of local institutions

CBBPs are an attempt to bring together livestock keepers, scientists, and other stakeholders with
the goal of jointly improving and sharing genetic resources.  Locally relevant institutions can
further facilitate the success and sustainability of CBBP by creating an enabling environment.
But different projects including CBBP have failed to operate sustainably. Before the
establishment of the CBBPs, all relevant institutions will be identified in collaboration with zonal
and woreda level offices. The roles of each institution and how the existing institution will be
mapped through a workshop in ensuring sustainability of CBBP project.

A multi-stakeholder consultation process in each CBBP site will be the starting point for the
design of community-based breeding programs (CBBP). During this initial phase a series of
workshops with farmers, representatives of local government, an NGO and research institutions
will be held. These platforms will be used to distribute information on breeding programs, but
also to discuss and agree on level of involvement, roles and responsibilities of different
stakeholders in a breeding program. It will be made clear that a breeding program can only
be successful if there is a long-term commitment and interest from different actors. There will
be also discussions to be held to explain that breeding activities should also be
accompanied by supporting actions (e.g. Veterinary service, feed improvement).
The stalk holder’s platform will be formed and will be officially recognized by Zone, Woreda
and Kebele offices. This will help to facilitate possible support actions.

2.7 Capacity Building

Establishment of successful CBBP is knowledge and skill intensive. Capacity building of the
targeted beneficiaries and establishment of functional community-based institutions in CBBP is
one of the strategies as a step of building sustainable CBBPs. As seen elsewhere in establishment
of CBBP sites, in the due course of establishment of CBBP, capacity building and empowerment
12
of participant farmers’ wereda/ kebele professionals on CBBP operating system, principle of
sheep production, identification and recording of sheep and sheep performance, housing system,
sheep feeding practice, flock health management is required until the community and other stalk
holders understands. Therefore, soon after identification of the CBBP participant farmers a group
comprising of farmers, enumerators and kebele professionals will be converged for the two days
CBBP training workshop (per site) with the main objective of understanding CBBP operating
system. The training workshop will include on sheep management, production, nutrition and
feeding, breeding and selection, health and disease management, performance recording and
record keeping and value chain and marketing. Practical exercises will be done on routine
husbandry practices, major disease identification, on-farm sheep evaluation and selection,
identification (ear tags), production and reproduction records keeping.

2.8 Organizing Farmers into Cooperatives

Based on an interest to participate in the CBBP and other specific membership requirements,
farmers will be encouraged to form legally licensed cooperatives. Cooperatives will be
established based on the guidelines of the district level cooperatives promotion office. The
formation of licensed cooperatives will help ensure better access to markets and give stronger
bargaining power to farmers. The communities are encouraged to take the leading role and have
full participation in implementing and design of the program. In the establishment of the
cooperatives decision making on resources or other aspects of management will be participatory
and members will have to meet on regular basis. Therefore, the cooperatives will have formal
organizational structures.

Community leaders/ elders who are important to the social and traditional structures in the
village will be encouraged to take part in establishment of cooperatives. Special incentives will
be given for women who will have an interest to participate in the program. These special
incentives will be on the different membership requirements. Women will also be encouraged to
take part in the leadership of cooperatives to help address their specific interests. Moreover, the
cooperatives will have a support system to enhance the participation of the youth in the
community.

13
In order to build trust and boost sense of ownership in the cooperatives a system of transparent
and responsible management will be placed. Transparency mainly in the selection of rams, price
setting and benefit sharing will be integral part of organizing of cooperatives. As a result there
will be a proper financial recording system. Income and expenses will be audited annually and
audit reports will be presented to members. In a nut shell, the organized cooperatives are
expected to help achieve core objectives of CBBP, ensure community ownership and ensure
sustainability of the program.

2.9 Describing Population and Production Systems

Bulk of information on both the production system and breed characteristics of Menz sheep have
been already generated by different researchers (Getachew, 2008, Gizaw, 2008; Gizaw et al.,
2013; Haile et al., 2020) and will be used for this project. However, after selection of the two
CBBP sites, site specific baseline data on farmers’ sheep husbandry practice and phenotypic
characteristics will be collected with active participation of farmers.

2.9.1 Description of the production system

Semi-structured questionnaire will be prepared and employed to collected data on sheep

production in the selected CBBP sites. The questionnaire will be administered to the selected
CBBP participant household heads or representatives (50 per CBBP site) by a team of
enumerators trained for this purpose. Information on household characteristics, importance of
sheep, management practices, breeding system, unique character, and watering activities,
production constraints, flock structure, breeding management, feeds and feeding management,
diseases prevalence and production constraints, etc. will be collected using the semi-structured
questionnaires in a single visit. Participatory focus group discussions will be held with selected
sheep producers and knowledgeable key informants for generating general information regarding
the history of sheep production in the sites, special distinguishable features of the targeted sheep,
utility pattern of the breed, social laws like availability of communal land and its utilization,
indigenous knowledge on management of breeding stock, ram sharing habit , breeding ewe and
ram selection age and criteria, available sheep diseases and other constraints.

