Ilia 170

SoTa rusTavelis qarTuli literaturis instituti
Shota Rustaveli Institute of Georgian Literature
1
ilia WavWavaZe 170
saiubileo krebuli
Tbilisi 2007
2
Ilia Chavchavadze 170
Anniversary Collection
Tbilisi 2007
3
krebuli ibeWdeba ilia WavWavaZis 170 wlisTavisadmi miZRvnil
saiubileo RonisZiebaTa samTavrobo komisiis mxardaWeriT.
redaqtori
irma ratiani
saredaqcio kolegia:
TinaTin bolqvaZe
maka elbaqiZe
gaga lomiZe
mariam niniZe
teqnikuri redaqtorebi:
soloman tabucaZe
miranda tyeSelaSvili
kompiuteruli uzrunvelyofa:
TinaTin duglaZe
zviad tyeSelaSvili
mxatvari
nodar sumbaZe
© SoTa rusTavelis qarTuli literaturis instituti, 2007
ISBN
4
Sinaarsi
winaTqma..............................................................................................................................................
zaza abzianiZe
ilia WavWavaZe (literaturuli portreti)....................................................................
daviT werediani
àra mxolod tkbil xmaTaTvis~.........................................................................................
Teimuraz doiaSvili
`bednieri eri~: struqtura da sazrisi...........................................................................
malxaz xarbedia
kenWgadaylapuli...................................................................................................................
zurab kiknaZe
ilia WavWavaZis simboluri azrovnebisTvis................................................................
Tamaz vasaZe
orgvari cnobiereba..............................................................................................................
irma ratiani
ilia da misi mkiTxveli.........................................................................................................
mariam niniZe
mxatvruli narativi publicistikaSi..............................................................................
lado minaSvili
ilia WavWavaZe `vefxistyaosnis~ Sesaxeb........................................................................
Tengiz kikaCeiSvili
araorganul bunebasTan ilia WavWavaZis damokidebulebisaTvis..........................
zaal andronikaSvili
mamulis dabadeba literaturis sulidan
(enis reforma rogorc sekularizaciuli proeqti) .................................................
giorgi maisuraZe
„mamuli“ da „qarTvlis deda“
(sekularuli simbolika ilia WavWavaZis poetur TxzulebebSi)................................
levan dalaqiSvili
ilia WavWavaZe _ pirovneba...................................................................................................
Tamaz natroSvili
`viTarca gamkiTxveli~............................................................................................................
mariam CxartiSvili
nacionalizmis ideologiis universaliebi ilia WavWavaZis Semoqmedebasa
da sazogadoebriv moRvaweobaSi.......................................................................................
zaza firaliSvili
ilia: istoriuli konteqsti da pirovneba........................................................................
kaxa kacitaZe
ilias epoqa da dRevandeloba............................................................................................
Tina bolqvaZe
Secdomebi enis bgeriTi inventaris kodifikaciaSi....................................................
giorgi gaCeCilaZe
saqarTvelos politikuri stratagema ilia WavWavaZis werilis _
èvropis militaroba da amerikis mermisis~ _ mixedviT...........................................
nona kupreiSvili
ilias banki da sociocentrizmis deficiti..................................................................
rostom CxeiZe
axali fsiqologia an ras gaegulisebina ilia WavWavaZe............................................
ilia WavWavaZe. rCeuli anotirebuli bibliografia...........................................................
pirTa saZiebeli...............................................................................................................................
5
ilia WavWavaZe aramarto qarTuli literaturis, aramed saqarTvelos istoriis erT-
erTi yvelaze monumenturi figuraa. misi grZnoba da goneba saqarTvelosaTvis mniSvnelovan
da saWirboroto TiTqmis yvela sakiTxs dastrialebda da ara amorCeviT romelimes. ilias
literaturuli talanti Tanabrad iyo ganzavebuli mis istoriul, sazogadoebriv da
moqalaqeobriv misiasTan. amitomac JRers erTnairi aqtualobiT: ilia _ mwerali, ilia _
publicisti, ilia _ saxelmwifo saTaTbiros wevri, ilia _ bankis mmarTveli... XIX saukunis 60-
ian wlebSi, saqarTvelos imedad movlenili es geniosi sicocxlis bolomde qarTul saqmes
msaxurebda, misi cxovreba universaluri Tavdadebis simbolod, xolo aRsasruli _ epoqaTa
wyalgamyof niSnulad gadaiqca.
ganuzomelia ilia WavWavaZis damsaxureba qarTveli eris winaSe da, aseve, ganuzomelia
qarTveli eris valdebuleba winaSe misi xsovnisa. winamdebare saiubileo krebuli am
valdebulebis didi pativis mxolod mciredi gamovlinebaa, mokrZalebuli mcdeloba, met-
naklebi sisruliT warmoaCinos 21-e saukunis qarTuli saazrovno sivrcis damokidebuleba
ilias mravalmxrivi da mravalmniSvnelovani figurisadmi. gamomdinare aqedan, krebuli ver da
ar Semoifargla ilia WavWavaZis mxolod literaturuli SemoqmedebiT, masSi ganTavsda
istoriul-filosofiuri, interdisciplinruli da kulturologiuri xasiaTis werilebi,
romelTa mizansac ilia WavWavaZis moRvaweobis axleburad kvleva da Sefaseba warmoadgens.
recefciis kuTxisa da poziciis cvalebadoba dinamikaSi warmoaCens rogorc sakvlevi
obieqtis, aseve kvlevis gansxavavebul perspeqtivebs.
krebuli qarTvel literaturaTmcodneTa ufros da axalgazrda Taobebs aerTianebs,
TaobaTa es kavSiri ki gansakuTrebulad simbolur datvirTvas iZens ilias fenomenis kvlevis
konteqstSi.
krebulSi gansxvaveul SexedulebaTa da koncefciaTa farTo speqtria mocemuli, rac
gvaZlevs imeds, rom igi saintereso da novatoruli gzamkvlevi iqneba ilia WavWavaZis
cxovrebis, moRvaweobisa da Semoqmedebis samyaroSi Sesasvlelad axali, jereT norCi, 21-e
saukunis karibWidan.
irma ratiani
6
zaza abzianiZe
ilia WavWavaZe
(literaturuli portreti)
ìqneba arc erTs msoflio genioss ara hqondes imodena msoflio mniSvneloba Tavisi
erisaTvis, ramodenac aqvs ilia WavWavaZes saqarTvelosTvis. es umagaliTo mniSvneloba
damokidebulia, erTi mxriv, ilias gansakuTrebul niWze, meore mxriv, Cveni qveynis dacemaze...~
(ìlias...~ 1988: 10) _ werda iakob gogebaSvili. da marTlac, swored ilias xvda wilad TiTqmis
ormocdaaTi wlis ganmavlobaSi yofiliyo erisaTvis gulmtkivan TanamoazreTa
garsSemokrebuli andamati da bolos, ukve meoce saukuni zRurblze, _ imav eris
moRalateTagan gangmiruls, ori niSansveti daetovebina qarTuli istoriis gzaze:
saqarTvelos maradiul `Tanamdev sulad~ da mfarvel aCrdilad gardasaxuli cxovreba da
yoveli WeSmariti qarTvelisaTvis guls wvetian maxvilad mibjenili wiwamuris obeliski.
Wabuki ilias warmosaxva iseve Znelia, rogorc Wabuki mosesi. es sulieri mama erisa,
TiTqos ukve siyrmidanve brZenkaci unda yofiliyo, zegardmo niSniT sxvaTagan gamorCeuli,
Tavisi didi miznisa da gansakuTrebuli misiis Tavidanve gamcnobierebeli...
ilias TanamedroveTa mogonebebi dagvexmareba gavarkvioT _ ra aris am portretSi
namdvili, WeSmariti da ra _ Cveni warmosaxvis Sedegi, ukve ilia-marTlis kanonzomierebuli
xatis Semkobis surviliT nakarnaxevi.
gavecnoT jer ilias bavSvobisdroindel portrets, misive gamdelis _ salome lolaZis
mier damaxsovrebuls: ìlia angeloziviT bavSvi iyo. celqoba da TamaSoba agre rigad ar
uyvarda. Zriel mecadineoba da kiTxva uyvarda, metis meti janmrTeli iyo, Zriel srulic, ase,
rom eSinodaT kidec mSoblebs amis gadaWarbebul simsuqnisa.
pataraobidanve leqsebs gamosTqvamda xolme. maxsovs Zalian kargi leqsebi gamosTqva
koSkze, maranze...~ (lolaZe 1987: 403).
es is koSkia yvarelSi, WavWavaZianT ezoSi lekTa Semosevisagan Tavdasacavad agebuli,
romelSic daibada ilia 1837 wlis 27 oqtombers.
ilias mama _ grigol WavWavaZe, brZolebSi nawrTobi, guluSiSari meomari, imxanad uTuod
sadme yvarelis SemogarenSi iqneboda lekTa mosalodneli Tavdasxmis mosagerieblad.
swored mama uyveboda ilias gardasul brZolebze da saqarTvelos warsulze. TviT es
rituali _ saojaxo Txrobisa, ilias avtobiografiul moTxrobaSi _ `nikoloz
gostaSabiSvilSia~ aRwerili, xolo bavSvur mexsierebaSi aRbeWdil istoriul siuJetebsa da
personaJebs mwerali araerTxel miubrundeba.
wera-kiTxva ilias dedam Seaswavla _ magdana (gaTxovebis Semdgom _ mariam _ z. a.)
beburiSvilma. WavWavaZeebs Zvirfasi sagvareulo biblioTeka hqondaT. Tavis mxriv, magdanasac
wamoeRo mziTvad Tbilisidan Cinebuli wignebi (aqve vityvi, rom misi ojaxi, miuxedavad
grigorianelobisa, qarTul tradicias misdevda _ z. a.), ise rom, mariami, TviTonac ymawvili
qali (igi 14 wlisa gaTxovda _ z. a.), wrfeli interesiT ukiTxavda garsSemokrebil Svilebs
sulisa da gonebis gasaviTarebel Zvel ambebs, legendebs, moTxrobebsa da leqsebs.
Semdgomi maswavlebeli iliasi ukve soflis mTavardiakvani iyo _ nikoloz sefaSvili.
iliassave mogonebiT, `mTavarma Zalian kargad icoda qarTuli da saxeli hqonda ganTqmuli
saRmrTo wignebis kargi mkiTxvelisa. xolo umTavresi Rirseba misi is iyo, rom momxiblavi Tqma
icoda ambebisa. gviambobda mdabiurad da bavSvisTvis advilad gasagebis eniT ufro saRmrTo da
samSoblo qveynis istoriis ambebsa, vis ra gmiroba moemoqmedna, vis ra falavnoba gaewia, vis ra
Rvawli da sikeTe daeTesa samSoblosa da sarwmunoebis sasargeblod da dasacvelad.
bevri am ambavTagani Rrmad CamrCa gulSi da erTi maT Soris _ `dimitri Tavdadebuli~ _
Temad gamoviyene mravali wlis Semdeg. erTi kidev patara ambavi saSobao moTxrobad davwere. Cem
`glaxis naambobSi~ zogierTs adgils cxadad amCnevia kvali mTavris ambebis gavlenisa~
(WavWavaZe 1957: 307).
TxuTmeti wlis Semdeg, peterburgidan yvarels mobrunebul ilias, am mzesa da cas
danatrebuls, grZnoba moeZaleba da moundeba leqsSi gaacxados siyrmeSi erTxel da samudamod
STanergili siyvaruli mamulisadmi:
mas aqeT, raki Sendami vcan me siyvaruli,

hoi, mamulo, gamikrTa Zili da Sveba!
Sens ZarRvis cemas me yurs vugdeb sulganabuli,
Rame Tendeba egreT Cemi da dRe Ramdeba.
daJinebiTa fiqri fiqrzed modis, grovdeba,
grZnoba grZnobazed Seupovrad iZvris Cems gulSi,
da me ar vCivi, _ mixarian, rom egreT hSvreba
Cemi cxovreba Sensa fiqrSi, Sens siyvarulSi.
magram, mamulo, Cemi tanjva mxolod is aris,
7
is ari mxolod savalalo da samwuxaro,
rom Sens miwazed, amden xalxSi, kaci ar aris,
rom fiqri vando, grZnoba Cemi ganvuziaro!...
(WavWavaZe 1914: 70)
es ar aris mxolod poeturi pirobiToba: erTi SexedviT, ilias arc megobrebi aklda, arc
Tanamosangreni, magram, rogorc etyoba, hqonda mas xasiaTSi raRac iseTi Tviseba, romelic
uaxloes adamianebTanac ki garkveul, mowiwebiT distancias qmnida, xolo es ridi, pirvel
yovlisa, SelazRandaravebisagan damcveli, meore mxriv, rogorc Cans, srul gulgadaxsnasa da
gandobas gamoricxavda. etyoba, aseTia didi admianebis xvedri.
ilias siyrmis megobari, koxta abxazi igonebda, rom ìlia pataraobidanve, marTalia,
rogorRac miukarebeli da ufro Cumi iyo, magram amasTanave maSinadve oxunjobis didi unari
emCneoda. metis meti xumroba icoda da Tu ki visme sasacilod aigdebda, marTladac rom
miwasTan gaasworebda...~ (abxazi 1987: 181).
TanamedroveTa mogonebebidan isic viciT, rom TvisebaTa es Sexameba _ sxvaTagan
ganridebis, mdumare ganmartoebisa da, amasTanave, simwarenarevi iumoris, _ ilias
STamomavlobiT hqonda mamamisisagan gamoyolili.
im adamianTaTvis, romelTac Tavdapirvelad Tavisi martosuloba da gamorCeuloba
stiqiurad aqvT SegrZnebuli da mxolod mereRa gacnobierebuli, adamianTa im tipisaTvis,
romelTac ilia ekuTvnoda, zemoTCamoTvlili Tvisebebi, imavdroulad, erTgvar TavdacviT
saSualebadacaa gadaqceuli, pirovnuli avtonomiis SesanarCuneblad. isic safiqrebelia, rom
bavSvobidanve Tandayolili es Tvisebebi, kidev ufro gaamZafra ilias adre daoblebam. aTi
wlisas, rodesac is-is iyo, TbilisSi Caiyvanes da kerZo pansionSi miabares _ deda gardaecvala,
xolo TxuTmeti wlisas _ ukve Tbilisis gimnaziaSi sowavlisas _ mama.
swored im xanebSi wers ilia Tavis erT-erT pirvel leqss _ `moTqma sawylisa~, iseTive
umweosa da wrfels, rogorc uecari daoblebiT dazafruli yrma avtori:
sad movasveno sawyalman Tavi,

arca maqvs saxli, arc qoxi avi,
mzisgan damwvari maqvs tani Savi,
qveynad arvin myavs me Semnaxavi.
erTxel mec mqonda bednieri dro,
ros ded-mamasTan me mqonda yudro.
mama, sikvdilma igi wamarTo,
WmunviTa damyo, wyeulman marto.
qveynad mainc moiZebna erTi RvTisnieri arseba, romlis dedisebri mzrunveloba ilias
sikvdilamde ar aviwydeboda: es gaxldaT mamidamisi _ makrine WavWavaZe, qvrivi ivane aragvis
erisTavisa. ilias deda rom moukvda, makrine, Zmis TxovniT, yvarelSi gadmosaxlda qistauridan
da ikisra xuTi oboli ZmisSvilis movla-patronoba. grigol WavWavaZis gardacvalebis Semdeg
ki, igi ukve dedac unda yofiliyo am bavSvebisaTvis da mamac _ maTi swavla, ganaTleba,
gaTxoveba Tu dacolSvileba _ misi sazrunavi Seiqna.
rogorc cnobilia, iliam Tbilisis gimnazia daamTavra. gimnaziaSi gatarebulma xuTma
welma, garda klasikuri ganaTlebisa, mas araerTi amxanagi da Tanamoazre SesZina _ niko
RoRoberiZe, petre nakaSiZe, romelsac iliam Tavisi `qarTvlis deda~ da `dimitri
Tavdadebuli~ uZRvna, ivane poltoracki, ilia winamZRvriSvilTan erTad _ àCrdilis~
adresati, nikoloz jabadari, zaqaria mamacaSvili, dimitri yazbegi.
yvelaze axlo megobrad iliasi, gimnaziaSic da peterburgis universitetSi swavlis
drosac, mainc masTan TanaSezrdili koxta abxazi rCeboda.
swored koxta abxazis mogonebebiT viciT cota ram ilias satrfialo gatacebebis Sesaxeb.
rogor gamoixateba imJamindeli 13-14 wlis ymawvilis trfiali: midian is da misi megobari koxta
abxazi, `satrfos~ saxlTan da saaTobiT elodebian, vidre igi sarkmelSi gamoixedavs da
gaiRimebs. am `satrfoTagan~ (winwklebSi raRa Tqma unda _ z. a.) erTi Tbilisis moqalaqis _
ter-asaturovis asuli gaxldaT, meore _ gimnaziis maswavleblis _ dementievisa. mesame _
yvarelSi ilias mezoblad mosaxle solomon WavWavaZisa. solomoni biZaSvilad ekuTvnoda ilias
mamas, magram am garemoebas xeli ar SeuSlia arc ymawvili ilias gatacebisaTvis momxiblavi
elisabediT anu lizaTi da arc lizas mamisaTvis, romelmac seriozulad ganizraxa
axalgazrdebis daqorwineba. solomonma ilias zurgsukan, mamidamisTan moilaparaka da rogorc
momaval siZes, ilias swavlis fuls ugzavnida peterburgSi.
am zurgsukan molaparakebam gaanela ilias trfoba, Tu iyo kidev sxva ram mizezi, magram
mamidamisi makrine, ZmisSvilis daJinebuli TxovniT, solomons gastumrebuli valiT
daemSvidoba, xolo TviT ilia lizas - leqsiT, romelic pastoraluri suraTiT iwyeba:
gaxsovs, turfav, Cvens did baRSi

me da Sen rom erTad vrbodiT?
8
netav im dros!.. siyvarulis
mets arafers Cven ar vgrZnobdiT!..
_ da mTavrdeba gulnatkeni Wabukis mtkicebiT, rom satrfos pirveli kocna geslad

Semoubrunda.
es leqsi _ `gaxsovs turfav...~ iliam ukve peterburgSi dawera, 23 wlisam, 1860 wels.
yvarelSi, WavWavaZeTa did baRSi lizasTan idumali paemnebi ukve sami wlis winandeli istoria
iyo _ 1857 wlis zafxulisa... bevri ramiT aris RirsSesaniSnavi es weli ilias cxovrebaSi:
ianvarSi Jurnalma `ciskarma~ misi pirveli poeturi Targmani gamoaqveyna _ `Citi~; imav wels
gadawyda peterburgSi saswavleblad gamgzavreba iliasi. am mosalodneli gamosalmebis
ganwyobilebiTaa STagonebuli misi poeziis pirveli Sedevri _ `yvarlis mTebs~:
samSoblos mTebo, Tqveni Svili Tavsa ganebeb,

magram Tqvens xsovnas daviwyebas ver mivanebeb:
Tqven CemTan ivliT, Tumc aCrdilad, viT Cemi guli,
TqvenTan, he, mTebo, bunebiTa SeuRlebuli,
es pirveli variantia leqsisa, 1857 wlis 16 apriliT daTariRebuli. is striqonebi,

romlebic, vgoneb, yvelas gvaxsovs:
samSoblos mTebo Tqveni Svili ganebebT Tavsa,

magram Tqvens xsovnas ver mivcem me daviwyebasa...
(WavWavaZe 1914: 3)
ukve xandazmulma poetma Caaswora.

magram, iqamde, sasurvelia, Tundac zogadi suraTi mainc warmovisaxoT ilias
studenturi cxovrebisa, im wlebis, romlebic iliasave TqmiT, saZirkvelad daedo mTel mis
moRvaweobas.
1857 wlis 20 ivliss ilia TxovniT mimarTavs peterburgis universitetis reqtors: `msurs
ra ganaTlebis dasasruleblad movismino sruli kursi s.-peterburgis universitetis
iuridiuli fakultetis kameralur ganyofilebaze, umorCilesad gTxovT, Tqveno
aRmatebulebav, universitetSi Sesasvlelad dawesebuli gamocdebis Cabarebis SemTxvevaSi,
mimiRoT sakuTari xarjiT moswavle studentTa ricxvSi. amasTan maqvs pativi gaaxloT Cemi
kuTvnili sabuTebi: 1. metrikuli mowmoba da 2. oqmis asli Cemi Tavaduri warmomavlobis Sesaxeb.
Tavadi ilia grigolis Ze WavWavaZe~ (SaraZe 1987: 95).
dRes, sulieri interesebis sayovelTao dakninebis Jams, ukve gvikvirs iliasdroindeli
studentobis paTosi da cnobiswadili. `kalmiT ver avwer im aRtacebas, romelic Cven
gamovcadeT maSin, roca universitetSi migviRes, _ werda niko nikolaZe, imave peterburgis
universitetis Sesaxeb, _ saerTo fexis xmas Cvenc avyeviT: davdiodiT ara im profesorebis
leqciebze, romelTa mosmenac fakultetis wesebiT savaldebulo iyo CvenTvis, aramed mTeli
studentobis sayvarel profesorebis leqciebze... maT mosasmenad imdeni studentoba
grovdeboda, rom udidesi auditoria, meTerTmetec _ ki ver itevda yvelas: naxevari saaTis
Semdeg sunTqva aRar SeiZleboda. zogjer profesori iZulebuli iyo saaqto darbazSi
gasuliyo, sadac studentTa umravlesoba fexze ismenda leqcias~ (nikolaZe 1931: 107).
imxanad peterburgis universitetSi ocdaaTamde qarTveli studenti swavlobda da niko
nikolaZissave TqmiT, swored ilia warmarTavda qarTuli saTvistomos cxovrebas.
peterburgeli vaWris, kolCinis cols, romelTanac dabinavda ilia, qarTvelebi
uzrunvel dardimandebad warmoedgina da guli tkioda, rom es axalgazrda kaci, Tavadi, esoden
xelmomWirned cxovrobda, aucilebels iklebda da SuaRames, wignis kiTxvisas,
avismomaswavebeli xvela autydeboda.
ilias marTlac aRmoaCnda Wleqis niSnebi da 18569 wlis zafxuli kaxeTSi gaatara. Semdgom,
etyoba, avadmyofobam kvlav Seaxsena Tavi da amiT Tu aixsneba, rom 1861 wlis gazafxulze igi
aRar daeloda universitetis gamosaSvebi gamocdebis damTavrebas da samSobloSi dabrunda.
sxvaze adre TviTon iliam Seafasa, Tu ramdens niSnavda misTvis, rom swored samociani
wlebis mijnaze swavlobda peterburgSi. gavixsenoT misi cnobili pasaJi `mgzavris
werilebidan~, sadac igi ambobs, rom `... eg oTxi weliwadi cxovrebis saZirkvelia, cxovrebis
wyaros saTavea, bewvis xidia, sibnelisa da sinaTlis Sua bedisagan gadebuli. magram yvelasaTvis
ki ara, marto imaTTvis, vinc ruseTSi wasula, raTa Wkua avarjiSos, tvinsa da guls moZraoba
misces, _ fexi aadgmevinos...~ (WavWavaZe 1950: 10).
am keTilSobili mizniT ruseTSi wasul qarTvel studentTagan, ilias dros, peterburgSi
swavlobdnen akaki wereTeli, kirile lorTqifaniZe, niko RoRoberiZe, besarion RoRoberiZe,
ilia serebriakovi, nikoloz jabadari, aloiz mizandari, koxta abxazi. aqedan, erTni iliasTan
ukve Tbilisis gimnaziidan iyvnen Seamxanagebulni, meoreni _ swored peterburgSi
dauaxlovdnen mas.
9
ilias cxovrebis studentur periodze cota iqneboda cnobili, koxta abxazis
(oficialurad aleqsandre erqva _ z. a.) mogonebebi rom ara.
`zafxulobiT, _ igonebda koxta abxazi, _ Cveni qarTveli studentoba pavlovskSi
atarebda dros da Cvenc, me da ilia, zafxulobiT iq vimyofebodiT xolme. maxsovs, erTxel
pavlovskidan carskoe seloSi wavediT da iq vewvieT qalb. dadianisas, samegrelos mTavris
asuls. q. dadianma gamoitana da mogvca wasakiTxad baraTaSvilis leqsebi, ramdenadac maxsovs,
baraTaSvilis sakuTari xelnaweri. es leqsebi iyo: `bedi qarTlisa~ da `merani~, ver
warmoidgenT, ra STabeWdileba moaxdines am leqsebma iliazed. TiTqmis mTeli erTi kvira
ymawvili hbodavda baraTaSviliT~ (ìlia~ 1987: 182).
ar aris gamoricxuli, rom ilias àCrdilis~ pirveli, peterburgis droindeli variantis
mimarTvaSi aragvisadmi:
Cveno aragvo! ra-rig miyvarxar!

qarTvlis cxovrebis mowamed Sen xar!
Sens kideebzed Cemi mamuli,
iyo erT drosa gamSvenebuli...
_ eqod moismodes `bedi qarTlisas~ SeZaxili _ `hoi, napirno aragvis pirno, mobibineno,
SvebiT momzirno...~
aqve davZenT, rom peterburgis periodi ilias cxovrebisa _ imavdroulad, misi
mxatvruli individualobis mkafio Camoyalibebis xanaa: swored aq gamoikveTa sabolood misi
lirikuli intonacia da misi poeziis Tematikuri arealic. am wlebiTaa daTariRebuli
àCrdilis~, dramatuli poemis `qarTvlis dedas~, `kako-yaCaRis~ pirveli variantebi da mTeli
wyeba ilias ukve qrestomaTiulad cnobili leqsebisa _ `guTnis-deda~ (èrT bed qveSa varT,
labav, me da Sen,/ wilad gvargunes Savi miwa Cven...~), `locva~, `dae Tund movkvde, ar meSinian...~,
`qarTvlis dedas~ (`qarTvlis dedao, ZuZu qarTvlisa uwin mamulsa uzrdida Svilsa...~), `nana~,
`gazafxuli~ (`tyem moisxa foToli, ager mercxalic Wyivis..~) `poeti~ _ ilias saprogramo
leqsi, èlegia~ _ monatrebiTa da tkiviliT aRsavse Soridan danaxuli suraTi mZinare
samSoblosi:
mkrTali naTeli savse mTvarisa

mSobel qveyanas zed mohfenoda
da TeTri zoli Soris mTebisa
laJvard sivrceSi dainTqmeboda.
arsaidam xma, arsiT Zaxili!..
mSobeli Sobils arras etyoda,
zogjer-ki tanjviT amoZaxili
qarTvlis ZilSia kvnesa ismoda!
videq martoka.. da mTebis Crdili
kvlav Cem qveynis Zils ealerseba...
ox, RmerTo Cemo! sul Zili, Zili,
rosRa gveRirsos Cven gaRviZeba?!
imave suliskveTebiT iyo damuxtuli gamoZaxili italiis ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis

beladis juzepe garibaldis gamarjvebebze _ `mesmis, mesmis...~
ilia aRmerTebda garibaldis, erTxans mis armiaSi moxalised wasvlasac ki apirebda da am
Wabukuri gatacebis niSnad, mis kabinetSi, rusTavelis da erekle meoris suraTebis gverdiT,
ucvlelad ekida italiis erovnuli gmiris portreti.
advili warmosadgenia, rogori paTosiT waukiTxavda ilia am leqss axali imedebiT
atacebul Tavis megobrebs:
mesmis, mesmis sanatreli

xalxT borkilis xma mtvrevisa!
simarTlis xma qveynada hquxs
dasaTrgunvlad monobisa.
aRmitacebs xolme is xma
da aRminTebs imeds gulSi...
RmerTo, RmerTo! es xma tkbili
gamagone Cems mamulSi!
ramdenime wlis Semdeg, Tavis JurnalSi, `saqarTvelos moambeSi~, iliam gamoaqveyna

italiis ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobisadmi miZRvnili werili nikoloz dobrolubovisa,
romlis polemikuri maxvilic carizmis winaaRmdeg iyo mimarTuli.
ilias biografi, grigol yifSiZe werda: `ruseTis maSindelma mwerlobam xom uaRres
aRfrTovanebamde miaRwia. poeziasa da poetur prozaSi mefobdnen: jer gogoli da lermontovi,
10
lev tolstoi, turgenevi, nekrasovi da mere maTi Camodgma: grigoroviCi, gonCarovi,
dostoevski _ es mociqulni axalis wes-wyobilebisa; publicistikaSi brwyinavdnen: CerniSevski,
dobrolubovi, pisarevi. peterburgis universiteti savse iyo pirvel-xarisxovan
profesorebiT: kostomarovi, pipini, kavelini, stasuleviCi, spasoviCi _ ai vin iyvnen moZRvarni
da xelmZRvanelni maSindel axalgazrdobisa da, maSasadame, iliasic~ (WavWavaZe 1914: 25).
amave dros, ilia yovelTis xazs usvamda, rom ruseTSi aRmocenebuli ideebisa da
koncefciebis qarTul sinamdvilesTan misadagebas didi sifrTxile da dafiqreba Wirdeboda:
`Cvens qveyanas sul sxva tkivili aqvs, _ werda igi, _ sul sxva faTeraki sdevs... Cveneburi
dRevandeli dRe sul sxvasa Txoulobs, sul sxvas RaRadebs... is `sxva ramea~ Cvenis dacemulis
vinaobis aRdgena, fexzed dayeneba da dacva yovlis mosalodnelis faTerakisagan. rom eg
faTeraki mosalodneli iyo da dResac Tavidanve ver agvicdenia _ eg cxadzed-cxadia...~
magram, rac ar unda iyos dakavebuli kacis fiqri da goneba sazogado saqmiT, Tu es kaci
20-23 wlisaa, da amasTanave poeti, mis gulSi yovelTvis moiZebneba erTi patara kunWuli,
romelic mxoloddamxolod siyvarulisTvisaa gankuTvnili.
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, ilia peterburgidan leqsiT daemSvidoba Tavis bolo gatacebas
_ liza WavWavaZes da nevis napirebze, misi gulis is, gamonTavisuflebuli adgili axla general
Caikovskis asulma daisakuTra, umcrosma dam didi rusi kompozitorisa. ilias inicialebiT
aRuniSnavs Tavisi axali simpatiisadmi miZRvnili orive leqsi da, aqedan gamomdinare, karga xans
iTvleboda, rom maTi adresati _ sofio Caikovskaia iyo. magram, rogorc profesorma guram
SaraZem daadgina _ es gaxldaT ara sofio, aramed saSa anu aleqsandra Caikovskaia, romelic
xalisiT maspinZlobda qarTvel Tayvanismcemels, magram colad sxvas gahyva da gulgabzaruli
datova Cveni poeti.
aleqsandra Caikovskaiasadmi miZRvnili ilias leqsebi 1860 _ wlis zafxuliTaa
daTariRebuli. Seudareblad mware iyo iliasaTvis gazafxuli imave wlisa, rodesac iqve,
peterburgis kadetTa korpusSi Caricxuli misi umcrosi, sayvareli Zma _ Teimurazi
gardaicvala.
`...ra dauSaveT egreTi RmerTsa, rom egre uwyaloT da SeubraleblaT gviwamlavs dReebs
amTven tanjviT. Cemi patara Temura sadRa aris, mamidajan! davkarge saukunoT pirveli da
ukanaskneli Zma, mere ra Zma? veRar gnaxavT is sawyali da ubeduri...~ _ werda ilia mamidamiss
erTi wlis Semdeg, ilia saqarTvelosaken gamoemarTa. rkinigza imxanad mxolod
peterburgsa da moskovs Soris iyo gayvanili da mgzavrobas Tbilisamde Tveze meti Wirdeboda.
ukve mesame weli iyo, rac ivane kereseliZis `ciskari~ mis leqsebsa da Targmanebs
beWdavda, magram ilia grZnobda, rom es Jurnali `mamebisa~ iyo, axali Taobis mizanswrafvas ver
uTanagrZnobda da SesaZloa amitomac, peterburgSi dawerili misi leqsebis ukeTesi nawili
`ciskris~ yuradRebis miRma darCa.
am zamTars iliam ukve sul sxva Janris nawarmoebi gagzavna `ciskarSi~ gamosaqveyneblad _
kritikuli werili òriode sityva Tavad revaz Salvas Zis erisTavis mier kozlovidgan
`SeSlilis~ Targmnazeda~ da Tavdapirvelad arc ki undoda es werili misi gvariT
gamoqveynebuliyo... magram ilias statia misive xelmoweriT gamoqveynda `ciskris~ aprilis
nomerSi, imTaviTve iSviaTi vnebaTaRelva gamoiwvia, `mamaTa da SvilTa~ literaturuli
brZolis mizezi Seiqna da samudamod daukavSira ilias saxeli qarTuli saliteraturo enisa da
mwerlobis ganaxlebas.
Cven ise xSirad vimeorebT ilias cnobil monologs `mgzavris werilebidan~, rom, vgoneb,
sinedle davukargeT samSoblosTan mosalodneli SexvedriT SemkrTali ocdaoTxi wlis Wabukis
gancdas, radgan ilias istoriul retrospeqtivSi aRviqvamT _ ukve gandidebulsa da
gaRmerTebuls. am retrospeqtivas Tu daviviwyebT da `mgzavris werilebs~ avtoris
TanamedroveTa TvaliT SevxedavT, ilias mokrZaleba ki ar gagvikvirdeba, aramed is
Tavdajereba, romelic mis SekrTobas enacvleba da romliTac es kursdamTavrebuli studenti,
ramdenime leqsisa da erTi statiis avtori, eris sulieri moZRvris monologs warmosTqvams.
Tuki saqarTvelos marTla hyavs zegardmo mfarveli, swored man CasCurCula yurSi
peterburgidan samSobloSi gamomgzavrebul Wabuks es sityvebi: `rogor Seveyrebi me Cems
qveyanas da rogor Semeyreba igi me, vifiqre. ras vetyvi me Cems qveyanas axals da ras metyvis igi
me? vin icis: iqneb me Cemma qveyanam zurgi Semomaqcios, rogorc ucxo niadagzed gadargulsa da
aRzrdilsa? iqneba zurgic ar Semomaqcios, iqneba mimiTvisos.
...gadavwyvite, rom Cemi qveyana mimiRebs da mimiTvisebs kidec, imitom rom imisi sisxli da
xorci var; imis sityvasac da enasac gavigeb, imitom rom mamulis sityvas mamulis-Svili yurs
ugdebs gana marto yuriTa, guliTaca, romlisTvisac dumilic gasagonia; Cems sityvasac
gavagebineb, imitom, rom Svilis sityva mSobels yovelTvis esmis~ (WavWavaZe 1950: 10).
imav, 1861 wlis Semodgomazed ilia axla ukve leqsad gaacxadebs mTeli Tavisi cxovrebis
mrwamss:
Cemo kalamo, Cemo kargo, rad gvinda taSi?

rasac vmsaxurobT, mas erTgulad kvlav vemsaxuroT,
11
Cven wminda sityva uSiSarad movfinoT xalxSi
borot saklavad, _ maT sul-xdomis seirs vuyuroT.
Tu kacma ver scno Cveni guli, xom icis RmerTma,
rom wminda aris ganzraxva da survili Cveni:
agviyolia siyrmidanve Cven qarTvlis bedma,
da dae gvZraxon, _ Cven mis ZebniT davlioT dReni.
Cemzed amboben: ìs siaves qarTvlisas ambobs,
Cvens cuds ar malavs, eg xom cxadi siZulvilia~,
briyvni amboben, kargi guli ki maSinve scnobs _
am siZulvilSi raodenic siyvarulia!
am `kargma gulma~, TviTon miagno ilias, rodesac mas olRa Tadeozis asuli guramiSvili
gaacnes.
1863 wlis 10 aprils samebis eklesias TbilisSi ori etli miadga. mRvdeli nikoloz
ardaziani friad gakvirvebuli iyo, rom jvardasawerad mosul warCinebul ojaxiSvilT _
WavWavaZesa da guramiSvils _ mxolod mejvareni axldnen, magram gumaniT mixvda, rom qorwineba
saidumlo iyo da bednier, odnav Secbunebul axalgazrdebTan damSvidobebisas, gulSi RmerTs
Seavedra raRac iSviaTi sikeTisa da saTnoebis SuqiT saxeganaTebuli es wyvili.
gamzrdeli mamida iliasi yvarelidan iloceboda:
`Cemo sicocxlev, Svilo iliav!
bevrs gakoceb lamazs Tvalebzed da RmerTsa vTxov Senis coliT Tqven bednierebas da
Svilierobas, kidev gilocav, Svilo qorwinebas RmerTman aRgavsos bednierebiT, rogorc Tqveni
da Cemis survili iyos. momiteve, calke ver mogwere, kidev ar SemiZlian. exla Sen da Senis colis
wigns SeuZlian Cemi kurneba da potreTebs.
Seni Wirime, iliav!
Seni mamida
makrine erisTavi~ (SaraZe 1987: 169).
guramiSvilianT mxare sdumda: saguramos mflobeli, gulgorozi Tavadi Tadeozi,
WavWavaZeTa imJamindeli SeWirvebis gamo, qorwinebas uTanasworod Tvlida da gulSi eWvobda _
vaiTu siZes Cems mamulebze uWiravs Tvalio. ufrosi dai olRasi _ ekaterine, general
staroselskize gaTxovili, darcxvenili iyo, radgan olRas saidumlo gaTqva, SesaZloa, ilias
`meamboxeobis~ SiSiT da didad gaurTula mimowera da idumali Sexvedrebi SeyvarebulT.
sxvaTaSoris, es miwer-moweraca da es Sexvedrebic, cxrameti wlis gulcTomeli olRas
iniciativiT daiwyo.
gamoxda xani da Tadeoz guramiSvilmac dainaxa Tavisi siZis Rirsebani, xolo dimitri
staroselski, mefisnacvlis kancelariis ufrosad yofnis dros, didad daexmara ilias wera-
kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoebis daarsebaSi.
TviT olRas Sesaxeb ilias biografi grigol yifSiZe werda, rom òlRa aRmoCnda yovlad
keTili, saTno xasiaTis adamiani, qvelismomqmedi, yovlis keTilis TanamgrZnobeli, didad
mosiyvarule Tavisi saxelovani qmris da maRmerTebeli misis niWisa~ (WavWavaZe 1914: 31).
olRasa da ilias Svili ar miscemiaT da maT pirmSod, zogjer xumrobiT, zogjer
seriozulad, ilia imav 1863 wels daarsebul Tavis Jurnals _ `saqarTvelos moambes~ Tvlida.
`vis ar axsovs es weliwadi (1863 w.), roca ilia WavWavaZem daiwyo `saqarTvelos moambis~
gamocema, _ werda niko nikolaZe, _ imxanad, roca erTis mxriT Cveni cxovreba, uwindel
kalapots scvlida da axalSi Sesvlas apirebda... rac ki raime iyo CvenSi axalgazrda, mxne, axali
wesis da cxovrebis moyvare, yvelam icno is patiosani momavlis droSa, romelic mxned ekava ilia
WavWavaZes. Zvelma wesma, Zvelma kacobam Tavi Seafara `ciskars ~ da amnairad im brZolaSi,
romelic gaimarTa `saqarTvelos moambesa~ da `ciskars~ Sua, Canda is namdvili da Zlieri
brZola, romelic im dros sduRda Zvelsa da axals Sua Cvens cxovrebaSi...~ (krebuli 1872: 1.1)
aqve unda iTqvas, rom nebarTvisaTvis, Jurnalis dasaarseblad, ilia unda misuliyo
swored `mamaTa~ banakis erT-erT mesveurTan, grigol orbelianTan, romelic imxanad kavkasiis
mefisnacvlis movaleobas asrulebda. orbelianma peterburgSi iSuamdgomla da gamoiTxova
kidec es nebarTva.
naxevari saukunis Semdeg, ilias mtrebs, ukve marTla mtrebs, winwklebis gareSe,
proletariatis qomagebs da suliT maTxovrebs ironiulad eRimebodaT grigol orbelianis
aristokratul manerebze.
marTalia, `saqarTvelos moambem~ mxolod erT wels iarseba, magram ilias mainc SeeZlo
Tavi enugeSebina imiT, rom qarTul sazogadoebas araerTi axali saxeli da nawarmoebi gaacno,
xolo mis saprogramo leqsSi ~`Cemo kalamo~, aseve saprogramo werilSi _ `saqarTvelos
moambezed~, nawyvetebSi `kako-yaCaRidan~ da àCrdilidan~ da bolos _ jimSeriZis fsevdonomiT
gamoqveynebuli `kacia-adamianSi?!~ _ iyo naTqvami yvelaferi, rac ki imxanad mas undoda
mkiTxvelisaTvis eTqva.
ìm drois gamgeTa, im xanis ufalTa suraTia `kacia-adamiani?!~, _ werda kita abaSiZe, _
pirutyvad qceul kacs imdenad daukargavs yoveli Tviseba adamianobisa, rom maTi adamianoba
12
sakiTxav sagnadac ki gadaqceula. maTi RmerTi marto maTi mucelia, maTi ideali _ artala da
bozbaSia, maTi saqmianoba da gonebis varjiSi buzebis TvlaSi gamoixateba...~ (WavWavaZe 1914: 10).
dResac ki, `TaTqariZeobis~ genis Zieba, simaZRris kultze da qarTul TviTkmayofilebaze
laparaki, aSkara gaRizianebas iwvevs _ rogori gabeduleba unda hqondes ocdaxuTi wlis
axalgazrda kacs, rom, aTiode Tanamoazris gamoklebiT, mTel Tavis garemocvas, Tavis klass
sajarod sila gaawnas, qeCoSi xeli Caavlos da ZaliT Caaxedos im wumpeSi, romelSic gasiebuli,
gagombeSoebuli luarsabebi da darejanebi zian da kidev erTxel Seagonos: `kmayofileba kacis
momakvdinebeli senia!~
`saqarTvelos moambis~ bolo, meTormete nomeri 1864 wlis ianvarSi gamovida, imave wlis
gazafxulze iliam imereTis Tavadaznauroba aRaSfoTa _ amjerad quTaisis general-
gubernatorTan mivlinebulma, momavali reformis win, sagangebo mindobilobaTa moxelem,
romelsac unda gaerkvia _ ra urTierTobani sufevda glexkacobasa da memamuleTa Soris.
Semdgomi Tanamdeboba iliasi duSeTis mazris momrigebeli Suamavloba gaxldaT. swored
aq, duSeTSi gaatara man TiTqmis aTi weli da imdroindeli STabeWdilebani _ jer Suamavlisa,
mere ukve mosamarTlis, _ xSiri mogzauroba mTis soflebSi, rogorRac awonasworebdnen im
usiamovno tvirTs, romelic iliasnair adamians awevs saxelmwifo samsaxurSi yofnis gamo.
rodesac olRa duSeTSi ar iyo, ilia gansakuTrebiT iwyenda da swored aseT wuTebSi
madlobas swiravda RmerTs, rom misi xeloba _ mwerlisa, _ ara Tu asatans xdida, gulisxmobda
kidec am simartovesac, am tkivilsac, am gadakargulobis SegrZnebasac... WeSmariti xelovani
absoluturad marto xom arasdros rCeba, radgan uxilavi da maradiuli Tanamosaubre hyavs...
ilias `momrigeblobiTi moRvaweobis~ pirveli STabeWdilebani aisaxa mis òcnebaSi~
ukvdavi glaxa WriaSviliT (sruli saTauri, mogexsenebaT, aseTia _ `glexTa ganTavisuflebis
pirveladi droebis scenebi~ _ z. a.).
duSeTSivea dawerili ilias cnobili leqsi `1871 welis 23 maisi (komunis dacemis dRe)~,
`mamaTa~ banakis gamamwarebeli `gamocanebi~ da `kidev gamocanebi~, romlebSic imxanad saqveynod
cnobil pirovnebaTagan (grigol orbelianis, platon ioselianisa da mixeil TumaniSvilis
CaTvliT _ z. a.), erTaderTi, visac, ilias azriT, `qveyana fexebze ar hkidia~, _ dimitri yifiani
gaxldaT.
`mamaTa da SvilTa~ brZolis ganaxlebisTanave, akaki Tavisi Zveli Tanamosangris
mxardamxar idga (gavixsenoT misi _ `xarabuza generals~), magram iliasaTvis gansakuTrebiT
Zvirfasi iyo ramdenime wliT adre `ciskarSi~ gamoqveynebuli werili akakisa, romelSic is,
bedis nebieris guluxvobiT, adgils umkvidrebda ilias qarTuli poeziis olimpze:
`baraTaSvili da WavWavaZe sworeT erT taxtze sxdomis Rirsebi arian, erTgvari damsaxureba
aqvT Cvens literaturaSi, erT gvaraT dauviwyarebi arian, erTs gauwyvetlis jaWviT
gadabmulebi erTis meorezed; erTis umeorisod gageba Znelia~ (ciskari 1865: 94).
TviTon ilia, raRa Tqma unda, grZnobda, rom Wabukuri romantizmi, mis cxovrebaSic da mis
poeziaSic, nelinel adgils uTmobda ulmobel realizms, grZnobda, rom sazogadoebriv scenaze
man paTetikuri gmiris da ara Tvalcremliani Seyvarebulis roli daisakuTra. amis dasturi iyo
ilias lirikis SeTxelebuli rveulic da gamiznuli paTosic misi leqsebis umetesobisa:
ukanaskneli satrfialo leqsi Wabukma iliam ocdasami wlisam dawera da amis Semdeg mxolod
erTxel, ukve ormoci wlisa, daiviwyebs igi Cveul gulCaTxrobilobas da tkboba-tkiviliT
leqsSi gaacxadebs Tavis saidumlos:
me misi var, is ki ar aris Cemi,

is sxvas asmevs nektars netarebisas;
sxvas Tavs evlis, sxvas Sehxaris, sxvas etrfis,
me ki vwyevli dRes Cemi gaCenisas...
ilias erTi, metad saintereso ganmarteba aqvs poeziisa: `poezia madlia, niWia, romelic
eZleva mxolod kacTa, RvTiT rCeulTa. madlia, magram amasTanave tvirTic aris, _ radganac igi
movlenilia, rom Wrilobidam sisxlis Sewyvetili dena kacTa sicocxles Seuyenos~ (WavWavaZe
1978: 39).
axla, erTi wamiT kvlav duSeTSi Tu davbrundebiT, davinaxavT ilias `krebuliT~ xelSi.
ilias imitomac mowonda es Jurnali, rom misi `saqarTvelos mombis~ tradicias ganagrZobda da,
amasTanave, redaqtorebic _ jer niko nikolaZe da mere giorgi wereTeli, iliasadmi
gansakuTrebul mowiwebas iCendnen: ilias leqsebis, poemebis, Targmanebis, folkloris
Segrovili nimuSebis didi nawili swored `krebulSi~ gamoqveynda; aseve _ ilias erTi yvelaze
mware leqsi, _ `bednieri eri~:
CvenisTana bednieri
gana aris sadme eri?!
yvela unji,
yvela munji,
gulCvili da lmobieri;
13
Tvalabmuli,
Tavakruli
pirs lagami zomieri;
yvela yrui,
yvela crui,
Wkvadamjdari, gulxmieri;
mcire, didi
yvela flidi,
cuRluti da mankieri.
CvenisTana bednieri
gana aris sadme eri?!
mtverwayrili,
Tavdaxrili,
yovlad uqmi, udieri;
uzRudoni,
gzamrudoni,
ar gamtani da cbieri;
mtris ar mcnobi,
moyvris mgmobi,
gareT mxdali, Sin Zlieri;
ar ris mqone,
ar ris mcodne,
uzrunveli da mSieri.
CvenisTana bednieri
kidev aris sadme eri?!
(WavWavaZe 1914: 85-86)
am leqsis daweridan ori wlis Semdeg, 1873 wels, ilia gamoeTxova duSeTs, saxelmwifo
samsaxurs da TbilisSi dabrunda. misi biografiis Semdgomi periodi saTavadaznauro bankisa da
ìveriis~ daarsebiT aRiniSneba.
Tu ufro zogadad SevxedavT ilias cxovrebis qargas, uTuod davinaxavT, rom misi
moRvaweobis yvela sferos aerTianebs siWabukidanve gacnobierebuli mizanswrafva _ Tvistomi
gamoafxizlos, TaTqariZeTa kar-midamoSi mocxebuli talaxi Camorecxos, simarTlis sarkeSi
Caaxedos da miaswavlos `bednieri eris~ ulmobeli ganaCenisagan Tavdaxsnis gza.
rac ufro didia istoriuli figura, miT ufro met interess iwvevs misi pirovnuli
Tvisebebi, Cvevebi da midrekilebani. TiTqos ramdeni ram viciT iliaze da am dros Zalzed
Znelia warmovisaxoT misi realuri portreti: `wyeuli xasiaTi maqvs, _ uTqvams rogorRac, _
gulSi rac ginda dardi mqondes, aravis gauziareb. moxdeba xolme, rom mTeli kviraobiT Cems
fiqrebs marto vatareb, var gaCumebuli da damunjebuli, aravin icis, ra mtkiva da ra momdis;
arc miyvars amaze sxvebi damekiTxon, Tund es sxvebi maxloblebic iyvnen. amisTana xasiaTis
adamianis gaZleba Zalian Zneli unda iyos SinaurebisaTvis~... (WavWavaZe 1966: 74).
iakob mansvetaSvili igonebda: `bevrisagan gamigonia, ilia mkacri, sastiki da xSirad
mkvaxe adamianiao, tyuilad xom ar ambobdnen, rom òTaraanT qvrivi~ TviT iliaa, mxolod kabaSi
gadacmulio. ramdenadac me vicnobdi ilias, ver vityvi, rom es savsebiT marTali iyos. ilia
ufro gulCaTxrobili kaci iyo, magari, gautexavi, cota jiutic, magram sastiki ki ara. guls
Znelad gauxsnida adamians da Tu gauxsnida kidec, Tavi mainc ise Sors eWira, rom gakadnierebas
vervin gaubedavda. da Tu vinme gakadnierdeboda, Zvirad daujdeboda aseTi Tavxedoba~...
ìlia magari iyo, rogorc sali klde, da dreka ver uyves. verc xmlis elvarebiT,
xanjlebis trialiT, verc dambaCebis gulze mibjenil luliT ver SeaSines, ver moaxrevines
qedi. verasodes ver gadaaTqmevinebdnen xolme imas, rac mas marTlad miaCnda. iliam ukan daxeva
ar icoda: meomris ukan daxeva, gamoqceva brZolis velidgan _ simuxTlea, Ralatiao, _ ityoda
xolme ilia, roca usayvedurebdnen xolme, jiutobas, sikerpes, simkacres. aseTi simagre,
Seupovroba, simkvaxe da mouridebloba iyo mizezi imisi, rom ilia ara erTxel yofila
barierTan mdgomi, ara erTxel yofila misi sicocxle bewvze dakidebuli~ (mansvetaSvili 1936:
119).
aqve SevniSnavT, rom ukanaskneli dueli ilias unda hqonoda sikvdilamde ori wliT adre
_ 1905 wels, ukve 68 wlisas, magram mowinaaRmdeges bodiSi mouxdia da dueli ar Semdgara. aseve
sisxlisdauRvrelad, imdroindeli tradiciis Tanaxmad, damTavrda ilias danarCeni eqvsi
dueli.
imav mogonebebSi, ilias garegnobacaa aRwerili: ìlia dabali tanisa iyo, Casxmuli,
kargad Casqelebuli, kiseri Carguli, erTi sityviT, `burTiviT mrgvali~, rogorc moswrebulad
daaxasiaTa gr. orbelianma. magram am tanze, romelsac ver davswamebT silamazis nimuSobas, ijda
Tavi, romelic saberZneTSi Rirsi da damamSvenebeli iqneboda fidiusis qandakebisa.
warmoidgineT maRali, gaSlili, gadatkecili Subli, swore, TiTqos sagangebod Camosxmuli,
gamoqandakebuli cxviri, mrgvali, moZravi nestoebiT, mokumuli tuCebiT, mokumuli ise magrad,
rom kbilebs arasodes ar gaCvenebdaT. Semorgvalebuli, cotad win wamoweuli nikapi da
Tvalebi, Wkviani, metyveli, ilias Tvalebi, xan lmobierni, saTnoiani, rodesac megobrulad
14
gamoiyurebodnen; xan ara am qveyniuri, zeciurni, rodesac Semoqmedebis sivrceSi dacuravdnen;
xan mrisxaneni, cecxlis mfrqvevelni, rodesac mters SeebrZoda, _ warmoidgineT yvela es da
Tqven Tvalwin geyolebaT cocxali ilia~ (mansvetaSvili 1936: 84).
es sityvieri portreti Tu marTlac gacocxldeba Cvens winaSe, arc imis warmodgena
gagviWirdeba, rogori Sinagani RirsebiT kiTxulobs ukve WaRaraSereuli ilia siWabukeSi
daweril am striqonebs:
me ca mniSnavs da eri mzrdis,

miwieri zeciersa;
RmerTTan misTvis vlaparakob,
rom waruZRve wina ersa...
magram RmerTTan laparaki ilias sul ufro da ufro naklebad uwevs poeziis enaze,
radgan duSeTidan TbilisSi dabrunebis Semdeg, misi energiis, droisa da yuradRebis umetesi
nawili, saadgilmamulo bankisa da ìveriis~ gaZRolas xmardeba.
asea _ `rom waruZRve wina ersa~ _ ocdaaTi weli Tbilisis saTavadaznauro
saadgilmamulo banks unda Seswiro, raTa qarTulma udardelobam mTlad ar gaaRatakos Seni
eris rCeuli nawili; madlierebis nacvlad _ mdurva da sayveduri `pilpilmoyrili
madlisaTvis~, Zvel TanamSromelTa gulgacieba da rac yvelaze ufro sawyenia, mtroba ivane
maCabelTan; im ivane maCabelTan, romlis sxvisgan Zagebas ilia manic ver itanda, radgan am
dawyevlili bankis miuxedavad, saTuTad mosagonari hqonda maTi erToblivi muSaoba
peterburgSi Seqspiris `mefe liris~ Targmanze da ìveriis~ Tanaredaqtorobis pirveli wlebi.
dRes xom SeiZleba ukve dabejiTebiT iTqvas, rom me-19 saukunis arcerT Jurnal-gazeTs
ise gamiznulad ar warumarTavs sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis kalapoti, rogorc ilias ìverias~,
1877 wels daarsda, rogorc gazeTi, mere Jurnalad gadakeTda, xolo 1902 wels, rodesac iliam
redaqtoroba miatova, _ kvlav gazeTi iyo. sxvas rom ara, marto ilias statiebi: òsmalos
saqarTvelo~, `werilebi mecxramete saukunis qarTul literaturaze~, `qvaTa RaRadi~, `ra
giTxraT, riT gagaxaroT~, `mecxramete saukune~ da am brwyinvale mwkrivis gamagrZelebeli
mTeli wyeba werilebisa istoriis, samarTlis, ekonomikis, politikis sakiTxebze naTelyofen,
rom ar iyo arcerTi sfero imdroindeli cxovrebisa, romelsac ver gaswvda ìveriis~
redaqtoris gamWriaxi Tvali da goneba.
imav ìveriaSi~, ukve iSviaT, obol margalitebad Canan ilias mxatvruli qmnilebani _
`gandegili~ da `mefe dimitri Tavdadebuli~, òTaraanT qvrivi~ da `sarCobelazed~...
sxva sakiTxia, Tu rogor daufasda yovelive aseT redaqtors da aseT avtors ìveriis~
kolegaTagan.
ìveriam~ 1906 wlis aprilSi dauzareblad gadmobeWda social-demokratebis Jurnal
`mogzauridan~ amazrzeni, cilismwamebluri werili, iliasagan viTomda Seviwroebuli glexobis
Sesaxeb, TvalTmaqcuri saredaqcio minaweriT: `nuTu `glaxis naambobis~ avtors marTla aseTi
damokidebuleba aqvs glexebTan? Cven ar gvinda es davijeroT~ da a.S., magram ilias pasuxi, _
misi publicistikis Sedevri, _ `nu Tu-~ mainc ar gamoaqveyna Tavis furclebze da calke,
damatebis saxiT dabeWda.
ìveriis~ imJamindeli redaqtori, filipe gogiCaiSvili, mogvianebiT ubadrukad
imarTlebda Tavs, rom `redaqciaSi bevrni iyvnen TanamSromlebi, romlebic moiTxovdnen, rom
Tu ilias pasuxi daibeWdeboda gazeTSi, maSinve gaficvas movawyobTo...~ (guguSvili 1938: 29).
aq, albaT, sjobs mivubrundeT ilias im moTxrobas, romelic ìveriis~ furclebze
gamoqveynda da dedamiwaze yvelaze sevdian adgilze migviyvans _ `sarCobelasTan~.
yvelas gvxsovs, ganaCenis sajaro aRsrulebaze cnobismoyvareobiT misuli ubiri meurme,
bibliuri saxeliT _ petre, Tavis Wabuk Tanamgzavrs rom ver icnobs. metic, _ is, SesaZloa,
erTaderTia mTeli am brbodan, CamoxrCobis amazrzen rituals jambazobad da saseiro
sanaxaobad rom miiCnevs: eSafoti mas scena hgonia, sikvdilmisjili, jalaTi, mRvdeli ki _
msaxiobebi.
moTxrobis finalSi, rodesac petre CamoxrCobili avazakis umcrosi Zmis werilidan
simarTles gaigebs, dabneuli SemoTvlili braldebiT, _ `gana Sen ar miiyvane Cemi Zma
sarCobelamdeo?~ _ gaognebuli gvekiTxeba _ `me ra SuaSi varo?~
swored aq svams ilia wertils da mkiTxvels Tavis gmirTan erTad tovebs am maradiuli
kiTxvis winaSe: arada, marTlac, ra SuaSi varT Cven, Tu garSemo samyaro SeiSala, Tu kacis kvla,
qurdoba da avazakoba lamis wesad iqca; anda, egebis, mainc aris Cveni wili garSemo
datrialebul codvaSi?... da bolos _ rogor unda vicxovroT, ra unda movimoqmedoT
imisaTvis, rom guldajerebiT vupasuxoT am kiTxvas da mxolod amis Semdeg gavawyoT Cveni uremi
da gavudgeT Cvens gzas...
imave ìveriaSi~, rogorc aRvniSneT, gamoqveynda ilias `Cemo kargo qveyanav...~ _ leqsi,
ager erTi saukunea, gansakuTrebuli paTosiT rom warmoiTqmis da imRereba, rodesac
qarTveloba momavali Tavisuflebis rwmeniTaa gaerTianebuli da ritualuri himnis
15
JReradobas iZens maSinaTve, rogorc ki es erTianoba irRveva, xolo Tavisuflebis poezias
yoveldRiurobis proza STanTqavs...
kidev erTi cnobili, SesaniSnavi imdroindeli leqsi iliasi _ `bazaleTis tba~
mogvianebiT gamoqveynda, 1890 wels, magram Jurnal `jejilSi~ da ara ìveriaSi~. ilia am dros
ukve 53 wlisaa, arcTu xandazmuli, magram Tavdauzogavi cxovrebis wesiT
janmrTelobaSeryeuli _ uCivis RviZls, diabets, gulis xuTvas...
amisda miuxedavad, guluxvi maspinZelia, stumrebTan erTad, TviTonac kargad moilxens
xolme da eqimebis akrZalvebs ver egueba...
ilias gansakuTrebiT saguramoSi uyvarda stumrebis mopatiJeba. yovel _ ivliss,
iliaobas, aq xom saerTod teva ar iyo...
iSviaTi siTboTi ixsenebdnen saguramos ilias ucxoeli megobrebi _ artur laisti, da-
Zmani uordropebi... ilias biografiul qronikas Tu gadavxedavT, vnaxavT, rom imdroindel
qarTvel moRvaweTagan Tu Cveni qveynis gamorCeul stumarTagan cota iyo iseTi, romelsac
ascdenodes saguramoSi stumrobis pativi.
es mxolod ilias gansakuTrebuli stumarTmoyvareobiT rodi aixsneba. ilia imdenadaa
moqceuli sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis epicentrSi, rom misi saxli, misdauneburadac ki, mainc
miizidavda iliasTan saerTo saqmiT, interesebiTa Tu gatacebebiT dakavSirebul adamianebs.
ilias moRvaweobis masStabi dResac gancvifrebas iwvevs. bankisa da ìveriis~
paralelurad, igi xelmZRvanelobs misive iniciativiT daarsebul qarTvelTa Soris wera-
kiTxvis gamavrcelebel sazogadoebas da qarTul dramatul sazogadoebas. uTuod idealuri
kandidatura gaxldaT: popularuli `scenebis~ avtori, misive Targmnil `mefe lirSi~ kentis
rolis ganmasaxierebeli da qarTul dramatul dasSi reJisorobanacadi.
sxvaTaSoris, ilia Cinebuli deklamatoric yofila da literaturul saRamoebze, Tavisi
nawarmoebebis garda, grigol orbelianis, nikoloz baraTaSvilis leqsebs kiTxulobda xolme,
nawyvetebs `vefxistyaosanidan~.
amgvari literaturuli saRamoebi imxanad, metwilad, cnobili mecenatis, daviT
sarajiSvilis salonSi imarTeboda. gazeT `droebis~ korespondenti ase aRwerda daviT
sarajiSvilis saxlSi gamarTul erT-erT saRamos: èrTs kerZo saxlSi, am saxlis patronis
mowveviT, Seiyarnen guSin, 8 Tebervals (es 1883 welia _ z.a), ocamdin TanamgrZnobni da
moyvarulni qarTulis mwerlobisa da aq. T. il. g. WavWavaZem waikiTxa Tavisi axali poema
`gandegili~. Cinebuli STabeWdileba moaxdina yvela iq myofzed Cveni poetis axalma
nawarmoebma. siamovnebiT davrwmundiT, rom `yaCaRis cxovrebis~ da àCrdilis~ avtors,
romelic am ukanasknel wlebSi erTob iSviaTad emusaifeba muzas, arc Zveli niWi dahklebia, arc
Zveli xelovneba da arc sazogadod leqsTa-Txzvis moxerxeba; davrwmundiT, rom T.i.WavWavaZe
Cvens poezias jer kidev ar dahkargvia da SemdgomSic unda movelodeT amgvar imis kalmis
nawarmoebsa...~
samwuxarod, `gandegili~ ilias ukanaskneli poema aRmoCnda, xolo bolo ocdaTxuTmetma
welma cxovrebisa, mis lirikul rveuls sul SvidadSvidi leqsi Semata. aqedan mxolod erTi _
`bazaleTis tba~ samomavlo nugeSad SemorCa TaobaTa mexsierebas. Tumca kidev es,
mravlismetyveli striqonebi:
kargi rama xar, Cemo qveyanav,

lamazad morTul da mokazmuli;
magram ramdenadc mSvenieri xar,
imdenad ufro mikvdeba guli...
vai rom, es mxolod metafora ar iyo da ilias mtkivan guls ver Svelian verc Tbiliseli
eqimebi, verc kievis universitetis profesori vagneri da verc profesori leideni, romelsac
ilia da olRa WavWavaZeebma 1903 wlis zafxulSi berlinSi CaakiTxes.
aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom ilias yoveli gadaadgileba da, raRa Tqma unda, sajaro
gamosvla, 1884 wlis gazafxulidan, policiis saidumlo meTvalyureobis qveSaa da Tbilisis
policmeisteri Cinovnikuri punqtualobiT atyobinebs qalaqis gubernators ilias yovel
nabijs. es meTvalyureoba Sewyda mxolod 1906 wels, rodesac ilia imperiis saxelmwifo sabWos
wevrad airCies.
niSandoblivia, rom Tavisi pirveli gamosvla saxelmwifo sabWoSi (savaraudod _ 1907
wlis 17 aprils _ z. a.) iliam miuZRvna sikvdiliT dasjis akrZalvas. aq, raRa Tqma unda, kvlav
misi `sarCobelazed~ gvaxsendeba. ilias argumentebi iTvaliswinebda ara marto qristianul
gulmowyalebas, aramed imasac, rom sasjelis simkacres zneobis sayovelTao gauxeSeba mosdevda
da damnaSaveobis es mojadoebuli wre damRupveli aRmoCndeboda TviT sazogadoebisaTvis.
vinZlo, didi qarTveli humanisti, romelic cdilobda moelbo imperiis xelisufalni,
imavdroulad, sicocxles unarCunebda Tavis momaval mkvlelebs. am TvalsazrisiT, simboluri
iyo, rom ilias mkvlelobis Semdgom, kneina olRam iSuamdgomla Tbilisis general-
gubernatorTan, damnaSaveni ar CamoexrCoT: ès sazareli sasjeli daarRvevs im Rvawls
siyvarulisas, cxovrebis maswavlebel qristes im saukuno mcnebas, romliTac cocxlobda Cemi
16
gansvenebuli qmari...~ — werda igi. ilias qvrivis am humanur Jests didi gamoZaxili hqonda da
yvelaze RirsSesaniSnavi, lev tolstoisa.
kalendarul sizustes Tu ar mivyvebiT, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom meoce saukune
saqarTvelosaTvis 1907 wlis 30 agvistos daiwyo _ wiwamurTan ilias mkvlelobis dRes.
galaktionma _ meoce saukunis pirmSom da msxverplma, pirvelma intuiturad igrZno es
istoriuli paradoqsi:
wiwamurSi rom mohkles ilia,

maSin epoqa gaTavda didi...
(tabiZe 1977: 251)
erTma saukunem ganvlo wiwamuris tragediis Semdeg da mTeli am xnis ganmavlobaSi, ilias
didebuli aCrdili, viTarc mxsneli da mfarveli, Tan sdevs mis mSobel ers.
damowmebani:
afxazi 1987: afxazi k. mogonebebi. wignSi: ilia (mogonebebi gardasul dReTa). Tb.: `merani~, 1987.
guguSvili 1938: guguSvili p. ilia WavWavaZis mkvleloba. Tb.: `saxelgami~, 1938.
WavWavaZe 1914: ilia WavWavaZis Txzulebani. t. I. mix, gedevaniSvilis gamocema, tf.: 1914
WavWavaZe 1950: WavWavaZe i. Txz. sruli krebuli. t. II. Tb.: `saxelgami~, 1950.
WavWavaZe 1955: WavWavaZe i. Txz. sruli krebuli. t. V. Tb.: 1955.
WavWavaZe 1957: WavWavaZe i. Txz. sruli krebuli. t. IX. Tb.: 1957.
WavWavaZe 1961: WavWavaZe i. Txz. sruli krebuli. t. X. Tb.: 1961.
WavWavaZe 1978: ilia WavWavaZe i. aforizmebi. Tb.: `merani~, 1978.
WavWavaZe 1996: krebuli ìlia emigrantTa Tvali~. t. I, Tb.: gamomcemloba `lomisi~, 1996.
ìlia~ 1987: ìlia~ (mogonebebi gardasul dReTa). Tb.: 1987.
ìlias...~ 1988: ìlias samreklo~ (mogonebaTa krebuli). Tb.: gamomcemloba `ganaTleba~, 1988.
krebuli 1872: Jurn. `krebuli~, №10-12, Tb.: 1872.
lolaZe 1987: lolaZe m. mogoneba. wignSi: ilia (mogonebebi gardasul dReTa). Tb.: `merani~, 1987.
mansvetaSvili 1936: mansvetaSvili i. `mogonebebi. tf.: gamomcemloba `federacia~, 1936.
nikolaZe 1931: nikolaZe n. rCeuli nawerebi. t. I, Tb.: gamomcemloba `qarTuli wigni~, 1931.
tabiZe 1977: tabiZe g. rCeuli. Seadgina da redaqcia gaukeTa r. TvaraZem. Tb.: gamomcemloba `sabWoTa
saqarTvelo~, 1977.
SaraZe 1987: SaraZe g. ilia WavWavaZe. cxovreba da moRvaweoba. Semoqmedeba. wigni I, Tb.: gamomcemloba
`xelovneba~, 1987.
ciskari 1965: Jurn. `ciskari~, № 9, Tb., 1865.
17
daviT werediani
àra mxolod tkbil xmaTaTvis~...
qarTul poetur tradiciaSi, iliamdec da ilias Semdgomac, udavo WeSmaritebad

miiCneoda, rom lirikuli leqsi msubuqi da tkbilxmovani unda iyos. albaT saWiroa, isic
aRiniSnos, rom qarTvelebi am mxriv gamonaklisni ar vyofilvarT _ `leqsi unda mRerodes~...
rasakvirvelia, odiTganve arsebobda `mZime da mwarxmovani~ lirikac, romelic metad Tu
ara, naklebadac ar fasobda, magram zogadi debulebis doneze, tradiciuli `WeSmariteba~
uryevi rCeboda. mis siswores eWvqveS arc ilias `poeti~ ayenebs, mcire koreqtivis SetaniT
ifargleba _ àra mxolod~... magram es mcire koreqtivi, sinamdvileSi, arcTu ise mcirea,
principulad sxva saxis poezias gvTavazobs.
***
sadac didebuls mTasa myinvarsa

orbni, arwivni ar Sexebian,
sad wvima-Tovlni, yinulad qmnilni,
mzisgan arodes ara dnebian...
TiTqos mxolod martivi aRweraa, faqtis konstatacia, poeturi samkaulebis gareSe. arc
sityva, arc saTqmeli gansakuTrebuliT arafriT gamoirCeva. sintaqsic savsebiT normatiulia,
xelCasaWids aqac verafers vpoulobT. STabeWdileba ki Zalze Zlieria, Cvens winaSe iSviaTi
monumenturobiT aRbeWdili suraTi ixateba. ra iwvevs am SegrZnebas, sakmaod Zneli
misaxvedria, yovel SemTxvevaSi, teqstis zedapirze ar devs.
magram, mcireodeni yovnis Semdeg, maleve vxvdebiT, rom es monumenturoba, ufro
sworad, monumenturobis SegrZneba, pirwmindad stiluria, tonalobasa da mkacr sityvier
arCevans emyareba. magram eWvi gvrCeba, da es eWvi savsebiT safuZvliania, rom tonaloba da
mkacri sityvieri arCevani amgvari efeqtis misaRwevad mTlad sakmarisic ar unda iyos da rom aq
umTavresi leqsis ritmuli simZimea, ritmuli simZime da xazgasmuli aratkbilxmovaneba.
poeziaSi amgvar àratkbilxmovan harmonias~, ZiriTadad, mentaluri tipis Semoqmedni
aRweven. qarTulSi msgavsi magaliTebi TiTze CamosaTvlelic ar aris, magram, kacma rom Tqvas,
arc Zalian xSiria. galaktioniseuli ritmebis dominirebam am tradiciaSi didi wyvetili
gaaCina.
***
ilia WavWavaZe aSkarad gamoxatuli mentaluri tipis Semoqmedi iyo, upiratesobas
yovelTvis racionalur sawyiss aniWebda, rac yvelaze cxadad swored mis lirikaSi moCans.
CvenSi amas lirikosisaTvis naklad miiCnevdnen, intuiciis erTgvar simwiredac ki, magram aseTi
daskvna umarTebuloa. didi Semoqmedeba, Zlieri intuituri sawyisis gareSe, SeuZlebelia, ra
tipis SemoqmedTanac ar unda gvqondes saqme. oRond gansxvaveba is aris, rom mentaluri tipis
Semoqmedi wminda intuicias bolomde arasodes endoba, STagonebis msubuqi monapovari gonebis
Tvalma mkacrad da mravalgzis unda gadaamowmos. poeti cdilobs, improvizaciis momenti
imTaviTve ukuagdos, iolad ar dahyves imas, rasac striqoni TavisTavad, gonebis Caurevlad
mReris da rasac akaki, galaktionze rom araferi vTqvaT, ukanmiuxedavad gahyveboda.
Sesabamisad, qmnadobis procesic gacilebiT rTuli da Sromatevadi xdeba.
Sedegad striqoni, rogorc wesi, aratkbilxmovani gamodis, erTi SexedviT musikas
moklebuli, sinamdvileSi ki, sxvagvari musikalurobiT datvirTuli, siRrmiseulad
damuxtuli, Sinaganad mniSvnelovani (Tundac Zalian mniSvnelovansac arafers ambobdes),
Ronieri, xariviT gamwevi.
belti beltzeda gadavawvinoT

da Sromis ofli miwas vawvimoT...
***
im poetur garemoSi, romelic leqsisagan simsubuqesa da tkbilxmovanebas moiTxovda,
xolo SemoqmedebiT process muzebisagan nawyalobev ZRvnad da morakrake improvizaciad
miiCnevda, rTuli warmosadgenia, rom Wabuk ilias, Tavis aratkbilxmovan midrekilebaTa gamo,
18
Znelmetyvelebis gamo, sakuTar mowodebaSi, drodadro mainc, eWvi ar Sehparvoda: `var Tu ara
WeSmariti poeti? iqneb yovelive es mxolod leqsis mkeTeblobaa, ymawvilkacuri
pativmoyvareobis gamoZaxili~? am eWvs igi aravis gauziarebda, SesaZloa, TavisTavsac ar
umxelda, magram gulis siRrmeSi igi mainc arsebobda da saboloo pasuxs iTxovda, radgan ilia
is pirovneba ar iyo, vinc miaxloebiT pasuxs dasjerdeboda. STagonebis wuTebi
sawinaaRmdegoSi arwmunebda. magram es, iqneb, mxolod Sromis azarti iyo da ara namdvili
STagoneba?
da swored am dros, gangebam ekaterine WavWavaZesTan da nikoloz baraTaSvilis xelnawer
krebulTan Seaxvedra. poetis aRtaceba ganuzomelia. nikoloz baraTaSvilma mTeli misi arseba
SeZra.
amas, ra Tqma unda, hqonda sruli obieqturi safuZveli, magram mis Tavdaviwyebul
aRtacebaSi wvlili subieqtur faqtorsac unda miuZRodes. man qarTul enaze pirvelad naxa
aratkbilxmovani poeziis eWvSeuvali nimuSebi, romlebic, uwinaresad, swored mag Tvisebis
gamo, saswauls hgavda. es iyo siRrme, simaRle, eqspresia, Sinagani savseba, _ zustad is, rasac
TviTon eswrafoda.
marTalia, baraTaSvili mxolod mentaluri tipis Semoqmedi ar yofila, magram mis
saukeTeso leqsebSi es mxarec sruli ZaliTaa gamovlenili da maSindeli poeturi situaciis
fonze, mTavar siaxled, Zneli misaxvedri ar aris, swored amgvari mimarTebani unda
warmoCeniliyo.
baraTaSvilma axalgazrda ilias Tavisi mowodebis mimarT yovelgvari eWvi gauqarwyla.
meore didi poeti, romelmac ilia WavWavaZis TiTqmis aseTive aRtaceba gamoiwvia, iyo
vaJa-fSavela. am aRtacebasac sruli obieqturi safuZveli hqonda, magram, vfiqrob,
subieqturobisgan Tavisufali arc es meore SemTxveva yofila. marTalia, arc vaJa-fSavelaa
mxolod mentaluri tipis Semoqmedi, magram àratkbilxmovani harmonia~ masTanac sruliad
TvalnaTlivia. da iliac TvalnaTliv xedavs, rom poeziis es erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi
nairsaxeoba saqarTveloSi ar daiwriteba, Tundac sxva formiT, momavalSic gagrZeldeba da
iliaseuli tradicia kvlavac mkvidrad daculi iqneba.
magram SeveSvaT varaudebs da konkretul magaliTebze gadavinacvloT.
***
`Cemo kalamo, rad gvinda taSi~... am sayovelTaod aRiarebuli leqsis pirveli varianti,
rogorc cnobilia, aTmarcvlovani iyo. ilia am variantma ar daakmayofila. araerTxel
gamoTqmuli mosazreba, rom azris mdinareba aq aucileblad ToTxmetmarcvlovan sazoms
moiTxovs, usafuZvlo namdvilad ar Cans. marTlacda, Tu poets mxolod ritmuli mizani ar
amoZravebda, gana azrobrivad iseTic ra Seicvala:
Cemo kalamo, rad gvinda taSi...

Cemo kalamo, Cemo kargo, rad gvinda taSi...
TiTqos arc araferi. miuxedavad amisa, gadamwyveti mniSvneloba am CasworebaSi, ara

mgonia, mxolod ritmikas miuZRodes.
davakvirdeT, ramden azrobriv niuanss cvlis TiTqos bevris arafrismTqmeli `Cemo
kargo~. am sityvebs erTgvari siTboc Semoaqvs, magram mTavari es ar aris. ritmulma yovnma
kalamTan meti xniT SeaCera Cveni yuradReba: meore mimarTvam ufro cxadad gamokveTa, rom
kalami cxovrebis ganuyreli Tanamgzavria.
magram arc es aris mTavari. pirvel variantSi, aTmarcvlovan striqonSi, albaT,
SedarebiT swrafi tonalobis gamo, taSisadmi mimarTeba zedmetad gamomwvevia _ `taSi Cven ar
gvWirdeba~! _ rac poetisagan ramdenadme utrirebulad ismis. `Cemo kargos~ Semotanam, ar
vici, ratom, meqanizms zustad ver avxsni, swored taSisadmi damokidebuleba Secvala: `taSi
Cveni mizani ar aris, iqneba da iyos, ar iqneba da, dae, nu iqneba~. gulwrfelobis xarisxi
SesamCnevad amaRlda. iTqva is, risi Tqmac gvewada, arc meti, arc naklebi.
meore striqoni _ `rasac vmsaxurebT, mas vemsaxuroT~ _ gramatikis doneze savsebiT
sworia, arada, raRac enobrivi uxerxuloba aSkarad axlavs. Camatebulma sityvam _
èrTgulad~ _ saTqmeli emociurad gaamdidra, magram is, ramac enobrivi uxerxuloba gaaqro,
aRmoCnda erTmarcvlovani da lamis uCinari `kvlav~. ai ra yofila saWiro! `rasac vmsaxurebT,
mas erTgulad kvlav vemsaxuroT~.
pirveli Casworeba sruliad intuituria, meore _ sruliad racionaluri. miRweulia
harmoniuloba, magram aratkbilxmovani, rac STabeWdilebis sisrulisTvis yovlad
aucilebelia. warmovidginoT, rom es leqsi Sesrulebulia besikis muxambaziseuli amRerebuli
ToTxmetmarcvlovaniT, romelic Tavis adgilas brwyinvalea, magram aq ras miviRebdiT?
taSisTvis daweril leqss, romelic taSs uaryofs? ar vici, yalbad aJRerdeboda Tu ara,
magram misi Zalmosilebisagan rom bevri aRaraferi darCeboda, amis Tqma dabejiTebiT
SeiZleba.
19
poezia mravalsaxovania. arsebobs leqsi, romelic sikekluciT gvxiblavs, arsebobs
leqsi, sadac mcireodeni gakeklucebac ki amazrzenia.
***
`Cemo kalamos~ Tematikuri da emociuri Tanamewyvile _ `mas aqeT, raki~ _ kidev ufro
mkveTria Tavisi uaRresad gamomwvevi finaliT. rasakvirvelia, maincdamainc sityvasityviT,
pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT ar unda gavigoT. TanamoazreTa aryola poetur sivrceSi xdeba da ara
realur sinamdvileSi. dRes ukve yuri gvaqvs miCveuli da nakleb vukvirdebiT,
TanamedroveTaTvis es finali raoden gamaRizianebeli unda yofiliyo, ganzraxisad
gamaRizianebeli, rac axalgazrda avtoris epataJi srulebiTac ar aris, sxva, bevrad ufro
maRali mizani amoZravebs: indiferentuli TanamoZmeni Tu Tanamoazreni saqmisaTvis,
samSoblos qmediTi siyvarulisaTvis aRZras.
amgvari mizandasaxulobis teqsti, SeuZlebelia, racionaluri ar iyos, yovelgvari
poeturi bundovanebisagan ganwmendili. masSi romantikuli msoflSegrZnebis kvalic ki Zneli
dasalandia, TumcaRa ilias poetika romantikosebisagan da, kerZod, baraTaSvilisagan bevri
ramiT aris davalebuli.
aqac, bolo striqonebi anu nawarmoebis mTavari ZarRvi _ `kaci ar aris, rom fiqri vando,
grZnoba Cemi gavuziaro~ _ romantizmis arsenalidan momdinareobs. romantikosi poetebi
TavianT hiperbolizebul individualizms, pirovnuli erTaderTobis gancdas, gandgomis
pozas, yvelaze xSirad, swored am motiviT gamoxatavdnen.
oRond maTTan es `fiqri~ da `grZnoba~ daukonkretebelia, miRmuria, mkiTxvelisaTvis
bolomde gamxelili ar aris. iliasTan ki savsebiT konkretulia, saxeldebiT Tqmulia _ `hoi,
mamulo~... _ da romantizmTan aRaraferi aqvs saerTo. axal konteqstSi es motivi sruliad
gansxvavebul, axal Tvisebriobas iZens.
***
ilias leqsis àratkbilxmovanebas~, upiratesad, saTqmelis mizandasaxuloba da
Sesabamisi sityvieri faqtura ganapirobebs. is, rac `qarTvlis dedaSia~ Tqmuli, mxolod ase
unda Tqmuliyo, mZimed, korZianad, ZarRvianad. Tavi unda dagvamaxsovros ara melodikam,
aramed azris mdinarebam, Tavisi sisruliTa da poeturi frazis RonierebiT. molivlive
lirizmi aq uadgiloa. wina planze subieqturi momenti wamoiweva, amgvarma teqstma ki sruli
obieqturobis SegrZneba unda aRZras, rom Tavis mizans miaRwios, mxolod azrobriv mizans ara,
agreTve, yovlad aucilebel emociur mizans.
saTqmelTan aseTi mimarTeba, rasakvirvelia, pirvel rigSi, TviTon ilias poeturi
monacemebiT aris nasazrdoebi. racionaluri sawyisi mudam myar niadagze dgomas amjobinebs,
ver iTmens veraviTar orazrovnebas, Tu igi Canafiqridan ar momdinareobs. poeturi burusi
siyalbis Tanafardi xdeba. ZiriTadi sayrdenia azridan gamomavali emocia da ara emociidan
gamomavali azri, rogorc amas lirikaSi yvelaze xSirad vawydebiT.
***
yoveli poeti mainc jiutad lamobs Tavis monacemebs gadaabijos, drodadro sxva
tembric mosinjos.
ciuri xmebi,
oh, sakvirvlebi!
(WavWavaZe 1987: )
iliasac, rogorc WeSmarit poets, usaTuod Caesmoda xolme es `ciuri xmebi~, magram maT
gansxeulebas raRac abrkolebda, sityvebad qcevisas, isini TavianT momxiblaobas, umetesad,
kargavdnen. arc enobriv da arc versifikaciul Secodebebs aq gadamwyveti mniSvneloba ara
aqvs. nikoloz baraTaSvilis `xma idumalSi~ mainc moxelTebulia es musika, intonaciuri
gradaciebiT, azrobrivi idumalebis SenarCunebiT. ilias ki racionaluri sawyisi imTaviTve
saaSkaraoze gamoaqvs:
ros momesmian,
mswrafl momiTxroben,
saidan rbian
da sad cxovroben.
sakvirveli xmebi, romlebic zustad `mogviTxroben~ TavianT warmomavlobas, mxolod

unatifesi versifikaciuli ostatobis SemTxvevaSi Tu SeZleben idumal musikad ametyvelebas.
20
Cveni mecxramete saukune ki, aravisTvis saidumlo ar aris, msgavsi ostatobisagan sakmaod
Sors idga...
ra Tqma unda, garkveul musikalurobas yvela tipis leqsi inarCunebs, magram aq axla
musikis primatze gvaqvs laparaki da, isic mkafiod unda iTqvas, rom ilias mcdelobani am
gzaze, rig SemTxvevaSi, savsebiT warmatebulia. aseTia `Cemo kargo qveyanav~, sadac
musikalurobas alersian-intimuri tonaloba ganapirobebs. aseTive leqsad mesaxeba
`gazafxuli~ _ `tyem moisxa foToli~.
magram Sig rom sazomebi ireva? pirveli da mesame striqoni marcvalnakluli maRali
Sairia, danarCeni _ marcvalnakluli dabali Sairi.
***
ilias leqsSi maRali da dabali SairiT Sesrulebuli striqonebi xSirad
Tanamonacvleobs, ritmuli naxazi, erTdroulad, or sxvadasxva sazomzea gaSlili. am
movlenis mravaljeradoba savsebiT gvarwmunebs, rom es arc lafsusia da arc SemTxveviToba.
iqneb poeturi smenis naklad unda miviCnioT?
pasuxi dadebiTi iqneboda, ilia WavWavaZe am mxriv gamonaklisi rom iyos. aRrevebi
tkbilxmovan akakisTanac xSirad gvxvdeba, sxva Tanamedroveebze rom aRaraferi vTqvaT, da arc
xalxur poeziaSia iSviaTi. àrsenas leqsSi~ ki _ da, saerTod, mestvirul hangebSi _ am
aRrevebisagan Taviseburi musika iqmneba. Zvel mgosnebTanac ganuwyvetliv dasturdeba,
maTTanac, visac smenis naklebobas verasgziT davwamebT.
isic niSandoblivia, rom sxva klasikur sazomebSi aRrevebi ar xdeba. xdeba mxolod
Sairsa da genetikurad Sairisgan momdinare sazomebSi. amdenad, es movlena miCumaTebas ki ara,
axsnas moiTxovs.
axsna ki, Cemi azriT, erTaderTia: ori smeniTi tendencia ebrZvis erTmaneTs.
pirvelisTvis maRali da dabali Sairi erTi da imave sazomis sxvadasxva variaciaa, meorisTvis
_ ori damoukidebeli sazomi.
meoce saukuneSi meore tendenciam gaimarjva da Zvel teqstebsac mxolod am TvaliT an,
ufro sworad, am smeniT vkiTxulobT.
`vefxistyaosanSi~ aRrevis erTaderT SemTxvevas vawydebiT: `mesame leqsi kargia
saaSikod, samRerelad~... Cvens Zvelebs lafsusad rom mieCniaT, gadamwerebi aTasgzis
Caasworebdnen, magram, ramdenadac vici, es ar momxdara. simptomaturia, rom mxolod meoce
saukuneSi scades koreqtivis Setana: àrs mesame leqsi kargi~...
iqneb poetma es aRreva sagangebod dauSva _ RimiliT migvaniSna, rom `mesame leqsSi~
amgvari aRrevebi wesi iyo da ara gamonaklisi?
marTalia, rusTaveli mtkiced ganasxvavebs maRalsa da dabal Sairs, magram savaraudoa,
rom bolosa da bolos, mainc erT sazomad miiCnevs. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, maT ganuwyvetel da
arsebiTad umotivacio monacvleobas, vfiqrob, ar dauSvebda.
iliasa da misi TanamedroveebisaTvis orive Sairi principulad erTi sazomi iyo, erTi da
imave sazomis ori musikaluri variacia, yvela calkeul teqstSi erT-erTi maTganis
dominirebiT. iliasTan, rogorc wesi, `maRlis~ xma dominirebs.
`gazafxulis~ marcvalnaklul Sairsac, amgvarad momarTuli smeniT Tu wavikiTxavT, Tu
movaxerxebT, dRevandel viTarebas ganvudgeT, advilad davrwmundebiT, rom es teqsti
musikaluradac savsebiT organizebuli leqsia.
agreTve, SairiT dawerili sxva teqstebi. yovel SemTxvevaSi, didi umravlesoba.
***
qarTul klasikur poeziaSi yvelaze msubuqi sazomi albaT maRali Sairia: `stvens
bulbuli vardsa zeda~... magaliTebis moxmoba Sors wagviyvanda. iliasTan ki maRali Sairic
mZimea, statikuria, ar stvens da ar farfatebs. igi TiTqos qvisagan aris gamoTlili, ufro _
gamokorZili:
didi RmerTis sakurTxevlis

misTvis Rvivis cecxli gulSi,
rom erisa moZmed viyo
Wmunvasa da sixarulSi.
magram, amave dros, cocxalia, gznebiTa da vnebiT aRvsili, rac, Zneli warmosadgenia,
wminda racionalur doneze xdebodes.
Tanamedroveebs, albaT, kidevac aocebdaT, ra Tamamad uZlebda ilias mZime,
àrapoeturi~ Znelmetyveleba frTafarfata da tkbilxmovan leqsTa Semotevas.
21
***
saerTo daskvna, vfiqrob, uTqmeladac naTelia. minda sul sxva notaze davamTavro.
giorgi leoniZes aqvs erTi patara leqsi:
torolebis oroveli
gvismenia qarTlis velze,
am xmas veZebT oriveni,
did mindvrebSi veZebT, veZebT...
me vipove is Sens xmaSi _
xma wminda da xma diadi...
da Cems gulSi aRsdga maSin
Cemi yrmobis ganTiadi...
(leoniZe 1959: 89)
ilias xmaa, zusti, cocxali, organuli. ara mgonia, poets es uneburad mosvlodes,
winaswarganzraxuli ar iyos. Tan maincdamainc xmis povnazea laparaki!
saocaria, magram es msgavseba, TiTqmis identuroba, isea miRweuli, rom ilias arc erT
striqonTan aSkara gadaZaxili ar iZebneba.
da mainc, yvelaze metad rac mesaocreba, _ ilias xmis xelaxali mosmena, amjerad
tkbilxmovanebis registridan.
winaswar veravin gansazRvravs, romeli tradicia sad gadaikveTeba, saidan ra SeiZleba
warmodindes...
damowmebani:
leoniZe 1959: leoniZe g. leqsebi. Tb.: gamomcemloba `sablitgami~, 1959.