2.9.2 Phenotypic data collection

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Phenotypic characteristics information is already available for Menz sheep. But to use and
evaluate the effect of CBBP collection of some selected phenotypic characterrestics will be
measured. Total of 100 households (50hh/CBBP site) flocks in different age and sex categories
will be targeted in collection of phenotypic data during establishment of CBBP. Phenotypic
characteristics data to be collected will include:

- Quantitative characteristics such as: Body weight, Body Length (BL), Height at Withers
(HW), Chest Girth (CG), Rump Length (RL), Rump Width (RW), Head Length (HL),
and Scrotum Circumference (SC)

- Qualitative characteristics such as: body hair coat color, wattles presence, horn presence

2.10 Feed Development Strategy

In the highlands of Ethiopia, diverse kinds of livestock herds are kept under mixed crop-
livestock system, which is characterized, by low inputs and low outputs modes of production. A
typical herd contains cattle, sheep goats and equines. Despite the contributions to the household
food security and the national economy the livestock sector as a whole is characterized by low
productivity. For instance, in case of sheep the average mutton yields per animal slaughtered is
estimated at 10 kg. Various constraints attributed for such low productivity including: inadequate
feed and nutrition, low level of veterinary care, prevalence of diseases and parasites, low genetic
potential and poor technology transfer. Among these constraints, poor feed availability (both in
quantity and quality) is the outstanding constraint at present.

Feed is the principal input of livestock production accounting more than 70% of cost of
production to obtain different products and services. Currently, the major feed sources for
livestock are natural grazing lands and crop residues. The contribution of agro-industrial by
products, concentrate feeds and cultivated forage crops in the smallholders’ production system is
insignificant. Adoption and cultivation of improved forage crops in the farming system is very
low. The main reasons for this low adoption include lack of awareness, shortage of inputs, poor
supply of forage planting materials and use of low producing animals.

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The genetic potential of an animal is among the multifaceted factors which affects the feed
conversion efficiency into different livestock beneficial outputs. On the other hand, improved
genetics in turn is constrained by the availability (quantity and quality) of feed offered to the
animal. It is obvious that nutrition in general has a large influence on the expression of the
genetic potential on an animal in terms of reproduction, health, productivity.

With respect to animal genetics village based selective breeding is one of the mechanisms for
improving the productivity of local sheep and goats. However, the approach in community based
breeding program (CBBP) so far followed the traditional animal husbandry practices of the
farmers and improve genetics of their stock, though obviously the bulk of the feed comes from
natural grazing which is difficult to quantify (Haile et al., 2019). Natural grazing lands, which
are the main sources of feed for livestock are shrinking over years due to increasing demand and
allocation of arable land for crop production. Moreover, small and fragmented landholdings per
household in the highland areas further exacerbated the feed shortage. In most instances,
allocation of cultivable land for sole fodder crop production is becoming more difficult and
seems unlikely now or in the near future. So it is critical for producers to know the fundamental
techniques to establish, manage and produce improved forages to realizing the benefit on forage-
based livestock production. In some instances, the existing forage base may be adequate for the
prevailing livestock but in some cases, however, a different forage species may be desired to
augment existing forage resources.

Different species of cultivated forage crops have been evaluated for their various uses and their
production in the different agro-ecologies of Ethiopia. These forage crops are broadly
categorized as forage grasses, legumes and browses. With the current scenario of very critical
feed shortage in central highlands of Ethiopia, use of cultivated forage crops is not a choice but is
a must. However, cultivation of forage crops, particularly by smallholder farmers, is likely
feasible when various appropriate options of forage production strategies are practiced.
Therefore, in designing any sheep productivity improvement intervention like CBBP, one should
consider the context and select fodder production technologies that fit the capacity of the
smallholder farmer. There are numerous technology options in alleviating animal feed crisis that
can be introduced to farming communities considering each specific situation. Highly nutritious
fodder materials could be conserved for strategic feeding in dry seasons as supplement to fibrous
16
feedstuff. These improved fodder crops and their management and utilization need to be
demonstrated to the producers. Introducing intensive fodder crops that could be grown around
farmers’ homestead in backyard or fodder bank systems, integrating fodder production with crop
production and soil and water conservation interventions could be viable alternative approaches.

Suggested Interventions

Following feed resources development interventions are anticipated to abase the effects feed
shortage problem of farmers participating in the CBPP.

- Introduction of improved forage production in the backyard, hedgerows, etc.;

- Integration of forage development with soil and water conservation interventions;
- Integration of feed-food production with improved forage development strategy;
- Area closure and management of dry season grazing reserve;
- Utilization of crop residues and crop aftermath;
- Feed conservation, hay making, silage making etc.;
- Roughages treatment, urea treatment or ammoniation of low quality forages;
- Preparation and use of Urea molasses block.

For successful CBBP establishment knowledge and technologies transfer on proven and best
practices of feed resources development, nutritive value enhancement and feeding management
will be key activities. To increase the feed supply and improve sheep reproduction and
productivity promotion of diversified forage development that integrate sheep production, crop
production, soil and water conservation and agro-forestry interventions pertinent to the existing
farming system are proposed. Selected forage species for different forage development strategies
will be introduced.