WavWavaZe 1987: WavWavaZe i. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli oc tomad. Tb.: gamomcemlobebi: `mecniereba~,
`sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, 1987.
22
Teimuraz doiaSvili
`bednieri eri~: struqtura da sazrisi
ilia WavWavaZis `bednieri eris~ struqtura arasodes gamxdara specialuri dakvirvebis

sagani. amis mizezi, albaT, isicaa, rom Tvalis erTi SevlebiT, forma leqsisa, Tundac
versifikaciis doneze, arafriT iqcevs yuradRebas: klasikuri da romantikuli tradiciis
fonze, rvamarcvliani maRali Sairi (4/4) SidariTmebiT da modernizebuli grafikiT raime
siaxles ar amJRavnebs. ramdenadme moulodneli _ ilias evropeizmze orientirebuli
esTetikis konteqstSi _ mxolod SidariTmis aqtualizeba Cans.
`bednieri eris~ teqsti erTmaneTisagan gamijnuli oTxi monakveTisagan Sedgeba. pirveli
sami, formis mxriv, urTierTidenturia: TiToeuli Seicavs 14 taeps, metrulad igiveobrivia
da imeorebs gariTmvis specifikur sistemas. bolo, meoTxe monakveTi orstriqoniania, vrceli
monakveTebisagan grafikulad gamoyofili da damoukidebeli:
CvenisTana bednieri
kidev aris sadme eri?!
sivrcobrivad araTanadi ortaepedis xazgasmuli avtonomiuroba Ria signalia

specifikuri struqturuli organizaciisa, rac teqstis dakvirvebuli wakiTxvis drosac
aRqmadi da TvalsaCinoa: es ortaepedi, gameorebuli samive vrceli monakveTis dasawyisSi,
yvela parametris mixedviT, refrens warmoadgens.
marTlac, leqsSi oTxgzis dafiqsirebuli kiTxviTi winadadeba, rogorc es tipiur
refrens moeTxoveba, Tematurad gamokveTilia, metrulad gaformebuli da sintaqsurad
dasrulebuli. amgvar kvalifikacias xels ver SeuSlis gavrcelebuli warmodgena, TiTqos
refreni mxolod mosdevs, aboloebs ZiriTad strofebs, maSin, roca `bednier erSi~ igi yvelgan
sawyis poziciaSi dgas. rogorc folkloruli, ise literaturuli faqtebi mowmobs, rom
refrens ara aqvs mkacrad moniSnuli adgili: igi xSiradaa boloSi, magram SesaZloa
garemoicavdes ZiriTad strofs an win uZRodes mas (bardaveliZe 1979: 85). konkretulad, ilias
winare da Tanadroul poeziaSi refreni strofis dasawyisSi iSviaTobas ar warmoadgenda
(guramiSvili, besiki, al. WavWavaZe, gr. orbeliani, akaki).
refrenis Tavisebureba `bednier erSi~ isicaa, rom igi Tematur-Sinaarsobrivad
mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli ZiriTad teqstTan, metrulad ar gansxvavdeba misgan da vrcel
monakveTebSi arc grafikuladaa gamocalkevebuli. albaT, es garemoebani iyo mizezi imisa, rom
ganmeorebadi fraza, arcTu usafuZvlod, 14-taepiani kompoziciuri monakveTebis organul
nawilad aRiqmeboda da ara _ refrenad.
refrenis, rogorc Tematuri, metruli da sintaqsuri erTobis, ganmsazRvreli niSani
mainc is aris, rom igi ar moiazreba im ZiriTadi kompoziciuri sididis (strofis) Semadgenel
nawilad, romlis refrensac warmoadgens (Jirmunski 1975: 493). refrenuli struqturis
teqstSi arsebobs, erTi mxriv, ZiriTadi saleqso forma da, meore mxriv, misgan met-naklebad
damoukidebeli, gankerZoebuli erTeuli _ refreni.
Tu `bednier ers~ am kuTxidan SevxedavT anu erTmaneTs davaSorebT refrens da ZiriTad
teqsts, gzas gavikvlevT nawarmoebis sawyisi, amosavali saleqso formisaken. saanalizo leqsis
14-taepian, identur kompoziciur monakveTebSi, refrenis gareSe, inakvTeba Zveli qarTuli
poeziis erT-erTi saxeoba, romlis amosacnobad teqsts Tavdapirveli grafikuli formiT
warmovadgenT:
mZime yalniT, lamaz falniT morTuli da mSvenieri;

uwyinari, uCinari, qeddrekili, madlieri;
uSfoTveli, qvemZromeli, rigiani, wesieri;
yovlad mTmeni, viT jor-cxeni, naxedni da Ronieri.
vinc qarTuli klasikuri leqsis saxeebs icnobs, mas aq ar gauWirdeba Zveli, amosavali
formis danaxva _ esaa Teqvsmetmarcvlovani maRali Sairi winacezuruli riTmebiT, romlis
erTaderTi zusti versifikaciuli analogi CaxruxaZis `TamarianSi~ dasturdeba. marTalia, es
saxotbo poema, TiTqmis TaviT bolomde (sami strofis gamoklebiT), ocmarcvlediT (55/55) aris
dawerili, magram maRali SairiT gamarTuli es unikaluri strofi odiTganve erTgvari
esTetikuri parolia CaxruxaZis poeziisa:
Tamar wynari, Sesawynari, xma-narnari, pir-mcinari,

mze-mcinari, saCinari, wyali mqnari, momdinari.
misTvis qnari ra ars? _ qnari arsiT mTqnari, uCinari.
vard-Sambnari, Samb-maRnari, Rawv-mwyazari, Suq-mfinari.
23
(CaxruxaZe 1988: 355)
damowmebuli strofi imiTac iqcevs yuradRebas, rom aq aramarto savaldebulo

winacezuruli riTmebia realizebuli, aramed uCveulo siWarbea riTmebisa: yoveli muxli _
oTxmarcvliani segmenti _ evfoniurad erTmaneTTanaa Sewyobili. amis gamo, `Tamarianis~ es
fragmenti _ mesame oda _ Zveli droidan harmoniulobisa da miuwvdomeli poeturi
xelovnebis misabaZ nimuSad miiCneoda.
amrigad, `bednier erSi~ sayrden saleqso formad SerCeulia `Tamarianis~ unikaluri
strofi _ e.w. Sairi-Caxruxauli. marTalia, ilias leqsSi mxolod savaldebulo
winacezuruli riTmebia, yvela muxli erTmaneTTan gariTmuli araa, magram aSkaraa analogia
stilis doneze _ orive teqstSi gansazRvreba-epiTetebis (`zedSesrulebis~) gabmuli
mwkrivia. ilia amodis saxotbo odis formidan, rogorc versifikaciul-stiluri erTobidan,
oRond leqss grafikulad modernizebul saxes aZlevs.
tradiciuli formis aRdgena-gamoyenebaSi TavisTavad uCveulo araferia, rom ara erTi
gansakuTrebuli garemoeba _ ilias mkveTrad uaryofiTi damokidebuleba CaxruxaZisa da
`Tamarianisadmi~, Caxruxaulis saleqso formisa da stilisadmi, rac man Cveuli pirdapirobiT
gamoTqva statiaSi òriode sityva~. gamodis, rom poetma mxatvrul praqtikaSi, `bednieri eris~
Seqmnisas, im poetikas mimarTa, romelsac, rogorc Teoretikosi, principulad gaemijna. es
ucnauri faqti axsnas moiTxovs.
* * *
òriode sityva~, romelSic mocemulia CaxruxaZisa da misi poemis negatiuri Sefaseba,
1861 wels, `bednieri eris~ daweramde aTi wliT adre gamoqveynda da saqarTveloSi kritikuli
realizmis manifests warmoadgens. am istoriul statiaSi iliam ganaCeni gamoutana uZraobis
ideologias (`CineTis filosofias~), romelic arsebobis erTaderT wess aRiarebda: `rac mama-
papas uqnia, is Cven unda vqnaTo~ (WavWavaZe 1953: 12). Zveli, konservatiuli msoflmxedvelobis
Taoba ver amCnevda, an ar surda daenaxa cvlilebani cxovrebis yvela sferoSi, maT Soris _
mwerlobaSic da axal, Tvisebrivad gansxvavebul epoqaSi gardasuli xanis esTetikisa da
poetikis erTgulebas qadagebda. anton kaTalikosis mimdevrebma, misive avtoritetis
zegavleniT, CaxruxaZe da misi poezia gamoacxades idealad da normad da rogorc Seuval
WeSmaritebas, ise imowmebdnen antonis cnobil iambikos:
Caxruxais Ze _ ucxo piitikosi;

Tamar didisa mmkobi SairebiTa;
SoTas SairTa, Tu sTqua, ukeTesTaca
mTqmeli mestixe, didi sibrZnis-moyuare,
yovlad saqebi, ritorT-mestixT guirguini.
(bagrationi 1980: 282)
ilia Tvlida, rom is, rac warsulSi nimuSad iyo miCneuli, miT ufro, `warsul droTa
sicrue da cTomileba~, axal mwerlobas ar gamoadgeboda. arc ZvelTa kerpTa ganusjeli
Tayvaniscema iyo misTvis misaRebi mxolod imitom, rom sazogadoebis aRiareba hqonda, miT
ufro, im sazogadoebisa, romelic ar iyo èstetikurad gaxsnili da ganviTarebuli~. (WavWavaZe
1953: 11).
swored am konteqstSi ikiTxeba òriode sityvaSi~ CaxruxaZis Sefaseba:
`Tamaris qeba mTel moTxrobis odenaa, zedSesruliT daiwyoba da TiTqmis zedSesruliT
Tavdeba. ra vai-vaglaxiT da kisris mtvreviT mogogavs davardnil cxensaviT misi oc-
marcvlovani tyviasaviT mZime leqsebi!.. arc azri, arc suraTi, arc mSveniereba, arc Wkua, arc
guli, arafrisTana araferi, garda zedSesrulebis raxa-ruxisa!~ (WavWavaZe 1953: 10-11).
`Tamarians~ ilia WavWavaZe axali esTetikis _ kritikuli realizmis poziciidan
afasebda, amitom misTvis miuRebeli aRmoCnda saxotbo Janris paTosi, ritorika da poetika,
moklebuli cocxali poeziis arsebiT niSnebs _ azrs, grZnobas, suraTovnebas, mSvenierebas.
ilias damokidebuleba Caxruxaulisadmi ufro naTeli gaxdeba, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom man
`Tavidanve sastikad dascina `mwyobr xmovan braxabruxs riTmebisa~, ùbralo sityvebisa da
riTmebis raxaruxs~, _ aseT poetebs man àxali riTmebis moraxuneblebi~ uwoda da
aRSfoTebiT Seutia yovelgvar `maSriy-maRribuli enis konstruqcias~ da ùTavbolod
aSenebul sityvis yores~ (kiknaZe 1978: 237). gamoTqma àxali riTmebis moraxuneblebi~
gulisxmobda, rom arsebobdnen maTi winamorbedni _ Zveli riTmebis moraxuneblebi, romlebic
riTmis, zogadad formis `trfialebisa gamo~, gulgrilni iyvnen azris, Sinaarsis mimarT.
`Tamarianis~ umkacresi Sefaseba (àrafrisTana araferi~) ekuTvnoda axali formaciis
poet-moqalaqes, visTvisac poezia cxovrebis sarkea, xalxis cxovrebis gamomTqmelia, amitom
igi, cxadia, ver iguebda iseT nawarmoebs, romelic mefis saxotbod da gansadideblad (`Tamars
vaqebdeT mefed cxebulsa~) riTmebis yores agebda.
24
klasikuri xanis poemis Sefasebas axali esTetikuri Teoriis TvalTaxedviT, zogi
mkvlevari istorizmis principis darRvevad Tvlis (gamezardaSvili 1967: 308), rac, erTi
SexedviT, TiTqos asecaa. magram dasaviwyebeli araa, rom ilias mizani ar iyo CaxruxaZis
adgilis gansazRvra qarTuli poeziis istoriaSi. òriode sityva~, rogorc literaturuli
manifesti, aaSkaravebda Zveli esTetikuri warmodgenebis SeuTavseblobas
TanamedroveobasTan, asabuTebda, rom awmyoSi warsulis kanonebiT cxovreba ar SeiZleba,
`Tamariani~, rogorc literaturuli faqti, warsuls ekuTvnis...
istorizmi ganuyofeli niSania ilia WavWavaZis azrovnebisa. statiaSi `pasuxi~ igi anton
kaTalikosis istoriuli mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb wers: àntoni dids alags daiWers Cvens
literaturaSi, rogorc warmomadgeneli im drois saqarTvelos ganaTlebisa~... magram es rodi
niSnavda, rom axal droSic misi Sexedulebani Seuval dogmebad unda darCeniliyo! ilia
ganagrZobs: èxla rom poeziis ganxilva im drois kanonebiT movindomoT, Zalian SevcdebiT.
maSin sxva-rigad esmodaT, exla sxva-rigad~ (WavWavaZe 1953: 48-49).
ueWvelia, ilias CaxruxaZis istoriuli rolis gansazRvra rom ganezraxa, ar daukargavda
Rvawls `misi drois saqarTvelos~ mwerlobaSi, magram realizmis medroSis winaSe sul sxva
amocana idga. ilia WavWavaZem xma aRimaRla ara istoriuli CaxruxaZis, aramed ìm drois
kanonebis~ _ moZvelebuli esTetikuri Sexedulebebis winaaRmdeg, romelsac konservatorebi
CaxruxaZis saxeliT Tavs axvevdnen axal mwerlobas. es iyo Tanamedroveobis interesebis dacva
warsulis pretenziebisagan, Torem Znelia antiistorizmi usayveduro im pirovnebas, visac ase
Rrmad esmoda, rom `WeSmariti meistorie, viTarca gamkiTxveli, jer im droebis qerqSi unda
Cajdes da mere ganikiTxos TviT droebis Svilnica~ (WavWavaZe 1955: 66).
da mainc, ilias radikalizmis asaxsnelad, polemikis specifikasTan erTad, isic
gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom `Tamariani~ im droisaTvis mecnierulad ar iyo Seswavlili, ar iyo
amokiTxuli urTules poetur formaSi moqceuli ideologiuri koncefcia, rac CaxruxaZis
poemas `qarTuli saxelmwifoebrivi azrovnebis ganviTarebis istoriisa da frTaSesxmuli
patriotizmis udides Zeglad~ warmoaCens (kekeliZe 1958: 232).
amrigad, `Tamarianis~ Sefaseba ilias mier ar iyo subieqturi, antiistoriuli midgomis
Sedegi. igi gamoTqvamda axali, realisturi esTetikis verdiqts, gamotanils e.w. klasicisturi
esTetikisadmi. konceptualuri dapirispirebis simaRlidan ufro met mniSvnelobas iZens
kiTxva, ratom mimarTa ilia WavWavaZem Caxruxaulis saleqso formasa da stilistikas.
* * *
`bednier erSi~ dominanturia axali esTetikis erT-erTi ZiriTadi niSani _ kriticizmi.
ukve òriode sityvaSi~ werda axalgazrda ilia:
`maS, rogor unda gavswordeT, Tu Cveni simrude ar gvecodineba? netavi oriode kaci
iyos saqarTveloSi, rom Cveni boroteba erTianad asweros da dagvanaxos... aba, is iqneba
namdvili saqebari mamulis-moyvare, da ara is, vinc metis-metad damJavebuli siyvarulisa gamo,
angeloziviT asaxelebs saqarTvelosa. borotebis Rviareba naxevari gasworebaa~ (WavWavaZe
1953: 26).
hegelis dialeqtikas naziarebi ilia WavWavaZe sinamdviles, cxovrebas aRiqvamda,
rogorc dapirispirebulTa erTianobas da Widils, sadac siaxle Zvelis uaryofiT, nabij-
nabij miiwevs myoobadisaken. mwerlobis sarkeSi `sicudec da sikargec~ unda aisaxos, xolo
visac sakuTari eris winsvla surs, man WeSmariti siyvarulis saxeliT unda amxilos is, rac
CvenSi `cudia da sazizRari~. marto ùmecar siyvaruls~ miaCnia siqveled `Cveni cxovrebis
siborotis damalva~, mamuliSvilisTvis ki mxolod pirSi Zraxvis, marTlis Tqmis zneobrivi
kanoni moqmedebs:
vaJkac igia, vinc marTals

etyvis qveyanas mcdomsao.
cdomilebaTa uaryofa, naklis mxileba, rogorc gza gamosworebisa, kritika, rogorc

pozitiuri Zala ilias literaturuli mrwamsis erT-erTi arsebiTi komponentia.
`bednieri eri~ mTels qarTul poeziaSi unikaluri nimuSia `mcdomi qveynisaTvis~
simarTlis Tqmisa. aq kritikuli gansjis obieqtia ara pirovneba, aramed mTeli eri. iliam
Tavdapirveli saTauri _ `bednieri xalxi~ Secvala, radgan warsul epoqebSi `xalxi~ mxolod
aristokratias gulisxmobda da ara ers, rogorc eTnikur erTobas (badriZe 1987: 40-41).
Secvlili saTauri mTlianad moicavda mxilebis obieqts _ ara mxolod elitas,
Tavadaznaurobas, aramed uklebliv yvelas _ sruliad qarTvelobas.
eris, rogorc poeturi gansjis obieqtis, SerCeva logikuri Sedegi iyo axali istoriuli
sazrisis damkvidrebisa, rasac, dimitri yifianTan da dimitri baqraZesTan erTad, ilia
WavWavaZemac didad Seuwyo xeli (badriZe 1987: 36,38).
poema àCrdilis~ istoriul nawilze muSaobisas, iliam qarTuli istoriuli qronikebis
erT mniSvnelovan Taviseburebas miaqcia yuradReba. jer daviT erisTavisadmi gagzavnil pirad
25
werilSi (1872), ramdenadme mogvianebiT (1880) ki erT-erT publicistur statiaSi man `qarTlis
cxovrebis~ ZiriTad tendenciaze mianiSna:
`Cveni `qarTlis cxovreba~ xalxis istoria ki ar aris, mefeTa istoriaa, da xalxi ki,
rogorc momqmedi piri istoriisa, CrdilSia miyenebuli. TiTqo xalxis istoriis
Sesamecneblad sakmaoa kacma icodes marto mefeTa istoria~ (WavWavaZe 1955: 175).
Zneli saTqmelia, icnobda Tu ara ilia volteris analogiur azrs _ ` TiTqmis yvelgan
mxolod mefeebis istorias vxedav, me ki adamianebis istoriis dawera msurso~, magram
sadReisod erTi ram garkveulia _ `qarTlis cxovrebisa~ da misi istoriuli sazrisis kritika
axali, evropuli pozitivisturi istoriografiis poziciidan warmoebda (badriZe 1987: 62).
ilias istoriulma koncefciam zegavlena moaxdina mis mxatvrul Semoqmedebaze. kerZod,
poetma mniSvnelovnad Sekveca da Secvala istoriuli nawili àCrdilis~ adrindeli
variantisa, sadac didi adgili eTmoboda farnavazis, daviT aRmaSeneblis, Tamaris, demetre
Tavdadebulis da sxva istoriul pirTa gaxsenebas (XXII-XXVIII Tavebi). dadgenilia, rom
àCrdilis~ saboloo redaqciaSi, `gadamuSavebuli saxiT, mxolod is adgilebia datovebuli,
romlebic zogadad mianiSnebdnen Cveni xalxis qvelobaze, mis simamacesa da mamulisTvis
Tavganwirulebaze. am variantSi ukve aRar gvxvdeba saxelovan qarTvel mefeTadmi mimarTuli
aRtacebis striqonebi~ (minaSvili 1995: 228).
iliam poema àCrdilis~ istoriuli nawili im Tvalsazrisis Sesabamisad Seaswora, rac d.
erisTavisadmi gagzavnil baraTSi gamoTqva: èg oxeri Cveni istoria... marto omebisa da
mefeebis istoriaa, eri arsada Cans, me ki aseTis agebulebis adamiani var, rom mefeebis da
omebis saxe ar mimizidavs xolme. saqme xalxia da xalxi ki Cvens istoriaSi ara Cans. vwuxvar da
vdrtvinav da gankiTxva arsaiT ari~ (WavWavaZe 1961: 34).
`bednieri eri~ TiTqmis imave xanebSi Seiqmna, rodesac es baraTi daiwera, amitom
dabejiTebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom leqsis Temis _ gansjis obieqtis SerCeva ilias axali
istoriuli sazrisidan gamomdinare gadawyvetileba iyo: ara mefeTa istoria, aramed `xalxi,
rogorc momqmedi piri istoriisa~!
istoria iliasaTvis eris saganZe iyo, `sadac eri poulobs Tavisis sulis Rones~, magram
misTvis aseve mniSvnelovani iyo `winaparTa cdomilebani~, istoriis gakveTilebi. ìstoriis
saZirkvelSi, magarTan erTad, bevri uvargisi da fxvieri qvaa Cadebuli~, amitom visac
myoobadze pretenzia aqvs, mas unda SeeZlos warsulis misxlobiT awonva da gojiT gazomva _
istoriisadmi kritikuli midgoma, fxizeli gansja.
`bednier erSi~ gaerTianebulia ori umniSvnelovanesi ram _ istoriuli procesis
axleburi xedva da kriticizmi. igi yuradRebis arealSi moaqcevs istoriis axal subieqts _
ers da mis sulier wyobas, rogorc istoriuli procesis logikur Sedegs. ras warmoadgens, ra
mdgomareobaSia qarTveli eri, rogorc sakuTari istoriis Semoqmedi? _ pasuxi am kiTxvaze
istoriis siRrmeebSia ganfenili, daskvna ki, romelic iliam gamoitana, Tavzardamcemi
aRmoCnda, diametrulad gansxvavebuli romantikuli xedvisagan.
warsulisadmi mowiwebis miuxedavad, ilia Sors idga eris istoriis idealizaciisgan. eri
da misi istoria realisti mwerlisTvis arasodes gamxdara Wvretisa da oden aRtacebis
obieqti, rogorc es grigol orbelianis didebul striqonebSia:
sxva saqarTvelo sad aris, romeli kuTxe qveynisa?

eri _ guladi, puradi, mebrZoli Savis bedisa?!
SavTa droT vera Sescvales mis guli andamatisa,
igiv mxne, igiv mRerali, moyvare Tavis miwisa!..
(orbeliani 1959: 100)
`bednieri eri~ erTgvari mxatvruli antiTezaa `sadRegrZelos~ mgznebare paTosisa _

romantikul aRtyinebas da xotbas, idiliur Wvretas, ilias satiraSi, eris fizikuri da
sulieri mdgomareobis realuri daxasiaTeba cvlis, kritikis mizani ki Semgueblobisa da
inertulobis daZleva, moqmedebisaken waqezebaa. istoria, rogorc myari safuZveli momavlisa,
magari qvebiT, ùvargisi da fxvieri qvebis~ gangdebiT unda amoSendes. es mizani aqvs ironias,
kriticizms, e.w. siZulvils, romelic mamuliSvilis uangaro siyvarulis nayofia.
`bednier erSi~, satiruli Janris nawarmoebisaTvis, iliam sagangebod SearCia da
gamoiyena mis mier uaryofili saxotbo Janris saleqso forma da stili, rac imis niSania, rom
poetma-realistma Seqmna anti-`Tamariani~ _ parodia CaxruxaZis `Tamarianze~! Zvel,
panegirikul tradiciasTan dakavSirebul formaSi man axali Sinaarsi _ axali esTetikur-
istoriuli sazrisi Seitana, ganaxorciela parodiuli Canacvleba struqturuli ierarqiis
yvela doneze: odur Janrs cvlis satira, odis obieqts (mefe) _ eris koncepti, xotbas _
ironia, maidealizebel stilistikas _ parodiuli Seferilobis zedSesrul-epiTetebi.
ilia rom CaxruxaZis saxotbo odis parodirebas mimarTavs, amas mxars uWers erTi
sagulisxmo detalic. SavTelurs da Caxruxauls, rogorc klasikuri qarTuli poeziis
saleqso formebs, mxolod erTi ram ganasxvavebs: SavTelurSi gareriTma erTi strofiT
Semoifargleba, erT strofze vrceldeba, Caxruxauli ki _ mTeli oda! _ erT gareriTmazea
agebuli anu monorimulia (ingoroyva 1938: 77). ilias `bednieri eric~ monorimuli anti-odaa,
26
romelic TaviT bolomde erT riTmazea agebuli: bednieri _ eri _ mSvenieri _ madlieri _
wesieri _ Ronieri da a.S. gareriTmaSi gatanili èri~ uwyvetad xmianobs da mkiTxvels
gamudmebiT axsenebs konceptualurad umniSvnelovanes cnebas, romelsac miemarTeba
satirul-ironiuli nakadi.
`bednieri eris~ dasawerad, SemoqmedebiTi impulsi ilias, Cemi varaudiT, mefe-poetis _
arCilis erTma ucnaurma strofma misca, romelic, Tavis mxriv, `Tamarianis~ cnobili strofis
(`Tamar wynari, Sesawynari~) mibaZvas warmoadgens. arCili, vinc Semogvinaxa ZiriTadi
biografiuli cnobebi CaxruxaZis Sesaxeb, mas rusTvelis badal poetad saxavda da misi
poetikis gavlenasac ganicdida.
ilia WavWavaZe did pativs miagebda arCilis `RirsSesaniSnav gonebriv Rvawls~, arcTu
iSviaTad imowmebda mis striqonebs Tavis statiebSi. 70-iani wlebis mijnaze, rodesac ilia
intensiurad muSaobda saqarTvelos istoriis wyaroebze, igi àrCiliansac~ gadaxedavda da,
gasageb mizezTa gamo, SeuZlebelia, yuradReba ar mieqcia iseTi TxzulebisaTvis, rogoricaa
`mefeTa saqebelni da samxilebelni~. tipiuri ocmarcvliani CaxruxauliT daweril am xotbaTa
nakrebSi mxilebuli mxolod Sah abasia, sxva mefeebi ki _ maT Soris, Tamari _ gandidebulni
arian. swored am TxzulebaSia ucnauri strofi, romlis pirveli sami taepi Sairi-Caxruxaulis
formiTaa warmodgenili, bolo taepi ki ocmarcvledia. strofi Sinaarsobrivad ruseTis
imperatoris _ petre didis qebas eZRvneba da ase ikiTxeba:
gonieri, mecnieri, bednieri, kadnieri,

Svenieri, nivTieri, armcbieri, saxnieri,
mqonieri, cnobieri, mZnobieri, mgrZnobieri!
amdoni eri amqveynieri monebni ari, gamgonieri.
(arCili 1999: 176)
petres ganmadidebel am strofSi, `Tamarianis~ msgavsad mijriT gariTmuli epiTetebis

am wyebaSi, aramarto `bednieri eris~ mTavari sityva-koncepti èri~ xmianobs, aramed zogi
epiTeti (bednieri, mSvenieri) iliasTan _ ironiuli intonaciiT _ meordeba kidec.
arCili petres gansakuTrebul siqveled uTvlis, rom man mravali eri daimona,
`gamgonieri~ qmna. ilia Tavis satiraSi, faqtiurad, im istoriul Sedegebs gviCvenebs, rac
qarTvel ers `gamgonierobam~ moutana anu ramac gaxada igi `yovlad mTmeni, viT jor-cxeni~.
parodireba aq ukve evfoniur donezec vrceldeba, Sinaarsobrivad ki naCvenebia sadamde dasca
`gonieri, mecnieri, saxnieri da mgrZnobieri~ imperatorebis `zrunvam~ saqarTvelo.
parodireba sakmaod damaxasiaTebeli movlenaa ilias lirikuli memkvidreobisa
(doiaSvili 1982: 38-44). `bednier erSi~ igi ganxorcielebulia axali esTetikur-istoriuli
sazrisis SetaniT `klasicisturi mexsierebis~ mqone saleqso formaSi (CaxruxaZe, arCili), rac
amjerad ukve poetur praqtikaSi _ `versifikaciuli ironiiT~ cxadyofs Zveli esTetikis
anaqronizms, misi transformirebis aucileblobas.
* * *
parodireba `bednier erSi~ substruqturis doneze SeiniSneba, leqsis 14-taepiani
mTliani monakveTebi ki, romlebSic refreni da Sairi-Caxruxauli davafiqsireT, sxva
principiTaa agebuli. TiToeuli maTgani iwyeba SekiTxviT, romelic Tematuri laitmotivia
nawarmoebisa. Riad dasmul SekiTxvas (ritorikul kiTxvas) mosdevs teqsti-ganmarteba, xolo
maTi Sinaarsobrivi kontrasti _ erTi mxriv, epiTeti `bednieri~ da, meore mxriv, obieqtis
detaluri negatiuri daxasiaTeba _ qmnis leqsis ironiul-satirul tonalobas.
`bednieri eris~ Sinaarsobriv-Tematurad da intonaciurad dakavSirebuli vrceli
monakveTebi kompoziciuri mTlianobebia, romlebic leqsis axal formas qmnian. es forma,
vfiqrob, zustad Seesabameba ilias axal istoriul sazriss pirovnebisa da xalxis Sesaxeb.
istorias xalxi qmnis, magram mxolod rCeuli pirovneba, geniosi `Semoibertyavs droebis
mtversa~, mxolod mas ZaluZs `Sorsmxedveloba da droebazed ufleba~, _ fiqrobda ilia.
geniosi misTvis is ki ar aris, vinc `Rrublis curvas da caSi bolTis cemas asdevnebia~, aramed
cxovrebis, xalxis Svili, vinc drois karnaxiT acnobierebs, `rac TviTon cxovrebas amouriyavs
Tavis mdinarebaSi~.
`bednieri eri~, tradiciulad, gaiazreba, rogorc poetis monologi _ poeti, viTarca
mose ebraelebs, win miuZRvis xalxs, Rrmad swvdeba mis gulisTqmas da, saWiroebisas, amxels,
afxizlebs kidec mas. ilias satirul leqsSi gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani isaa, rom subieqti
ar mijnavs Tavs kritikis obieqtisagan, igi ar aris brbosTan dapirispirebuli `me~
romantizmisa. poetis `me~ ganuyofeli Semadgeneli nawilia ganusazRvreli mravlobiTobisa
(`Cven~) anu xalxisa, erisa. sityva `CvenisTana~, riTac iwyeba leqsi da meordeba yoveli
kompoziciuri monakveTis dasawyisSi, mudmivad gvagrZnobinebs, rom ganzemdgomi mkacri
bralmdebeli ki ar gvesaubreba, aramed èris moZme~ da pasuxismgeblobis moziare. poeti
mxolod problemas ar svams _ mosalodnel katastrofaze ar mianiSnebs, igi xalxTan erTad
monawileobs TviTmxilebis kaTarzisul procesSi.
27
`bednier erSi~ axali Sinaarsobrivi sazrisisaTvis ilia, Cemi azriT, axal formas
gvTavazobs. ise, rogorc xalxur sagundo simReraSi korifes individualuri xma gadadis
gundis koleqtiur xmaSi, ilias satiraSic poetis kritikul-ironiuli SekiTxva-refreni
bunebrivad gadaizrdeba xalxis TviTSefasebaSi, TviTmxilebaSi. dialeqtikurad gagebuli
uaryofa, uaryofa, rogorc progresis mamoZravebeli, erovnuli optimizmis, imedis wyaroa.
xalxuri sagundo simReris formas, romlis literaturuli saTave antikuri diTirambia,
qmnis refrenisa da ZiriTadi teqstis erTianoba. dialoguri mimarTeba korifesa da gunds
Soris, kiTxva-pasuxis antifonuri struqtura xalxuri poeziis erT-erT uZveles formad aris
miCneuli (veselovski 1940: 214). iliam, Tavisi esTetikur-istoriuli sazrisis Sesabamisad,
didostaturad gamoiyena sagundo simReris forma _ eris, xalxis Temas xalxur SemoqmedebaSi
mouZebna saWiro struqturuli wyoba.
xalxur formas unda ukavSirdebodes Caxruxaulis ZiriTadi metris _ ocmarcvledis
Canacvleba SairiT. marTalia, amis saSualebas `Tamarianis~ unikaluri strofi iZleoda, magram
gadamwyveti, albaT, axali formis moTxovna iyo: xalxuri kilosaTvis arabunebrivi da
xelovnuri iqneboda aSkarad samwerlobo tradiciis sazomi.
ìs xalxi, is cxovreba, romelic ar izrdeba, (...) misCanCalebs samarisaken~, _ werda ilia.
amitomac ar epueboda `patriotTa~ risxvas, Seupovrad miuyveboda arCeul gzas, radgan
swamda: `rac ufro mkafiod da daundobelad aris gamoTqmuli boroteba da naklulovaneba
cxovrebisa, zogjer miT ufro sCans gamomTqmelis gulis simxurvale, mouTmeneli, cxari
wadili gasworebisa~ (WavWavaZe 1953: 69).
`bednier erSi~ sworedac rom samSoblos gasworeba-aRdginebis surviliT anTebuli
gulis simxurvale igrZnoba, gvesmis didi eriskacis xma _ eris xmaSi gardasaxuli.
`bednieri eri~ nimuSia imisa, Tu raoden did mniSvnelobas aniWebda ùtilitaristi~,
`Sinaarsis poeti~ ilia WavWavaZe mxatvrul formas, forma-Sinaarsis erTianobis princips.
damowmebani:
arCili 1999: arCili. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli. Tb.: gamomcemloba `merani~, 1999.
bagrationi 1980: bagrationi a. wyobilsityvaoba. Tb.: gamomcemloba `mecniereba~, 1980.
badriZe 1987: badriZe S. ilia WavWavaZe rogorc istorikosi. Tb.: Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba,
1987.
bardaveliZe 1979: bardaveliZe j. qarTuli xalxuri leqsi. Tb.: gamomcemloba `mecniereba~, 1979.
gamezardaSvili 1967: qarTuli kritikuli realizmi. Tb.: Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, 1967.
doiaSvili 1982: doiaSvili T. literaturul-kritikuli werilebi. Tb.: gamomcemloba `merani~, 1982.
veselovski 1940: Веселовский А. Историческая поэтика. Ленинград: издательство `Художественная литература~, 1940.
ingoroyva 1938: ingoroyva p. rusTavelis epoqis saliteraturo memkvidreoba. wignSi: rusTavelis
krebuli. Tb.: saxelgami, 1938.
kekeliZe 1958: kekeliZe k. qarTuli literaturis istoria. II, Tb.: Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba,
1958.
kiknaZe 1978: kiknaZe gr. literaturis Teoriisa da istoriis sakiTxebi. Tb.: Tbilisis universitetis
gamomcemloba, 1978.
minaSvili 1995: minaSvili l. ilia WavWavaZe. Tb.: Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, 1995.
orbeliani 1959: orbeliani gr. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli. Tb.: gamomcemloba `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~,
1959.
Jirmunski 1975: Жирмунский В. Теория литературы. Ленинград: издательство `Советский писатель~, 1975.
CaxruxaZe 1988: CaxruxaZe. `Tamariani~. wignSi: qarTuli mwerloba. t. 3, Tb.: gamomcemloba `nakaduli~, 1988.
WavWavaZe 1951: WavWavaZe i. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli aT tomad. t. I, Tb.: saxelgami, 1951.
WavWavaZe 1953: WavWavaZe i. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli aT tomad. t. III, Tb.: saxelgami, 1953.
WavWavaZe 1955: WavWavaZe i. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli aT tomad. t. IV, Tb.: saxelgami, 1955.
WavWavaZe 1961: WavWavaZe i. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli aT tomad. t. X, Tb.: saxelgami, 1961.
28
malxaz xarbedia
kenWgadaylapuli
masalebi ilia WavWavaZis qalaquri teqstisTvis

iliasdroindeli Tbilisi maSindeli prozasaviT realisturi iyo, mtvriTa da talaxiT
savse. 19-e saukunis mesame meoTxedSi ukve qarTveli romantikosebis Tbilisic qreboda nel-
nela da lavrenti ardazianisa da daniel WonqaZis qalaqic sxvaferdeboda. jer kidev Sori iyo
qarTveli modernistebis `fantastikur qalaqamde~ da tfilisi kvlavac rCeboda
dardimandebis asparezad, romelTa `natvra da samoTxe~ kaxuri Rvino, siyvaruli da
orTaWalis baRebi iyo.
ilias maincdamainc ar izidavda aseTi Tbilisi. ilia qalaquri arqiteqturis mimarTac
gulgrili iyo da mis mxatvrul teqstebSi qalaqis bunebrivi saxe ufro Cans, vidre
kulturuli. quCebisa da konkretuli adgilebis aRweras ki yovelTvis urCevnia bunebrivi
movlenebi, mTebi da qalaqispira mxareebi aRweros.
iliasTan qalaqis buneba anTropomorfulia xolme, maSin, roca qalaqSi Cakarguli
adamianebi xSirad SeiZleba arc miiCnio adamianebad, anda sulad mcenared geCvenos igi. masTan
e.w. Sida qalaquri landSafti yovelTvis sevdiani da uferulia, qalaqispira peizaJi ki xarobs
da mxiarulobs:
`zafxulis dRe iyo Zalian mxurvale1, ase rom Tu saRamozed wvimas ar daenama
qalaqis quCebi da ar gaegrilebina haeri, Zalian Seswuxdebodnen qalaqis mcxovrebni
Segubebul haerisagan. gagrilebuli tfilisis Raribi buneba TiTqo gamxiaruldao,
gacocxldao. [] garSemo mTebi da mindvrebi alamazdnen wvimis Semdeg, [] sxivi mzisa zed
daxaroda mindvrebs da mTebs, [] erT Rarib da sawyal viwro qalaqis quCaSi idga erTi
dabali, Zveli saxli. [] qali aiRebda Tavs da uneburad gardmoxedavda quCas, magram
Semoxedva igi cxadad aCvenebda kacs, rom qals arafris danaxva arca surs da arc iameba~.
(WavWavaZe 1988: 513-514)
`kato~
anda imave moTxrobis meore variantSi:
`sakvirveli golviani dRe iyo, imisTana dRe, rogoric xSiria xolme tfilisSi
Sua zafxulSi. qalaqis quCebi savse iyo mtvriTa da sicxiTa. mcxovrebni, Semwyvdeulni
TavianT saxlebSi, didis surviliT exvewebodnen RmerTsa wvimasa; [] mze jer ar iyo
Casuli; igi, rogorc lamazi da morcxvi qali, iWyiteboda mTis mwvervalidam [] is ugemuri
mTebi tfilisis garSemo, is daRonebuli mindvrebi, momwvari golvisgan, alamazdnen. []
aqaur mcxovrebs dRis sxivi ar uTbobs gulsa da Ramis sibnele ar aZlevs mosvenebasa. []
erT fanjaraSi vardeb-Soris moCanda erTi cocxali vardi, ese igi axalgazrda qali~
ilias erT fragmentSi (`patara ambavi~), Tbilisi xan zafxulis sicxisganaa daosebuli,
xanac zamTris siciviTa TrTis, xan sulis SemxuTavi mtveria, xanac talaxi. Tuki caSi mTvare
kaSkaSebs da mxiarulad cimcimeben varskvlavebi, qalaqSi sawyali, `Zliv-Zliv mbJutavi~
farani anaTebs.
ilias prozaSi Tbilisuri leqic Cans da leqis `margalitebic~, haramxanebi da dacemuli
qalebi, CarCebi da darbaiseli Tbilislebi, somexi didvaWrebi da xelmokle TavadiSvilebi,
Tumca amis miuxedavad mis nawerebs namdvilad ver miiCnev tipiuri urbanistuli prozis
nimuSebad. ilias qalaqi ar uyvarda, masTan qalaqi gubea, sadac sikvdili da usamarTloba
batonobs da erTad-erTi teqsti, sadac qalaqis metnaklebad romantikuli, SeiZleba iTqvas,
zRapruli suraTia daxatuli, `kacia-adamiani?!~-a.
luarsabisa da darejanis cnobierebaSi tfilisi samyaros Wipia, sadac kacs Tavs moaWrian
da mere isev gaacocxleben, sadac ficrebi TavisiT ixerxeba, xerxi ki iseT vinmes uWiravs, vinc
àrc kacia, arc adamiani~, aramed eSmaki da qaji, sadac kaci gaWenebul cxenze dadgeba, ìm
kaczed kidev kaci, imazed kidev kaci da kideva da kideva~ (WavWavaZe 1988: 104). imave epizodSi
darejani aseT kiTxvas usvams luarsabs: `pirvelad rom Cagiyvanes, kenWebi ar Cagaylapes?~,
razec luarsabi pasuxobs, `rogor ara, sami aseTi kenWi Cavylape, rom Zlivs movinele~-o da a.S.
am dialogs ilias komentari axlavs, sadac igi wers, `CvenSi bevrsa swams, rom, Tu vinc pirvelad
1
sicxe nebismieri Tbilisuri teqstis Tanamdevi motivia. mxatvruli prozidan moyolebuli, epistolaruli
JanriT damTavrebuli, yvelgan Cans Tbilisis es umTavresi niSani. grigol orbeliani werda babale
saginaSvils: ~Sen ra gaemgzavre piatigorskisken, mec aRar davhyav magdeni xani Tbiliss da gavecale aqaurs
sicxeebs, aqaurs saSinels haersa, savsesa kiriTa da mtveriTa, da amovel tabaxmelas, sadaca marTlad
mSvenieri sazafxulo adgilia~ (orbeliani 1941: 248).
29
qalaqSi Cadis da kenWs ar Cahylapavs, qalaqi dascdiso. mec, amis damwers, gadamaylapes erTs
dros~2. rogorc Cans, ilias `qalaquri teqstic~ swored am momentidan daiwyo, anu
`Tergdaleulamde~ igi `kenWgadaylapulis~ saxeliT Semovida qarTul literaturaSi.
peterburgi — tfilisi
ilia WavWavaZis pirvel qalaqur teqstad, raRa Tqma unda, `mgzavris werilebi~ unda
miviCnioT, da ara imitom, rom mis qvesaTaurSi tfilisia gamotanili. saqme isaa, rom am
nawarmoebSi, iliam, jer kidev CanasaxSi myofi Tavisi `mamulis teqsti~, `qalaqur teqsts~
daukavSira, sadac ucxo qalaqis niSnebis daxasiaTebiT patriotuli, publicisturi paTosiT
savse erovnuli teqstis Seqmnas daudo saTave.
`hm, _ Caicina aficerma, _ peterburgidam. kargia, gRirsebiaT peterburgis

naxva. peterburgi!... Zalian kargi qalaqia, - Tqva esa da arxeinad Camojda skamzed: -
peterburgi!.. o, o, didi qalaqia. peterburgi!.. vrceli qalaqia!.. ara hgavs Tqven witian
qalaqsa. aba ra qalaqia Tqveni qalaqi? erTi Tavidam rom gadaafurTxo, furTxi qalaqis
bolos daecema. peterburgi ki... xom ginaxavT peterburgi? ruseTis gulia. marTalia
aqamdisin mTeli ruseTi hfiqrobda, rom misi guli moskovia, magram mTels ruseTs me
gavufante eg cru da ugunuri azri: me mwerali gaxlavarT. gTxovT, rom micnobdeT. egre
ki nu miyurebT. me davamtkice, rom peterburgia mTeli ruseTis guli. izleris baRi xom
ginaxavT? [] ginaxavT? maS Tqven ganaTlebulebSi fexi CagidgamT. friad moxaruli var,
friad moxaruli var. izleris baRi? rogori baRia, ha? feriebiT savse samoTxe is aris, ai!
feriebi, xom iciT, ra aris? eg samecniero sityvaa, iqneba ar icodeT. eg mdabiurad rom
vTargmnoT, imasa hniSnavs, rom is baRi savsea JuJunaTvalebian qalebiTa. ginda erTs
Caavle xeli, ginda meores. ai, ganaTlebas ra SeuZlian. Tqveni qalebi ki kacs dainaxaven
Tu ara, imalebian. ara, peterburgi... didi qalaqia, friad ganaTlebuli, da izleris baRi
ganaTlebis gvirgvinia, aseTi baRia, rom „mwu`.~ (WavWavaZe 1988: 16-17)
qalaqis aseTi daxasiaTeba, anu peterburgis es `dadebiTi~ xati ilias teqstis Seqmnamde
(1861 wlamde) Tavad rusul literaturaSi Zalze iSviaTad gvxvdeba, yvelaze metad ki 18-e
saukunis odur poeziaSi (klasikur literaturaSi ufro xSiri iyo qalaqis uaryofiTi suraTi.
peterburguli teqstis mkvlevari, vladimir toporovi xazgasmiT aRniSnavda, rom kvlevisTvis
gacilebiT saintereso iyo qalaqis uaryofiTi Sefaseba, wyevla-krulviT, sayvedurebiTa da
sinanuliT savse, romelic xSir SemTxvevaSi sulac ar gamoricxavda erTgulebasa da
siyvarulsac (7, 263)). toporovis azriT, am e.w. odizmebma 19-is pirvel aTwleulebSic
gadmoaRwies (7, 261), ris saukeTeso nimuSadac puSkinis `brinjaos mxedari~ iTvleba da misi,
`Люблю тебя, Петра творенье,/ Люблю твой строгий, стройный вид,/ […] Люблю зимы твоей жестокой/
Недвижный воздух и мороз,/ […] Люблю воинственную живость/ Потешных Марсовых полей,/ […] Люблю,
военная столица,/ Твоей твердыни дым и гром […]“3.
cxadia, isic unda aRiniSnos, rom rusis àficris~ ritorikas namdvilad ver
mivakuTvnebT am maRal tradicias. mas ufro meti aqvs saerTo 19-e saukunis dasawyisis rusul
subliteraturasTan, glexisa Tu muSaxelis TvaliT danaxul peterburgTan, CastuSkebTan,
gnebavT xalxur istoriul poemebTan. es erTgvari karnavalizaciaa im zeaweuli oduri
tradiciisa, sadac petre I da sxva monarqebi kulturul gmirebad moCanan, Tavad peterburgi ki
ganaTlebis, civilurobisa da harmoniis samkvidrod. àficris~ am damiwebul, mdabiur
peterburgSi ganaTlebis centri izleris baRSia4, igia misi `gvirgvini~, adgili, sadac
JuJunaTvalebiani qalebi daseirnoben da sadac, visac ginda Caavleb xels. aseT `kulturul~
qalaqebs Tavisi logika aqvT, romlis wyalobiTac, es qalaqebi, mdabiurad rom movTargmnoT,
swored Tavisi baRebiTa da moseirneebiT ipyroben sxva qalaqebs da SeaqvT iq `kultura~,
mniSvneloba ara aqvs, ramdeni JuJunaTvalebiani qali, anu Cveneburad, turfa, daseirnobis am
dapyrobil qalaqSi, vTqvaT, sadme orTaWalis baRSi:
ìqneba imisTana kacic gamovides, rom Tqvens qalaqSic izleris baRi gamarTos:
mecnieris kacisaTvis yvelaferi SesaZloa. am yofiTa mTeli peterburgis ganaTleba aq
2
qalaqis mier axlad Casulis `dacdas~ eZRvneba iakob gogebaSvilis moTxroba `xatis mizezi?~.
3
sainteresoa, rom jer kidev 1939 wels, lev pumpianskim puSkinis `brinjaos mxedarSi~ sami stilisturi Sre
gamohyo: 1) oduri; 2) oneginuri (anu puSkinis Tanamedrove peterburgi); 3) beletristuli. sadac oduri Sre
xasiaTdeboda qaoturi warsulisa da kulturuli awmyos dapirispirebis formuliT `maSin _ axla~. amis
sanimuSod pumpianskis bobrovis odidan mohyavs magaliTebi: `Где все мертвело в топком доле,/ Там ныне здания
стоят...~ da a.S. anu saubaria peterburgis kulturul miTze, sadac Waobisa da wylis stiqiis adgili Senobebma
da baRebma daikaves (pumpianski 2000: 161-169.). momavalSi davinaxavT, rom rus àficers~ Taviseburad esmis
peterburgis es kulturuli miTi.
4
es baRi 1833 wels gaixsna. gansakuTrebiT popularuli iyo 19-e saukunis 50-ini wlebis dasawyisidan, roca baRis
antrepreniori ivan izleri gaxda.
30
gadmova5. maSin hnaxavT, rom erTs mSvenier dRes seirnoba gaimarTeba izleris baRSi, im
baRSi Tqveni qalebi Tamamad siaruls daiwyeben, ginda erTs uTxar „Seni Cirime`, ginda
meores, xmasac ar gagcemen. aba xalxi maSin dainaxavs Taviss samoTxes, rogorc mecnierni
ityvian, ese igi, samoTxe rom mdabiurad vTqvaT... magram ra vTqvaT, mdabiuradac samoTxe
samoTxea. xom gesmiT?~ (WavWavaZe 1988: 21-22)
rogorc xedavT, ilia WavWavaZes zRvramde mihyavs viTareba da oficris piriT miwier
samoTxed saxavs biwierebis baRs. sityva `samoTxe~ erT winadadebaSi 4-jer meordeba da igi
absoluturad daSorebulia Tavdapirvel mniSvnelobas, rac gvafiqrebinebs, rom ilia
WavWavaZisTvis es saxaliso epizodi sul sxva azris matarebeli iyo, da ar isaxavda miznad cru
seqsualuri an cru kulturuli revoluciebis parodirebas. am TavSi, pirvelad ilias
prozaSi, Cndeba misi patriotuli teqstis Canasaxebi, romelic sakmaod ucnauri xerxiT
qalaqur teqsts ukavSirdeba da misi meSveobiT formdeba.
kidev erTi mniSvnelovani Temaa moskovisa da peterburgis dapirispireba, romelic aseve
toposad iqca iliasdroindel rusul mxatvrul Tu publicistur literaturaSi, sadac erT
mxares usulgulo, yazarmuli, oficialuri, arabunebrivi, abstraqtuli, ararusuli
peterburgi idga, meore mxares ki sulierebiT aRsavse, Sinaurul-intimuri, patriarqaluri,
myudro, rusuli moskovi (toporovi 1995: 268). Tumca arsebobda meore sqemac, da ilias rusi
oficeri am sqemas mdabiurad imeorebs, sadac peterburgi civilizebul, kulturul,
organizebul, mowesrigebul, harmoniul qalaqs warmoadgenda, gansxvavebiT moskovisgan,
rogorc qaoturi, mouwesrigebeli, naxevradaziuri soflisgan. amaze werda gogoli, Tavis
`Петербургские записки 1836 года~-Si, romelic 1837 wels gamoqveynda, gerceni statiaSi `Москва и
Петербург~ (1842)6, belinski `Петербург и Москва~-Si (1845), da es statiebi, vfiqrobT, ilias
wakiTxuli eqneboda.
`ZiriTadi miTi~
iliasTvis mtkivneuli yvela problema, ase Tu ise, TbilisTan iyo dakavSirebuli,
erovnulidan dawyebuli _ socialuriT dasrulebuli. mis nawerebSi xSirad moCanan
gaunaTlebeli qalaqelebi, CarCebi, kintoebi, igi werda talaxiani an mtvriani quCebis, uwylod
darCenili ubnebis, Zviriani bazrebisa da qalaqis amyralebuli haeris Sesaxeb.
publicistikaSic da mxatvrul teqstebSic, ilias mkacri kritikosis pozicia ukavia da mis e.w.
qalaqur teqstebSic versad SexvdebiT mejlisebsa da vizitebs, `gulisgasaxarebel Worebsa~
da axlad mokmazul `gostinna-buduarebs~. ilias qalaqur teqstSi viwro quCebi da SimSilia da
kidev, ucxo garemo, sadac yvelas uWirs damkvidreba, zogi ki `plutobiT~ axerxebs gzis
gakafvas.
erTi an ori gamonaklisis garda, ilias teqstebSi qalaqTanaa dakavSirebuli yvelaze
negatiuri gancdebi da mis prozaSi moniSnuli yvela qalaquri mikroteqstis safuZvelze e.w.
`ZiriTadi miTis~ aRdgenac SeiZleba, invariantisa, romelmac bevrs SesaZloa raRac arqauli
miTologiuri kompleqsebic ki gaaxsenos.
Cvens mier moniSnuli teqstebis umravlesobaSi TbilisSi ori gmiri Camodis, romlebic
zogan Zmebi arian, zogan ki batoni da yma, an ubralod megobrebi. ase magaliTad, `glaxis
naambobSi~ qalaqSi gamgzavreba TavadiSvilis, daTikos gajiutebiT iwyeba7, ris gamoc mas
TanaSezrdil ymas, gabrosac gaayoleben da `didi batonis naTlidedasTan~ daayeneben
sacxovreblad, erT `Rarib, qvriv-oxer, xnier dedakacTan~. aseve orni midian qalaqisken Zmebi
moTxrobidan `sarCobelazed~ da sxva daumTavrebel moTxrobebSic. erTgan (`sarCobelazed~)
gaqurdvis Semdeg Camodian qalaqSi, radgan àq codvac da madlic ufro xalvaTad dadis~
(WavWavaZe 1988: 238), meoregan ki (`diambegoba~, meore varianti), raki Zmebi wera-kiTxvas
iswavlian, dahkraven fexs da Camovlen qalaqSi. moTxrobaSi `margaliti leqSi~ (romelic,
arsebiTad, `sarCobelazed~-is variantia) oboli Zmebi aseve qalaqSi Cadian, xolo patara
batoni kola da misi yma biWi kako, moTxrobidan `kako~ (es adreuli fragmenti SemdgomSi
safuZvlad daedo sam nawarmoebs, `kacia adamians?!~, `glaxis naambobs~ da `kako yaCaRs~),
servantesis saxelovani gmirebiviT Seabijeben tfilisSi:
5
grigol orbelianis mier jer kidev 30-iani wlebis dasawyisSi moweril werilebSi Cans, rom `ganaTlebuls~,
TbilisSi peterburgidan dabrunebuls uwodebdnen (2,5).
6
Sdr. gercenis sityvebi: `Петербург – воплощение общего, отвлеченного понятия столичного города; Петербург тем и
отличается от всех городов европейских, что он на все похож;~. 19-e saukunis TbilisSic, es evropeizmi swored zogadi,
amorful-peterburguli saxiT Semodioda, sadac imdenad kulturuli Rirebulebebi ar iyo gadamwyveti,
ramdenadac fasadi.
7
`Tu gabruSkas ar gamatanT, me qalaqSi wamsvleli ara var~ (WavWavaZe 1988: 142)
31
`kola Sejda cxenze da gaswia qalaqisken. ukan misdevda ori biWi da kako, erT
ZunZula jorzed mjdari, miCakCakebda Tavis patara batonis ukan~ (WavWavaZe 1988: 453)8.
rogor xvdeba qalaqi Camosulebs? am mxriv ilia namdvilad ar iSurebs sityvas da

`qalaquri teqstis~ mkvlevari bevr sainteresos naxavs ilias am aRwerebSi:
òroTaxiani saxli hqonda mtkvris piras. me rom mivaTval-movaTvaliere

iqauroba, vTqvi Cems gulSi: aq, mgoni, Cven kuWs ver gaviZRobT meTqi.~ (WavWavaZe 1988: 142)
`glaxis naambobi~
`pirvel qalaqis naxvamve SeaZula qalaqi9, mtveri qalaqisa, grova usaqmo xalxisa,
Semagubebeli sulisa haeri, droSkis raxa-ruxi, yru kiJina da xmauroba, mere Tavis Tavis
martooba am ucxo yveyanaSi, sadac es aravis icnobda da amasac aravin, [] nametavad am
SemTxvevis Semdeg SeiZula qalaqi nebierma kolam. [] rogorc iyo mividnen Cveni mgzavrebi
im saxlSi, sadac idgnen naTesavebi luarsab TaTqariZisa da sadac unda damdgariyo Cveni
kola Tavis kakoTi. kolas aqedam unda evlo RimnaziaSi. es saxloba iyo swored meore
egzempliari luarsabis saxlobisa, xoloT ese cotaT ufro garyvnili iyo qalaqis
CveulebiTa.~ (WavWavaZe 1988: 453-454)
`kako~
iliasTan, gansakuTrebuli SemTxvevebis garda, qalaqs arc ekarebian personaJebi.

magaliTad, Tavad amirindo debedaZes (ùcnauri ambavi~) `Zalian gaWirebuli saqme unda
asCenoda~, rom qalaqSi Casvla gaebeda:
`qalaqi WiriviT ejavreboda da xSirad ityoda: xom Cveni qlaqia, magram iq guli
ar midgeba, TiTqo Cvenebi abargebulan da gaxiznulan da sxvebi dasaxlebulano. guli
guls aRar ekareba da survili survilsao. leCaqi ra aris, leCaqic-ki veRarsad
daginaxavs, TiTqo namusTan erTad isic mouxdiaT da gadaugdiaTo.~ (WavWavaZe 1988: 544)
ùcnauri ambavi~
luarsabsa da darejansac mkiTxavis gamo axsendebaT qalaqi. viRacisgan Seityoben, rom

erTi qalaqeli mkiTxavisgan gaigebT uSvilobis mizezsao da maSinve qalaqisken afrenen kacs.
moxuci petre da misi Tanasoflelebi ki mxolod Rvinis gasayidad Camodian tfilisSi.
qalaqs Zalze frTxilad uaxlovdebian Camosulebi. magaliTad, gabro, somexi vaWris
gaqurdvis Semdeg Camodis TbilisSi, oRond qalaqSi Sesvlas ver bedavs, `diRmis viwroebSi~
miva da erT duqanSi `Camoxteba~. aseve iqcevian meurmeebi moTxrobidan `sarCobelazed~, isini
qalaqis misadgomebTan Cerdebian, gamouSveben urmebs, radgan `Rame iyo, da qalaqSi Ramis
xarjs saqonlisas moeridnen~(II,226)10.
qalaqisTvis ver imeteben Svilebsac. daumTavrebel moTxrobaSi `kola~ (meore variantSi)
mama camet wlamde ver imetebs Svils, rom qalaqSi gauSvas saswavleblad:
`roca an mezobeli, an naTesavi etyoda xolme: `Svils nu aubedurebo, gagzavne

qalaqSiao~, Zalian Sors daiWerda xolme. `RvTis madliT, eg erTi Svili momecao, ver
gamovimetebo, visac eqvsi Svili hyvandes, eg iman unda qmnaso~( WavWavaZe 1988: 432-433).
`kola~
samagierod didi sixaruliTa da zar-zeimiT elodebian qalaqidan Camomaval

axalgazrdas, vinac iq ganaTlebis misaRebad iyo wasuli da axla mSobliur sofels ubrundeba.
ùReltexilSi~ mokled da sxartadaa moTxrobili baiduraZeebis ojaxis samzadisi erTad-
erTi memkvidris molodinSi: goWis dakvla da `Tornis alaplapeba~, gamtkiculi purebi da
gamdlis xeliT mozelili falustaki, CixirTma, Semwvari indauri da Saqris purebi.
soflels, rogorc wesi, sxvis qalaqad miaCnia tfilisi da uzneobasac xSirad am sxvebs
miaweren xolme. amis magaliTia petre, `sarCobeladan~, romelic es-esaa gaqurdes Zmebma. igi
urmebTan erTad yurebCamoyrili mihyveba qalaqis gzas da Tan fiqrobs, àra, Svilo, raki
qarTvelma rusuli Slapka daixura, imis saqme wasulia. fu eSmaks!~ (WavWavaZe 1988: 227).
`teracuebi~ anu arakoreqtuli ilia
calke Temaa Tbiliseli somxebis sakiTxi da ilia. am Temas igi bevrgan Seexo, mxatvrul
prozaSic, publicistikaSi, polemikur werilebSi. ilia tfiliseli somxebis didi qomagi iyo11,
8
umravles SemTxvevaSi am orTa urTierToba an SuRliT mTavrdeba, an mkvlelobiT, anda danaSaulis gamo
sikvdiliT sjian erT-erTs.
9
siZulvils kidev erTi SemTxveva avsebs, qalaqelebi, romlebic `suliT icnoben~ Camosulebs da dascinian maT.
10
aseve qalaqgareT Cerdebian meurmeebi daumTavrebel moTxrobaSi `margaliti leqSi~.
11
amis sanimuSod marto erTi statiac gamodgeba, àvlabrelebis saqme~ (Sklovski 1929: 27-55).
32
Tumca qalaqis Tavisad damCemebel somxebs ilia `teracuebs~ eZaxda. 1898 wels mozrdili
werilic dawera, `giorgi Tumanovisa da misi amqaris azrebi~, sadac ilia Tumanovis mier `Новое
Обозрение~-Si gamoqveynebul statiaze pasuxobda. ilia gansakuTrebiT gauRizianebia
Tumanovis statiaSi gamoTqmul azrebs (citata mogvyavs ilias sapasuxo werilidan):
`1701 w. turnefori swerso: tfilisSi TiTqmis 20 000 mkvidria, amaTSi 14 000

somexi, 3 000 muslemani, 2 000 (?!) qarTveli da 500 romis kaTolikenio. ai rasa vkiTxulobT
vladikinis wignSio: 1803 w. 2700 saxlidam tfilisSi 2681 somxebs ekuTvnoda. TiTqmis
daujerebelia, magram namdvili-kia, rom sataxto qalaqi maSin Seadgenda mTlad somxis
sakuTrebasa. ai ras gveubneba imisTana kavkasiis mcodne kaci, rogoric b-ni veidebaumiao,
- ganagrZobs T.g. Tumanovis gazeTi da mohyavs misi sityvebic: eTnografiis mixedviT
tfilisi aris da, mgonia, ZvelTa droTaganve yofila somxis qalaqio. [] `Главным лицом~
rogorc etyoba, `meliqi~ yofila tfilisSio~ ( Sklovski 1929: 288).
iyo xolme SemTxvevebi, roca qalaqis sabWoSi TiTqmis verc erTi qarTveli ver xvdeboda.
ilia WavWavaZe amis gamoc werda xolme, ritorikuli figurebiT Sekmazul mowodebebs
aqveynebda, raTa mosaxleobas Tavis arCevani gaekeTebina da Rirseuli xmosnisTvis mieca xma12.
Tumca, modiT isev mxatvrul prozas davubrundeT, aq ki pirvel rigSi ramdenime Zalze
kolorituli Tbiliseli Cans. erT-erTi maTgani ase daxata iliam:
`TvaladobiT aRasi perangovi warmogidgendaT sruls sitlanqes qvemouris

somxisas, TiTqo najaxiT aris gaTlilio. misi didi aRmarT-daRmarTiani cxviri, bolos
qoris niskartiviT gadaxrili; cxviris aqeT-iqiT Savi didroni Tvalebi, gubeebsaviT
gaCerebuli; cxenis ZuasaviT sqeli Savi xSiri Tma; Savive ptyeli warbebi urTierTze
gadabmuli; Savi bususi viwro Sublzed, Savi gZeli wamwami, magari ulvaSi, boloebSi da
tuCis gadaswvriv SekreWili; lurji saxe naparsevi balnis Zirisa gamo; boxi, usiamovno,
Semazrzeni, mkvaxe xma, _ eseni sul erTad cxadi niSania im qvemouris somxis sisxlis
Camomavlobisa, romelnic CvenSi xSirad ixilvebian da romelTac sisxli jerac ar
gaswmendiaT~
`diambegoba~ (nawyveti) (WavWavaZe 1988: 635)
aseT somexTa saxlebs yovelTvis xazgasmiT groteskulad xatavs xolme ilia, an

garkveul dapirispirebul wyvilSi svams. magaliTad `glaxis naambobSi~ aRwerilia viwro quCa,
erTi patara saydariT, ris gaswvrivac ùSvelebeli, didi alayafis-karebiani somxis saxli~
dgas.
soflidan Camosulni xSir SemTxvevaSi swored somexi moqalaqeebis wyalobiT
mkvidrdebian qalaqSi. xdeba isec, rom isini e.w. `gasomxebis~ gziTac moipoveben qalaqelis
statuss. qarTul literaturaSi bevria amis magaliTi, sanimuSod, Tundac osman aRas
monaTxrobi gamodgeba daniel WonqaZis `suramis cixidan~13. Tumca somex saqmosnebs
`damowafebuli~ qarTvelebi zogjer Tavad sjabnian maswavleblebs da acureben kidec.
soflidan Camosuli zemoxsenebuli ori Zmidan erT-erTi, beJani (fragmentidan `margaliti
leqSi~) somxis daxmarebiT mRvdelsa da stolonaCalniks moisyidis da jer aznauriSvilobas
daimtkicebs, Semdeg gubernskis pravleniaSi mwerlad ganmwesdeba, stolonaCalnikis
pomoSnikobamdec ava da moTxrobis erT-erT variantSi, Tavis mfarvelsac gaacurebs. es
mfarveli ki, igive aRasi perangovi, zis da fiqrobs, àba beJani rogor miRalatebso, somexi rom
iyoso, kide eWvi meqnebodao, qarTveli magas ara iqso~ (WavWavaZe 1988: 409).
aseve azrovnebs petrec, `sarCobeladan~. rogorc gaxsovT, petres es CamoxrCoba
TvalTmaqcoba hgonia da sikvdilmisjilis saziareblad misul mRvdelze ambobs, mxolod
tertera Tu ikadrebs amaso (`tertera iqneba, Torem marTali mRvdeli amas rad ikadrebdao~
gaucnaurebis qalaqi _ Teoriuli intermeco
wina TavebSi ukve visaubreT tfilisis, rogorc ucxoTa qalaqis Sesaxeb. imis Sesaxeb, rom
mis qalaqur teqstebSi bevri dasanaxadac ver itans qalaqs da mxolod gansakuTrebuli
saWiroebis gamo Cadis iq. igive viTarebaa ilias saukeTeso moTxrobis, `sarCobelazed~, gmiris,
petres SemTxvevaSic. es adamiani Rvinis gasayidad Camodis meurmeebTan erTad da qurdobis
12
Tuki revaz gabaSvilis mogonebebs vendobiT, igive problemebi yofila ilias Semdegac. misi sityviT, 1917
wels, `qalaqis sabWos~ darbazSi noe Jordaniam gaakeTa gancxadeba, sadac ambobda: `Tbilisi saqarTvelos
dedaqalaqi ki ar aris, aramed internacionaluri centria, romlis samxreT-aRmosavleTi nawili da imis iqiT
mdebare teritoria _ ekuTvnis somxebsa da aderbeijanelebs da mxolod dasavleTi mesamedi _ `vera~ - da
aqeT mdebare teritoria gvekuTvnis qarTvelebsao~. (gabaSvili 1990: 127)
13
`qalaqs ro CamovediT, erTi kvira gagviZnelda cxovreba, ro kinaRam SimSiliT davixoceniT [] dedaCemma dairqo
somxoba da suyvelas saxelebi gamogvicvala. TiTon dairqo maTua, me damarqo karapeta da Cems das _ SuSana. []
Cemi da gaizarda da mivaTxoveT somexs, Cvenc davdiodiT somxurs saydarSi~.
33
msxverpli xdeba qalaqis misadgomebTan, 4 wlis Semdeg ki ukve imave qurdis sikvdiliT dasjis
mowmea. petre, ra Tqma unda ver cnobs wlebiswinandel qurds, ufro metic, igi verc imas
xvdeba, rom ymawvils sikvdiliT sjian, aramed TvalTmaqcoba da tfilisuri TamaSa hgonia es
yvelaferi.
petre Tavdapirvelad avlabris moedanze gava, sadac, rogorc yovelTvis, xalxi ireva,
yayanebs da `JRriamulobs~. igi aqve gaigebs, rom rogorc ki zarbazani gavardeba, maxaTaze erT
kacs CamoaxrCobeno da gadawyvets am ambis sanaxavad wavides, romelic `Tavis dReSi ara hqonda
nanaxi~. mihyveba petre maxaTaze mimaval xalxs da eWvi mosvenebas ar aZlevs:
`vTqvaT, kacebi CemsaviT TamaSad mosulano, am dedakacebs raRa RmerTi

gaswyromiaTo, egre Tavi mouyriaT! ra magaTi saqmeao. [] dedakacis Tvali msunagia
TvalTmaqcobazed axla im somexma rom momatyua, kacs arCobeno ra gaitana? aqao da
soflelia, male motyuvdebao. [] TamaSas xom vnaxav RvTis winaSe ki, iqav ro mcodnoda
TvalTmaqcobas iTamaSebdnen, iqneba arc wamovsuliyav, ai!~ (WavWavaZe 1988: 229)
erTi sityviT, gadawyvets petre, rom mTeli es ambavi tyuili da TvalTmaqcobaa

jambazisa. da Tavs arigebs: àr gabriyvde, eSmakma ar gacdinos, marTali ar gegonos!... eg sul
macdurobaa, dagcineben, ityvian, soflelia da motyuvdao~. saldaTebi petres gadacmuli
qalaqeli biWebi hgonia, imasac ambobs, rusis biWebsac rogor gvanan da Tan kide, Tofebis
Werac ro uswavliaTo?! sasikvdilod ganwiruli biWic TiTqos ecnoba, magram verafriT
gaixsenebs saidan da ase ityvis, èh, qalaqis biWi iqneba vinme, bakebSi aTasi kaci Semodis da
gadis, iqneba iq menaxos da gulSi CamrCenodes, vin icis? jambazi TiTon es iqneba swored, ara,
Svilos, ver momatyuebT!..~.
erTi sityviT petres sikvdiliT dasja TamaSi da warmodgena hgonia, imasac fiqrobs,
yvelam Cems gasabriyveblad moicalao, radgan ver warmoudgenia, rom qalaquri avtomatizmiT
aRsavse cxovrebaSi sikvdilic ki yoveldRiurobis nawilad iqca da verc imas uSvebs, rom xalxi
Tvalis saseirod eswreba CamoxrCobas. petre `gaucnaurebis~ tipiuri macnea, ilia WavWavaZe
sruliad axali, am SemTxvevaSi araqalaqelis TvaliT gvaxedebs tipur qalaqur qmedebaze da
`gaucnaurebis~ (остранение) efeqtiT aRwevs Sedegs.
es cneba (остранение) xmarebaSi viqtor Sklovskim Semoitana 1917 wels, statiaSi „Искусство
как прием“14, sadac igi aRniSnavda:
„для того, чтобы вернуть ощущение жизни, почувствовать вещи, для того, чтобы
делать камень каменным, существует то, что называется искусством. Целью искусства
является дать ощущение вещи как видение, а не как узнавание; приемом искусства является
прием „остранения“ вещей и прием затрудненной формы, увеличивающий трудность и
долготу восприятия, так как воспринимательный процесс в искусстве самоцелен и должен
быть продлен; искусство есть способ пережить деланье вещи, а сделанное в искусстве
неважно“ (Sklovski 1929:11-13).
Sklovskis pirvel etapze ZiriTadad tolstois prozidan mohyavda `gaucnaurebis~

magaliTebi, rac imaSi mdgomareobs, rom avtori sagans an movlenas Tavis saxels ki ar uwodebs,
aramed ise aRwers, TiTqos pirvelad dainaxa es sagani an pirvelad daeswro amaTuim movlenas.
`gaucnaurebis~ Tanaxmad, xelovneba Cvevad qceuli STabeWdilebebis ganaxlebas unda
emsaxurebodes, man unda gamoiyvanos avtomatizmidan adamianis aRqma da `TavisTavad cxadi~-s
reJimidan siaxlis reJimSi gadaiyvanos. anu yovelTvis xelovnebasTana gvaqvs saqme, roca
`raime sagnis avtomaturi aRqmis reJimidan gamoyvana xdeba~ (Sklovski 1929:13).
SeiZleba iTqvas, rusi formalistebisTvis es xerxi zogadad literaturulobis
kriteriumad iqca. anu literaturasa da xelovnebas unda gaecocxlebina, ganeaxlebina
mkiTxvelis enobrivi mgrZnobeloba im xerxebis meSveobiT, romlebic daarRvevda mkiTxvelis
aRqmis Cveul-avtomatur formebs. Semdeg es cneba iakobsonma daazusta da aRniSna, rom
`gaucnaurebis~ efeqti zogierTi xerxis dominirebis gamo gaCnda15 da es xerxebi SegviZlia
warmovidginoT rogorc formaluri invariantebi16. gaucnaurebis xerxebi Zalze xSirad
gamoiyeneba gamocanebSi da erotiul teqstebSic (Sklovski 1929:18-19).
ramdenime wlis win italielma medievistma karlo ginzburgma Zalian saintereso statia
miuZRvna am cnebas da aRniSna, rom `gaucnaureba~ esaa efeqturi xerxi, raTa davupirispirdeT
im risks, romlis qveSac yvelani varT. anu ar miviRoT realoba ise, rogorc raRac TavisTavad
14
pirvelad daibeWda krebulSi `Сборники по теории поэтического языка“, Вып. II, Пг., 1917. 3-14.
15
„доминанта — это важнейшее и наиболее разработанное понятие теории Русского Формализма. Ее можно определить как
фокусирующий компонент произведения искусства: доминанта управляет остальными компонентами, определяет и
трансформирует их. Именно она обеспечивает целостность структуры “ (iakobsoni 1996: 119.).
16
wlebis Semdeg, cvetan todorovis mier gamocemul rusi formalistebis teqstebis winasityvaobaSi (Théorie de
la littérature, P. 1965) iakobsonma uari Tqva Sklovskis ideebze `gaucnaurebis~ Sesaxeb da sisulele uwoda mas (ix.
amis Sesaxeb karlo ginzburgis statia, `Остранение: Предыстория одного литературного приема~, НЛО, 2006 80. 7).
34
cxadi (ginzburgi 2006: 27) da davupirispirdeT im zewolas, romelsac Tanamedrove qalaquli
civilizacia axdens adamianis grZnobad aRqmaze.
rogorc Cans, 19-e saukunis Sua wlebidan moyolebuli, igive problemebi Cans TbilisSic,
razec ilia WavWavaZis qalaquri mikroteqstebic migvaniSneben da iliac xedavda qalaqis im
negatiur xats, rasac adamianisTvis sicocxlis moswrafebac ki avtomatur qmedebamde
dahyavda. ilia WavWavaZes, rogorc 19-e saukunis mwerlobis tipur warmomadgenels, e.w.
`yovlismcodne avtoris~ pozicia ukavia da mTxrobelis mcire SeniSvnebis miuxedavad17 gmiris
xedviT, misi `gaucnaurebuli~, ucxo TvaliT akvirdeba movlenas. petres ver warmoudgenia,
rom es ambavi sinamdvileSi xdeba, Cinovnikis mier wakiTxuli ganaCeni Tilismis locva da jados
niSani hgonia, ukve CamoxrCobils ki gulSi eubneba: `dilamde rom sul egre iqnivo fexebi, mainc
ar dagijerebo~.
yvelafris dasasrul, roca xalxi daiSleba da mxiaruli yayaniTa da lazRandarobiT
qalaqisken daeSvebian sruliad kmayofilebi, `rom es samarcxvino da gulis amazrzeni TamaSa
naxes~, petre isev Tavis Zvel fiqrs utrialebs, jer hgonia, rom kacis magier tomara
Camohkides, fexebs ki marTulebiT aqnevinebdneno. isic ukvirs, Tuki kaci marTla CamoaxrCes,
es xalxi ratoa ase qeifis xasiaTze da rato miyayanobs mxiarulado. qalaqelisTvis es
sanaxaoba yoveldRiuria, petres ki `Tavis dReSi ar enaxa es ambavi~ da imis miuxedavad, rom
Tavad jer veraferSi garkveula, mkiTxvelma, `yovlismcodne avtoris~ wyalobiT, ukve icis,
rac moxda, Tanac icis xedvis yvelaze ucnauri wertilidan18.
iliasaTvis Txrobis aseTi xerxi, SemdgomSi gaucnaureba rom uwodes, araa mxolod xerxi
(iseve rogorc tolstoisTvis). ginzburgis statiaSi gaucnaurebis genealogias markus
avreliusamde mivyavarT da iseve, rogorc Zveli stoikosisTvis, iliasTvisac adamianur
sasrulobaze fiqria mTavari, sikvdilis gaazreba, romelic qalaqur sivrceSi TavisTavad
cxad movlenad qceula, yoveldRiurobis nawilad. iliasTvis e.w. `gaucnaureba~ sicruisgan,
siyalbisa da gulgrilobisgan gaTavisuflebis saSualeba iyo, raTa am distancirebiT
(romelsac zed kidev erTi e.w. metadiegeturi, analitikuri elementic erTvis, anu Zmis mier
petresTvis datovebuli werili) ukeT gagveazrebina yvelaze mniSvnelovani, romelic
yovelTvis namdvilisa da TvalTmaqcis garCevas ukavSirdeba da sadac es wyvilebi xSirad
adgilebsac icvlian.
Tuki Sklovskis SemTxvevaSi aRqmis avtomatizacia iqca `gaucnaurebis~, anu zogadad
xelovnebis, rogorc xerxis gaazrebis istoriul konteqstad, iliasTan aseTi damokidebuleba
gaxda mizezi imisaTvis, raTa `xerxis~ aRmoCenamde gacilebiT adre ase ucnaurad daenaxa erTi
adamianis sikvdiliT dasja da amiT, SeiZleba iTqvas, safuZvelic Caeyara axali qarTuli
prozisTvis.
damowmebani:
gabaSvili 1990: gabaSvili r. mogonebebi // dabruneba. t. 3, Tb.: 1990.

ginzburgi 2006: Гинзбург К. Остранение: Предыстория одного литературного приема. НЛО, N 80, 2006.
iakobsoni 1996: Якобсон Р. Язык и бессознательное. М.: 1996.
orbeliani 1936: orbeliani gr. werilebi. t. 1, Tb.: 1936.
orbeliani 1936: orbeliani gr. werilebi. t. 2, Tb.: 1941.
pumpianski 2000: Пумпянский Л. В. Медный всадник и поэтическая традиция // Пумпянский Л. В. Классическая
традиция. М.: 2000.
toporovi 1995: Топоров В. Н. Петербург и „петербургский текст русской литературы“: (Введение в тему) // Топоров
В. Н. Миф. Ритуал. Символ. Образ: Исслед. в области мифопоэтического: Избранное. М.: 1995.
Sklovski 1929: Шкловский В. О теории прозы. М.: 1929.
javaxiSvili 1970: javaxiSvili m. Txzulebebi. t. II, Tb.: 1970.
17
`bevrs raRaceebs moTqvamda gulSi Cveni usaqmo petre, [] ambobda amas Tavis gulSi petre da egona, rom
marTlacda es xalxi amisaTvis aris moclili, soflelia da gavabriyvoTo~ da a.S.
18
qarTul prozaSi sakmaodaa `gaucnaurebis~ aseTi magaliTebi, sanimuSod erTs moviyvan, mixeil javaxiSvilis
`TeTri sayelodan~, sadac qalaqSi Camosuli jurxa pirvelad xedavs velosipeds, tramvais da avtomobils: `[]
elda eca: mosaxvevSi or Tvalze Semjdari kaci dainaxa, romelic im Tvlebs fexebiT atrialebda da niaviviT
mohqroda. [] gareuli zaqiviT dafrTxa: xalxiT savse gakrialebuli oTaxi JRarun-xrialiT pirdapir
jurxasken moeqaneboda. [] kuTxidan erTi didi varcli gamogorda, - isic kriala da Tvlebze Semdgari, im
varclmac miqelgabrielis bukiviT daiRriala~. (ginzburgi 2006: 553-554)
35
zurab kiknaZe
ilia WavWavaZis simboluri azrovnebisTvis