2.10.1 Backyard forage production

Productive and multipurpose forages with rapid growth rates will be introduced for planting on
small plots around house compounds and boundaries as hedges. This strategy will introduce
farmers to the concept of supplementing poor quality roughages (crop residues) with high-quality
forages with cut and carry system and conserved forages during dry seasons. Initially planting

17
materials (seeds, seedlings) will be provided to the beneficiaries and they are expected to have
their own sources of planting materials (nurseries) in private or communally for subsequent
planting seasons.

2.10.2 Forage production on soil & water conservation structures /check dams, soil bunds,
terraces, gully banks, etc. and stock exclusion areas

Based on the existing physical structures suitable forage species will be introduced for
cultivation to protect the soil and water and eventually avail feed for sheep produces in the form
of cut and carry and/or controlled grazing.

2.10.3 Oat-vetch mixture forage

Oat-vetch mixture has been demonstrated to provide very high feed values in terms of energy
and protein contents for sheep production and fattening as green fodder or hay. Hence CBBP
participants will be supported to produce oat-vetch mixture forage on whatever land the can
afford using intercropping of crop rotations approaches. The forage can be a very good
supplement to increase the performances breeding as well as fattening sheep.

Table 1 Suggested key Species for forage development

Altitude Browse legumes Forage Grasses

legumes
2000-2400 m Sesbania Alfalfa Phalaris
Pigeon pea Vetch Elephant grass
Tree Lucerne Verano stylo Setaria
Clover
Lotus
>2400 Tree Lucerne Alfalfa Phalaris
Vetch Oats
Lolium Desho Festuka

2.10.4. Feeding value improvement and minerals supplementation

18
To enhance the feed value and feed intake of low quality roughages (particularly crop residues),
treatment of these feeds with urea (ammonization) and effective microorganisms (EM) will been
demonstrated. Moreover, methods of mineral leak and urea molasses block preparations will be
demonstrated.

2.10.5 Improved feeding and feed management

To reduce feed wastage due to inappropriate feeding methods, the farmers/participants will be
introduced and encouraged to construct practical feeding troughs from locally available
materials.

2.10.6 Training and technical support

To increase the knowledge base and skill in sheep feed development and feed value enhancement
of low quality feeds training and technical support will be offered to the CBBP participants and
development assistants.

2.10.7 Sheep fattening

The CBBP alongside with breed improvement through selection will also be a platform to
intervene on modern sheep fattening techniques. In the process of selection, unfit sheep (rams
and ewes) for breed improvement will be culled and fattened for high market returns. Farmers
participating in the CBBP program will be trained on improved technologies and practices for
fattening and marketing of sheep to ensure sustainable benefit. To achieve maximum weight gain
in short period of feeding time sheep entered into fattening will be treated for internal and
external parasites. Unselected rams will be castrated for fattening. Moreover, in improving
feeding strategies to undertake sheep fattening use of locally available feed resources will be
given emphasis. Sheep fattening will also be integrated with the forage development and feed
value enhancement strategies of the CBBP. Participants will be supported and encouraged to
perform more sheep fattening cycles year round (at least three times a year) and look for better
marketing. To ensure regular fattening support will be provided to create linkage between the

19
sheep fatteners with input suppliers, market outlets for fattened sheep and credit and saving
service institutions. They will also be organized into fattening cooperatives.

2.11 Disease Prevention, Control and Monitoring

An effective animal health program is an essential part of a successful sheep management

program. Good feeding and breeding will not result in maximum production if sheep are not kept
in good health. Health monitoring in CBBP sites will focus on decreasing mortality and
morbidity of sheep by preventing or controlling of diseases. The key interventions on which we
will focus to improve flock health are vaccines diagnostics, biosecurity and researching to
identify the prevalent sheep diseases in the two CBBP sites. The health monitoring activities will
be conducted in collaboration with kebele’s /woreda’s animal health offices and DBU
veterinarians. The major activities that will be undergoing CBBP sites are vaccination for known
diseases, periodic deworming at the binging and end of rainy season; dipping/spray for external
parasite infestation; treatment of animal throughout the year when the case appears; ring
vaccination when outbreak occurs. For routine animal health activities animal health experts will
be recruited in both sites.

2.12 Animal Identification and Record Keeping

All classes of sheep (above three months of age) belong to the participant farmers shall be tagged
using plain plastic ear tags and then five digits identification numbers will be written by hand
using indelible markers. Unique identification/numbering system per community will be
employed. Base line data like weight, age, parity, sex, horn presence, and coat color will be
recorded for the identified sheep on the respective recording sheet prepared based on ICARDAs’
CBBP guideline attached in the appendix section of this proposal. New born lambs will be
tagged at 3 month of age. But date of birth, birth weight, type of birth, sex of lamb and dam
parity will be recorded within 24 of birth. Health monitoring and disposal/off take data will be
throughout the time.

2.13 Ram Selection and Distribution

A breeding ram selection committee composed of 3 to 5 members (breeders and health

professionals) will be elected by the community to be involved in the selection. For the first
20
round 50 rams (25/site) will be purchased and distributed. In the second round selected based on
physical characteristics of individual performance as a breeding stock. This is because of absence
of recorded data on ram performance. The number of rams to be selected depended on the
number of ewes available for mating, with a male: female allocation ratio of 1:30, while
accounting for the replacement rate required.

After establishment, young rams will be screened based on their breeding value (own and
maternal performance record information) and independent culling of animals for observed
defects. The candidate rams with high breeding value will bring in central meeting place of the
community. The final selection (best ram selection) will be made by representative farmers from
the community. The prices of the selected sires will paid for the owners. The initial cost of ram
will be covered by the project and used as the revolving fund for covering cost of ram for the
next ram selection events. The selected rams will be disseminated to the production site along the
mating groups. The rams will be rotated between the ram user groups across the villages to avoid
inbreeding problems at each year. Undesirable males will be culled before they reach puberty
(i.e. before they can serve) through castrating, selling or slaughtering. The next top rams will be
disseminated to the production site. One enumerator/CBBP site will be recruited and trained for
the day to day follow up and data recording.

2.14 Market Linkage

Linkages to input markets and output markets will be facilitated. Market linkage will be between
farmers and input suppliers, animal traders, consumers and other actors in the market chain.
Linkage to input markets by attracting different suppliers will be assisted. Cooperatives will have
a function of negotiating with service providers and order in bulk different inputs and services.

CBBPs will be linked to output markets with better demand and price through the cooperatives.
Having access to better markets is expected to encourage practice of value addition through
fattening. In addition the Menz sheep’s fleece, which can be used to make carpet wool, will be
sold to generate additional income. So, market linkage and value addition practices will be
supported. Commercializing and promoting of the breeding rams will be done. As a result,
income from sheep production is expected to be higher. Therefore, the additional income that
will be gained from sheep sale will be used to meet the basic needs of the cooperative members.
21
2.15 Monitoring and Evaluation

The project team will be closely monitoring the activities performed in the right way of CBBP.
An integral component of a functional community-based breeding program will monitor on
technical and management issues related to the implementation of the breeding program; whether
outputs, outcomes and impacts are achievable; and whether mechanisms to ensure sustainability
of the breeding program are in place.

A breeding program should be evaluated by the genetic improvements achieved in all important
traits and the effects on total output of products and outputs per unit of measurement, e.g. per
animal and the economic impacts at both household and community levels. As stated by Haile
et al. (2011) effective monitoring and evaluation, the defined key indicators to measure the
progress in achieving the main outputs of the breeding program, as well as indicators to assess
whether or not the program outputs are contributing or will eventually contribute to the desired
outcomes and impacts at individual flock, household, and community levels.

An overview of the evaluation framework is divided into three main domains. These include
evaluation of CBBP implementation, evaluation of implementation outputs and evaluation of
their associated impacts on livelihoods of farmers and the environment. For each domain a set of
criteria, each with a subset of indicators will be presented. The evaluation of implementation will
be focused on organizational criteria by looking at the major components to ensure effective
operation and technical criteria by examining actions performed at relevant steps of the breeding
program. The evaluation of program outputs focuses on the genetic improvement of the animals
at flock/herd level attained and consequential changes at the household level and the community
at large (Haile et al., 2011; Muller et al., 2015). The evaluation of program impacts assesses the
changes in socio-economic data of participants and eventual effects on the environment.

This evaluation will be used from both primary and secondary data sources. Tools will be used to
collect primary data included participatory rural appraisals (PRA), key informant interviews,
informal discussions and interviews with sample farmers. Secondary data included biological
data collected by the project, and publications and reports of the project.

22
Table 2 Monitoring and evaluation of community-based breeding programs for sheep
Parameters
Technical issues related to
implementation of the breeding
program:
Proper animal identification
Baseline data collection
Proper data collection, analysis
and use
Selection and management of
rams
Ram sharing
Establishing breeders
associations/cooperatives
Complementary interventions:
• Value addition for unselected
rams
• Feed supply
• Disease prevention and
treatment measures
• Proper market linkages
Program outputs
Level of engagement of the actors
in program activities
When to
Indicators How to Monitor
Monitor
Functionality of the scheme is measured by the
   
points listed below:
• Percentage of ear-tagged animals in • Follow-up/control in each participating
Continuous
participating households household through enumerators
At the beginning
• Number of farmers involved/dropped out • Continuous
• Follow-up/control in each participating
• Estimated breeding values of rams available at • At each
household through enumerators
time of selection selection event
• Accurate selection of best rams with the • Organization and documentation of selection
community at agreed intervals events through DBU At each selection
• Number of active rams included/culled • Detailed accounts kept by community of how event
• Community use of revolving funds to buy rams revolving funds are being managed and used
• Follow-up and documentation by community
• Selected rams shared and used as planned committee
• Bylaws for ram purchase and sharing • Documentation by DBU of whether agreed Regular intervals
developed and implemented modality is followed or, if there are changes
occurring, the reasons for the changes
• Number and participants of formal or informal
• Documentation by DBU After three years
breeders associations/cooperatives
• Monitoring of quality and continuous supply of
• Number of fattened rams sold and cost–benefit feed for flocks and for fattening by enumerators
of fattening and DBU
• Increased quality feed supply • Flock records and follow-up of health of flocks
Regular intervals
• Productivity losses and mortality reduced and shared rams by animal health workers and
• Market prices achieved for breeding and meat vets
animals sold by participating households • Recording of animal sales by households and
additional rapid surveys with traders
     