(myinvari da Tergi)
ilia WavWavaZis SemoqmedebaSi, mis poetur azrovnebaSi _ `yvarlis mTebidan~ (1857)

dawyebuli, ukanaskneli poemiT `gandegiliT~ (1883) damTavrebuli da maT Soris moqceuli
`mgzavris werilebiT~ (1863-1871) da àCrdiliT~ (1859-1872) _ mTas konceptualuri
mniSvneloba eniWeba. sityva `mTa~ am TxzulebaTa sakvanZo sityvaa. magram zerele
gadakiTxviTac Cans, rom avtoris damokidebuleba mTisadmi, romelic esoden organulia
saqarTvelos landSaftisTvis, ar aris erTgvarovani, SeiZleba iTqvas, winaaRmdegobrivic kia.
damokidebuleba meryeobs misiT aRfrTovanebidan mis principul miuReblobamde.
poetis pirvelive leqsi _ `yvarlis mTebs~ programulia, romelmac gamoxata poetis
gardatexis momenti, erTgvari `gadasvlis rituali~. am gardatexis, pirovnuli mowifulobis
dadgomis periodis niSania es teqsti. es aris gamoTxoveba warsulTan, mis sulier cxovrebaSi
axali periodis dasawyisis molodiniT. mTebis saxiT, igi emSvidobeba erTdroulad Tavis
yrmobas (`ymawvil yrmobas~), mSobliur qveyanas (`samSoblo mTebo!~) da megobrebs, romelTac
dabrunebisas iseTebs veRar ixilavs, rogorebsac gamoeTxova. yrmobis gaucnobierebeli
damokidebuleba mTebisadmi, romlebic iwvevdnen masSi bundovan grZnobebs, ucxoeTSi wasvlis
win gacnobierebulia.
maxsovs, yrma viyav, Zlivs mosuli gons da cnobasa,

ros sidiade Tqveni mgvrida kankals, JrJolasa...
igi ar iyo SiSis JrJola, SiSis kankali,
. . . . .
me TrTolviT vsWvretdi laJvard cazed Tqvensa simaRles
da Sevnatrodi ymawvilurad Tqvens zemo mxares...
erTi mxriv, ontologia _ sidiade, simaRle da zemo mxare, meore mxriv, maTi arsebobiT
gamowveuli JrJola, kankali, TrTolva _ mowmobs, rom aq yrma axali sinamdvilis aRmoCenis
winaSea, rom es mTa, romelic guSin da guSinwin iyo Cveulebrivi mTa, avlens Tavs rogorc
TiTqmis religiuri fenomeni. am aRniSvnam, rom ìgi ar iyo SiSis JrJola~, gaamxila SiSis
Tavdapirveli monawileoba am gancdaSi, magram SiSi _ sakraluris aRmoCenis pirveli safexuri
_ TiTqos daZleulia, Tumca rCeba raRac daZabuloba am sidiadisa da simaRlis winaSe. es
miuwvdomloba, transcendentuloba, romelsac mxolod Sehnatris, magram ver wvdeba,
asazrdoebs kvlav SiSis gancdas, saidanac iwyeba religia da, kerZod, am avtoris sulier
biografiaSi, mamulis religia. es calke Temaa.
`gadasvlis rituali~ pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT sruldeba: adamiani stovebs mSobliur
mTebs da ucxoeTis barSi, velebSi gadadis, gadalaxavs zRurbls, SeiZleba iTqvas, gamoucnobi
momavlisken. `gadasvlis ritualis~ meore etapi, ukan mobrunebisas, aseve pirdapiri
mniSvnelobiT xorcieldeba: realuri Tergis gadmolaxviT, igi, sxvebTan erTad, simbolur
`Tergdaleulad~ ibadeba. amgvari Tergis siyvaruli TiTqos agrilebs mis gulSi Zvel
siyvaruls mTisadmi, `yvarlis mTebSi~ gamoxatuls. is mTa, romelic aqeTa zRurblTan daxvda,
arafriT hgavs mTas, romelsac gamoeTxova. axali mTis xati monumentur simbolod aRimarTa
mis winaSe.
axali gardatexis etapze, roca ganvlilia ucxoeTSi mamulis religiis inkubaciuri
periodi, adamiani kvlav aRmoCndeba mTis, rogorc zRurblis, winaSe. qveynidan gasvlisas,
Tavis aRmoCenil mTebs eTxoveba, Semosvlisas kvlav mTa egebeba, da axal gancdebs iwvevs masSi.
mTa axal ganzomilebebSi aRiqmeba. am mTas igi SenobiT ar mimarTavs, radgan pasuxs ar elis
misgan. mTa misTvis Sen aRar aris, is igia (martin buberis Es).
`myinvari!.. didebulia, myudro da mSvidobiani, magram civia da TeTri. danaxva misi
makvirvebs da ar maRelvebs, maciebs da ar maTbobs, _ erTi sityviT, myinvaria. myinvari mTelis
Tavis didebulebiT sakvirvelia da ara Sesayvarebeli. aba, rad minda misi dideba?19 qveynis
19
àba, rad minda me mis dideba?~ _ es sityvebi, SesaZloa, TviTironiuladac JRerdes (an ritorikuli iyos, ix.
qvemoT). yovel SemTxvevaSi, `qveynis yayani~ rom misTvis Rirebulebis mwvervali ar unda yofiliyo
aqsiologiis kibeze, es leqsic mowmobs, romelic mis peterburgul epoqaSia dawerili, CrdiloeTis RameSi
samxreTis Rameze ocnebisas:
roca yayani qveyanisa srulad miwydeba

da aRar ismis borotebis xma mosawyeni,
ros mZinars sofels kamara cis zed gardeSleba, _
samxreTis Ramev, maSin miyvars yureba Seni.
36
yayani, qveynis qariSxali, qrolva, qveynis av-kargi mis maRals Sublzed erT ZarRvsac ar
aatokebs. Ziri Tumca dedamiwazed udga, Tavi ki cas miubjenia, ganze gamdgara, miukarebelia.
ar miyvars magisTana simaRle, arc magisTana ganze gadgoma...~
albaT ar aris SemTxveviTi, rom aseTi xedva ara leqsiT, rogorc adre miuZRvna Tavisi
yrmobis mTas, aramed proziT aris gadmocemuli. yrmobis Jamindel kankals, JrJolas, romelic
amxelda avtoris religiurobas an mis sawyis fazas, romantiulad Seferils, aq cvlis
ganyenebuli Tvali, xedva garedan. damkvirvebeli aSkarad gaucxoebulia misgan. misi gaucxoeba
mTis saxezea aRbeWdili. Tumca myinvari aRwerilia iseTad, rogoric unda iyos. giyvars Tu ar
giyvars _ is realobaa, misi arseboba aucilebelia, mis gareSe sayvareli Tergic dakargavda
Tavis sazriss.
didebuli, sakvirveli, ganze gamdgari, miukarebeli _ es is sityvebia, romlebic
rudolf otos da sxvaTa (n. sederblomi, m. eliade...) gamokvlevebis Semdeg, qrestomaTiuli
gaxda wmidis, sakraluris kategoriis dasaxasiaTeblad, romelic yvelaze reliefurad Zveli
aRTqmis wignebSi gamovlinda. Tumca Cveni mwerali amas ar isaxavda miznad, magram vxedavT, rom
sruli adekvaturobiT gamoxata swored am sityvebis meSveobiT. mas ar gamouyenebia Tavad
sityva-cneba `wmida~, romelic, mis Tanamedrove enaSi, ukve zneobrivi da fizikuri sispetake-
sisufTavis konotacias atarebda, es ki wmidis kategoriisTvis mxolod Tanmxlebi niSania da
ara arsebiT-imanenturi. TiToeuls, zemoTCamoTvlil sityvaTagan, Tavisi semantikuri
istoria aqvs, romelic enis maxsovrobaSi, vfiqrob, waruSlelad inaxeba.
a) myinvari didebulia. aseTivea igi àCrdilSic~: ìgiv didebul da dadumebul~.
swored am didebulebiT aris myinvari sakvirveli. am sityva-cnebas, romelic bibliuri
enidan modis, araviTari kavSiri didTan, fizikur sididesTan, ara aqvs. dideb-ul modis
sityva-cnebidan dideba, romlis ebrauli Sesatyvisi qabod20 Zveli aRTqmis dedanSi RvTiuri
manifestaciis niSania. laTinuri gloria ucvlelad, Tavisi forma-SinaarsiT gadmodis
evropul enebSi. gloria-dideba mxolod RmerTs da masTan naziareb arsebebs, sagnebs,
movlenebs axasiaTebs, _ iseT realobebs, romelTac aqvT dafaruli siRrme, ukana mxare.
amitomac mosavs myinvars dideba, rogorc RvTiuri realobis gamovlenas, misi myofobis
manifestacias. magram sekularuli saukune ar saWiroebda im realobas, romelic amgvari
didebis niSniT aris aRbeWdili. araferia miRmieri, rac SeiZleba dafaruli iyos, yvelaferi
erT sibrtyezea mocemuli, anu saxezea (zedapirze) rogorc amboben. da mainc, didebas poetma
sxva sferoSi miuCina adgili.
es pretenziac àba, rad minda misi dideba?~ dawunebis kiloTi warmoTqmuli, epoqalur
simarTles acxadebs.
b) myinvari sakvirvelia. es rTuli semantikis sityvaa, romelic, SesaZloa,
damoukideblad misi àvtoris~ ganzraxvisa, myinvaris bunebas, ufro sworad, misi xilvisgan
gamowveul STabeWdilebas (mis anabeWds adamianze), aaSkaravebs. Tu dRevandeli Cveulebrivi
azriT gavigebT am sityvas, gaugebaria, ra unda yofiliyo sakvirveli myinvarSi?
mcire wiaRsvla sityvis semantikaSi.
ar SeiZleba, SemCneuli ar yofiliyo, magram, ramdenadac vici, am sityvis (sakvirveli)
mniSvnelobis evolucia sagangebo yuradRebis sagani ar gamxdara. aq vawydebiT enis
sekularizaciis SemTxvevas, anu rogor eqvemdebareba ena desakralizaciis process an rogor
asaxavs desakralizaciis faqts, roca ukve momxdaria. amis uamravi magaliTia axal qarTulSi,
romelic sekularul XIX saukuneSi iRebs saTaves. erT-erTi maTgania kvir- Zirisgan nawarmoebi
zmnuri da saxeladi formebi.
axali aRTqmis Zvel TargmanebSi, sityvebi _ gankvirveba-dakvirveba gadmocems
dedniseul ekstasis (yvelgan, Svidsave SemTxvevaSi):
`da ganukvirdeboda maT gankvirvebiTa didiTa friad~ (mr. 5:42); `...iyo mas zeda
gankvirvebaÁ~ (saqme, 10:10); `vixile gankvirvebasa Cemsa CvenebaÁ~ (saqme, 11:5); `xolo iyo
moqcevasa Cemsa ierusalems da locvasa Cemsa taZarsa Sina, viyav gankvirvebasa Sina da vixile
ufali~ (saqme, 22:17-18); `da gankvirvebaman Seipyrna igini yovelni da adidebdes RmerTsa, da
SiSi daeca maT zeda~ (l. 5:26); `da aRivsnes igini SiSiTa da sakvirvelebiTa~ (saqme, 3:10);
`SeZrwunebul iyvnes da dakvirvebul~ (mr. 16:8).
rogorc es ori ukanaskneli muxli mowmobs, eqstasiss (`gankvirveba~, `sakvirveleba~)
axlavs SiSi da Zrwola; eqstasisSi myofi (`dakvirvebuli~) SiSis mdgomareobaSia. magram es ar
aris panikuri SiSi, aramed imgvari SiSi, romelsac sakralurTan Sexeba iwvevs. mas Tavis saxeli
aqvs: Mysterium tremendum. sakraluri Tavis Tavs acxadebs sakvirvelisa da saSiSis _
principulad gamoucnobi saidumlos saxiT. es ki religiis, saRvTo mowiwebis dasabamia.

20
ZvelaRTqmiseuli qabodi mistikuri kategoriaa, magram mas aqvs nivTieri gamoxatuleba, romlis xilva
yvelasTvis misawvdomia: es aris Camavali mzis kaSkaSi RrubelSi, romelsac gamlRvali vercxlis saxe aqvs. es
aris uxilavi mzis manifestacia im saxiT, rom SesaZlebeli iyos misi aRqma adamianis TvalisTvis. Cven vxedavT
ara mzes, aramed mzis refleqss RrubelSi. Cven vxedavT myinvars, romelic sxva, miRmieri realobis miwieri
xatia. es aris dideba.
37
amitom mTeli fraza cnobili pasaJidan `da SeeSina da Tqva: viTar saSinel ars adgili ese!~
(dab. 28:17) SeiZleba iTargmnos asec: `da gaukvirda da Tqva: ra sakvirvelia es adgili~.
dedniseuli nora’ moicavs `saSinelis~ da `sakvirvelis~ mniSvnelobebs erTdroulad (ara
mxolod konteqstebis mixedviT), ufro zustad, gakvirveba, romelsac sakralurTan Sexeba
iwvevs, SiSiT aris gamsWvaluli, araTu Seferili. amas grZnobda poeti, magram moerida mis
gacxadebas _ `ver vityvi myinvaris meSiniao... miTam?~ es sityvebi gadaSlilia erT-erT
variantSi, romelic dasabeWdad iyo gamzadebuli. arc erT gamocemaSi es fraza ar aRdgenila.
is grZnobs SiSs, magram ar utydeba Tavs? Tu es SiSi raRac sxvagvari SiSia, romelsac, XIX
saukunidan moyolebuli, qarTulSi saxeli daekarga, iseve, rogorc sakvirveli daicala im
Zveli Zlieri Sinaarsisgan? magram enas _ vgulisxmob am sityva-cnebas _ sakvirvelis saxiT,
SerCa Zveli mniSvnelobis Crdili mainc: is ambobs Tavisas misi warmomTqmelisgan
damoukideblad.
g) myinvari ganze ganmdgaria. es siwmidis im rigis daxasiaTebaa, romelic yvelaze
naklebad aris mxedvelobaSi miRebuli. arada, es yvelaze arsebiTia, ontologiurad yvelaze
Rirebuli, fundamenturi. realoba, Cveni sinamdvile ar aris, rogorc SeiZleba (da albaT asec
aris) moeCvenos sekularul Tvals, homogenuri kontinuumi, erTiani gaSlili veli. aq aris
idumali siRrmeebi da aranakleb idumali simaRleebi _ CavTvaloT isini transcendentuli
realobis niSnebad, mis manifestaciebad Cvens misawvdom realobaSi. metafizikuri realoba
Tavs acxadebs rogorc ara Cvens, ara Cveulebrivs, anu Cvenisgan (Cv-en/Cv-eul) gansxvavebuls,
u-Cve-ulos, sxvas, romelsac aqvs ucxoSi, sruliad sxvaSi (rudolf otoseuli Ganz Andere)
gadazrdis tendencia. es ki sruliad gaugebaria da, maSasadame, usargeblo. Tumca es
`gasaSterebelia~, es eqstaturi gancdis, aRtacebis Sinaarsia. (berZn. ek-stasis `ganze (ek)
dgomas~ (stasisis `dgoma~). eqstasSi adamiani Seicnobs imas, rac realobis miRmaa, mis ganze
dgas.
swored es ganze ganmdgarobaa, rac Zireulad axasiaTebs ZvelaRTqmiseul wmidis
kategorias _ kodeSs, romelic Tavs gvacnobs ara rogorc siwmides Cveuli yofiTi gagebiT
(zneobrivi Tu fizikuri sisufTavis mniSvnelobiT). yovelive is, rasac wmida werili miawers
kodeSis kategorias, principulad ar ekuTvnis Cvens Cveulebriv realobas, garidebulia
misgan: Tu es sagania, igi amoRebulia yoveldRiuri sadagi yofidan, Tu es sivrcis monakveTia,
igi gamocalkevebuli da gankrZalulia Cveulebrivi yofiTi sivrcidan uxilavi sazRvriT,
rogorc aalebuli mayvlovani; Tu drouli monakveTia, rogoric aris SabaTi, igi ar iricxeba
danarCeni dReebis saTvalavSi (eqvsi dRe adamians ekuTvnis, meSvide dRe RvTisadmia
gankuTvnili). meSvide dRe gansrulebisa da simSvidis dRea. magram mas ar surs aseTi simSvide,
vinc Tergis mSfoTvareba airCia.
d) myinvari miukarebelia. metafizikuri realobis absoluturi miuwvdomloba am
miukareblobiT Tavs acxadebs droJamul-sivrcul ganzomilebaSi. miukarebloba obieqturi
(ontologiuri) ganze ganmdgarobis meore, subieqturi mxarea, anu, ufro, adamianis
cnobierebaze misi zemoqmedebis Sedegi. ganze dgomiT es realoba geubneba, gafrTxilebs,
gibrZanebs: noli me tangere! (`nu momekarebi!~) àxlos nu moxval! gaiZre fexsamosi, radgan es
adgili, sadac Sen dgaxar, wmida miwaa~ (gam. 3:5), anu miukarebelia21.
magram, am saukuneSi, is, rac miukarebelia, miuRebelic aris. sekularuli xedva da
praqtika arafers miukarebels realobaSi ar cnobs.
e) myinvars Ziri dedamiwazed udgas, Tavi cas miubjenia. am daxasiaTebas miTosSi
gadavyavarT. es fenomenologiuri xati, rogorc Zveli universaluri miTologemis
spontanuri gaxseneba, gadadis àCrdilis~ myinvaris aRwerilobaSi, romelsac jer, TiTqos,
formulis saxe aqvs.
aRmoCnda mTebis zemoT myinvari,

cisa da qveynis Sua dakidul.
21
ganmdgarobisa da miukareblobis niSnad myinvars
erTaderTi varskvlavi, metad brwyinvale

zed dahnaToda...
oRond `mgzavris werilebis~ avtori originaluri ar aris am kompoziciis gamoxatvaSi, Tumca is SeiZleboda
spontanuradac dabadebuliyo. asec vifiqrebdiT, rom es fraza sityvierad ar emTxveodes grigol orbelianis
am striqons:
da yazibegsa saamod / zeda varskvlavi dahnaTis

es kompozicia cnobilia kosmiuri mTebis gamosaxvisas. aseTia mTa naramsinis cnobil triumfalur stelaze,
sadac konusisebur mTis wvers agvirgvinebs ori mnaTobi, romelTagan erTi mzea, meore mTvare _ maTi
erTdrouli myofoba cis kabadonze maradisobis, drois Seyenebis niSania. xolo mefe naramsini am stelaze,
sakraluri mTis paralelurad, adamianis sakralur xats qmnis, razec misi goliaTuri figura
mWevrmetyvelurad migvaniSnebs.
38
raTa mere gaiSalos da, sabolood, kosmiuri miTologemis gayinul kristalad gadaiqces:
qvesknelT ZalTagan igi mTa medgrad

cis gasarRvevad aRmozidula,
magram mis srbola caSi uecrad
TiTqos gangebiT Seyenebula.
(WavWavaZe 1987: 179, 180)
isev da isev simSvide, myudroeba, sisrule. kosmosis, samyaros, gansrulebis, Seyenebuli

droJamis suraTi, romelSic gangebis nebaa gamoxatuli. aseT mTas icnobs Suamdinaruli ara
mxolod eposi _
maTi mwvervali cargvals ebjineba,

qvemoT qvesknels eyrdnoba maTi mkerdi.
(`gilgameSiani~, 1960)
aramed sabrZolo eqspediciis analebic _
zemoT misi Tavi cas swvdeboda,

qvemoT safuZveli qvesknelis wiaRamde aRwevda.
(sargonis laSqroba urartus mTebSi)
magram Tu yvelgan amgvari mTis xati adamianSi simyaris da simtkicis, raRac saboloo
miznis miRwevis da saimedoobis gancdas badebs, _ da swored es aris am miTologiuri
konceptis sazrisi, _ sekularuli xedvisTvis misi simSvide mxolod moCvenebiTia, myinvari
mudmiv `risxvas da muqaras~ inaxavs. TiTqos myinvari gankiTxvis dRis molodinSia.
`gandegilis~ esqatologiuri Jamis suraTSi es `risxva da muqara~, `risxva da zari~ masve
atydeba Tavs, is SeiZleba kosmiuri ngrevis msxverplad iqces. RvTis risxva cisa da miwis
harmonias elvis siswrafiT dasabamier qaosSi miabrunebs.
àCrdilis~ dasasruls, romlis dramatul CanafiqrSi `risxva da muqara~ qveynis bedis
proeqciaa bunebis movlenebSi, is eWvi da undobloba, myinvari rom iwvevs Tavisi moCvenebiTi
mdumarebiT, rogorc wuTisoflis bediswera, gaqarwyldeba mis Tavze cisartyelis mofeniT.
istoriuli bedukuRmarTobiT nasazrdoebi es skepsisi
nu gjerso, _ miTxra, _ es myudroeba,

styuiso zecac da qveyanaca, _
romelic cis gmobamdec ki midis, sabolood galRveba bunebis am mSvenebis xilvisas. magram
cisartyela esqatologiuri Jamis niSania.
cisartyelis gamoCenamde, rCeba avis mudmivi molodini (T. XXV) im didebuli
sanaxaobidan, romlis aRsawerad ar dauSurebia mas poeturi kalami. imediani esqatologiis
gadmocema, mxolod poetur saxeebSi, ara proziT, iyo SesaZlebeli misTvis.
magram aris sxva, sawinaaRmdego perspeqtivac, romelic `gandegilSi~ poulobs
realizacias, esadageba ra am poemis konkretul Canafiqrs. es ganaCenia, romelic gamoaqvs
poets sakraluri da, maSasadame, usargeblo realobisTvis. ra rCeba am sakvirveli
didebulebisgan, romlis aRweriT iwyeba poema?
da iq, sad RmerTi udidebiaT

RmerTi msjavris da WeSmaritebis,
iq, sad uwiravT uflisa mimarT
msxverpli qebisa da RaRadebis, _
aw Soris nangrevT da natamalTa
marto qariRa dadis da qSuis,
da gamomfrTxali Weqa-quxiliT
mun Sexvewili nadiri Rmuis...
ra rCeba? _ rCeba mxolod `gatialebis (Tu gaudaburebis) sibilwe~22. da es aris poemis

absoluturi dasasruli, romlis miRma araviTari imedi aRar Cans. Tumca, imedi mainc aris _
22
gatialebis sibilwe~ (ebr. Sikkuc Somem, berZn. bdelugma tes heremoseos), rogorc koncepti, cneba, pirvelad
danielis wignSi (dan. 12:11) gamoCndeba, magram misi realizaciis perspeqtiva TiTqmis yvela
winaswarmetyvelebis Temaa. misi Targmna amgvaradac SeiZleba: `gaukacrielebis sibilwe~. wuTisoflis garda
imediani dasasrulisa, romelsac esaia Wvrets Soreul momavalSi (`moilxens udabno da xrioki, gaixarebs
39
da es gadamwyvetia Cveni poetis miTologiaSi: am nangrevebis qvemoT Rrialebs Tergi Tu
aragvi, romelsac ar Sexebia gatialebis sibilwe, radgan is moZraobs. erTaderTi imedi Tergia,
rogorc gaRviZebuli cxovrebis xati. es iyo, rogorc viciT, sekularuli saukunis (`sul Zili,
Zili...~) upirvelesi gamowveva.
magram myinvari mainc dgas da dgas, rogorc gatialebis, sibilwis maradiuli sayveduri,
rogorc sakralizmis ukanaskneli bastioni, yvelasgan daviwyebuli da moZulebuli, romelic
mxolod gakvirvebas (sekularuli azriT) Tu iwvevs. Tumca poeti ar iSurebs misTvis saqebar
sityvebs: maRali Subli, Sublze ZarRvSeutokebeli, didebuli, ukvdavi, TeTri da
aumRvreveli, myudro... magram Tu sakraluri arsebobs, is uTuod profanulis, sadagis, rioSis
da a. S., zogadad rom vTqvaT, yovldRiuris fonze arsebobs. da ra saxe aqvs mas, profanuls da
yoveldRiurs? is, rac mis simaRles upirispirdeba, aris `qveynis yayani, qveynis qariSxali,
qrolva, qveynis av-kargi...~ sad aris es yvelaferi? sad brdRvinavs, sad bRavis, sad miRrialebs
Tergi Tu aragvi, àdamianis gaRviZebulis cxovrebis~ niSani? es yvelaferi aris qvemoT, Zirs,
miwaze, sadac mTasac udgas Ziri. Tu Tergis `mRvrie wyalSi Cans ubedurebis nacartuta~, ra
Cans myinvaris maRal Sublze? araferi, garda sicivisa da gancxromisa? poets ar surs iq raime
Rirebulis danaxva. ucnaurad sayvedurobs mas, rom `qveynis yayani... mis maRal Sublzed erT
ZarRvsac ar aatokebs~. ratom unda àtokebdes~ _ is xom transcendenturis binadaria an misi
gamoxatuleba, personifikacia. ucnauria, rom poeti moiTxovs myinvarisgan imas, rac ucxoa
misi bunebisTvis, an mas ukan motovebuli aqvs, rac, SesaZloa, misi warsuli iyo. Tu
davukvirdebiT Tergis aRwerilobas da mimarTvas aragvisadmi _
_ Tergi mrisxane, Tergi mbdRvinvare,

qafisa zvirTTa miaqanebda,
viT Smagi lomi daWrili, cxare,
hrboda, hbRaoda, miRrialebda,
sWeqda da hquxda...
_ Cveno aragvo! rarig miyvarxar!..

qarTvlis cxovrebis mowame Sen xar...
_ Sens zvirTebSoris Cemi qveynisa

grZeli moTxroba damarxulia,
davrwmundebiT, rom mdinare, Tavisi dinamiurobiT, poetis intuiciaSi istorias ganasaxierebs.

sxva ra aris àdamianis gaRviZebuli cxovreba~, romelic man Tergis Tu aragvis `mRvrie wyalSi~
amoikiTxa, Tu ara istoriis qartexiliani, alag marTlac mRvrie, alag naTeli da ankara,
msvleloba? ar ismis misi zvirTebis xeTqebaSi istoriis `dauCumari Civili~? Tergis xma
istoriis xmaa, romelic adamianis, istoriis monawilis xmasTan aris unisonSi. Tergis boboqari
dineba misTvis namdvilad istoriis saxe Seiqmna, misi qveynis uistorio Tu istoriadakargul
epoqaSi. `me mesmis am xmagakmendil qveyanaSi Tergis dauCumari Civili~. buneba aZlevs magaliTs
qveyanas, buneba istoriis eniT laparakobs, raTa istoria bunebis eniT alaparakdes da ufro
gasagebi gaxdes23. Tundac es ena Sors iyos harmoniisgan, savse disonansebiT, xmauriT da
tramali da SroSaniviT ayvavdeba~, 35:1), arsebobs sxva perspeqtivac mis xilvebSi: `gadaxvewavs adamianebs
ufali da didi udabureba daisadgurebs qveyanaSi~ (6:132), ùdabnos mxecebi gaiCenen iq bunags da mikiotebiT
aivseba maTi saxlebi, siraqlemebi daibudeben iq da alqajebi gaTelaven iqaurobas. turebi mohyvebian kivils
gaoxrebul sasaxleebSi da veluri ZaRlebi aymuvldebian mis sazeimo darbazebSi. moawevs misi Jami da misi
dReebi aRar gagrZeldeba~ (13:21-22). ramdenad wmidaa (kodes) adgili, imdenad bilwi (Sikkuc) xdeba igi gatialebis
(gaukacrielebis, gaudaburebis) Semdeg. siwmidisgan daclil ares sibilwe eufleba, rogorc misi antipoduri
saxe. ramdenad Zvirfasi iyo, imdenad saZulveli xdeba. XIX saukunis qarTul sinamdvileSi gaudaburebis
bdelugmas (ebr. Sikkuc) gancda ar unda yofiliyo moulodneli mas Semdeg, rac qarTuli istoriuli
cnobiereba `ngreuli naSTis~ winaSe aRmoCnda. amis gancdas sxvadasxvagvari gamoxatuleba aqvs: Tu
baraTaSvilTan is eqsistencialuri gamocdilebidan modis _ `ganqra taZari da udabno Cemda mdumarebs~
(mdumareba, ebr. Somem, gaudaburebis meore mxarea), vaxtang orbeliani mzad aris araraoba ixilos wmida
mamulis adgilze, oRond ar iyos misi gatialebis mowme _
ganqri, dmaniso, da dainTqe ufskrulsa Sina,

Cems satanjavad rom ar idge CemT TvalTa wina!
23
es idea _ mdinare-istoria 1859 wels gamoiTqva leqsSi àlazans~, sadac, sxvaTa Soris, poeti ambobs:
dagcqer WmunviTa da Sens wyalSi veZeb Cems warsuls,

droTa brunvisgan Sen zvirT Soris damarxuls, danTqmuls,
rac ki ars Cem win, momagonebs, mas, rac davkarge...
amxanad poeti ukve icnobda baraTaSvilis leqss `fiqri mtkvris piras~, sadac, pirvelad qarTul enaze,
gamoTqmulia soflis (istoriis) dasasrulis idea:
40
JriamuliT, `qveynis yayaniT~, romelic dRis gaTenebas moaqvs. Tergi rom `hbRavis da ibrZvis~,
es imis niSania, rom `qveynis tkivili dauyuCavia~, anu istoria grZeldeba. magram iqve
aRmarTulia myinvari, misi dasasrulis da gansrulebis niSnad. myinvari dadumebulia, radgan
saTqmeli aRaraferia, yvelaferi ukve moxda da yvelaferi ukve naTqvamia. istoria
dasrulebulia da Sejamebuli; saboloo harmonia miRweulia, dro Seyenebulia da sivrced
aris SenivTebuli. yvelaferi, TiTqos, saaSkaraoze Cans, rogorc manifestaciis ukanasknel
safexurze, Tumca igi mainc idumalebiT aris mosili, mis Sublze azris wakiTxva poets ar
ZaluZs. sxva ra Sedegs unda moelodes kacobrioba istoriisgan, xom unda hqondes mas mizani,
rac, amave dros, dasasrulic aris (rogorc berZnuli telos)? xom ar unda grZeldebodes
dausruleblad es `daudegari faca-fuci~, bRavili da brZola, es `dauyuCavi tkivili~? am
dayuCebas ar gamoxatavs myinvaris saxe? aha, misi saxiT, bolo moeRo `mousvenar dRes Tavis
tanjviTa, wvalebiTa, brZoliTa da vai-vaglaxiTa~. aha, dgas mis winaSe istoriis Sedegi Tavisi
didebulebiT da idumalebiT (ìgiv didebul da dadumebul~). rogorc gaqvavebuli musika,
kosmiur harmoniad gardaqmnili `qveynis yayani~24.
Tu, erTi mxriv, myinvari istoriis gansrulebaa, misi simbolikis meoregvari gagebiT, igi
Tavdapirveli mdgomareobac aris, romelic yvela tradiciaSi mTis simbolikiT gamoixateba.
amrigad, igi aris istoriis ani da hoe, dasawyisi da dasasruli. àCrdilSi~ Cveni poeti uars
ambobs yvela im sityvaze, romelic dascda mas dawunebuli myinvaris mimarT. gansakuTrebiT _
aba, rad minda misi dideba?
(Tu es ritorikuli figura iyo mxolod da ara xarki, gaRebuli sekularuli saukunisTvis,
romelic Zalas ikrebda, raTa sabolood daemxo sakralizmis yvela tradiciuli bastioni da
sxva sferoSi gadaenacvlebina. SesaZlebelia, asec iyo), radgan is `Tanamdevi, ukvdavi suli~,
myinvariviT uZravi da uxmo, swored myinvarze daadgina. da kidev, sagulisxmo is aris, rom es
`kaci didi~, romelic Tavis TavSi atarebs qveynis awmyosa da warsuls, mzeras moacilebs
poetisTvis esoden sayvarel Tergsa da aragvs da ixedeba iqiT, sadac
srul saqarTvelo mosCanda Sorsa...

am kacis portreti SeZerwilia imave konceptebiT, romelTac SeZerwes myinvaris saxe (am
Temas pirvelad Seexo simon Ciqovani Tavis eseistur nakvlevSi ìlia WavWavaZis poeturi
memkvidreoba~). myinvari misTvis ara mxolod kvarcxlbekia, sadac dgas igi; es kaci,
`moxucebuli~, romelic atarebs bibliuri `Zvel dReTas~ (danielis wignidan) niSnebs, imgvarad
aris amozrdili myinvaris sxeulidan, rom isini erT organul mTlianobas qmnian. es kaci
myinvaris personifikaciaa. sadRaa miukarebloba da sicive _ myinvari moxucebulis locviT
aris gamTbari, adamianur masStabebSia moaxloebuli. igi ukve metyveli monawilea da ara
Zveleburad dadumebuli Tavis didebulebaSi. iq (`mgzavris werilebSi~) myinvaris safarvels
miRma myofobs saSineli saidumlos Sinaarsi. aq saidumlos damfaravi farda TiTqos
gadaweulia da axla kaci acxadebs imas, rasac myinvari mdumared inaxavda. es moxucebuli
magram Tu erTxel sofelsac unda bolo moeRos,

maSin viRam sTqvas maTi saqme, vin sadRa iyos?...
(baraTaSvili 1972: 31)
24
rogorc r. genoni aRniSnavs erT Tavis naSromSi (`sakraluri mecnierebis fundamenturi simboloebi~, Tavi:
`mTa da gamoqvabuli~), sayovelTaod xiluli WeSmaritebis anu kacobriobis sulieri mdgomareobis sawyisi
xana mTis simbolizmiT, xolo misi momdevno periodi, anu WeSmaritebis gasaidumloebis xana, gamoqvabulis
simbolizmiT gamoixateba. vinaidan meore periodi daqveiTebaa, es simbolizmi zustad asaxavs viTarebas: mTa
maRlaa da xiluli, gamoqvabuli — siRrmeSia da dafaruli. sityva siRrme gveubneba, rom WeSmariteba mTaze ki
aRar aris, aramed mis SigniT an mis qveS aris moqceuli, da mis saxilvelad fizikuri Tvali ar aris sakmarisi,
aramed Tvali, romelic gamoqvabulis bnelSic xedavs. amieridan WeSmariteba, rogorc dafaruli, saZiebelia.
WeSmaritebis am dafarul mdgomareobas beTlemis gamoqvabuli gamoxatavs (`gandegilSi~ es orive aspeqti
realizebulia). misi xilva mxolod erTeulTa, `Rrmad mxedvelTa~ privilegiaa. meore mxriv, Tumca `siRrmis
xana~ WeSmaritebis Semecnebis mxriv daqveiTebis xanaa, mainc `siRrme~ mis eTiur-aleTologiur ganzomilebaSi
uTanabrdeba `simaRles~ (`Rrmad mxedveli~ igivea, rac `maRlad mxedi~). myinvari, rogorc is daxasiaTebulia
Cveni poetis prozasa da poeziaSi, Seefardeba induri tradiciis satÁa-Áugas anu `WeSmarit xanas~, roca madli
da WeSmariteba mTeli sisavsiT aris ganxorcielebuli. yvela danarCeni xana, romelic safexurebrivad,
daRmavali gziT mosdevs satÁa-Áugas _ trita-Áuga, dvapara-Áuga da kali-Áuga, _ warmavalobiT da
WeSmaritebis TandaTanobiTi SefarviT aRbeWdili misi degradaciis safexurebia. xolo misi bolo safexuri
kali-Áuga (kali `SuRli~, ùTanxmoeba~), Cveni aqtualuri istoriuli xanaa, romelsac aragvisa Tu Tergis
dineba (kali meore mniSvnelobiT: `droJami~), mWevrmetyvelurad warmogvidgens. es aris is bneli xana, Cveni XIX
saukune, romelic SegvrCa Cveni warmodgenebis miTologiur-romantikuli òqros xanidan~. es aris Cveni,
rogorc vuwodebdiT mas, `naSTi Zveli didebisa~. magram Cveni kali-Áuga, rogorc naSTi, inaxavda aRorZinebis
imeds da esec myarad ijda Cvens miTologiur-romantikul warmodgenebSi. gana bazaleTis miTosi ar gvimxels
im WeSmaritebas, rom Tavad WeSmariteba dafarulia siRrmeSi da gamocxadebas elis?
41
TiTqos myinvaris amosunTqvaa. magram es amonasunTqic sekularuli Sinaarsis Semcveli
aRmoCnda. is istoriis sunTqvaa.
magram es kaci, moxucebuli, swored imis ZaliT asrulebs Tavis misias, rom
transcendentul, metafizikur realobas ekuTvnis im azriT, rom ar aris CaTreuli istoriaSi.
igi Wvrets istoriul process misi dasawyisidan, SesaZloa, dasasrulamde. man unda icodes
istoriis Sedegic. es Sedegi cisartyelaa, romelic moxucebulis monologisa da, bolos,
locvis Semdeg gamoCndeba.
àCrdilis~ moxucebuls hyavs Tavis alter ego, poetis saxiT, leqsSi `poeti~, romelic
programuli leqsia, sadac adamiani, Tavad poeti, poetis misiaze da daniSnulebaze
laparakobs:
me ca mniSnavs da eri mzrdis,

miwieri zeciersa;
RmerTTan misTvis vlaparakob,
rom warvuZRve wina ersa.
es kaci, romelic pirvel pirSi laparakobs, im moxucebuliviT, mTis mkvidria, radgan es

ca im mTis (myinvaris) analogiuria. `me ca mniSnavs~ unda niSnavdes meored Sobas, rogorc
mowodebiT winaswarmetyvelni ibadebian. magram rogor xdeba, rom sakralurSi Sobili
sekularulSi saWiroebs aRzrdas? Tu `poetis~ poeti sxva aravinaa, Tu ara mose, ra unda eTqva
moses imaze Seusabamo, vidre is, rasac `poetis~ poeti Tavis Tavze ambobs: `me eri mzrdis~25. Tu
is poeti RmerTTan molaparake moses niSnebs atarebs, aq winaaRmdegobaa: mose namdvilad cis
(man sinais cisqveS miiRo mowodeba) daniSnulia, magram is ar aRzrdila Tavis erSi, romelsac
mxolod biologiurad ekuTvnoda. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, ver Seasrulebda am mowodebiT
dakisrebul misias. mTeli sazrisi moses winamZRolobisa is iyo, rom mas xalxis `biologiuri
nebis~ da misi yofiTi keTildReobis winaaRmdeg unda emoqmeda, rasac erSi (Terg-aragvis
xmaurSi, `qveynis yayanSi~) aRzrdili, rogorc erTi maTgani, ver SeZlebda.
da bolos, axali wyvili imave sakralurisa da sekularulis dapirispirebis principiT:
mefe da xalxi isev da isev istoriasTan kavSirSi. àm aCrdilma tyavi gamaZro. istoriuls
nawilzed gaqir virsaviT Sevdeg da erTi biji win veRar wavdgi. ar vici, ra vqna? vambob am
àCrdils~ Tavi davanebo meTqi. eg oxeri Cveni istoria... marto omebisa da mefeebis istoriaa,
eri arsada Cans, me ki aseTi agebulebis adamiani var, rom mefeebis da omebis saxe ar mimizidavs
xolme26. saqme xalxia da xalxi ki Cvens istoriaSi ara Cans~ (1872).
25
rogor warmovidginoT eris aRzrdilad winamZRoli, romelic ambobs gamwarebiT: `riT ver vpove madli Sens
TvalSi, mTeli am xalxis tvirTi rom amkide? me xom ar mitarebia mucliT mTeli es xalxi? me xom ar gamiCenia,
rom meubnebi, Seni ubiT waiyvaneo im qveyanaSi, mis mama-papas rom aRuTqvi ficiT?~ (ricx. 11:11-12). xalxi
grZnobs im distancias, romelic mas mosesgan an moses misgan aSorebs. distancia ucxoobidan mtrobaSi
gadadis. moses sakralizmis gamoxatulebaa, rom xalxma misi pirovneba bolomde ver miiRo: maT TvalSi mose
iyo ìs kaci, mose~ (gam. 32:1). xalxi ujanydeboda mas, xolo yoveli janyi Zvel aRTqmaSi sakraluris winaaRmdeg
sekularulis amboxia.
26
`mefeebisa da omebis saxe ar mizidavs~ _ Znelia, virwmunoT es sityvebi. àCrdilis~ pirvel variantSi
farnavazis, daviTis, dimitri Tavdadebulis, Tamaris qeba-didebas mieZRvna pasaJebi (TT. XXIII-XXVI), romlebic
avtorma saboloo teqstSi ar Seitana. Cans, igi angariSs uwevda liberalur-demokratiulad ganwyobil
sazogadoebas, romlisTvisac mTavari iyo xalxi, rogorc mudmivad aqtualuri raoba, mefe ki mxolod
warsulSi CarCenili istoriuli faqti. poetma `qarTvlis dedaSi~ grZnobis amara, winamZRolis gareSe miatova
xalxi, romelzec is àCrdilis~ dawunebul variantSi werda:
nuTu es xalxi, romelT dahbades

daviT, dimitri, didi Tamari,
rusTveli da mis Zlieri qnari, _
nuTu es xalxi aRara aRzdges?...
is xalxi, romelic aRdga ukanaskneli brZolisTvis `qarTvlis dedaSi~, veRar (Tu aRar) hbadebs Tavis wiaRidan
axal dimitris, an axal daviTs Tu aRar saWiroebs maT? maT enacvleba grZnoba, da dedebis Zeni, romlebsac _
yvelas erTianad _ mzad aqvT Tavi gasawirad. xalxi mTlianad ewireba Tavisuflebas. yvela gmiria, yvela
dedis Svilia. TiToeuli maTgani dimitri Tavdadebulia, isini midian saomrad, raTa cocxlebi aRar
dabrundnen. sad da rodis xdeba es ambavi _ romel droul-sivrcul ganzomilebaSi? poetisave koncefcia,
rom mxsneli jer cam unda daniSnos, rom erma dabados, aq ugulebelyofilia. sekularuli sazogadoeba kidev
Seiwynarebs mamulisa da bazaleTis akvnis sakralizms da mistikas, magram mefeebs, rogorc winamZRolT,
romlebic `Tavis cxebul Tavsa msxverplad aZlevdnen mSobliur xalxsa~, aRar miiRebs. roca gonebiT
liberalma poetma 1878 wels gamoaqveyna gulis karnaxiT dawerili `dimitri Tavdadebuli~, did miTqma-moTqma
Seqmnila maSindel mweralTa wreSi. ilias daabrales poziciis Secvla, carizmis principebis momxreoba,
warsulis idealizacia, sinaTlisa da liberalizmis moZuleoba..... (gr. yifSiZe, ilia WavWavaZe 1837-1907,
biografia (wignSi: ilia: mogonebebi gardasul dReTa, Tb.: merani, 1987, gv. 70). amgvari braldebis
winaTgrZnobam gadaatanina avtors `qarTvlis dedis~ moqmedeba umefo da uwinamZRvro mermisSi, xalxis
meufebis hipoTetur epoqaSi. da, rac mTavaria, xalxs aRar esaWiroeba ciT daniSnuli poeti, radgan Tavad
xalxia ciT daniSnuli.
42
aSkaraa, aq mefis, rogorc sakraluri figuris, da xalxis, rogorc sekularulis,
dapirispireba myinvarisa da Tergis dapirispirebis analogiurad. aq, am konkretul teqstSi,
mas ar uyvars mefe Tavisi omebiT, rogorc ar uyvars myinvari. `saqme xalxia~ _ ra surs amiT
Tqvas? rom mTavaria xalxis yoveldRiuri yofa, da yvelaferi, rac ekuTvnis am sofels
(saeculum), amao fusfusiT da yayaniT (`qveynis yayani~, `saydris win jgufad xalxi idga da
hyayanebda~; èh, ras hyayanebT!~)? es empiriuli xalxi, romelic yvela epoqaSi rCeba aseTad,
poets ar hyavs mxedvelobaSi. es moyayane xalxi, Tundac eri davarqvaT, ar izidavs mas, xalxi,
romelmac mamuli sakuTar karmidamomde daaknina. is xalxi, romelsac igi mefes upirispirebs,
TiTqmis mistikuri sxeuli, romelsac sxva adgilas mamuli ewodeba, aris misi siyvarulis da
aRtacebis (gankvirvebis) sagani. magram es xalxi realurad arsad Cans _ arc mis awmyoSi da arc
warsulSi, magram surs ki xedavdes. igi ocnebis sagania, mTeli sakralizmi, rac mas SeeZlo
ganecada, am warmosaxviT xalxzea gadatanili; mefe daclilia sakralizmisgan, raTa xalxi
Seimosos miT _ xalxi TviTmyofadi, TviTmpyrobeli, rogoric man `qarTvlis dedaSi~
gamoiyvana, rogorc mesianisturi ideis matarebeli.
xalxi esqatologiuri figuraa, romelic a(Ra)r saWiroebs mefes. `qarTvlis dedaSi~
poetma aRadgina hipoTeturi xalxi Tavisi `saqmiT~.
xalxi azvirTda, xalxi aRsdga, xalxi moqmedobs,

kaspiis zRvidam Sav zRvamdina erTs fiqrsa hfiqrobs, _
da eg fiqria mTel kavkasis Tavisufleba!..
didia xalxi rom es grZnoba win waruZRveba!~
araviTari sxva winamZRoli, garda grZnobisa, romelic, Cans, spontanurad ibadeba xalxSi.
araviTari mefe, arc pirovneba-mesia, arc RmerTTan laparaki. xalxia Tavisi sakuTari Tavis
mefe.
sabolood, Tu im simboloebSi, romlebic aRebuli aqvs poets, _ myinvari da Tergi-
aragvi, _ Tavisi ideis gasatareblad, romlebic mwifdeboda yrmobis droidan da swored aseTi
konfiguracia miiRo, _ davinaxavT universaluris kerZo gamovlinebebs, SegviZlia sxva
sferoSi movuZebnoT maT semantikuri adeqvatebi: esenia saxarebiseuli wyvili _ mariami da
marTa, romelTagan erTi kontemplacias, mWvretelobiT cxovrebas, meore praqtikul
cxovrebas gamoxatavs.
mariami uZravad zis da ismens, xolo marTa `zrunavs da SfoT ars~, rogorc Tergi da
aragvi, fusfusebs, egebeba wuTisoflis stumrebs, mariami egebeba RvTis Zes da mdumared
usmens mas. marTa emsaxureba xiluls, mariami _ uxilavs, da raki `xiluli ese sawuTro ars,
xolo ara xiluli igi _ saukuno~ (2 kor. 4:18), marTas iseve aRizianebs mariami, romelic
ganridebulia da ar ikarebs wuTisoflis yayans, rogorc poets _ didebuli da dadumebuli
myinvari. rogorc poeti sayvedurobs myinvars `rad minda me misi dideba? qveynis yayani, qveynis
qariSxali, qrolva, qveynis av-kargi mis maRals Sublzed erT ZarRvsac ar aatokebs...~ aseve
marTa uCivis mariams _ ùfalo, ara iRvwi, rameTu daman Cemman martoÁ damiteva me msaxurebad?
arqu mas, raÁTa Semeweodis me~ (l. 10:40) da is pasuxi, romelic uflisgan miiRo marTam
_`marTa! marTa! hzrunav da SfoT xar mravlisaTÂs, aqa erTisaÁ ars saÃmar. xolo mariam
keTili nawili gamoarCia, romeli arasada mieRos misgan~ (l. 10:41), SeeZlo moesmina poets
myinvarisgan, ukeTu igi, dadumebuli, daarRvevda dumils.
Tumca isic unda iTqvas, rom es orni dani, xilul-uxilavis, Jamier-uJamos erTianobis
gamomxatvelni, erTmaneTs avseben, radgan erTi Ziridan arian amozrdilni, rogorc Tergi da
myinvari. ieso, maTi moZRvari, ar uaryofs marTas da mis Rvawls ar ukuagdebs, SesaZloa, ufro
metadac uyvardes, radgan saxarebaSi sweria: ùyuarda iesos marTa da daÁ misi~ (i. 11:5), anu jer
marTa, mere mariami. namdvilad, sruliad garkveuli azriT, uflis siyvaruli wuTisoflis
zrunvaSi Cafluls ufro esaWiroeba. aki imave saxarebaSi vkiTxulobT, rom àra moavlina
RmerTman Ze Tvisi soflad, raÁTa dasajos sofeli, aramed raÁTa acxovnos sofeli mis mier~ (i.
3:17). ufro metic aris naTqvami: `rameTu esreT Seiyuara RmerTman sofeli ese, viTarmed Zeca
TÂisi mxolodSobili mosca mas~ (i. 3:16).
P.S. àCrdilis~ ori variantis ori epigrafi _ erTi fsalmunidan:
aRzdeq, ufalo, RmerTo Cemo, da aRmarTe

xeli Seni, da nu daiviwyeb glaxakTa SenTa
sruliad,
xolo meore `vefxistyaosnidan~:
ra vardman Tvisi yvavili gaaxmos, daamWknarosa,

igi wava da sxva mova turfasa sabaRnarosa,
43
asaxavs avtoris yoymans _ sakralurisa da sekularulis monacvleobas, ukanasknelisadmi

saboloo upiratesobis miniWebiT. pirvelis mixedviT, istorias warmarTavs RmerTi da igi aris
misi ukanaskneli msjavrmdebeli da ganmkiTxveli; meoris Tanaxmad ki, istoria bunebrivi
procesia da amitomac bunebis movlenaTa saxeebiT aRiwereba.
damowmebani:
baraTaSvili 1972: baraTaSvili n. Txzulebani. Tb.: gamomcemloba `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, 1972.