• Active community breeder committees at each
• Detailed studies on the behavior of different After 2–3 years
site
actors (comparison against the base year when and repeated in
• Attitudinal change among different actors in
the program started) subsequent years
the livestock development
23
 • Appearance and performance of the selected
• Evaluation of visual observation and
animals is better than their contemporaries
performance of the selected versus non selected
• Demand from neighbors, etc. for breeding At each ram
Superiority of breeding animals rams by community and DBU
stock produced by the breeding program selection
• Recording of sales and market prices for
• Higher price paid for breeding animals
selected rams by owners
originating from the program
• Detailed analysis of genetic and economic gain
• Genetic and economic gain achieved by the
Breeding progress • Estimation of breeding values of rams and Annually
program
breeding progress by DBU
Outcomes and impacts      
• Regular feedback from beneficiaries received • Meetings with individuals and the community
Involvement of the community Regular intervals
and documented • Documentation by community committee and
and acceptability of the scheme Continuous
• Dropouts of participants DBU
• Analysis of flock records
• Productivity gain at animal and flock level
• Analysis of incomes as well as consumption
• Changes in the livelihoods (income, food • After 3–4 years
Livelihood improvement patterns of households (flock records and rapid
availability and work sharing) of participating • After five years
surveys) against baseline information collected
households
at program initiation
• Economic gains from the breeding programs • Project-related financial expenditures need to
need to be evaluated be monitored and reports prepared according to
• Program being implemented with little plans
Sustainability of the breeding
‘external’ support over long period of time • Assessment of whether there are any external Every 3–5 years
program
• Feasibility of the program in terms of supports to the program
economic, social and natural resources • Survey
dimensions • Impact modeling

24
3. Work Plan
Table 3 Breeding work plan
No Activities/Interventions Project Years Remarks
Unit 2021/22 2022/23 2023/24 2024/25 2025/26
1 CBB Site establishment preparation activities
1.1 CBBP site Selection Frequency 1 1 1 1
1.2 No of sites each year no 2 2 4 6 8
1.3 New member household selection no 100 100 150 250 400 At 5th year the no of
CBBP members will
reach 1000
1.4 Training of participant farmers Frequency 2 - 2 2 2
1.5 Stakeholders meeting and discussion Frequency 1 1 1 1
1.6 Recruiting enumerators and animal health workers no 2 - 2 2 2 1 enumerator and 1
animal health worker
1.7 Training of enumerators, animal health workers and Frequency 1 1 1 1 1
keble DAs
2 Data collection & Flock Identification
2.1 Animals identification and bBaseline data collection Frequency 1 1 1 1 Every new CBBP site
(survey and animal measurement) establishment
2.2 Ram selection, purchasing and distribution sites no 50 100 100 100 Every new CBBP site
establishment
2.3 Ram selection and distribution for production sites Frequency 2 2 2 2 2 Every new CBBP site
establishment
2.4 Sheep collection facilities construction in two Frequency 1 1 1 1
CBBP sites
2.5 Data collection, management and analysis - - - - - - Continuous
2.6 Field day Frequency 2 2 2 2 2
2.7 CBBP Monitoring - - - - - - Monthly
2.8 CBBP Evaluation Frequency - 1 - 1 - through workshop
2.9 CBBP impact assessment 1 1

25
Table 4 Feed development and supplies work plan
No Activities/Interventions Project Years Remarks
Unit 2021/22 2022/23 2023/24 2024/25 2025/26
1 Feed Development and Supplies
1.1 Forage production and conservation (different
forage development strategies)
Backyard forage development
New participants each year no 100 100 150 250 400
Cumulative number of participants each year no 100 200 350 600 1000
Forage development on conserved areas (stock
exclusion, gully banks, check dams, terraces, soil
bunds)
New participants each year no 50 50 100 150 200
Cumulative number of participants each year no 50 100 200 350 550
1.2 Supply of planting materials and fertilizers
Seeds qt 2 4 7 12 20
Seedlings no 10000 20000 35000 60000 100000
Splits/cuttings no 20000 40000 70000 120000 200000
Fertilizers qt 200 400 700 1200 2000
1.3 Feed quality (feed value) enhancement
Hay making
New participants each year no 50 100 150 200 250
Cumulative number of participants each year no 50 150 300 500 750
Silage preparation
New participants each year no 25 50 75 100 150
Cumulative number of participants each year no 25 75 150 250 400
Urea treatment of roughage feeds (such as crop
residues)
New participants each year no 25 50 75 100 150
Cumulative number of participants each year no 25 75 150 250 400
Urea-molasses leak blocks
New participants each year no 25 50 75 100 150
Cumulative number of participants each year no 25 75 150 250 400