orbeliani 1984: orbeliani gr. saRamo gamosalmebisa. Tb.: gamomcemloba `merani~, 1984.
WavWavaZe 1987: WavWavaZe i. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli oc tomad. Tb.: gamomcemlobebi: `mecniereba~,
44
Tamaz vasaZe
orgvari cnobiereba
zogadad SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom ilia WavWavaZis patriotuli ideali iyo saqarTvelo
rogorc Tavisufali, civilizebuli, evropeizebuli qveyana, xolo Tu davakonkretebT, mis
prozaSi gamokveTilia orgvari cxovrebis yaida da cnobierebis wyoba, romelTagan erTi
mTlianad ewinaaRmdegeba da gamoricxavs qveynis evropeizaciis geziT ganviTarebas, meore ki
am geziT svlis mamoZravebelia.
sinamdvilisadmi evropul damokidebulebas, arsebiTad, ayalibebs is, rom dasavleli
adamiani TavisTavis da cxovrebis aRmSenebeli da gardamqmnelia. misi yofiereba realobis
mizanmimarTuli Secvlis, gaumjobesebis sistematuri cdaa, radgan igi Tvlis, rom es realoba
mudmiv srulyofas saWiroebs. dasavleli adamiani energiulad eswrafvis bunebrivi da
socialuri garemos mowesrigebas, marTvas, raTa igi TavisTvis ufro keTilmyofeli da
Sesaferi gaxados. yovel SemTxvevaSi, renesansis epoqidan mokidebuli, dasavleli adamiani
swored aseTi Cans, Tumca amis fesvebi ufro Rrmaa.
Zneli warmosadgenia, sinamdvilisadmi amgvari damokidebulebis ufro sruli uaryofa,
vidre ilia WavWavaZis `kacia-adamianis?!~ personaJebis arsebobaa: mouwyobeli da
mouwesrigebeli yofa da sacxovrebeli garemo, romelsac mis mimarT adamianis ukiduresi
daudevrobis daRi adevs: ucvleloba, erTis da imaves gauTavebeli gameoreba, roca droc
TiTqos uZravia: uqmi da modunebuli, uenergio sicocxle, romlis sifuturoves avsebs
xorcieli tkboba, gancxroma, SeiZleba iTqvas, àRmosavluri hedonizmi~, oRond iseTive uxeSi
da primitiuli, rogoric aris yvelaferi, rasac mwerali TaTqariZeebisTvis damaxasiaTeblad
miiCnevs.
cxovrebisadmi dasavluri, aqtiuri damokidebuleba saTaves iRebs gonebis primatidan,
romelmac, sabolood, Tavisi cxadi gacnobiereba da aRiareba racionalizmSi da
ganmanaTleblobaSi pova. TviT gonebaa aqtiuri, moZravi, sinamdvilis wvdomis, gagebis da,
amdenad, dauflebis daJinebiT mcdeli, gonebis raobaa maradiuli maZiebloba. ukve miRweuliT
daukmayofilebloba, sisrulisken Seusvenebeli ltolva. `fausturi adamianis~ gonebis
mousvenrobaa ukufenili evropis socialuri da kulturuli cxovrebis aqtiur-dinamiur
xasiaTSi, intensiur SemoqmedebaSi, SromaSi, romelmac sinamdviles gonebis moTxovnebis
Sesatyvisi Tvisebrioba da saxe unda mianiWos.
ilia WavWavaZe, rogorc racionalisti da ganmanaTlebeli, Tavisi satiris Zireul Temad
ugunurebas irCevs da Tavisi gmirebis samarcxvino dacemulobis pirvelmizezs ugunurebaSi
xedavs. `kacia-adamianis?!~ personaJebisTvis, upirvelesad, swored gonebis sizantea
niSandoblivi da maTi fizikuri inertuloba, mZime da umoZrao materialuroba maTive
gonebrivi uZraobis mxatvruli gansxeulebac aris. TaTqariZeebis mTeli arseboba sruliad
araracionaluria da, avtoris TvalTaxedviT, pirvel rigSi, amiT aris damaRoneblad
komikuri. moTxrobis gmirebi TiTqos buranSi, mTvlemarebaSi arian Caflulni. maT moSlili
aqvT kavSiri realur, cocxal sinamdvilesTan, ar gaaCniaT misi saRad aRqmis da gaazrebis
unari. isini Caketilni arian yalbi tradiciuli Sexedulebebis, crurwmenebis, iluziebis —
gonebiT da sinamdvilis logikiT daudasturebeli warmodgenebis moCvenebiT samyaroSi,
romelsac namdvili samyarosgan yru, sqeli kedeli mijnavs.
moTxrobis gmirebis cnobiereba `miTiur-poeturia~, `magiuria~. am cnobierebas SeiZleba
eWvmiutanel WeSmaritebad miaCndes zRapruli istoria xe cnobadisas zurmuxtis nayofis
Sesaxeb, romelic did saxelmwifoTa Soris cilobis sagania da qveynad arev-darevas iwvevs.
ymebis momaval ganTavisuflebas es cnobiereba imiT xsnis, rom mzes gveleSapi Semoexvia,
radgan adamianebis codvebma imata — zogierTi mebatone uRirsad iqceva, tradicias Ralatobs
da vaWariviT mogebas eZebs. sakuTar uSvilobasac, rogorc gvaxsovs, TaTqariZeebi zebunebrivi
Zalebis wyromas Tu boroti sulebis xrikebs miaweren da am ubedurebisgan Tavdasaxsnelad
`magiur~ saSualebebs iyeneben. sinamdvilis movlenebs Soris realuri mimarTebebis, mizez-
Sedegobrivi kavSirebis danaxva da gageba maT ar SeuZliaT da sruliad araidumali ambebi
`jadosnur-mistikurad~ aixsneba. amgvari araracionaluri azrovnebis nimuSia, vTqvaT,
luarsabis mier batonymobis gamarTlebac RvTis nebaze miTiTebiT da im utyuari sabuTiT, rom
adamianis xelis TiTebic ki RmerTma araTanabari zomis Seqmna. moTxrobaSi komizms xSirad
badebs azrovnebis alogikuroba, gmirebis mier gamomJRavnebuli logikuri dasabuTebis
uunaroba, maTi àzrebis~ da am àzrebis~ dasamtkiceblad moSveliebuli `faqtebis~,
àrgumentebis~ Seusatyvisoba. amis klasikuri magaliTia cnobili `buzebis epizodi~, sadac
sinamdvilis elementaruli logikis vergagebaa gamasxrebuli. aseve cnobil pasaJSi, romelic
kulinariis sakiTxebze kamaTs eZRvneba, gamWvirvalea aramxolod TaTqariZeTa interesebis
simdable da siwvrilmane, aramed, agreTve, cnobierebis garkveuli, araracionaluri wyoba,
kamaTis sagnis araCevaSive rom vlindeba — ar SeiZleba imis logikuri argumentireba, Tu
romeli kerZia `kerZebis mefe~ an romeli Tevzi _ `Tevzebis mefe~, es `poetur-pirobiTi~
45
warmodgenebis sferoa. amitom àrgumentad~ gvevlineba gmirebis Wirveuli subieqtivizmi
romelsac jiutad ar surs ukan daxeva. es gamamxiarulebeli viTareba garkveuli, arc ise
mxiaruli daskvnebis gamotanisken gvibiZgebs. racionaluri azrovneba gulisxmobs
sinamdvilis kanonebis da obieqturi wyobis adekvatur aRqmas, moiTxovs adamianis arsebobis
realobasTan mkacrad SeTanadebas. igi subieqts garkveul sazRvrebs uwesebs, xolo
racionaluri azrovnebis ganuviTarebloba realisturi aRqmis sisustes moaswavebs da
infantilurad Jinian subieqtivizms Tavisufleba eZleva. gonebis umoqmedoba da siRatake,
gonebis kontrolis ararseboba aadvilebs qvena grZnobebis da vnebebis, moqiSpeobis, jibris,
Suris galaRebas, rogorc es TaTqariZeebis cxovrebaSia.
`kacia-adamianis?!~ gmirTa cnobierebaSi gabatonebul crurwmenebs Soris, ganaTlebis da
codnis, anu, arsebiTad, gonebrivi aqtivobis SiSnarevi aTvalwunebac aris. aseve aTvalwunebiT
ucqeren isini Sromas. moTxrobis personaJebs sCveviaT warsulis ganusjeli idealizacia,
romelic mJRvandeba, magaliTad, aseT absurdSi — adrindeli dro imiT jobs awmyos, rom maSin
saZraxis saqmeebs ukeTesad aCumaTebdnen. yvelaferi, rac civilizaciasTan aris
dakavSirebuli, maT `magiur~ da konservatul cnobierebas saxifaTo jadoqrebad, eSmakis
manqanebad warmoesaxeba (ase aRiqvamen qalaqis cxovrebas). cnobiswadili, raime axlis
gaazrebis moTxovnileba am daxSul cnobierebaSi ar iZvris. TaTqariZeebis arsebobis erT-erTi
burjia crurwmena, rom uxeSi Zaladoba aucilebelia wesrigisTvis — amaze metyvelebs
kolorituli epizodi, sadac ugunuri egzekucia, `ymebis dawiokebaa~ aRwerili, agreTve
luarsabis da darejanis gauxunari Segonebani imis Taobaze, rom ymebi mudam SiSSi unda
amyofo, Torem Tavs gauvaT. erTi Tanamedrove moazrovnis mtkicebiT, Zaladobis
absoluturuli efeqtianobis uryevi aRiareba, darwmunebis principTan SedarebiT
ZaladobisTvis upiratesobis miniWebac iyo aRmosavluri samyaros CamorCenis, gaxevebis
mizezi. TaTqariZeebic xom arsebiTad aRmosavlelebi, azielebi arian...
iluzorulia moTxrobis mTavari gmirebis warmodgena sakuTar Tavzec: rogorc ver
xedaven realobas, aseve ver xedaven TavisTavs realobaSi. maTi dabinduli, burusSi CaZiruli
goneba uZluria realisturad aRiqvas da gansajos maTive raoba, SesaZleblobebi da amis
Sedegad Tavs iCens komikurad gadaWarbebuli TviTSefasebani, Tavmomwoneoba, rac uzomo
kvexnaSi da qadilSi gamoixateba. isini amJRavneben gansakuTrebul `niWs~ Seiqmnan, ganimtkicon
da SeinarCunon iluziebi, yvelaferi warmogvidginon ise, rogorc maTTvisaa xelsayreli —
movigonoT Tundac uSvilobiT aRZruli peripetia da misi damagvirgvinebeli iluzoruli
gamarjveba, romlis aRsaniSnavadac xalisiani dResaswauli ewyoba. maTze damatyveveblad
moqmedebs qeba da pirferoba, radgan es tkbili iluziebis SenarCunebaSi exmarebaT da advilad
mosatyueblebi arian, imitom, rom adamiani yvelaze metad im tyuils ijerebs, romelic mis
Tavismotyuebis survils Tanxvdeba.
gonierebiT arc moTxrobis danarCeni personaJebi gamoirCevian, Tumca zogierT maTgans
aqvs patara eSmakuri Wkua, romelic mxolod sxvebis gabriyvebis da raRacis gamorCenis unarSi
vlindeba.
TaTqariZeebis cnobierebis wyobas ilia WavWavaZe gviandeli, ukve gamofituli
feodalizmis socialur struqturasTan akavSirebs, mis maxinj nayofad warmogvidgens. magram,
rogorc araerTxel aRniSnula, TaTqariZeTa saxeebi, socialur SinaarsTan erTad, erovnuli
xasiaTis garkveul Tvisebebsac moicaven, rasac moTxrobis avtoric gvaniSnebs.
Cveni azriT, ilias mier Seqmnil satirul saxeebs mniSvnelobas da sicocxlis
xangrZlivobas, uwinaresad, aZlevs maTSi gamoxatuli cnobierebis buneba. TaTqariZeebis
yofiTi cxovrebis wesis da empiriuli xasiaTis zogierTi niSani SedarebiT ioli Sesacvleli
(Tu SesaniRbi) aRmoCnda, maTi cnobierebis gvianfeodaluri wyoba ki ufro gamZle gamodga da,
mniSvnelovanwilad, jerac daurRvevelia.
amis istoriul mizezTagan, upirvelesia is, rom ilia WavWavaZis mier energiulad
wamowyebuli ganmanaTlebluri sulieri revolucia, romlis gagrZelebas da gaRrmavebas,
kapitalisturi ekonomikis da socialuri urTierTobebis ganviTarebis paralelurad, unda
moyoloda qarTuli cnobierebis racionalizacia, CaaxSo marqsistulma moCvenebiTma
racionalizmma, sinamdvileSi kvlavindeburad `miTologiam~, `magiam~. igi aRzrdis da
amkvidrebs cnobierebas, romelic ar aris orientirebuli samyaros adekvatur aRqma-gagebaze
da ar wyalobs racionaluri azrovnebis iseT kriteriumebs, rogoricaa sicxade, realizmi,
mizanmimarTuloba, logikuri Tanmimdevruloba, kritikuloba... aseTi kriteriumebiT
aRWurvili cnobiereba xelaRebiT, myari safuZvlis gareSe, arafers irwmunebs an uaryofs.
racionalizmsac axlavs garkveuli safrTxe. is SeiZleba mowydes cocxal sinamdviles da
gauCndes yovlisSemZleobis pretenzia; iqces sqematur doqtriniorobad, realobisgan
ganyenebul utopizmad, an dacildes humanizms da gamJRavndes rogorc emociuri siRaribe da
simSrale, usulgulo pragmatizmi, sinamdvilis da adamianisadmi momxmarebluri
damokidebuleba... magram yovelive es sxva msjelobis Temaa. amJamad, sxva yvelaferze metad,
swored Cveni naklebad racionaluri cnobiereba gveRobeba win, gviZnelebs demokratiuli
sazogadoebis da saxelmwifos Seqmnas, ramdenadac dasavluri demokratiis formirebis erT-
46
erTi ZiriTadi winamZRvari swored dasavluri racionalizmi iyo, xolo axla misi simkvidris
erT-erTi ZiriTadi garantiaa.,
racionalizmi ar cnobs apriorul, gonebiT da cdiT Seumowmebel WeSmaritebebs,
romelTa wvdomis da flobis monopolia warmoadgens avtoritaruli mmarTvelobis
ideologiur gamarTlebas; igi gulisxmobs sinamdvilis SemecnebiTi aTvisebis procesis
usasrulobas, rac arsebobis uflebas aniWebs azrovnebis pluralizms, aRvivebs
Semwynareblobas; is iqceva sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis optimaluri mowyobis sawindrad,
ramdenadac sinamdvilis racionaluri daufleba moiTxovs gonebis principebis —
WeSmaritebis, samarTlianobis, adamianis (rogorc gonieri arsebis) Tavisuflebis da
bednierebis — xorcSesxmas da sazogadoebis Sesabamis organizebasac; sinamdvilisadmi
racionaluri mimarTeba SesaZlebels xdis individTa interesebis urTierTSexamebas,
gonivruli TviTSezRudvis wyalobiT, TiToeuli individis Tavisuflebis Tanaarsebobas
sxvebis TavisuflebasTan.
Tavisufali sazogadoebis yvelaze mtkice sayrdenia racionaluri, Tavisufali Sroma,
romelic xels uwyobs Sesaferisi sulieri wyobis mqone adamianis Camoyalibebas.
ilia WavWavaZe eZiebda aseTi tipis adamians qarTul sinamdvileSi, man icoda, rogori
unda yofiliyo igi. òTaraanT qvrivis~ gmirebSi vxedavT mis idealur nimuSs, romelic
metnaklebi mxatvruli srulfasovnebiT aris realizebuli (qvrivis saxe gacilebiT ufro
sisxlsavsea, vidre giorgis saxe). am gmirebis yofierebis saZirkveli Sromaa, pirad
sakuTrebaze damyarebuli Tavisufali, racionaluri Sroma. adamianebis Sefasebis mTavari da
uSeRavaTo sazomic maTTvis keTilsindisieri Sromis, nayofieri aqtivobis unaria. Sromas
efuZneba maTi Sinagani damoukidebloba, Rirsebis gamaxvilebuli grZnoba da samarTlianobis
mZafri moTxovnileba. sakuTari adamianuri uflebebis dacvis SemZleoba. agreTve kerZo
sakuTrebisadmi pativiscema da moqalaqeobrivi Segneba.
moTxrobis mTavari personaJebi, upirvelesad oTaraanT qvrivi, arsebiTad imave eTikis
ganmaxorcieleblebi arian, romelsac maqs veberi `protestantuli Sromis eTikas~ uwodebs da
`kapitalizmis sulis~ gaCenis da damkvidrebis mZlavr faqtorad miiCnevs. igi moiTxovs
meTodur sibejiTes, yairaTianobas, sifxizles, yofa-cxovrebis da meurneobis gonivrul
reglamentirebas, organizebas. vfiqrobT, aq saWiro ar aris moTxrobis Sesabamisi
monakveTebis vrclad ganxilva imis dasadastureblad, Tu ramdenad damaxasiaTebelia
nawarmoebis gmirebisTvis amgvari eTika (niSandoblivia Tundac is, rogor gegmazomierad
anawilebs qvrivi Tavis Semosavals), oRond maT Tvisebebs ar ganekuTvneba iseTi burJuaziuli
mankiereba, rogoric xelmoWerilobaa. oTaraanT qvrivs mwerali qristianuli qvelmoqmedebis
saTnoebiTac ajildovebs, romelsac is garegnuli siuxeSiT avlens, raTa mowyalebis mimRebs
Rirsebis grZnoba da damoukidebeli arsebobis moTxovnileba gauRviZos.
veberi protestantuli Sromis eTikis dacvas gansazRvras rogorc `saero asketizms~.
ilias gmiric pirquSi puritani qalia, cxovrebis simZimesTan brZolaSi da tanjvis moTmenaSi
asketiviT gamkacrebuli, Tavisi grZnobebis da survilebis asketuri simtkiciT damaurvebeli.
es morwmune adamiani, TaTqariZeebisgan gansxvavebiT, fatalistur pasiurobas mkveTrad
uaryofs da imeds, pirvel rigSi, sakuTar gonebaze da qmedebaze amyarebs. fxizeli da basri
goniereba, sruli realizmi, simarTlis, Tundac sastiki simarTlis danaxvis wadili da unari
megzurobs mas cxovrebaSi. misi cnobiereba racionaluria — iluziebiT, crurwmenebiT
Seuborkavi, cxadi azris da miznis gamomkveTi, myari logikis mimyoli, kritikuli da
TavisTavadi. ilias gmirs aRizianebs yovelive, rac gonebas adunebs da sinaTles aklebs.
TviTon iliasac xom gansakuTrebiT gonebis Zili aRizianebda.
racionaluri, gonebas dandobili cnobierebis formireba racionaluri da Tavisufali
Sromis safuZvelze, avtonomiuri pirovnebis gonivruli aqtivoba isaxeba ilia WavWavaZis
SemoqmedebaSi qveynis aRorZinebis da ganviTarebis pirobad. amgvar Tvalsazriss dRes iseve
ara aqvs ukeTesi alternativa, rogorc ar hqonda ilias dros.
47
irma ratiani
ilia da misi mkiTxveli
mxatvruli teqsti xangrZlivobis sam tips iTvaliswinebs: Seqmnis process, romelic

mimdinareobs realuri dro-sivrculi parametrebis farglebSi da teqstis mekavSired avtors
moiazrebs, mxatvrul kontinuums, rac gulisxmobs konkretuli teqstisaTvis niSandoblivi
individualuri mxatvruli qronotopuli modelis formirebas, da aRqmis process, romelic,
agreTve, xorcieldeba realuri dro-sivrcis konteqstSi, mxolod teqstis mekavSired
amjerad gvevlineba mkiTxveli. Sesabamisad, literaturuli nawarmoebi sami temporaluri -
modelis farglebSi funqcionirebs _ avtoriseuli, mxatvruli da mkiTxveliseuli
modelebisa, sadac avtoriseuli da mkiTxveliseuli temporaluri modelebi esadageba
literaturuli teqstis garegan formas da mxatvruli temporaluri modelis gaazrebisa da
aRqmis sxvadasxva poziciebad gvevlineba. am poziciaTa struqturuli urTierTmimarTebis
daregulirebis mizniT, specialur literaturaSi SemuSavebulia fizikuri da mxatvruli
metrikis cnebebi. fizikuri metrika, TumcaRa, TavisTavad, aRniSnavs Txrobisa da aRqmis
xangrZlivobebs, magram mudmivad ganixilavs maT moTxrobilis xangrZlivobasTan, anu
`mxatvrul metrikasTan~ mimarTebaSi: avtori mogviTxrobs konkretul ambavs garkveuli
drois ganmavlobaSi da, aseve garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi, mis monaTxrobs aRiqvams
mkiTxveli, anu nawarmoebSi fiqsirebuli mxatvrul-siuJeturi movlena warmoadgens rogorc
avtoris, ise mkiTxvelis intenciis sagans, magram gansxvavebuli perspeqtividan. ibadeba
kiTxva: ramdenad SesaZlebelia avtorisa da mkiTxvelis kontaqtis dadgena teqstis
konkretul monakveTTan mimarTebaSi da am kontaqtis ra Teoriuli da kompoziciuri formebi
arsebobs?
miuxedavad imisa, rom Txrobis xangrZlivoba avtoris prerogativaa, xolo aRqmisa _
mkiTxvelis, urTierToba maT Soris imTaviTve gansazRvrulia: aRqmis drois xangrZlivoba
pirdapir damokidebulebaSia Txrobis drois xangrZlivobasTan.
aRqmis drois xangrZlivoba, tipologiuri TvalsazrisiT, or pozicias ganasxvavebs:
kiTxvis xangrZlivobasa da wakiTxulis cnobierebaSi fiqsaciis xangrZlivobas. aqedan, Tu
kiTxvis xangrZlivoba subieqtisagan damoukidebeli, gareSe mizezebiT ganisazRvreba _
SesaZlebelia kiTxvis Seneleba an aCqareba, wakiTxulisaken mibruneba, Sesveneba kiTxvis
procesSi da sxva, _ wakiTxulis cnobierebaSi fiqsacia, piriqiT, sruliad erTgvarovani
xangrZlivobiT xasiaTdeba: igi Seesabameba Txrobis xangrZlivobas da wakiTxuli masala
urRvev mTlianobaSi aRiqmeba. aRqmis mTlianoba ganpirobebulia ara marto wakiTxulis
calkeuli detalebis Tanmimdevruli, mwyobri ganlagebiT, aramed maTi organuli
gamTlianebiT. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, es aris mudmivi Serwymis procesi, rodesac avtori
teqstis farglebSi iwvevs mkiTxvelis warmosaxvas, xolo mkiTxveli, aseve teqstis farglebSi,
pasuxobs avtoris gamowvevas. Sesabamisad, mkiTxvelisa da avtoris kontaqti individualuri
Teoriuli modelis saxes iZens konkretuli literaturuli epoqis, stilis, problematikisa
da meTodologiis farglebSi: literaturis ganviTarebis nebismieri etapis, rogorc
tipologiurad da struqturulad mowesrigebuli movlenis, konteqstSi avtorisa da
mkiTxvelis urTierTmimarTeba konkretuli literaturuli sistemisaTvis niSandoblivi
stilistur da meTodologiur kanonebs emorCileba. gamonakliss am TvalsazrisiT arc me-19
saukunis realisturi literatura warmoadgens.
realizmis literaturuli skola xazgasmuli yuradRebiT moekida avtorisa da
mkiTxvelis urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxs. marTalia, mogvianebiT, me-20 saukunis
literaturulma kritikam araerTxel gadasinja àvtoris~ problema literaturaSi da,
rbilad rom vTqvaT, minimalurad Seafasa misi roli teqstSi (t. elioti, r. barti, J. Jeneti da
sxv.), me-19 saukunis literaturuli tradicia ver Tavsdeba am inovaciuri gaazrebis
farglebSi: realisturi literaturis wiaRSi avtori da avtoriseuli qronotopi gvevlineba
Txrobis kompoziciuri da dro-sivrculi orientaciis RerZad. cxadia, aqtualuria
mkiTxvelisa da mkiTxveliseuli qronotopis _ individualuri recefciis procesis _
funqciac, magram, umeteswilad, is regulirebulia avtoris mier: avtori mimarTavs mkiTxvels,
uxsnis, ganumartavs, ekiTxeba, pasuxobs, umtkicebs, anu, sakmaod mwired utovebs, izeris
termini rom moviSvelioT, `bundovan adgilebs~ Tu `teqstualur gaurkvevlobebs~, romlebic
unda Seavsos an TavsatexebiviT amoxsnas mkiTxvelma. cnobilia, rom kiTxvis aqti mudmivad
gaxsnili perspeqtivaa, romelic, erTi mxriv, iTvaliswinebs konteqstualur modifikaciebs,
xolo, meore mxriv, xels uwyobs mkiTxvelis maqsimaluri fleqsiurobisa da transformaciis
unaris realizebas. anu sxvadasxva istoriuli da sociokulturuli konteqstis mkiTxveli
sxvadasxvagvarad erTveba teqstSi da aRqmis procesi individualuri aqtis saxes iZens. me-19
saukunis realisturi literatura, romelic ostaturad iyenebs teqsts social-erovnuli,
eTikuri da filosofiuri xasiaTis problemebis gaxmianebis tribunad, TiTqos xelovnurad
arRvevs recefciis am logikas. realisti mwerali cdilobs mkiTxvelis `dayoliebas~, misi
48
recefciis procesis garkveul kalapotSi Cayenebas da am miznis misaRwevad, aqtiurad
mimarTavs oratoruli pragmatikis Tumca nacad, magram stilisturad modificirebul xerxs.
***
oratoruli pragmatikis safuZvlebi jer kidev antikur epoqaSi Camoayaliba
aristotelem, rodesac maRali ritorikis mraval mniSvnelovan funqciaTa Soris, sagangebod
gamohyo misi stilisturi funqcia: msmenelze zemoqmedebis oratoruli berketebis, sityvaTa
logikuri ganlagebisa da saubrisaTvis Sesaferisi gamometyvelebis SerCeva. stilisturi
funqciis samive z.C. komponenti Tanabrad saWiroa oratorisaTvis, Tumca, maTi xvedriTi wili
bevradaa damokidebuli oratoris konkretul miznebsa da amocanebze. aseT SemTxvevaSi,
romeli stilisturi komponentis gaaqtiurebas unda elodes msmeneli maSin, rodesac
oratorad mxatvruli teqstis avtori gvevlineba? literaturuli teqstis avtori mxolod
maSin irgebs oratoris niRabs, Tu mkiTxvelis recefciisaTvis misTvis sasurveli gezis
micemas cdilobs da mTavar iaraRad, cxadia, sityvas aqcevs, sityvaTa ganlagebas _ kavSirsa da
intonacias. sityvis es ritorikuli funqcia gansakuTrebuli efeqturobiT gamoiyenes Sua
saukuneebis moRvaweebma. aristoteleseuli Segoneba _ `sityva Sedgeba ori nawilisagan,
radgan aucilebelia daadgino is sagani, razedac msjelob da daamtkico kidec~ (aristotele
1981: 195), amasTan, `sabuTebi damajerebeli unda iyos~ (aristotele 1981: 206) _ adreuli Sua
saukeneebis moazrovneebma ostaturad gadmoanacvles mxatvruli teqstis sibrtyeze da
alegoriuli egzegetikis umTavres ornamentad gardaqmnes. alegoriuli egzegetikis meTodis
Sesabamisad, avtoris pozicia (ZiriTadad, bibliur teqstebTan mimarTebaSi), rogorc utyuari
WeSmariteba, moxerxebulad ganTavsda `sxvagvarad Tqmis~ stilisturi xerxis yalibSi.
aRmoCnda, rom nebismieri teqsti SeiZleba daemorCilos alegoriuli reinterpretaciis
process, romlis wiaRSic ganxorcieldeba movlenis damajerebeli gadaazreba, xolo
warmmarTvel rols Seasrulebs avtoris konceptualuri strategia. am mimarTulebiT
mniSvnelovan warmatebebs miaRwies porfiriusma, proklem, netarma avgustinem, mogvianebiT _
dantem, romlebmac, `sxvagvarad Tqmis~ meTodologiis danergviT SeZles aramarto
qristianuli Teologiis tradiciis, aramed teqstebis inerpretaciuli mravalferovnebis
kulturis Camoyalibeba. oratoruli pragmatika warmatebiT modelirda poetikur sistemaSi.
qristianuli azrovnebis wiaRSi fesvCayrili tradicia met-naklebi upiratesobiT
gagrZelda Semdgomi epoqebis literaturul azrovnebaSi: Tu neoklasikuri esTetikuri
koncepti ritorikuli stilis gadaWarbebul dozas iTvaliswinebda, riTac azaralebda
teqstis mxatvrul plans da metad mosawyens, mkacrad didaqtikursa da logikurs xdida
Txrobas, mas TiTqmis ar aqcevdnen yuradRebas romantikosebi, rac meore ukiduresobas
warmoadgenda. XIX saukunis 40-iani wlebidan gaZlierebulma realisturma tendenciam aRadgina
darRveuli balansi da oratoruli pragmatika kvlavac normirebuli reJimis pirobebSi
Caayena. procesis mowesrigebaSi gadamwyveti roli mieniWa avtorisa da mkiTxvelis
urTierTmimarTebis struqturul daregulirebas: avtori gamoikveTa rogorc
konceptualuri lideri, teqstis warmmarTveli koordinata, oratori, xolo mkiTxveli
warmoCinda rogorc avtorTan aqtiur dialogSi Cabmuli mosaubre, inteleqtualuri
partniori, romelic usmens avtors da romlis mxardaWerasac mudmivad saWiroebs avtori.
gamomdinare aqedan, realisturi literatura da, cxadia, qarTuli realisturi literaturac,
daefuZna oratoruli pragmatikis modificirebul, dialogur meTods da maqsimalurad
gaaaqtiura avtorisa da mkiTxvelis urTierToba teqstSi kompoziciuri kveTis meSveobiT.
kompoziciuri kveTis saukeTeso formad mkiTxvelTan avtoris Ria dialogi iqca, saubari e.w.
`gaxsnili teqstiT~, rodesac avtori teqstSive afiqsirebs Tavis urTierTobas mkiTxvelTan
da gulwrfeli saubrisaken mouwodebs mas. urTierTobis fiqsacia, ara marto TvalsaCinoebas
sZens avtorisa da mkiTxvelis kontaqts teqstSi, aramed gamokveTs struqturuli mimarTebis
_ avtoriseuli qronotopi _ mxatvruli qronotopi _ mkiTxveliseuli qronotopi _
Sinaarsobriv da kompoziciur mniSvnelobas.
mkiTxvelTan dialogis mosurne realisti avtori, erTi mxriv, sityvis mesaWis, teqstis
gzamkvlevis, erTgvari mimarTulebis mimcemis funqciiTaa aRWurvili, xolo, meore mxriv, igi
mudmivad saWiroebs da moelodeba mkiTxvelis maqsimalur mxardaWeras. cxadia, mkiTxveli,
SeiZleba arc daeTanxmos mas, magram, valdebulia, gaiTvaliswinos igi, rogorc mosaubre da
partniori. msgavsi urTierTobis realizebis saukeTeso formas realistur literaturul
tradiciaSi warmoadgens avtoris mimarTva mkiTxvelisadmi, xerxi, romelsac warmatebiT
iTvisebs zogadad realisturi literatura, xolo `qarTuli sakiTxaviT~ mxrebdamZimebuli
qarTuli realizmi mas gansakuTrebuli pasuxismgeblobiT ekideba.
***
`qarTuli sakiTxavi~ im saWirboroto problemaTa erTobliobaa, romlebic mudmivad Tan
sdevda (da sdevs) qarTveli erisa da misi literaturis istorias, Tumca XIX saukuneSi,
49
qarTuli realizmis lideris, ilia WavWavaZis naazrevSi, igi mkveTrad gamoxatul sistemad
Camoyalibda da samoqmedo lozungis _ `mamuli, ena, sarwmunoeba~ _ saxe miiRo.
ilia WavWavaZe gacilebiT mets moiTxovda sakuTari Txzulebebisgan, vidre es erTi
mwerlis Semoqmedeba iyo: igi ara martivad `wamkiTxvelT~, aramed Tanamoazreebsa da
gulSematkivrebs, Sesabamisad, saimedo dasayrdens eZiebda qarTul sazogadoebaSi. mas ar
sWirdeboda seiris macqerali mkiTxveli, romelic ramdenime saaTiT Seiqcevda Tavs kiTxviT
da dascildeboda. dasustebuli, modunebuli, `gulgrilobis morevSi~ CaZiruli saqarTvelos
Wirisufals kargad hqonda Segnebuli TanamebrZolTa gamoWedvis aucilebloba. aseT dros
swored rom saukeTeso mokavSired moCanda oratoruli pragmatikis literaturuli
modifikacia avtoris rolis aqcentirebiTa da mkiTxvelTan gaZlierebuli kontaqtiT. iliac
siamovnebiT daeyrdno mas da jiutad Seudga mkiTxvelis `moTvinierebas~.
ilia Riad iwvevs dialogSi Tavis mkiTxvels: uyveba, usabuTebs, uxsnis, ganumartavs,
ekiTxeba, pasuxobs, anu mouRlelad da Tavdauzogavad esaubreba Tavis ers. ilias oratoruli
pragmatikis mTavari berketi zneobriobaa, vinaidan mSvenivrad uwyis: `molaparakis zneobas
udidesi zemoqmedebiTi Zala aqvs msmenelebze, romelTac sityviT aRtaceba SeuZliaT~
(aristotele 1981: 36). mas gacnobierebuli aqvs, rom: `sityva, mimarTuli msmenelebisadmi,
gamiznulia an imisaTvis, rom oratorma msmenelTa keTilganwyobileba moipovos, an imisTvis,
rom maTSi brazi gamoiwvios, an maTi yuradReba miipyros, anda piriqiT. radgan msmenelis
yuradRebis mipyroba yovelTvis araa sasurveli, amitom bevri oratori cdilobs msmeneli
gaacinos. yovelive es ki iwvevs imis ukeT gagebas, rasac urCeven da agreTve imas, rom oratori
zneobrivad wminda pirovnebad moCandes. radgan ufro metad aseT oratorebs usmenen xolme.
msmenelebi TanaugrZnoben dids, Taviseburs, sakvirvels, sasiamovnos~ (aristotele 1981: 198).
iliac yvela saSualebiT cdilobs mkiTxvelis yuradRebis mipyrobas da ndobis mopovebas.
saetapo mniSvnelobis mqone TxzulebebSi _ `mgzavris werilebi~, òTaraanT qvrivi~ da `kacia-
adamiani?!~_ sadac igi mTelis ZaliTa da energiT utevs `qarTul sakiTxavs~ da ara marto mas,
ilia maqsimalurad aaqtiurebs kontaqts mkiTxvelTan. avtorisa da mkiTxvelis urTierTobis
fiqsacia teqstSi avtoris mkiTxvelisadmi regularul mimarTvebSi xorcieldeba.
TxzulebaSi `mgzavris werilebi~ igi mTavari personaJis piriT gadmoicema:
òTxi weliwadi iyo, rac me ruseTSi vimyofebodi da Cemi qveyana ar menaxa. oTxi weliwadi!
. . ici, mkiTxvelo, es oTxi weliwadi ra oTxi weliwadia!..~ (WavWavaZe 1950: 10).
aRniSnuli mimarTva `mgzavris werilebis~ konceptualur laitmotivs warmoadgens: mas
efuZneba Txzulebis Sinaarsobrivi da kompoziciuri piramida. saxezea mkacrad motivirebuli
ritorikuli dialogi mkiTxvelTan, romelic adgens avtorisa da mkiTxvelis urTierTobis
CarCos da gansazRvravs am urTierTobis xasiaTs naraciis procesSi. Semdgomi Txrobisas
msgavsi tipis mkveTri mimarTva mkiTxvelisadmi Tumca ar fiqsirdeba, magram mZafrad
SeigrZnoba emociuri qveteqstebis meSveobiT. gamonakliss warmoadgens nawarmoebis daskvniTi,
merve Tavi, sadac avtorisa da mkiTxvelis kontaqti teqstis doneze kvlavac aqtiur formas
iZens _ avtori amTavrebs saubars Tavis dakvirvebul mkiTxvelTan da ajamebs naraciis
Sedegebs:
`me, gakvriT, rogorc mgzavri, vixseneb mas, rac misgan gamigonia. Cemi cda marto imaSia,
rom imis azrisaTvis imisive feri SemerCia da imis sityvisaTvis imisive kilo. Tu es Sevasrule,
Cemi ganzraxvac Semisrulebia~ (WavWavaZe 1950: 30).
TxzulebaSi òTaraanT qvrivi~ avtoris erTaderTi pirdapiri mimarTva mkiTxvelisadmi
giorgis personaJs ukavSirdeba, rac warmoaCens mkiTxvelis mier giorgis personaJis gaazrebis
mniSvnelobas avtorisaTvis:
`giorgi ki rogorc CemTvis, mkiTxvelo, ise imaTTvis gamocana iyo~ (WavWavaZe 1950: 295).
mwerali TiTqos Tavazianad epatiJeba mkiTxvels Tavisufali interpretaciis samyaroSi,
magram es `Tavisufleba~ maqsimaluradaa marTuli: ilia nabij-nabij xsnis `deda-Svilobisa~ da
`xidCatexilobis~ problemaTa epicentrSi moqceuli personaJis gamocanas teqstSi da
mkiTxvelsac Tan iaxlebs.
CvenTvis saintereso mesame Txzuleba `kacia-adamiani?!~, gamorCeulad uxvadaa
datvirTuli mkiTxvelisadmi mimarTvebiT. rogorc Cans, Txzulebis problematikis
maqsimaluri eqsponirebiT frTaSesxmulma iliam zedmiwevniT kargad moirgo oratoris
tribuna. mkiTxvelisaTvis gankuTvnili ritorikuli mimarTvebi, SekiTxvebi Tu SeZaxilebi
klasikuri ritorikis stilSia Sesrulebuli da literaturuli ritorikis brwyinvale nimuSs
warmoadgens:
àr gegonoT, mkiTxvelno, rom es saxli ekuTvnodes erTs vismes Raribsa da mis-gamo iyos
egre gulSeutkivrad Tavminebebuli~ (WavWavaZe 1950: 127); ès qoneba, ymebidan dawyebuli
cxenamdina da miwamdina, imis xelSi, _ vinc gamoyeneba icis, _ kai lukma aris. maS raRad sdgas
egre cudad? mkiTxavs gakvirvebuli mkiTxveli. imitom rom qarTvelia, _ mogigebT sruliad
darwmunebuli, rom kai sabuTi giTxariT~ (WavWavaZe 1950: 128); `mkiTxvelo xom ar mogewyina? . .
magram es unda icode, Sen, mkiTxvelo, rom me amisa qvemore xelis momwereli mkiTxvelis
gasarTvelad ar vwer am uxeiro moTxrobasa. me minda am moTxrobam Caafiqros mkiTxveli da, Tu
moiwyens, amis gamo moiwyinos, imitom rom fiqri da mowyena gauyrelni da-Zmani arian. me minda,
50
rom mkiTxvelma imitom ki ar moiwyinos, rom gasarTveli ar ari, aramed imitom rom
Camafiqrebelia. Tu amodena ixerxa da SesZlo am uxeiro werilma, me amis meti ara minda ra da
arc mdomebia, Cemo mowyenilo mkiTxvelo!~ (WavWavaZe 1950: 131); `netavi imaT, mkiTxvelo! . .~
(WavWavaZe 1950: 137); `luarsabi dagviRonda, mkiTxvelo!~ (WavWavaZe 1950: 164); `bolos xom, _
Senc ici, mkiTxvelo, _ rom amaT erTmaneTi SeuyvardaT~ (WavWavaZe 1950: 192); àRar gaaTaveb?~
_ mkiTxavs mowyenili, da iqneba gajavrebulic, mkiTxveli. _ rogor ara! gavaTaveb, magram
iciT riTa? imiTi, rom luarsabis bedniereba dairRveva. Tu magisTana mtkice bednierebac
dairRveva, maS raRa yofila daurRveveli qveyanazed? _ daiZaxebs CemTan erTad daRonebuli
mkiTxveli. marto qveyanaa, mkiTxvelo, daurRveveli~ (WavWavaZe 1950: 220); `mag Sesandobars da
Sesabraliss Cveulebas Tavisi azri da safuZveli hqonia, magram ar giTargmni ki, mkiTxvelo!~
(WavWavaZe 1950: 221); `me gavaTave da Sen, rac ginda, hqmen, mkiTxvelo~ (WavWavaZe 1950: 221);
`sxvafriv mSvidobiT brZandebodeT da SendobiT ixseniebdeT monasa Tqvensa~. . . (WavWavaZe 1950:
223).
mkiTxvelisadmi avtoris esoden xSiri mimarTvebi, romlebic gajerebulia ara marto
calkeuli frazebiT, aramed seriozuli msjelobebiTa da daskvnebiT (gansakuTrebiT bolo
TavSi), aramarto sruliad aSkarad da daufaravad afiqsirebs kontaqts avtori _ mkiTxveli,
aramed warmoaCens avtoriseuli da mkiTxveliseuli qronotopuli modelebis myar poziciur
kavSirs, gamokveTils mxatvrul qronotopul modelTan mimarTebaSi. daculia fizikuri
metrikis norma: avtoris yuradReba, drois garkveul monakveTSi, koncentrirebulia
konkretul sakiTxze da, aseve drois garkveul monakveTSi, aRiqvams mas mkiTxveli. avtorisa da
mkiTxvelis kontaqti teqstis konkretul monakveTTan mimarTebaSi dadgenilia oratoruli
pragmatikis meTodis farglebSi da gamoxatulia kompoziciuri kveTis formiT. avtorisa da
mkiTxvelis urTierToba fiqsirdeba Riad, e.w. `gaxsnili teqstiT~, sadac avtori gvevlineba
dialogis mesaWed, mkiTxveli ki _ mis aqtiur msmenelad. ilia, rogorc WeSmaritad realisti
mwerali, arasodes iviwyebs `Tavis mkiTxvels~, mas, visTvisac qmnis, Sromobs, iRvwis da ibrZvis.
***
...avtorisa da mkiTxvelis urTierToba tradiciuli literaturaTmcodneobiTi

samkuTxedis _ avtori, teqsti, mkiTxveli _ erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi da urTulesi
maxasiaTebelia. teqsti iseve ar moiazreba aRmqmeli subieqtis anu mkiTxvelis gareSe, rogorc
ar SeiZleba moazrebul iqnas avtoris gareSe. avtorisa da mkiTxvelis kontaqtis specifikas
gansazRvravs da adgens literaturuli epoqa misi esTetikuri principebiTa da
meTodologiuri kanonebiT.
realizmis epoqaSi gansakuTrebulad fasobs avtorisa da mkiTxvelis urTierToba
teqstSi. realisti mwerali arc neoklasikuri epoqis diqtatoria, magram arc romantizmis
epoqis liberali _ realisti mwerlebi Zalian hgvanan pultTan mdgom diriJorebs, romlebic,
TumcaRa akontroleben orkestris (teqstis) yovel bgeras (struqturul rgols),
warmatebisaTvis mudmivad saWiroeben mxardamWerTa aplodismentebs. oratoruli pragmatikis
modificirebuli poetikuri sistemis principebiT SeiaraRebuli realisti mwerlebi
mkiTxvelis gulisa da gonebis `dapyrobas~ eswrafvian, cdiloben, Tanamoazreebad aqcion
isini, gulSematkivrebad, romlebTanac yovelTvis SeiZleba konstruqciuli dialogis
warmoeba.
damowmebani:
aristotele 1981: arostotele. ritorika. Tb.: Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, 1981.