26
 Use of effective microorganisms
New participants each year no 25 50 75 100 150
Cumulative number of participants each year no 25 75 150 250 400
2 Construction of shelter, feeding and watering
troughs
Improved sheds for small ruminants no 100 200 350 600 1000
Feeding troughs construction no 100 200 350 600 1000
Watering troughs construction no 100 200 350 600 1000
3 Training on forage development, utilization and
feed technologies
Development agents and supervisors no 4 4
Perdium and sundries for trainers mandays 8 8 2trainers, 2days training + 2days
travel and preparation (2*2*2)
Perdium and sundries for trainees mandays 8 8 4trainers, 2days training (4*2)
Stationery and training materials persons 6 6 6 persons (2trainers + 4trainees)
Farmers no 100 100 150 250 400
Perdium and sundries for trainers mandays 8 8 8 8 8 2trainers, 2days training + 2days
travel and preparation (2*2*2)
Perdium and sundries for trainees mandays 200 200 300 500 800 #trainees/year above, 2days
training
Stationery and training materials persons 102 102 152 252 402 #trainees & #trainers each year
4 Sheep Fattening
New participants each year no 100 100 150 250 400
Cumulative number of participants each year no 100 200 350 600 1000
4.1 Training on sheep fattening
Development agents and supervisors no 4 4
Perdium and sundries for trainers mandays 8 8 2trainers, 2days training + 2days
travel and preparation (2*2*2)
Perdium and sundries for trainees mandays 8 8 4trainers, 2days training (4*2)
Stationery and training materials persons 6 6 6 persons (2trainers + 4trainees)
Farmers no 100 100 150 250 400
Perdium and sundries for trainers mandays 8 8 8 8 8 2trainers, 2days training + 2days
travel and preparation (2*2*2)
Perdium and sundries for trainees mandays 200 200 300 500 800 #trainees/year above, 2days
training
Stationery and training materials persons 102 102 152 252 402 #trainees & #trainers each year

27
5 Follow up and technical support mandays 48 48 48 48 48 (2persons 2days per month for 12
months)
6 Farmers field days no 100 200

28
Table 5 Socio-Economics activities work plan
No Activities/Interventions Project Years Remarks
Unit 2021/22 2022/23 2023/24 2024/25 2025/26
1
2 Awareness creation on the management, objectives Frequency 1 1 1 1 Every new farmer
and organization of cooperatives inclusion year
3 Formulations of by-laws and revision Frequency 1 1
4 Organize Cooperatives with basic no 2 2 2 2
organizational structures
5 Marketing promotion of the CBBP Menz continuous
sheep on different media platforms through
TV, radio, bulletins and brochures
6 Assessment of potential markets and buyers - - - - - - continuous
7 Development of linkage mechanisms among - - - - - - continuous
farmers, traders, cooperatives, exporters and
consumers
8 Improvement of community based organizations - - - - - - continuous
9 Demonstration of experiences and technologies Frequency 1 1 1 1 1
10 Cost benefit analysis of technologies and Frequency - - - - - in every integration of
interventions technology/intervention
11 Designing of market information delivery system no continuous
and development of product promotion
mechanisms
12 Improving the role of Women in CBBP and continuous
marketing
13 Monitoring - - - - - - Monthly
14 Evaluation no - 1 - 1 -
15 Impact assessment 1 1

29
Table 6 Flock Health monitoring work plan

Project Years
No Activities/Interventions Remarks
Unit 2021/22 2022/23 2023/24 2024/25 2025/26
Purchasing equipment, drug,
1
vaccine and chemicals
1.1 Purchasing equipment Frequency 1 1 1 1 1
1.2 Purchasing drug, vaccine and chemicals no 2 2 2 2 2
2 Prevention and control animal disease
2.1 Deworming, spraying and dipping Frequency 2 2 2 2 2
2.2 Vaccination Frequency 2 2 2 2 2
When disease /
Treating sick animal / castration frequency case case case case case
2.3 case appear
Training of animal health workers, kebele DAs
Frequency 1 1 1 1 1
2.4 and farmers
Routine follow up of the flock and technical One times per
2.5 frequency 1 1 1 1 1
support month

Table 7 Action plan for 2021/2022 (2014 E.C)

2021/2022 (2014 E.C)

30
 Major activities

Sep.

Feb.
Nov

Aug
Oct.

Mar

Jun.
Dec

Jan.