WavWavaZe 1950: WavWavaZe i. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli aT tomad. p. ingoroyvas redaqciiT. t. II. Tb.:
saqarTvelos ssr saxelmwifo gamomcemloba, 1950.
51
mariam niniZe
mxatvruli narativi publicistikaSi _ ilias kidev erTi reforma
publicistikis dargSi profesionali Jurnalistebis garda xSirad moRvaweoben

mwerlebic. dikensma, zolam, markesma presaSi xangrZlivi TanamSromlobis Semdeg mohkides
xeli mwerlobas. msgavsi magaliTebi bevria amerikul literaturaSic (fiSkini 1985: 3-6). wignSi
`faqtidan gamonagonisken (Jurnalistika da mxatvruli nawerebi amerikaSi)~ saintereso
dakvirvebebia imis Taobaze, Tu ra gavlena iqonia mark tvenis, uaitmenis, draizeris, hemingueis
da dos pasosis Semoqmedebaze maTma xangrZlivma (zog SemTxvevaSi 20-25 wlianma)
publicisturma moRvaweobam. Cvens qveyanaSi cnobili mwerlebisa da presis urTierToba
umetes SemTxvevaSi sapirispirod warimarTeboda xolme _ mwerlobidan Jurnalistikisken.
XIX saukunis meore naxevramde saqarTveloSi TiTo-orola perioduli beWdviTi organo
arsebobda da Jurnalisturi sarbieli ise farTo ar iyo, rogorc evropasa da amerikaSi, magram
Cven gvqonda mdidari mxatvruli tradiciebi, amitom leqsi da moTxroba ufro adre
iwereboda, vidre publicisturi statia. ramdenadac literaturas saqarTveloSi mkiTxvelis
esTetikuri moTxovnebis dakmayofilebis garda eris SemakavSireblis da winamZRolis
funqciac hqonda, JurnalistikaSi ukve Camoyalibebuli mwerlebic erTvebodnen.
niSandoblivia, rom literaturul asparezze saqveyno aRiarebis miuxedavad, ilia WavWavaZe
cxovrebis bolo cameti wlis ganmavlobaSi mxolod publicistur werilebs aqveynebda.
erTi da imave Canafiqris Tu azris gamoxatva mxatvruladac SeiZleba da
dokumenturadac. presisTvis orive misaRebia, magram, rogorc formiT, ise SinaarsiT,
yoveldRiuri cxovrebis dinamikas publicistika ufro marjved uwyobs fexs, vidre
sityvakazmuli literatura. praqtikuli TvalsazrisiTac, gazeTis an Jurnalis or nomers
Soris intervalSi statiis dawera ufro iolia, vidre mxatvruli Txzulebisa.
Jurnalistikis ganviTarebam da misma specifikam amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi
literaturis wiaRSive moaxdina Zvrebi _ warmoSva da saocrad popularuli gaxada axali
prozauli Janri novela _ iseTi moculobis nawarmoebi, romelic iolad Tavsdeboda
Jurnalisa Tu gazeTis erT nomerSi. CvenTan imave procesma gamoiwvia mwerlobis mizidva
dokumenturi Janrebisaken, publicistikaSi maT Cabmas ki mohyva mxatvruli Janrobrivi
formebisa da gamomsaxvelobiTi saSualebebis Semotana. presis furclebze gaCnda iseTi
Txzulebebi, romlebic dokumenturi prozis Tvisebebsac atarebda da mxatvrulisasac _
faqtobrivad maT zRvarze iyo.
marTalia, publicistika ZiriTadad informaciul-analitikuri mizandasaxulobisaa da
konkretul Temebsa da problemebs exeba, magram mkiTxvelisaTvis sulerTi ar aris, ra formiT
miawvdian mas saTqmels _ ramdenad esTetikuri da mimzidveli iqneba igi. amitom
gonebamaxvilurma Sedarebam, sxartma gamonaTqvamma, leqsikis SerCevam, daxvewili formis
gamoZebnam, movlenis zustma da morgebulma saxeldebam JurnalistikaSi mwerlebis CarTvis
Semdeg ufro didi yuradReba miipyro. es procesebi sazRvargareTul publicistikaSic
ganviTarda, magram ara iseTi swrafi tempiT da ise mokle droSi, rogorc CvenTan.
am mxriv reformatoruli aRmoCnda ilia WavWavaZis moRvaweoba. man gansakuTrebiT bevri
siaxle Semoitana publicistikaSi. Tavisi statiebisaTvis igi mravalferovan formebs irCevda.
feletoni `sxartula~ aris dawerili piesis saxiT, romelSic ori personaJi monawileobs _
redaqtori da misi raindi baqia. pirveli Jurnal ciskris redaqtors _ ivane kereseliZes
ganasaxierebs, meore ki _ anton furcelaZes, romelic qereli beqas fsevdonimiT werda.
Txzulebas aqvs sakmaod vrceli sasceno remarkebi _ dekoraciis aRweriloba da miniSnebebi
ama Tu im frazis warmoTqmis dros saWiro emociur datvirTvaze. siuJeti gamogonilia. misi
xorcSesxmisTvis gamoyenebulia mravalferovani mxatvruli xerxebi, magram Canafiqri
publicisturia. igi miznad isaxavs Jurnal `saqarTvelos moambis~ mimarT `ciskris~
TanamSromelTa mtruli ganwyobis sarkastulad warmoCenas.
situaciis komizmis Cvenebis mizniT mwerali sxva formebsac mimarTavs. statia àmbavi
ybadasaRebi da wyalwasaRebi~ warmoadgens warmosaxviT reportaJs `Тифлисский Листок~-is
redaqciidan, sadac TiTqosda mimdinareobs niko nikolaZisTvis `belinskobis~ miniWebis
sazeimo aRniSvna. teqstSi CarTulia am Tavyrilobaze wakiTxuli depeSebi, romlebic
dokumenturobis imitirebis mizniT gamogzavnis zusti drois aRniSvniT iwyeba da piradi
werilebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli dasasrulis parodizirebiT mTavrdeba: `zoili da vanua _
RvTis madliT _ mSvidobiT brZandebian~.
imis gamo, rom werilSi `Cveni exlandeli sibrZne-sicrue~ avtori Tavisi oponentebis _
mixeil da ivane maCablebis sajaro gamosvlebs upirispirdeba, Tavadac leqciis formas irCevs
da nodar tabiZis sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, `kaTedraze Semdgars kaTedridanve epaeqreba~ (tabiZe
1998: 114). rogorc sajaro gamosvlis specifika moiTxovs, statia iwyeba sazogadoebisadmi
mimarTviT: `mowyaleno qalbatonebo da mowyaleno batonebo. me ar vici, rogor aRmovTqva, ra
sixaruli hduRs da gadmodis exla Cems gulSi, rom gxedavT amdens brwyinvale gvams, aq
mobrZanebuls Cemda sasmenad~ (WavWavaZe: 400). teqsts sarkastul iers aZlevs enis arqaulobac.
52
aseve sruliad mizandasaxulad irCevs ilia WavWavaZe formas werilisaTvis `gomarTelis
filosofia da arCil jorjaZis fsixologia~. ramdenadac statia ojaxis simtkicisa da
mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb presaSi gamoTqmul eWvebs upirispirdeba, avtori mas meuRlisaTvis
gagzavnili werilis saxes aZlevs da oponentTa daskvnebs abaTilebs mkiTxvelisaTvis imis
warmoCeniT, Tu sadamde SeiZleba migviyvanos msgavsma azrebma. siuJeti da tipaJi aqac, iseve,
rogorc zemoT ganxilul sxva werilebSi, gamogonilia, magram mizani kvlav konkretuli _
Jurnal `kvalSi~ dabeWdili ramdenime werilis gamoxmaureba, romlebSic mwerlis azriT
sibrZne da sicrue erTmaneTSi iyo areuli.
wmindad publicisturi mizandasaxulobiT am werilebidan ar gamoirCeva òrxmiani
saaxalwlo opereti~, romelic ilias galeqsili formiT aqvs dawerili. masSi monawileoben
giorgi wereTeli, zoili, silovan xundaZe, ilia xoneli da sxva realurad arsebuli pirebi.
TiToeuli maTganis `solo partias~ moyveba `xoros~ gamosvla, romelic winamorbedis naTqvams
afasebs da zog SemTxvevaSi sruliad aqarwylebs. is, rom moqmedi pirebi aq sakuTari saxelebiT
an yvelasTvis cnobili fsevdomimebiT arian Semoyvanilni, teqstis publicistur JReradobas
kidev ufro aZlierebs. am nawarmoebsa da zemoxsenebul `sxartulas~ Soris formis,
gamomsaxvelobisa da mizandasaxulobis TvalsazrisiT ufro meti msgavsebaa, vidre
gansxvaveba, magram dResdReobiT erTi mxatvrul Txzulebad aris miCneuli da akademiur
gamocemaSi leqsebis gverdiT ibeWdeba (WavWavaZe 1987: 161), meore ki _ dokumentur prozad da
Sesabamisad publicistikis tomSi aqvs miCenili adgili (WavWavaZe 1991: 135). mTlianad
publicisturi JReradobisaa cnobili `gamocanebic~ .
ilia WavWavaZis novaciebs bevrma sxva mweralma auba mxari. dRiuris forma aqvs akaki
wereTlis statias, romelic `droebis~ 1875 wlis 24 ianvris nomerSi daibeWda da sxvadasxva
sakiTxebTan dakavSirebul mokle Canawerebs aerTianebs. sizmar-cxadis saxiT aris
warmodgenili statia `bodva~ (droeba 1875: 21 marti), werilSi `gamosalmeba~ ki
saTavadaznauro bankis gardacvaleba da misi datirebaa parodizebuli. publicistikaSi
gamogonili siuJetis Semotana, mxatvruli tipaJis Semoyvana da axali formebis Zieba XIX
saukunis qarTul presaSi TandaTanobiT Cveulebriv movlenad iqca.
calke dakvirvebas imsaxurebs ilia WavWavaZis, vaJa fSavelasa da akaki wereTlis
mxatvrul-publicisturi werilebis ciklebi realisturi prozis msgavsi gamogonili tipaJis
_ sfiridonisa da Tadeozis, mamukasa da eqvTimes, ivanikasa da gojaspiris monawileobiT,
radgan es statiebi maTi anonimurobis gamo (WrelaSvili 1981: 39; lekiSvili 1969: 175) didxans
ar Sedioda maTi avtorebis TxzulebaTa mravaltomeulebSi, kritikosTa yuradRebis arealSi
mxolod atribuciis kuTxiT eqceoda da stilisa da formis Taviseburebebis TvalsazrisiT
Seuswavleli darCa.
mxatvrul-publicisturi tipaJi _ sfiridoni da Tadeozi iliam Tavis nawerebSi
pirvelad 1863 wels Semoiyvana ciklSi `sfiridonisa da Tadeozis baasi~. rogorc
saTauridanac Cans, werilebs dialogis forma aqvs.
filosofiuri, moralisturi da sxvadasxva aqtualuri Temebis gansaxilvelad dialogs
jer kidev antikur xanaSi mimarTavdnen. amis yvelaze cnobili magaliTi platonis dialogebia,
sadac ucvleli monawilis _ sokrates Tanamosaubreebi gansxvavebuli msoflmxedvelobis,
filosofiuri azrovnebisa da cxovrebiseuli Tvalsazrisis mqone adamianebi arian.
dialogebis meSveobiT platoni erTi mxriv warmoaCens Tavisi maswavleblis filosofiur
Sexedulebebs sxvadasxva sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT, meore mxriv ki xatavs imdroindeli
socialuri wreebisa da sazogadoebrivi azris mTel speqtrs. Temebis monacvleobas
ganapirobebs situaciisa da Tanamosaubris Secvla, rac siuJetis ganviTarebis msgavs funqcias
asrulebs, qmnis teqstis dinamiurobas da mas saintereso wasakiTxs xdis.
tipuri saxeebis Seqmnis da dialoguri formis arCevisas ilia WavWavaZe msgavs amocanas
isaxavs miznad _ gvaCvenos azrTa Widili da dapirispirebuli Sexedulebebis mqone adamianTa
saxeebi, magram konkretuli mizandasaxulobidan gamomdinare mas ar sWirdeba TanamosaubreTa
aseTi farTo speqtri. amitom arCevans akeTebs or tipur saxeze, romlebic im droisaTvis
yvelaze aqtualuri Temebis irgvliv gamarTul kamaTSi monawile jgufebs _ mamaTa da SvilTa
banakebs ganasaxiereben. maTi dialogebis warmoCeniT mwerali gvaCvenebs orive mxaris
Sexedulebebs.
sfiridoni axalgazrda, progresulad moazrovne, ganaTlebuli kacia, romelic
sainteresod saubrobs sxvadasxva sakiTxebze da kargad erkveva movlenebis arsSi. mas uyvars
samSoblo da ganicdis misTvis problemur yvela sakiTxs, aqvs daxvewili mxatvruli gemovneba,
abstraqtuli azrovnebisa da gansjis unari. misi leqsika ar aris gadatvirTuli samecniero
terminebiT, magram etyoba ganswavluloba. misi biZa Tadeozi ki Zveli Taobis
warmomadgenelia. masac uyvars Tavisi qveyana da ainteresebs mimdinare procesebi, magram
uWirs `ciskarSi~ dabeWdili statiebis arssa da RirebulebebSi garkveva. am xandazmuli kacis
metyvelebaSi xSiria arqaizmebi. igi ver egueba ara marto axal leqsikas, aramed yovelive
axals.
marTalia, nawarmoebis mizandasaxuloba publicisturia, magram tipaJis saxeTa
warmosaCenad mwerali Zalian mniSvnelovan Strixebs gamokveTs. magaliTad, Tadeozs
53
aTqmevinebs: `Cemi gulgrilobiT ise movuare Cems Tavs, rom exla janzec kargaTa var da
Ronezedaca~. gulgrilobis xarjze simSvidis da janmrTelobis SenarCuneba adamianis
Rirsebad, ra Tqma unda, ver CaiTvleba. Tadeozs SeCveuli Wiri urCevnia SeuCvevel lxins. misi
amgvari ganwyoba Cans `ciskris~ Sesaxeb naTqvamidan: òRond `ciskari~ iyos da rogoric ginda
iyos~. moxuci ver egueba kritikas da ukmayofilobas gamoTqvams: `ra aris, kritikebiT aamses
es Jurnali.~ Tadeozis devizia: `gana Cven ar gvesmis, magram Cumad varT~. es azrebi da ganwyoba
sruliad miuRebeli iyo iliasaTvis da Tumc aq pirdapir komentarebs ar akeTebs, saubrisas
warmoCenili naazreviT Tavad axasiaTebinebs Tadeozs sakuTar pirovnebas.
sfiridoni biZaze naklebad ar afasebs tradiciebs, magram maTi brmad mimdevari ar aris.
is cdilobs Tavisic da sxvisic _ yvelaferi obieqturad Seafasos. magaliTad, axali cnebebis
aRsaniSnad ucxo sityvebis Semotanas saWirod miiCnevs da arc enaSi ukve arsebul nasesxobebze
uaris Tqmis momxrea, radgan ucxo sityvebs mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia nebismieri xalxis
leqsikaSi da maT gareSe ena `kaliisgan moWmul yanas~ daemsgavseboda. aqac, iseve rogorc bevr
sxva sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT gamoTqmul mosazrebebSi, Zneli ar aris TviT avtoris
damokidebulebis Secnoba.
publicistur sivrceSi mxatvruli tipebis SemoyvaniT iliam saSualeba gamonaxa
aqtualur sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT ori gansxvavebuli mxaris azrebi da polemika erTi
werilis farglebSive warmoeCina. `baasis~ Temebi imis mixedviT aris SerCeuli, Tu ra
problemebis irgvliv iyo gaCaRebuli kamaTi am or banaks Soris. esenia: mamulis siyvaruli,
Jurnalis av-kargi, literaturis daniSnuleba, saTargmni masalis SerCevis principi da sxv.
yvela is sakiTxi, rac `sfiridonisa da Tadeozis baasSia~ ganxiluli, mweralma adrec
wamoWra dokumentur publicistur werilebSi, magram iq mkacri, mecnieruli toni hqonda
arCeuli, aq ki yvela problemas mSvidad da gamartivebulad ganixilavs, albaT imitom, rom
dialogebi bevrad ufro msubuqi wasakiTxi gaexada swored Tadeozis msgavsi mkiTxvelisaTvis.
werilebis mimzidvelobas isic ganapirobebs, rom monawileebs masSi gansxvavebuli
Sexedulebebis garda sxvadasxvagvari metyveleba da ganwyoba SemoaqvT.
`saqarTvelos moambeSi~ `sfiridonisa da Tadeozis baasis~ sami werili daibeWda, 80-ian
wlebSi ki mweralma paeqrobas piradi werilebis saxe misca. (`werilebi gadaRmiTgan~, 1886-1890).
epistolaruli Janric xangrZlivi istoriis mqonea. igi Tavdapirvelad popularuli gaxda
Sileris, paskalisa da monteskies TxzulebebiT da gvxvdeba rogorc dokumentur, ise
mxatvrul nawerebSi. werilebis seria publicistikaSi avtors saSualebas aZlevs drois
nebismieri intervalis Semdeg bunebrivad wamoWras axali Temebi da warmogviCinos maTze
gansxvavebuli azrebi.
rogorc dialogis, ise mimoweris formis arCevisas avtorebi ZiriTadad erTi romelime
personaJis piriT gadmogvcemen sakuTar damokidebulebas, Tavis nacvlad mas ametyveleben.
aseTi iliasaTvis sfiridonia. amitom gasakviri ar aris, rom mimoweraSi mTavari roli mas
daekisra. yvela werili sfiridonis mier aris dawerili da maTSivea informacia Tadeozis
pasuxebis Sesaxebac. avtorma dialogidan mimoweraze gadasvlis faqts siuJeturi axsna
mouZebna, viTomda Tadeozi moxucda, qalaqSi veRar Camodioda, biZa-Zmiswuli erTmaneTs ver
xvdebodnen da saubrebic amitom aRar imarTeboda, magram realurad mwerals dasWirda cota
ufro vrceli da CaRrmavebuli msjeloba, rasac werilis forma ukeT daitevda.
80-90-ian wlebSi ilias mier nacad xerxs vaJa-fSavelamac mimarTa. man ìveriaSi~
gamoaqveyna epistolaruli formiT dawerili statiebis seria, romelSic Semoiyvana tipaJebi
_ mamuka da eqvTime. (`werili megobarTan~, 1889-1893) statiebi am saxelebis xelmoweriT
ibeWdeboda, ris gamoc avtori didxans iyo daudgeneli.
mamukasa da eqvTimes saxeebSic imdroindeli sazogadoebis calkeuli wreebia
ganzogadebuli. sfiridonisa da Tadeozisgan gansxvavebiT isini erTi Taobis warmomadgenlebi
arian, erTad swavlobdnen da erTnairi ganaTleba miiRes, magram cxovrebis wesi da
mizandasaxuloba radikalurad gansxvavebuli aqvT. mamukasTvis mTavari erovnuli
Rirebulebebia, eqvTimesTvis ki _ piradi keTildReoba. pirveli swavlis Semdeg saqarTveloSi
dabrunda, rom Tavisi codna qveynisTvis moexmara, meore ki ruseTSi darCa karieris
Sesaqmnelad. mamukas werilebi Tavidan mSvidi, keTilganwyobili kiloTia dawerili, magram
bolo or baraTSi urTierToba Zalian mwvavdeba. mxatvruli siuJetis msgavsad garkveviT
ikveTeba kvanZis Sekvra da gaxsna. eqvTimes Sesaxeb moulodnelad vigebT bevr iseT rames, rac
masze warmodgenas gvicvlis. Turme is bavSvobaSi amxanagebs fuls paravda tkbileulis
sayidlad, studentobisas esircxveboda mamis Raribuli Cacmuloba da malavda, rom misi Svili
iyo. eqvTime ocdaaTi wlis asakSiac ki umwifara da Camouyalibebeli darCa, didkacobiT da Cin-
medlebiT mohqonda Tavi da WeSmariti Rirebulebebis fasi isev ar icoda, sul kantis da
hegelis xsenebaSi iyo, magram sinamdvileSi arcerTi ar hqonda wakiTxuli.
yovelive amas mamuka wers, magram eqvTimes pasuxidanac dasturdeba braldebebis
marTebuloba. is Tavadac ar uaryofs am faqtebs, magram mainc sjera, rom swor gzas adgas,
kmayofilia sakuTari warmatebiT da qedmaRlurad uyurebs yvelas.
werilebis Tematikas aqac ganapirobebs arCeul tipaJTa interesebis sfero. am
SemTxvevaSi igi moicavs sakiTxebs saTavadaznauro bankis, politikuri mimdinareobebis,
54
qarTvelTa nihilistobis, erovnuli TviTSegnebis arqonis, karierizmis, zne-Cveulebebis,
mSobliur enaze swavlebis aucileblobis da sxv. Sesaxeb. werilebSi SigadaSig CarTulia
leqsebi, romelTa didi nawilic gansaxilveli sakiTxebidan gamomdinareobs da specialurad
statiebisTvis dawerili Cans.
mamukasa da eqvTimes mimowera maTi Sexedulebebis, mizandasaxulobisa da xasiaTebis
garda gansxvavebulia eniT da stiliTac. pirveli Cveulebriv salaparako enaze wers da xSirad
iyenebs qarTul andazebs, meores werilebi ki aWrelebulia rusuli frazebiT. vfiqrobT, es
statiebi saintereso wasakiTxi iqneboda mkiTxvelisaTvis, gansakuTrebiT, kvanZis
moulodneli gaxsniT.
90-ian wlebSive mxatvruli tipaJebi da siuJetis msgavsi monaxazi Tavisi publicisturi
werilebis ciklSi akaki wereTelmac gamoiyena (`saxumaro gasarTobi~, 1893-1897). manac, ilias
pirveli ciklis msgavsad, dialogis formas mimarTa. es feletonebic xelmouwereli iyo da
maTi atribucia cnobil teqstologs, levan WrelaSvils ekuTvnis.
imis gamo, rom am periodSi bankis sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT gamwvavebuli iyo
dapirispireba dasavleT da aRmosavleT saqarTvelos warmomadgenlebs Soris, mweralma
dialogis monawileebad am mxareTa tipuri warmomadgenlebi airCia _ ivanika da gojaspiri.
kamaTis toni arc aq aris cxare da ori personaJidan ufro aqtiuria is, romelic avtoriseul
pozicias icavs. am SemTxvevaSi es aris ivanika. personaJTa sametyvelo stili mniSvnelovnad
gansxvavebulia erTmaneTisgan. aRmosavleli gojaspiri ZiriTadad saliteraturo enaze
metyvelebs, ivanikas saubarSi ki uxvadaa dasavluri dialeqtizmebi da damaxinjebuli
nasesxebi sityvebi, mag.: `mara~, `miCxikinebs~, `racxa~, `ledaxtori~ da sxv.
dialogebidan Cans rogorc personaJTa piradi problemebi, rac wmindad mxatvruli
gamonagonia, ise realuri sazogadoebrivi viTareba. xSirad aris gakritikebuli gazeTi
ìveria~ da saTavadaznauro banki, eWvia gamoTqmuli sagazeTo reklamebis sandoobaze, bankis
xelmZRvanelobis uangarobaze da sxv.
publicisturi Canafiqris gansaxorcieleblad aqac aris gamoyenebuli mxatvruli
siuJeturi monaxazebi. mag. imis dasamtkiceblad, rom ìveriis~ reklamebs mkiTxveli ar unda
endos, aRwerilia, viTom ivanika da gojaspiri erTad Sevidnen reklamirebul duqan `pur-
RvinoSi~ da aRmoaCines, rom iq arcerTi saWmeli ar vargoda.
statiebSi mwerali iyenebs sxvadasxva tropebs, gansakuTrebiT xSirad _ hiperbolas da
alegorias. bankis xelmZRvanelobas ucxo cxovelebad _ oxtiozavrad da pleziozavrad,
sxvagan ki Rorkudeid da goWkudeid warmoaCens da sarkastulad aRwers maT orTabrZolas.
yovelive es gaformebulia akakisTvis damaxasiaTebeli satirul-iumoristuli saxeebiT da
Sesabamisi leqsikiT, ris gamoc werilebi msubuqad ikiTxeba.
es feletonebi formiT ufro koloritulia, vidre iliasa da vaJas msgavsi ciklebi da
personaJTa metyvelebis Taviseburebebic ufro mkafiod aris gamokveTili, magram nakleb
informaciuli da analitikuria. maTSi mxatvruli elementebi Warbobs publicisturs da uxvad
aris poeturi CanarTebic. miuxedavad amisa, ver vityviT, rom am sam cikls Soris formis an
mizandasaxulobis TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba iyos. samivegan aris gamogonili
siuJeti da personaJebi, mizani ki publicisturia.
ilias reformatorulma wamowyebam mniSvnelovani biZgi misca analogiur procesebs.
vfiqrobT, sasurvelia, rom XIX saukunis presaSi gamoqveynebuli werilebis es seriebi, iseve,
rogorc gamogonili siuJetis da tipaJebis Semcveli sxva statiebi, TeoretikosTa spacialuri
kvlevis sagani gaxdes da moxdes Janris identifikacia. unda gairkves, aris Tu ara marTebuli
maTi aRreva dokumentur publicistikasTan da mwerlebis TxzulebaTa akademiur gamocemebSi
daucalkeveblad dabeWdva.
msgavsi sakiTxebis gadaWris aucilebloba mecnierebs adrec daunaxavT. 1970 wels qalaq
ivanovoSi specialuri konferencia Catarda mxatvrul-dokumenturi Janrebis problemaTa
Sesaxeb (mxatvrul-dokumenturi Janrebi 1970) saubari iyo klasifikaciaze, axal Janrul
warmonaqmnebze, maT urTierTqmedebebze, tipizaciaze, xasiaTebis gaxsnis da stilis
Taviseburebebze, mxatvrulobis kriteriumebze da sxv.
samecniero forumze gakeTda saintereso daskvnebi: a) mxatvrul-dokumenturi Janrebis
kvleva drois istoriul WrilSi, sazogadoebriv moTxovnebTan da literaturis ganviTarebis
kanonzomierebebTan kavSiris gaTvaliswinebiT unda warmoebdes (kuprianovski 1970: 4), b)
narkvevi, memuarebi, biografia da avtobiografia miekuTvneba eposs, dRiurebi da
epistolaruli literatura ki _ lirikas (cvaigi 1970: 7). g) termini mxatvrul-dokumenturi
literatura aRniSnavs an namdvili da gamogonili masalebis urTierTSeTavsebiT Txrobis
organizebis gansakuTrebul saSualebas an nawarmoebis gansakuTrebul funqcias, romelic
erTdroulad atarebs istoriul-SemecnebiT informacias da mxatvrul Sinaarss. d) mxatvrul-
dokumenturi literatura Tanamedrove literaturul viTarebaSi Camoyalibebis aqtiur
procesSi myofi mxatvruli stilia, romlis specifikac aris dokumentalizmis gamoyeneba
esTetikuri miznebisaTvis. e) am tipis literaturaSi konkretuli faqtebi saxeebis
mniSvnelobas iZens, realur movlenaTa sistema epikur siuJetad iqceva, piradi gansja da
avtor-mTxrobelis asociaciebi _ lirikul siuJetad, sazogadoebrivi Zalebis Sejaxeba,
55
realur adamianTa dapirispreba da avtor-mTxrobelis sulSi mimdinare Sinagani brZola ki _
Txzulebis konfliqtebad. v) mxatvrul-dokumenturi stilis nawarmoebSi faqtobrivi sizuste
TviTmizani ar aris. igi mxatvruli zemoqmedebis dominanturi saSualebaa (leidermani 1970: 12-
15). z) aq faqtebi gardaiqmneba xat-ideebad da xat-personaJebad, romlebic mWidro kavSirSia
TviT avtoris xatTan da qmnis liriko-epikur samyaros. siuJetis mxatvrul-dokumentur
xasiaTs harmoniulad erwymis calkeuli gamogonili siuJeturi ganStoebebi, romlebic,
marTalia, jer Sordebian mas, magram Semdeg isev ubrundebian. T) mxatvruli dokumentaloba
aris ara mxolod stilis elementi, aramed formadqmnadobis principi, romelic aRwevs
teqstis yvela struqturul komponentSi (zaxarova 1970: 33-35).
konferenciis monawileTa umravlesoba aqcentirebas akeTebda mxatvrul
dokumentalistikasa da Cveulebriv publicistikas Soris arsebul gansxvavebebze, magram iyo
sxvagvari mosazrebebic, magaliTad, XIX saukunis mxatvrul dokumentalistikaze saubrisas
mixailovam aRniSna, rom feletonebSi tipizacia xorcieldeba ara TviT faqtSi, aramed faqtis
arCevaSi, gaazrebasa da mowodebis formaSi. igi wers: `swored imitom, rom dokumentaluroba,
rogorc feletonis tipologiuri niSani warmoadgens Janris mxatvruli struqturis
elements, gamogonili faqtebi da saxeebi, romlebic Semotanilia feletonis qsovilSi,
aRiqmeba, rogorc yoveldRiuri, dokumenturi, sarwmuno faqtebis kanonzomieri ganzogadeba.
am aspeqtSi feletoni aris dokumenturi Janri da misi dayofa beletrizebulad da
publicisturad Zalze pirobiTia~ (mixailova 1970: 43).
am mosazrebas daveTanxmebiT Tu ara, mxatvrul publicistikas specifikuri kvleva mainc
sWirdeba. herseis azriT (hersei 1981: 208), ar SeiZleba, rom raRac erTdroulad romanic iyos
da publicistikac. yvelaze mniSvnelovani niSani albaT mainc motivaciaa.
vfiqrobT, saintereso iqneba mTeli am masalis Seswavla naratologiis kuTxiT, radgan
zemoT ganxilul werilebSi TxrobiTi diskursic da situaciuric, orive gamogonilia,
dokumenturia mxolod TxrobiTi aRsaniSni da isic ara yovelTvis. rac mTavaria, dokumenturi
publicistikisgan gansxvavebulia Txrobis fokusi.
Janrobrivi identifikaciis sirTules mxolod mxatvrul publicistikaSi ar vawydebiT.
Cernecis azriT, XIX da XX saukuneebis literaturaSi Tavi iCina Janrobrivi dayofis atrofiis
tendenciam. mwerlebi sul ufro iSviaTad iyenebdnen mkveTrad reglamentirebul
struqturebs, radgan isini aRiqmeboda anaqronizmebad. eposSic, lirikaSic da dramaSic
wamyvani adgili daikava iseTma sinTezurma formebma, romlebic Zneli misakuTvnebeli iyo
romelime JanrisaTvis (Cerneci 1964: 351).
es tendencia kidev ufro gaZlierda XX da XXI saukuneebis mijnaze. Tu àfrikis mwvane
mTebSi~, heminguei misive sityvebiT rom vTqvaT (heminguei 1935: III), cdilobda Seeqmna raRac
Sualeduri Jurnalistikasa da mxatvrul gamonagons Soris, mogvianebiT doqtoroum
ganacxada: ùkve aRar arsebobs calke mxatvruli literatura da calke aramxatvruli _ aris
mxolod narativi~ (doqtorou 2001:).
fiSkinis azriT: `movida dro, rom moixsnas sazRvrebi, romlebic erTmaneTisgan
acalkevebs Jurnalistikisa da mxatvruli literaturis SemoqmedTa samyaroebs~ (fiSkini 1985:
9). mecnieri amas faqtisa da gamonagonis qorwils uwodebs. lenard devisis TvalsazrisiT es
sazRvrebi arc imTaviTve yofila myari, radgan Jurnalistikasa da romans misi TqmiT saerTo
Zirebi aqvs me-16 _ me-17 saukuneebis ganuyofeli diskursis mqone literaturaSi (devisi 1983:
51). norman somsi da mark krameri mxatvruli publicistikis (Literary Journalism) erT-erT pirvel
warmomadgenlad daniel defos miiCneven. niSandoblivia mark krameris naxevrad iumoristuli
definicia (krameri 1995:). igi literaturuli publicistikis formas uwodebs `Seicnob, roca
dainaxavs~ (you- know-it-when-you-see-it).
SesaZloa, erTi mxriv literaturaSi SeWrilma dokumentalisturma nakadma da meore
mxriv publicistikaSi gadmonergilma mxatvrulma elementebma erToblivad Seuwyo xeli
Tanamedrove epoqaSi sxvadasxva diskursTa Soris sazRvrebis moSlas. mxatvruli
publicistikis kvleva sainteresoa im kuTxiTac, rom postmodernamde didi xniT adre swored
mis farglebSi moxda faqtisa da gamonagonis Serwyma.
damowmebani:
devisi 1983: Lennard, Davis. Factual Fictions: The Origins of the English Novel. New York: Columbia University Press, 1983.
doqtorou 2001: Doctorow, E. L. New York Times Book Review. ganTavsebulia 2001 wlis 13 seqtembers.
http://WWW. wordspy.com/WAW/Doctorow-E.L....asp-22k.
droeba 1875: gazeTi `droeba~. 1875, 24 ianvari; 21 marti.
zaxarova 1970: Захарова Т. Дневник писателя Ф. М. Достоевского, как художественно-документальное произведение.
Художественно-документальные жанры (Вопросы теории и истории; тезисы докладов на межвузовской
научной конференции. г. Иваново: 1970.
krameri 1995: Kramer, Mark. Breakable Rules for Literary Journalists. Literary Journalizm. Documentary Studies, Journalism
and Non-fiction. New-York: Ballantine Books, 1995. ganTavsebulia 1995 wlis 1 ianvridan.
http://WWW.nieman.harvard.edu/narrative/digest/essays/breakabrerules-Kramer. html-47k.
56
kuprianovski 1970: Куприяновский П. В. Некоторые вопросы теории и истории художественно-документалных
жанров. Художественно-документальные жанры (Вопросы теории и истории; тезисы докладов на
межвузовской научной конференции. г. Иваново: 1970.
leidermani 1970: Лейдерман Н. Л. К вопросу о художественности в документальном повествовании. Художественно-
документальные жанры (Вопросы теории и истории; тезисы докладов на межвузовской научной
конференции. г. Иваново: 1970.
lekiSvili 1969: lekiSvili s. vaJa-fSavelas ucnobi publicisturi werilebis seria ìveriis 1889-1893 ww.
furclebze~. J. mnaTobi, 1969, #1. `saxumaro gasarTobi~. gaz. kvali, 1893, # 37-52; 1894, #1, 1896,
#19; 1897, #23,42.
mixailova 1970: Михайлова Л. Докукментальность как художественный элемент жанровой структуры фельетона.
Художественно-документальные жанры (Вопросы теории и истории; тезисы докладов на межвузовской
научной конференции. г. Иваново: 1970.
mxatvrul-dokumenturi Janrebi 1970: Художественно-документальные жанры (Вопросы теории и истории; тезисы
докладов на межвузовской научной конференции. г. Иваново: 1970.
tabiZe 1988: tabiZe n. ilia WavWavaZis publicistika. 1988; werilebi gadaRmiTgan. gaz. iveria, 1886, #261; 1889,
#25, 88, 273; 1890. werili megobarTan. gaz. iveria, 1889 #154,254. 1890, #50,71,85, 113, 118, 147,
165. 1891, #170. 1892, #251. 1893, #142.
fiSkini 1985: Shelley Fishkin, Fisher. From Fact to Fiction (Journalism and Imaginative Writing in America). The Johns Hopkins
University Press, Baltimore and London: 1985.
Cerneci 1964: Чернец Л.В. Теория литературы, Основные проблемы в историческом освещении. Роды и жанры
литературы, М.: 1964.
cvaigi 1970: Цвайг Г. М. Развитие жанров художественно-документальной литературы. Художественно-
документальные жанры (Вопросы теории и истории; тезисы докладов на межвузовской научной
конференции. г. Иваново: 1970.
WavWavaZe 1953: WavWavaZe i. Txzulebani aT tomad. t. III, 1953.
WavWavaZe 1987-1991: WavWavaZe i. Txzulebani oc tomad. t. 1, Tb.: 1987; t. 5, Tb.: 1991.
WrelaSvili 1981: WrelaSvili l. Jurnal `saqarTvelos moambesa~ da gazeT ìveriaSi~ sfiridon CitoreliZis
fsevdonimiT gamoqveynebuli nawerebis atribuciis sakiTxebi~. qarTuli Jurnalistika. 1981.
heminguei 1935: Hemingway, Ernest. Green Hills of Africa. New York: Charles Scriber’s Sons; 1935.
hersei 1981: Hersey. John april comment at Poynter Fellowship symposium at Yale. 1981.
57
lado minaSvili
ilia WavWavaZe da `vefxistyaosnis~ sakiTxi
yvelgan da yovelTvis, `vefxistyaosansa~ da mis genialur avtors ilia WavWavaZe eris