Apr

Jul.
Ma
y
.
Proposal preparation and approval
CBBP site and member household selection & training of farmers
Stakeholders meeting and discussion
CBBP site and member household selection & training of farmers
Recruiting enumerators and provision of training with CBBP site DAs
Tagging base flock new born ones
Baseline data collection (survey and animal measurement)
Necessary input purchasing
Ram purchasing and distribution sites
Data collection, management and analysis
market linkage for breeding and mutton sheep
Sheep collection facilities construction in two CBBP sites
Ram selection and distribution for production sites
Awareness creation on the management, objectives and organization of
cooperatives
Discussion workshop on formulations of by-laws
Organize cooperatives with basic organizational structures
Marketing promotion of the CBBP Menz sheep on different media
platforms
Forage production and conservation (different forage development
strategies)
Feed quality (feed value) enhancement
Supply of planting materials
Training on forage development, utilization and feed technologies
Follow-up technical support
Field day
Progress report

4. Budget Break Down

Table 8 Personnel Expense for 5 project years

31
S.no. Activities No. of No. of 2021/22 2022/23 2023/24 2024/25 2025/26
days Persons
required required Rate Total Rate Total Rate Total Rate Total Rate Total
/ETB ETB /ETB ETB /ETB ETB /ETB ETB /ETB ETB
1. Site selection 6 5 340 10200 340 10200 340 10200 340 10200 340 10200
2. Selection of households CBBP members 15 5 340 25500 340 25500 340 25500 340 25500 340 25500
3. Recruiting and training of enumerators 5 3 340 5100 340 5100 340 5100 340 5100 340 5100
4. Training of farmers on CBBP and sheep 6 5 340 10200 340 10200 340 10200 340 10200 340 10200
management
5. Tagging base flock new born ones 14 5 340 23800 340 23800 340 23800 340 23800 340 23800

6. Ram purchasing and distribution 9 3 340 9180 - - - - - - - -

7. Drug, vaccine and equipment purchasing 12 3 724 26064 724 26064 724 26064 724 26064 724 26064
8. Vaccination, Deworming 4 4 340 5440 340 5440 340 5440 340 5440 340 5440
9. Routine follow up of health status 12 2 340 8160 340 8160 340 8160 340 8160 340 8160
months
10. Baseline data collection (survey and 15 5 340 25500 340 25500 340 25500 340 25500 340 25500
animal measurement)
11. Continuous site supervision 6 3 340 6120 340 6120 340 6120 340 6120 340 6120
12. Enumerators salary (for first round) 12 4 3000 144000 3000 144000 3000 144000 3000 144000 3000 144000
months
13. Sheep collection facilities construction 10 3 340 10200 340 10200 340 10200 340 10200 340 10200
14. Ram selection and distribution 6 4 340 8160 340 8160 340 8160 340 8160 340 8160
15. Per diem for forage development trainers 4 4 340 5440 340 5440 340 5440 340 5440 340 5440
16. Different forage development strategies 6 20 340 40800 340 40800 340 40800 340 40800 340 40800
17. Feed quality (feed value) enhancement 4 4 340 5440 340 5440 340 5440 340 5440 340 5440
18. Construction of feeding and watering 4 6 340 8160 340 8160 340 8160 340 8160 340 8160
troughs
19. Sheep Fattening training trainers 4 4 340 5440 340 5440 340 5440 340 5440 340 5440
20. Awareness creation on the management, 3 4 340 4080 340 4080 340 4080 340 4080 340 4080
objectives and organization of cooperatives
21. Discussion workshop on formulations of 2 4 340 2720 340 2720 340 2720 340 2720 340 2720
by-laws
22. Organizing farmers into cooperatives 2 10 340 6800 340 6800 340 6800 340 6800 340 6800
23. Supply of forage planting materials 2 10 340 6800 340 6800 340 6800 340 6800 340 6800
24. Labor 15 10 200 30000 200 30000 200 30000 200 30000 200 30000
25. Workshop refreshment 4 120 70 33600 70 33600 70 33600 70 33600 70 33600
26. Stakeholders meeting 3 35 340 35700 340 - - - - - 340 35700
27. Sub total 502604 457704 457704 457704 493404

32
Table 9 Input Material Expenses for 5 project years
No Description Unit Unit Total cost for the project years
Price 2021/22 2022/23 2023/24 2024/25 2025/26
Quantity Total Quantity Total Quantity Total Quantity Total Quantity Total
Cost Cost Cost Cost Cost
Materials
1 Ear tag applicator No 750 5 3750 4 3000
2 Ear tag No 10 6150 61500 3932 39320 3576 35760 3576 35760 3576 35760
3 Ear tag marker No 400 8 3200 8 3200 8 3200 8 3200 8 3200
4 Scissor No 100 3 300 1 100 4 400
5 Weight balance No 600 3 1800 1 600 4 2400
7 Rams No 3500 51 178500 48 168000 9 31500
12 Rope Meter 10 102 1020 96 960 18 180
10 Car rent for ram transport No 320 51 16320 48 15360 9 2880
Treating equipment
1 Treatment syringe of PCS 6 15 90 20 120 20 120 20 120 20 120
20ml
2 Treatment Needle of 18G Pack 65 8 520 10 650 10 650 10 650 10 650
3 Balling Gun PCS 450 5 2250 4 1800 4 1800 4 1800 4 1800
4 Burdizzo Castrater PCS 1550 3 4650 1 1550 4 6200 1 1550
5 Stethoscope Pcs 500 25 12500 25 12500
7 Automatic vaccination pcs 1500 10 15000 10 15000
syringes, size 20/10 ml
9 Vaccination needles pack 200 10 2000 10 2000
11 Disposable syringe 5ml pack 500 10 5000 5 2500 5 2500 5 2500 5 2500
12 Disposable syringe 10 ml pack 500 10 5000 5 2500 10 5000 10 5000 10 5000
13 Clinical thermometer pcs 30 100 3000 30 3000
14 Disposable gloves pack 300 20 6000 5 1500 5 1500 5 1500
15 Hoof shears or trimmer / pcs 50 10 500
hoof knives
16 Icebox pcs 2000 5 10000
17 Sprayers pcs 2000 5 10000
18 Plastic buckets of 20 lit pcs 5000 3 15000
(dipping)
Drug, chemical and
reagent
19 Albendazole 300mg Boli 2br 8000 16000 12000 24000 14442 28884 16884 33768 18792 37584
20 Fasinex 250mg Boli 3br 8000 24000 12000 36000 14442 43326 16884 50652 18792 56376
(Tricalbendazole)

33
 21 Ivermectin Vial 34br 80 2720 120 4080 145 4930 169 5746 169 5746
22 Oxytetracycline 20% Vial 67br 50 3350 75 5025 90 6030 105 7035 105 7035
23 Oxytetracycline 10% Vial 52br 50 2600 75 3900 90 4680 105 5460 105 5460
24 Penstrip Vial 160br 20 3200 20 3200 26 4160 28 4480 28 4480
25 Wound Spray PCS 300br 3 900 4 1200 4 1200 4 1200 4 1200
26 Alcohol of 1 liter lit 115br 3 345 4 460 4 460 4 460 4 460
27 Gentile Violet (G.V) lit 50br 3 150 4 200 4 200 4 200 4 200
28 Iodine solution lit 150 2 300 2 300 2 300 2 300 2 300
29 Acaricides lit 1500 2 3000 1 1500 1 1500 2 3000 2 3000
30 Different Vaccine vial 300 20 6000 25 7500 30 9000 30 9000 35 10500
31 multivitamine vial 150 10 1500 10 1500 10 1500 10 1500 10 1500
32 Cotton of ½ kg Roll 80br 3 240 1 80 4 320 4 320 4 320
33 Seeds qt 5000 2 10000 2.4 12000 2.8 14000 3.2 16000 3.6 18000
34 Seedlings no 20 1000 20000 1000 20000 1000 20000 1000 20000 1000 20000
35 Splits/cuttings no 5 5000 25000 5000 25000 5000 25000 5000 25000 5000 250
36 Fertilizers qt 2000 5 10000 5 10000 5 10000 5 10000 5 10000
37 Molasses kg 50 25 1250 20 1000 20 1000 20 1000 20 1000
38 Plastic bags (50-100kg) 20 25 25 500 45 900 65 1300 85 1700 105 2100
39 Urea Kg 50 25 1250 20 1000 20 1000 20 1000 20 1000
40 Effective microorganisms litter 500 10 5000 10 5000 10 5000 10 5000
Subtotal cost per year 490,205 400,505 566,931 292,051 246,391

Table 10 Budget Summery for 2021/2022 (2014 E.C)

S.No Purpose Subtotal budget

1 Personnel Expense 502604.00
2 Input Material Expenses 462,940.00
3 Grand Total 965,544.00

34
5. APPENDEX
Appendix Table 1 Quantitative traits measurement recording format
Region --------------------------------------- Woreda ---------------------------------- Village/Peasant Association ------------------
Target breed sheep ------------------------
N Farmer Animal Dent sex color BW BL HW CG CW RL PL SC for
o. Name ID ation males
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14

35
Appendix Table 2 Reproductive performance recording format
Region --------------------------------------- Woreda ---------------------------------- Village/Peasant Association ------------------
Target breed sheep ------------------------
Lamb Lambing Lamb Lamb Ram Ewe 3 6
Farmer Lamb Sex date color Birth Birth Mating Ewe ID Body Ewe month month Yearling
Name ID (dd/mm/yy) type weight date ID condition PPWT weight weight weight
                     
                     
                     
                     
                     
                     
                     
                     
                     
                     
                     
                     
                     
                     
                     
                     

36
Appendix Table 3 Sheep off take recording format
Region --------------------------------------- Woreda ---------------------------------- Village/Peasant Association ------------------
Target breed sheep ------------------------
Reason(s)
for
Disposal disposal
Sale Home Consumption Others
Farmer Animal Dam Sire Birth date Estimated Season/ Estimated
No ID Sex ID ID (dd/mm/yy) Dentition Date Weight Age price month price  
                           
                           
                           
                           
                           
                           
                           
                           
                           
                           
                           

37
Appendix Table 4 Health monitoring record sheet
Region --------------------------------------- Woreda ------------------------- Village/Peasant Association ------------------Target breed sheep
------------------
Date/month of Possible Measures
Farmer Animal Dam Sire Birth date case Clinical signs disease taken by the Effect on the
No ID Sex ID ID (dd/mm/yy) Dentition* occurrence observed causes owner animal
                      Sick Died

                         

                         

                         

                         

                         

                         

                         

                         

                         

                         

38
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