gadasaxedidan zomavda da afasebda _ `vefxistyaosani~, Cveni `Tavmosawonebeli~ iyo,
`sasiqadulo~, `didebuli poema~, ukvdavi àra marto Tavisi formiT, aramed Tavisi Sinagani
RirsebebiT~... ilia rusTavels miiCnevda eris sulier zraxvaTa gamomxatvelad, xolo mis
poemas qarTuli poeziis kanonzomieri ganviTarebis gvirgvinad.
sakiTxs imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra adgili uWiravs ilias mxatvrul da Teoriul naazrevSi SoTa
rusTavels da mis poemas, bevri avtori Seexo safuZvlianad.
winamdebare narkvevSi mxolod zogierT momentze gvinda gavamaxviloT yuradReba,
romlebic erTgvar Sevsebasa da dazustebas kvlav saWiroeben, axlebur interpretacias
iTxoven.
ilia WavWavaZis Teoriul-kritikul interesTa sferoSi imTaviTve Semodioda
`vefxistyaosnis~ mxatvruli samyaro. mas mSvenivrad esmoda amocanis sirTule _ rogori
rTuli iyo imis Cveneba, Tu `ra gvaZlevs utyuar sabuTs Tavmowonebisas, saxelisas,
qadilisas... riTia es saxelovani naSTi Cveni sulisa da gulis moZraobisa Semkuli, rom didi da
patara, sra-sasaxle da qoxi ise erTnairad Sehxaroda uwin da Sehxaris dResac, rogorc dids
rasme saunjesa, saSviliSvilod sapatiosa da am rva saukunis ganmavlobaSi ardaWknobilsa,
argabaTilebulsa, ardaviwyebulsa~ (WavWavaZe 1991: 361). gasagebia, rom eris yvela satkivar-
sazrunavze mofiqral ilias amisTvis sWirdeboda Tavis mocaleoba, erTi mxriv imitom, rom
TviTon iyo ara marto moazrovne, aramed didi praqtikosi moRvawe, meore mxriv, ilia
yovelTvis gamoirCeoda pasuxismgeblobisa da mkacri TviTkontrolis grZnobiT, rac mas ar
tovebda mTeli sicocxlis manZilze. am SemTxvevaSi, sawyisi punqtiris funqcia Seasrula
akakis leqciebma `vefxistyaosnis~ Sesaxeb, ramac axali, gansxvavebuli saTqmelisaTvis
SemoqmedebiTad damuxta ilias grZnoba-goneba. man miiCnia, rom leqciebis uyuradRebod,
gamoxmaurebis gareSe datoveba ar SeiZleboda, radgan akakis xatovan azrs, mis momnusxvel
sityvas saocari zemoqmedebis Zala hqonda sazogadoebaze da saTanado, Tanac principuli
xasiaTis SeniSvnebi aucilebeli iyo. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs ilias polemikuri statia àkaki
wereTeli da `vefxistyaosani~.
Tu SemoqmedebiTi gavlenis Sinaarsidan amovalT, romlis Tanaxmadac, aseTi gavlenis
àucilebeli piroba aris mimarTebis damyareba mxatvrul nawarmoebTan da mis avtorTan...
WeSmariti xelovanebis urTierTzemoqmedeba erTmaneTisadmi mimarTebis damyarebaSi
mdgomareobs. am mimarTebis konkretuli gamoxatulebaa is mniSvneloba, romelsac erTi
mwerlis Semoqmedeba meorisTvis iZens... xelovani SeiZleba arc misdevdes romelime avtoris
azrsa da tendenciebs... SeiZleba kidec upirispirdebodes meore xelovans Tavisi mxatvruli
saSualebebiT, STabeWdilebaTa da sakuTar SexedulebaTa gadmocemiT, magram
literaturaTmcodneobis TvalsazrisiT SeiZleba dadgindes literaturuli zemoqmedebis
faqti. aseT SemTxvevaSi, erTi mwerali meorisaTvis SeiZleba iyos erTgvari amosavali,
romelic ubiZgebs mas garkveuli mimarTulebisaken, gansxvavebuli maneris, tipis,
kompoziciis... Ziebisaken~ (kiknaZe 1978: 44-45). es cnobili azri SemoqmedebiTi gavlenis Sesaxeb
SeiZleba gavavrceloT ara marto mxatvrul, aramed aramxatvruli azris sferoSic.
zegavlenis amgvar meqanizmze, akakis leqciebis amgvari zemoqmedebis Zalaze iliasaTvis
Taviseburi suraTovnebiT, àkakurad~ miuTiTebs TviTon akaki wereTelic Tavis sapasuxo
werilSi _ `ramdenime sityva baton ilia WavWavaZis sapasuxod `vefxvistyaosnis~ gamo~. akaki
wers: `Cemi ukanaskneli saubari `vefxvistyaosnis~ Taobaze Semdegi sityvebiT davabolove:
`batonebo, mogaxseneben, rom mgalobeli artistebi sazogadod jiutebi arian, Tu erTxelve
gakerpdnen, maTi gamobruneba Znelia; maTze aRara sWris aRarc vedreba, aRarc yvedreba da
arc sxva rame da ukanaskneli saRsari isRa aris, rom maTTan wamoayeneben xolme sxva romelime
mdare artists da amRereben, SeeSleba Tu ara hangi uxeiro mRerals, maSin jinze mosuli
artist-mgalobeli, xelovnebis Seuracxyofis veRar amtani, TviTonve gamodis da TavisTavad
daiwyebs mReras yvelas sasiamovnoT. mec am JamaT im uxeiro mRerlis dRes vayeneb Cem Tavs:
Cvens qarTvelobaSi bevri meguleba Cemze ufro naswavli, niWieri da daxelovnebuli, rogorc
sazogadoT, yvelaferSi, ise kerZoT `vefxvis tyaosnis~ Sesaxebac da Tu am Cemma dRevandelma
gambedavobam isinic rogorme gamoityua saasparezoT, Cemi survili dakmayofilebuli iqneba
da mec ufro TamamaT SemeZleba bodiSi movixado TqvenTan, Tu nametani laparakiT Tavi
rogorme SegawyineT~. ar gauvlia did xans, rom Cemi moazreba gamarTlda da ara Tu isini,
viszedac me vfiqrobdi, TviT maTi mTavaric ki, batoni ilia WavWavaZe, gamobrZanda moZRvraT~
(wereTeli 1960: 338).
akakis leqciebis gavleniTve unda aixsnas isic, rom 80-ian wlebSi `vefxistyaosnis~
Sesaxeb leqciebis wakiTxva ganuzraxavs ilia WavWavaZesac. rogorc cnobilia, akaki wereTelma
pirvelad Tavisi leqciebi waikiTxa 1881 wels jer TbilisSi da Semdeg quTaisSi. 1884 wlis 13
oqtombers gazeTi `droeba~ (221) iuwyeba ilia WavWavaZis ganzraxvas `vefxistyaosanze~ sajaro
58
leqciis wakiTxvis Sesaxeb `wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoebis~ sasargeblod. gazeTi
werda: `Cven SevityveT, rom ilia WavWavaZe amzadebs `vefxvistyaosanze~ leqcias, romelsac
waikiTxavs an am zamTars, an zafxulis pirze, TviT leqciebi TiTqmis mzad aris dResveo. Cven
gvgonia, rom didad saintereso iqneba sazogadoebisaTvis akakisa da ilias SexedulebaTa
Sedareba Cvens ukvdav poemaze da vfiqrobT, rom leqciebis wakiTxvis gadadeba did
marxvisaTvis sruliad metia. bevrad umjobesi iqneboda, rom zamTris pirSive mogvesmina ilia
WavWavaZis azri am mudam yovelTvis sayuradRebo saganzed~ (gorgaZe 1987: 147).
savaraudoa, rom ilia Tavis leqciebSi apirebda warmoeCina akakis leqciebisadmi
damokidebuleba. amaze pirdapirac iyo miniSnebuli sagazeTo cnobaSi. gasagebia, ilias
gadawyvetilebas is didi mowonebac apirobebda, rac akakis leqciebs Tan sdevda. kerZod,
pirveli leqciis wakiTxvis Semdeg gaz. `droeba~ werda: àkaki wereTels oratoruli niWi,
marTalia, ara aqvs; is gemusaifeba, gelaparakeba, TiTqos ambavs rasme giambobso, magram es
laparaki da musaifi ise tkbilia, iseTi saamoa, rom ar SegiZliaT yuri moaSoroT. amas
daumateT mSvenieri Sinaarsi TviTon leqciisa, maxvili Sedarebani moxdenili andazebiTa da
iumoriul kiloTi Sezavebuli saubari. imis leqciam Cinebuli STabeWdileba moaxdina
mayurebelSi, mometebuli nawili aRtacebaSic moiyvana. xolo bolo, mesame leqciis Sesaxeb
gazeTi werda: `Tavisi leqciebi T. akaki wereTelma gaaTava madlobiT im msmenelebisadmi,
romelnic ase yuradRebiT ismendnen Cem leqciebso. xangrZlivi taSi uZRvnes leqtors da
ramdenjerme gamoixmes. amis garda leqtors miarTves mSvenivrad gakeTebuli Cangi
zedwarweriTa da dafnis gvirgviniT (gurgeniZe... 1989: 134)27.
bunebrivia vifiqroT, rom ilia WavWavaZe am droidanve iyo akaki wereTlis leqciebis
kursSi da misi Sinaarsi da mizandasaxuleba am droidanve kargad icoda. aki wers ilia Tavis
polemikur werilSi 1886 wels: `b-ni akakis leqcia, rusulad Tqmuli, qarTvelTa
sazogadoebisaTvis axali ambavi ar aris. b-nma akaki wereTelma igive leqcia qarTulad waikiTxa
am ramdenisame wlis winaT, da Tu xsovna ar gvRalatobs, axlandeli rusuli leqcia maSindels
qarTuls Sors ar wasvlia, TiTqmis erTi da igivea. Tu ram cvlilebaa, isic imisTana, rom
araviTari arsebiTi mniSvneloba ara aqvs, imitom, rom rogorc maSindeli qarTuli leqcia,
isec exlandeli rusuli erTsa da imave dedaazrzea akinZuli Tavidan bolomde~ (WavWavaZe
1991: 362).
miuxedavad ganzraxvisa, ilias leqciebi `vefxistyaosnis~ Sesaxeb ar waukiTxavs, Tumca,
rogorc gazeTidan Canda, mwerals sakuTari Tvalsazrisi genialuri poemis sakvanZo
sakiTxebze `TiTqmis mzad~ hqonda. albaT, isev da isev ilias mkacri TviTkontrolis grZnoba
iCenda Tavs.
rogorc iTqva, ilia WavWavaZe 1881 wlidanve dainteresda akakis leqciebiT, magram
faqtia, rom igi am dros ar gamoxmaurebia maT. unda vifiqroT, rom man imJamad ar miiCnia
saWirod SeniSvnebis micema, radganac is bevri marTali margalitebi, romlebic akakis
`bednieri niWis~ wyalobiT, leqciebSi warmodgenili iyo, amarTlebda im paToss, rac qarTveli
kacis guls esalbuneboda, albaT akakis gulis tkenasac erideboda ilia WavWavaZe. magram roca
1887 wels akakim ukve rusul enaze (e. i. ucxoeli msmenelisaTvis) leqciebi `vefxistyaosanze~
zustad imave SinaarsiT da mizandasaxulebiT waikiTxa, ilia WavWavaZem Tavis movaleobad
miiCnia gamoxmaureba da miTiTeba akakis mosazrebaTa im naklze, romlebic ucxoel msmenels
ara Tu Tavisi sidiadiT warudgenda `vefxistyaosans~, aramed gaaubraloebda kidec.
savsebiT gasagebia, rom ilia WavWavaZis sapolemiko statiis gasaazreblad, misi
mosazrebebis Sesafaseblad aucilebelia, im viTarebis gaTvaliswineba, romelSiac statia
daiwera, gaazreba imisa Tu ra aRmoCnda miuRebeli akakis leqciebSi, ratom CaTvala iliam
saWirod, rom siCume ar egeboda, saWiro iyo `vefxistyaosnis~ dacva. ra impulsi misca akakis
leqciebma ilias werilis dasawerad. mainc risi Cveneba daisaxa akaki wereTelma miznad, ra iyo
misi leqciebis ZiriTadi paTosi, is, ris winaaRmdegac arsebiTi xasiaTis SeniSvna gaakeTa ilia
WavWavaZem?
akakisaTvis `vefxistyaosani~ iseve rogorc iliasaTvis, eris sasiqadulo ganZs,
Tavmowonebis obieqts warmoadgenda. jer kidev studenti akaki, roca TandaTan gaerkva poemis
Seswavlis gzaze gaCenil problematikaSi, rogorc mosalodneli iyo akakis suliskveTebis
kacisagan, sagangebod dainteresda poemis originalobis sakiTxiT. bunebrivia, misTvis
savsebiT misaRebi aRmoCnda vaxtang VI-is cnoba poemis ambavTan dakavSirebiT, misi
maswavleblis daviT CubinaSvilisa da sxvaTa misazreba poemis ambis qarTulobis da istoriuli
realiebis Sesaxeb. savsebiT gasagebi iyo, rom akakim, jer kidev studentma, Tavisi sadiplomo
naSromis Temad swored rusTvelis poemis originalobis sakiTxi SearCia. akakis mizani iyo
poemis originalobis sasargeblod argumentaciis gamokveTa. sadiplomo naSromSi akaki poemis
ambavs saqarTvelos istoriis WrilSi ganixilavda da `vefxistyaosnis~ gmirTa xasiaTebis
qarTulobaze msjelobda. misi azriT, tarielic da avTandilic qarTuli xasiaTebi iyo.
qarTuli iyo qalisadmi mimarTeba, `vefxistyaosanSi~ gamoxatuli. qarTul xasiaTebs xedavda
27
rogorc Cans, `droebis~ korespondents naTeli warmodgena ara aqvs oratoruli niWis specifikaze, mis
individualur bunebaze, Torem mis mier aRwerili niSnebi akakis leqciisa da efeqti sxva ara aris ra, Tu ara
oratoruli niWis gamovlena.
59
igi nestan-darejanSi, TinaTinSi, fatmanSic da gansakuTrebiT asmaTSi. akakis ar miaCnda
hiperbolizirebad tarielisa da avTandilis gmiroba-vaJkacoba. tarielisa da avTandilis
msgavsi gmirebi mas saqarTvelos istoriaSi eguleboda. magaliTad, giorgi saakaZis saarako
saqcieli, misi gmiroba riTi Camouvardeboda tarielis gmirobas, avTandilis badal gmirad
esaxeboda mas imerTa didi mefe solomon pirveli (wereTeli 1963: 583-590). aq, sadiplomo
naSromSi, jer yrud, gaucnobiereblad aris miTiTeba im mosazrebaze, rac gvian, 80-ian wlebSi
ganaviTara akakim Tavis leqciebSi. marTalia, sadiplomo naSromSi akaki ar laparakobs
saqarTvelos calkeul kuTxeze da am niSniT ar yofs gmirebs, aq sazogadod qarTul xasiaTzea
saubari, magram sainteresoa, rom tarieli mas maincadamainc qarTlel giorgi saakaZes
axsenebs, xolo avTandili _ imerTa mefes solomon pirvels.
interesi sadiplomo naSromSi ganxiluli problemis mimarT akakis amis merec ar
ganelebia, piriqiT, gauRrmavda. es interesebi 70-80-iani wlebidan TandaTan dakonkretda da
saerTod Seerwya akakis _ xelovanisa da moqalaqis _ saltolvel idealebs. es aris dro,
rodesac gansakuTrebiT akaki, iseve rogorc ilia, moculia qveynis erTianobis ideiT, rac,
akakis SemTxvevaSi, Tavs iCens saqarTvelos kuTxeebs Soris, amersa da imers Soris erTianobis
saxiT, rac gamoixateba rogorc lirikul leqsebSi, aseve moTxrobaSi `baSi-aCuki~ da poemaSi
`naTela~, kerZod ki naTelas simReraSi, romelic damoukidebeli Rirebulebis mqone leqsis
saxiTac ibeWdeba:
Cangurs simebi gavubi,

movmarTe nela-nelao,
Sevuxmatkbile erTmaneTs,
òdela-dela-delao!~
---------------------------------
erTi maTganic rom gawydes,
maSinve unda Svelao,
rom ar gafuWdes Canguri,
òdela-dela-delao!~
Canguri saqarTveloa,
simebi Cven varT yvelao,
sxvadasxva kuTxis mcxovrebi:
òdela-dela-delao!~
(wereTeli 1989: 179)
swored am konteqstSi iazrebs akaki `vefxistyaosnis~ mizandasaxulebas da personaJTa

xasiaTebsac. akakis sityvebiT, SoTa rusTvels `surda, rom `vefxvistyaosanSi~ daexata mTeli
saqarTvelos suraTi da gamoeyvana misi saidealo gmiri rogorc mamakacis, ise dedakacisac.
saqarTvelo rom gaSlili da Tanasworbunebiani iyos, maSin is erT pirs aiRebda gmiraT, magram
radganac is sxvadasxva bunebiania da xalxebic sxvadasxva xasiaTebis meqoni, amisTvis iman
saWiroT dainaxa erTi gmiris magier aeRo sami, gadaekavSirebia erTmaneTTan, erTi meoriT
Seevso da ise warmoedgina CvenTvis. am azriT iman aiyvana ameridan tarieli, imeridan
avTandili da Savi zRvis piridan fridon da maTi SeerTebiT dagvixata erTi sruli gmiri
mTeli saqarTvelosa – rusTvels eZneleba am sami gmiris erTmaneTis damoneba; erTs meoreze
upiratesobas ar aZlevs. samive TanasworaT moswons maTi sxvadasxva xasiaTebiT~ (wereTeli
1963: 93-94).
leqciebis dasasruls, akaki askvnis: `dRes ase amgvaraT Cven davinaxeT, rom
`vefxvistyaosanSi~ gamoxatuli tipebi, rogorc kacebi, ise qalebi namdvili qarTvelebi arian
sxvadasxva kuTxeebidan aRebuli. magram marto es mniSvneloba ara aqvs CvenTvis rusTavelis
`vefxvistyaosans~. aq Cven vxedavT did winaswarmetyvelobas Cveni samSoblos Sesaxeb: `nestan-
darejani aris Cveni qveynis mdgomareoba. aq, rasakvirvelia, Tqvenc mixvdebiT, rom me Cveni
qveynis ekonomiur da zneobiT mdgomareobaze mogaxsenebT; imis gaumjebeseba, gamoxsna marto
tariels, ragind rom ucnauri Zalisac iyos, ar SeuZlia misi pirdapirobiT, Tu imas
avTandilic ar miexmara Tavis windaxeduli mixvedrilobiT da Tu fridonmac masalebi da
xelsawyoebi ar moumzada da ar miexmara~ (wereTeli 1963: 111).
rogorc motanili amonaweridanac TvalnaTliv Cans, akaki aqac, leqciebSiac
`vefxistyaosnis~ Sesaxeb darCa Tavis gulisTqmis gamomxatvel poetad. akakis leqciebi _ esaa
poetis TvaliT poeturad danaxuli `vefxistyaosani~ da ara mkvlevar-damkvirveblis gonebiT
ganWvretili problematika poemisa da personaJTa samyaro, sadac upirvelesi moTxovnileba
iqneboda analizi sakuTriv poemisa da ara pirovnuli, subieqturi suliskveTebis winwamoweva.28
28
amasTan dakavSirebiT ilia Tavis statiaSi werda: `raki is, Cvenis fiqriT, Semcdari dedaazri warimZRvara b-nma
leqtorma win, usaTuod tarieli qarTlelad gamoeyvana, avTandili imerlad da fridoni zRvispiris
qarTvelad, igi sul amis damtkicebas mounda (WavWavaZe 1991: 373). Sdr., ìlia WavWavaZes araerTgzis
mouTxovnia, rom saWiroa movlenebze uSualodakvirveba, maTi `gaCxreka~da `gamoZieba~, rom maTTan winaswar
akviatebuli azriT misvlas WeSmaritebisagan gadaxveva mosdevs _ ilia iseT mankad Tvlida winaswar
Seumowmebel azrze dayrdnobas, rom saWirod CaTvala am mimarTulebiTac gaekeTebina SeniSvna
`vefxistyaosnis~ Sesaxeb TviT akaki wereTlis mier wakiTxul leqciebTan dakavSirebiT~ ( kiknaZe1978: 244-245).
60
`vefxistyaosnis~ akakiseuli danaxva mxatvruli danaxvaa, akaki `vefxistyaosnis~ gmirebis
mxatvrul gaazrebas mimarTavs Tavisi saltolveli erovnuli idealebis Sesabamisad.
swored amgvari midgoma aRmoCnda iliasaTvis miuRebeli. upirvelesi mizani, rodesac
ucxoels warudgen im poets, romliTac eri Tavs iwonebs da Tavisi vinaobis ganmsazRvrel
Semoqmedad miaCnia, ilias azriT, unda iyos is, Tu riTia es poeti saamayo erisaTvis, ra wvlili
Seaqvs qarTvel genioss zogadsakacobrio salaroSi, ra Cauwnavs qarTul suls, qarTul
grZnobas masSi iseTi, rasac zogadsakacobrio Rirebuleba aqvs. marTalia, akakim leqciebSi
`bevri marTali margalitebi aasxa-gonebamaxvilobisa, lamazis Sedarebisa, rogorc b-ni akakis
bednieris niWis ambavi mogexsenebaT, magram TviTon akidos Rero~, mTavari RerZi, romelzec
margalitebi iyo asxmuli, “metismetad susti ram aris da Tumca zed asxmuls margalitebs
hzidavs, magram kritikis xelSexebas ver gauZlebs~ (WavWavaZe 1991: 363). saqme isaa, rom
`vefxistyaosani~ akakim sakuTriv qarTuli interesebiT Semofargla _ kuTxeebis erTianoba,
xolo poemis mTavar personaJebad saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxis _ qarTlis, imereTis,
zRvispireTis _ warmomadgeneli dasaxa da maTi erTianoba, urTierTTanadgoma iqadaga
nestanis _ saqarTvelos simbolos _ Tavdaxsnis saqmeSi. akakis keTilSobiluri erovnuli
ideis miuxedavad, ilias azriT, es damcrobaa genialuri rusTvelis mniSvnelobisa da misi
poemis eTnografiul sibrtyeze danaxva, ramdenadac mas Turme saqarTvelos sxvadasxva
kuTxis xasiaTebi warmoudgenia.
ilia WavWavaZe, literaturuli nawarmoebis Sefasebisas, im azriT xelmZRvanelobda,
rom `Semoqmedma unda dagvanaxos Tu rogoraa mocemuli zogadadamianuri Tvisebebi yovel
calkeul pirovnebaSi, individualuris gansaxiereba ki ar gamoricxavs, aramed gulisxmobs
tipiuris Cvenebas~ (kiknaZe 1978: 246). `vefxistyaosnis~ gmirebic ramdenadac rusTvelis
warmosaxvis nayofs warmoadgenen, imdenad sakacobrio Sinaarsis matarebelni arian da ara
eTnografiuli xasiaTebi. ilia WavWavaZe mkafiod miuTiTebs, rom literaturuli tipis
daxasaTeba misi dakonkreteba-daSlisken ki ar unda iyos mimarTuli, aramed konkretulSi
zogadis danaxvisaken, ganzogadebisaken. ilia werda: `vefxvistyaosani~ mdidari da farTo
moedania _ WeSmariti kritikis frTis gasaSlelad, Tu eg frTagasaSleli sarbieli TviTon
kritikam SecdomiT Tu gangeb viwro fargalSi ar moamwyvdia da tarielis, avTandilis da
sxvaTa avkargianobaSi qarTlels, kaxels, petres, ivanes Zebna ar dauwyo. zogadi saxe
adamianisa ramodenadac am SemTxvevaSi ufro wvrilzed daxurdavebuli iqneba, magaliTebr,
zogadi kaci romelisame eris kacad, eris kaci romelisame Temis kacad, Temis kaci romelisame
gvareulobis kacad, gvareulobis kaci ojaxis kacad, ojaxis kaci ivaned, fridonad da mebrve
sxva, imodenad Semoqmedoba mwerlisa maRlidam dabla Camodis, imodenad mwerali niWnaklebia
da daqveiTebuli~ (WavWavaZe : 369-370).
adamianis bunebis is Tvisebebi, xasiaTis gamovlenis is Taviseburebani, romlebzec akakim
damajereblad da xatovnad miuTiTa `vefxistyaosnis~ gmirebis daxasiaTebisas da, arsebiTad,
iliamac miiRo da daadastura, ilias azriT, saqarTvelos romelime kuTxis warmomadgenlis,
Cvens SemTxvevaSi qarTlelis, imerlis da zRvispirelis Taviseburebebs ki ar aRniSnavs, aramed
sazogadod adamianurs. `didi gulisTqmis kacoba~, emociuroba, mRelvareba, zogierT
situaciaSi gulze ayola da grZnobaTa tyveobaSi Cavardna, an TavSekavebuloba, `gulisTqmaTa
damorCileba~, grZnobaTa gonebismieri gakontroleba, xerxianoba, es, ilias azriT,
zogadadamianuri Tvisebebia da ara maincadamainc qarTlelisa an imerlisa. ilia wers:
`marTalia, tarieli brZenia, magram brZenia marto maSin, roca gulisTqmas ar Seupyria da
gulisTqmiT Sepyrobili ki sneulia, cnobadakargulia – gulisTqmam cnoba waarTva, cnobis
warTmevam Rone da uRonobam mCvrad aqcia es axovani kaci. aq ra SuaSia an qarTleli, an kaxeli
an imereli!.. aq kacadkacia, gulisTqmis qarcecxlSi gatarebuli Tavidam bolomde~ (WavWavaZe
1991: 366-367).
ilia WavWavaZe, arc aq, am polemikis SemTxvevaSi, ugulebelyofs personaJTa erovnul
niSnebs29; magram zogadsakacobrio Rirebulebis Ziebisas, rac unda iyos leqtoris, kerZod
akakis, upirvelesi mizani, amas ar eniWeba mTavari mnSvneloba. ilia wers: `Tqma ar unda, rom
eri, romelsac ekuTvnis amisTana mwerali, Tavis samkauliT akazminebs, Tavisi saferaviT
afervinebs poets yovel xats, yovels namoqmedars Semoqmedobisas, magram eg marto
samkaulia, feria da ara igi Sinagani buneba xatisa, romelic am SemTxvevaSi zogadia da ara
kerZo da romelic marto sakuTars kanonebs eqvemdebareba~ (WavWavaZe 1991: 363-364). Tqma ar
29
g. nadiraZis TqmiT, `sakacobrio~ ilia WavWavaZis koncefciaSi sruliad ar gamoricxavs èrovnuls~. rogor,
gana kacobriobaSi yvela eria gaTvaliswinebuli da qarTveli eri ki ara? ai, davugdoT yuri, ra naTlad
laparakobs ilia `vefxistyaosnis~ erovnul xasiaTze: igi `qarTvelebis erovnuli Rirsebisa da vinaobis
saxsovaria”, mis ukvdav striqonebs `mTelma erma Sig Caatana Tavisi cremli da Tavisi sixaruli, Sig Caaxvia
Tavisi suli da guli, Sig Caawna Tavisni ukeTesni fiqrni, zraxvani, grZnobani”...es erovnuli suli
warmodgenilia `vefxistyaosanSi~ cocxali mxatvruli saxeebiT, kerZod misi mTavari personaJebis saxeebiT~
(nadiraZe1958: 99).
xolo rac Seexeba sakuTriv realistur literaturas, aq ilias umTavresi moTxovnaa, rom `mxatvrul
nawarmoebSi personaJis erovnuli vinaoba unda gansaxierdes da mTeli Txzulebac im eris konkretul niSnebs
unda warmoaCendes, romelsac mwerali exeba~ ( kiknaZe1978: 234).
61
unda, aq ilia saubrobs literaturuli gmiris zogadadamianur bunebaze, romelic `marto
sakuTar kanonebs eqvemdebareba~ da zogadi bunebis erovnul elferze.
gasagebia, rom akaki wereTeli imdenad iyo micemuli Tavis saltolvel mizans, ise
moxdenilad hqonda Tavis leqciebSi ganxorcielebuli Tavisi nafiqr-nagrZnobi, rom,
bunebrivia, mwvaved miiRo ilias kritika da pasuxic dauyovnebliv dawera. akakis pasuxSi,
romelic gamoirCeva sabuTianobiT, rogorc ukve SeniSnulia, akaki leqciebSi gatarebul
Sexedulebas ki ar icavs, aramed ukve sxva sibrtyeze _ erovnulisa da zogadsakacobrios
urTierTmimarTebis sibrtyeze inacvlebs da am mxriv savsebiT damarwmunebel Tvalsazriss
aviTarebs, romlis sawinaaRmdego arc ilias araferi eqneba.30
akakis pasuxis mixedviT, WeSmariti literaturuli gmiri erovnulicaa da, amasTanave,
zogadsakacobrioc; `ratom ar SeiZleba, rom `vefxistyaosnis~ gmirebi erTsa da imave dros
qarTvelebic iyvnen da sazogado, sayovelTao tipebic. me rom ase mgonia, nuTu miT rusTavelis
Semoqmedebis Zalas vamcireb da vkicxav mas? piriqiT, me rom is vifiqro, rom radganac
rusTavels Tavis gmirebSi msoflio, zogadi tipebi gamousaxavs da amitomac is gmirebi
qarTvelebi veRar iqnebian-meTqi, maSin ra azris unda viyo qarTvelebze? nuTu qarTvelebi
marTla ise yofilan, rom maTgan zogadi tipi da msoflio gmiri ar gamoixatebodes?~ (WavWavaZe
1991: 349).
Tqma ar unda, akakis es msjeloba savsebiT marTebuli msjelobaa, magram faqti is iyo,
rom mas leqciebSi ar umtkicebia zogadqarTuloba `vefxistyaosnis~ gmirebisa. rogorc zemoT
aRiniSna, man imdenad gansxvavebulad warmoidgina saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxis Svilebi, rom
sul mcire, sami gansxvavebuli personaJis daxatva mainc daWirda Turme rusTvels. sakiTxavia
Tu tarieli, avTandili da fridoni saqarTvelos calkeul kuTxes warmoadgenen, vTqvaT erTi
imitom, rom `zarmacia~ _ qarTlelia, meore imitom, rom `windaxedulia~, moxerxebuli da
cbieri _ imereli... `sizarmace~, `moxerxebuloba”, `cbiereba~ Tu urTierTgamomricxavi ara,
urTierTisagan mkveTrad gansxvavebuli niSnebi maincaa adamianis bunebisa, magram sakiTxavia,
maSin ra aqvT gamaerTianebeli niSnebi tarielsac da avTandilsac, romliTac isini zogadad
qarTvelebi arian? amis Cveneba akaki wereTlis leqciebSi ar yofila da swored amasac
gulisxmobda ilia, roca ambobda, rom akakim imisTana saxelovani poeti, rogoric rusTavelia
ùbralo etnografis saCxirkedlao saqmezed Camoaxdina~, riTac `metismetad daaqveiTa
pegaszed mjdomi cxenosani~ (WavWavaZe 1991: 363). gasagebia, rom, ilias azriT,
`vefxistyaosanze~ msjelobisas, ucxoelisaTvis misi Rirebulebis gaTvaliswinebisas saWiroa
qarTuli sulis Rvwis zogadsakacobrio mniSvneloba, qarTveli genialuri Semoqmedis mier
msoflio kulturis saganZurSi Setanili wvlilis Cveneba, homerosis, dantes, Seqspiris,
baironis saxelTa gverdiT rusTvelis saxelis dayenebis kanonzomiereba, ra mniSvneloba aqvs
ucxoelisaTvis, civilizebuli evropelisaTvis `vefxistyaosans~, Tu igi sakuTriv
saqarTvelos calkeuli kuTxis warmomadgenelTa zne-xasiaTebs xatavs, am kuTxeebis
urTierTTanadgomas qadagebs? ra mniSvneloba eqneboda Seqspirs msofliosaTvis, Tu igi
sakuTriv inglisis interesebiT Semoifargleboda da inglisis calkeuli sagrafos
warmomadgenlis bunebas, xasiaTs gagvacnobda. Seqspiris, goeTes, baironis gmirebi imitom
arian sakacobrio Sinaarsis matarebelni, rom isini ara marto TavianTi qveynebis aramed
nebismieri civilizebuli qveynis mkiTxvelis Tu mayureblis gulsa da gonebas awvdian sulier
sazrdos. ilias sityvebiT, `rusTavelis tipebs im pawia WuWrutanidam sinjva ki ar unda,
saidamac marto qarTleli, kaxeli, imereli da sxva calke saxelwodebuli kaci dainaxeba,
aramed im uSvelebeli sarkmlidam, rom mTels kacadkacobas Tvali gadaevlebodes mis sruls
sigrZe-siganesa da siRrme-simaRlezed da Tu aq kritikas ver gauZlo rusTavelma, maSin da
marto maSin Cven mier ujerod dadgmuli gvirgvini didebisa da saxelovnebisa unda moexados
Tavidamo~ (WavWavaZe 1991: 371). bunebrivia, yvela SemTxvevaSi da kerZod am SemTxvevaSic, ilias
amosavali erovnulia, oRond erovnulis zogadsakacobrio wvlilis warmoCenisaken
mimarTuli.
garda yovelive zemoaRniSnulisa, `vefxistyaosnis~ gmirebze saubrisas usaTuod aris
mxedvelobaSi misaRebi isic, rom Sua saukuneebis literaturis, renesansis epoqis
literaturuli gmiri, sazogadod literaturuli samyaro ar SeiZleba iqnas ganxiluli
rogorc axali drois literaturuli pirobiToba, realisturi literaturis gmiri.31
30
g. nadiraZis sityvebiT, `Tu SevadarebT akakis pasuxs mis leqciebSi ganviTarebul azrs, maT Soris SesamCnev
gansxvavebas davadasturebT... Tu leqciebSi is azri iyo gamoTqmuli, rom `vefxistyaosnis~ gmirebi sxvadasxva
kuTxis Svilebi arian, `pasuxSi~ akaki wereTelma daviwyebas misca Tavisi eTnografiuli Teoria da rusTvelis
personaJebi aRiara z o g a d - e r o v n u l d a z o g a d - a d a m i a n u r xasiaTebad. saerTo erovnuli
xasiaTi erTia da qarTluri, imeruli da zRvispiruli kidev sxva~ (nadiraZe 1958: 100).
31
vrclad amis Sesaxeb ix. mag., r. siraZe, qarTuli esTetikuri azris istoriidan, Tb., 1978, gv. 163-220; e.
xinTibiZe, Suasaukuneebrivi da renesansuli `vefxistyaosanSi~, Tb., 1993, gv. 40-49. prof. e. xinTibiZis TqmiT,
`vefxistyaosnis~ gmirTa gaazreba unda xdebodes `gviandeli Suasaukuneebis ideur-esTetikuri principebis
doneze...amosavali rusTvelis fenomenis SecnobaSi unda iyos ara Tanamedrove literaturuli principebi,
aramed Suasaukuneebisa da renesansis epoqis (ufro sworad Suasaukuneebidan renesansis epoqaze gardamavali
periodis) msoflmxedvelobiTi da esTetikuri pozica... `vefxistyaosnis~ gmiri idealuria. mas ara aqvs nakli,
sisuste. am gmiris TviT adamianuri sisustec amaRlebulia (magaliTad, tarielis mravalgzisi dabneda).
62
akaki wereTeli rusTavelis gmirebze saubrisas mecxramete saukunis, literaturaSi
realizmis batonobis saukunis, principebiT sjida da mas praqtikulad mxedvelobidan
rCeboda, rom konkretizacia personaJisa, garkveul realistur konkretul garemoSi misi
moqceva, adgilobrivi koloritiT Txzulebis avseba, individualizacia Tu detalizacia
Seusabamoa Suasaukuneebisa da renesansis epoqisaTvis. eTnografiuli niSnebisa da mecxramete
saukunis tkivilebiT nasazrdoebi erovnuli interesebis ZiebisaTvis `vefxistyaosanSi~ ar
arsebobda realuri safuZveli.32
` vefxistyaosnis~ gmirTa samyaro ara konkretul-realisturi, aramed idealur gmirTa
samyaroa, ise rogorc es niSandoblivia renesansuli epoqisaTvis. rogorc aRniSnaven,
`vefxistyaosnis~ gmirebTan SedarebiT, `saSual saukuneTa rogorc aRmosavleTis, ise
gansakuTrebiT dasavleTis literaturis personaJebi erTgvari sqematurobisa da
ikonografiuli ganyenebulobis beWeds atareben” (p. ingoroyva). amgvari gamorCeulobis erTi
arsebiTi piroba ki isic aris, rom miuxedavad imisa, `rusTvelis gmirebi TavianTi Tvisebebis
e r T o b l i o b i T ar gvidgenen realur arsebas~, magram amJRavneben garkveul Tvisebebs,
“romelTa utyuar realobasac Cven vcnobT~ (kiknaZe 1978: 247).
`
vefxistyaosnis~ gmirTa iliaseuli daxasiaTebis Sefasebisas, usaTuod aris
mxedvelobaSi misaRebi is Tvalsazrisi, romelsac h e g e l i Semdegnairad ayalibebs: `Tu
nacionalur eposs samarTlianad unda xvdes bedad, iyos Seunelebeli interesis sagani
sxvadasxva epoqisa da xalxisaTvis, amisaTvis mis mier aRwerili samyaro unda iyos ara mxolod
calke naciis samyaro, aramed am calke xalxSi, mis gmirobasa da simamaceSi, imavdroulad,
gamokveTilad unda aRibeWdebodes zogadkacobriuli mxarec. ase magaliTad, RvTaebrivi da
zneobrivi samyaros uSualoba, xasiaTebisa da mTlianad garegnuli yofis sidiade, sinamdvilis
TvalsaCinoeba, romelSiac poets SeuZlia gviCvenos Cven yvelaferi, yvelaze diadic da
mcirec, ukvdavad da mudmivadaa warmodgenili homerosis poemebSi. am mxriv arsebobs
mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba sxvadasxva xalxebs Soris. ar SeiZleba uarvyoT “ramaianaSi”
warmodgenili indoeli xalxis suli, gansakuTrebiT religiis mxriv, Tumca TviTon xasiaTi
induri cxovrebisa mTlianad, imdenad specifikuria, rom zogadkacobriuli, am sityvis
WeSmariti gagebiT, uZluria gadalaxos am TaviseburebaTa sazRvrebi. amis sapirispirod,
sruliad gansxvavebuli saxiT, mTelma qristianulma samyarom ZvelTaganve pova Tavisi Tavi
iseT epikur TxrobebSi, rogorebsac Seicavs Zveli aRTqma, gansakuTrebiT misi patriarqaluri
cxovrebis amsaxvel suraTebSi da kvlav da kvlav tkbeba aseTi energiuli TvalsaCinoebiT
asaxuli am ambebiT~ (hegeli 1971: 439-440).
qarTuli SemoqmedebiTi sulis amgvar nayofs, amgvar sayovelTao da yvela droisaTvis
mniSvnelovan Sinaarssa da xasiaTs xedavs ilia WavWavaZe `vefxistyaosanSi~ da misi survilia,
rom swored am mxriv warimarTos, am TvalsazrisiT moxerxdes poemis mxatvruli Rirebulebis,
misi mniSvnelobis danaxva da Sefaseba. ilia fiqrobs, rom `vefxistyaosnis~ sakacobrio
Rirebulebis ganWvreta dakonkretebis gziT svlaSi ki ar unda gamoixatos, im Sinaarsis
ZiebaSi, rac mas Caketavs sakuTriv Cveni qveynis interesebSi, saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxis
SvilTa daxatviT da maTi urTierTdaxmarebis, erTobis mowodebiT, aramed imis warmoCeniT,
rac `vefxistyaosans~ yvela droisa da sxvadasxva xalxebisaTvis misaRebs da maxlobels xdis.
esaa ilia WavWavaZis gamokveTili midgoma. zogadsayovelTao konteqstSi Wvrets ilia
WavWavaZe rusTavelis `vefxistyaosansac~, daviT guramiSvilsac, `romlis didaqtikuri poezia
pirs ar Seircxvens Tund lukrecis, virgilis da horacios didaqtikur poezias dauyeneT
pirispir, da romlis sarwmunoebrivi RaRadeba daviT winaswarmetyvelis fsalmunebis
simaRlemdea asuli~ (WavWavaZe 1991: 342), grigol orbeliansac, `kacs mravalgvarad
saxelovans, kacs, romelzedac erTs evropiul gazeTSi naTqvami iyo, rom erTi udidesi
lirikosia am mecxramete saukunisao~ (WavWavaZe 1991: 412) da nikoloz baraTaSvilsac, romlis
`gulisTqmani... grZnobani.. Wirni da mwuxarebani ufro sayovelTao, sakacobrioni arian... misi
kvnesa kacobriobis kvnesaa, misi Civili kacobriobis Civilia, misi vermiwvdena survilisa
kacobriobis uRonobaa... da romelmac Cvens azrs, Cven gulTaTqmas, Cvens Wkua-gonebas didi
gani da siRrme misca, kacobriobis wyurvils qarTvelic Tanamoziared gauxada da kacobriul
wyurvilis mosaklav wyaros qarTvelic daawafa~ (WavWavaZe 1991: 535, 542).
pirobiTobaa, rom idealuri gmiris yoveli Tviseba hiperboluria, (uzomod didi silamaze, gmiroba,
siyvaruli, mwuxareba) ~ (xinTibiZe 1993: 42-44).
32
sayuradReboa, rom, rogorc miuTiTeben, didi rusi mwerali lev tolstoi, roca Seqspirs iwunebs, mas mainc
mecxramete saukunis realisturi mwerlobis gansaxierebis principebi aqvs mxedvelobaSi. Seqspiri ki am
sazomiT ar izomeba. mag., tolstoi sayvedurobs Seqspirs, rom masTan araa metyvelebis individualizacia,
mTavari, Tu ar erTaderTi saSualeba xasiaTis gamoxatvisa. gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom Seqspiris epoqaSi
individualizacia, rogorc gansakuTrebuli mxatvruli amocana, ar arsebobs. amitom xedavs tolstoi
SeqspirTan, ver vityviT uunarobas, magram srul gulgrilobas xasiaTisaTvis individualobis miniWebis mxriv.
tolstoi am dros amodis xasiaTis Tanadrouli gagebidan, rogorc individualobis garkveuli nawilisa.
yvelafris safuZveli ki sinamdvileSi Seqspiriseuli adamianis saerTo specifikaSia. Seqspiris gmirebi ar arian
realisturi literaturis personaJebi (literaturis Teoria, ZiriTadi problemebi istoriis Suqze, saxe,
meTodi, xasiaTi. mosk., 1962, gv. 370, rusul enaze).
63
rogorc Tavis droze vaxtang kotetiSvili SeniSnavda, `Cveni erovnuli kritika,
miuxedavad garegnuli zviadobisa, Sinaganad mainc darcxvenilia da sakacobrio masStabiT
romelime qarTveli moRvawis gazomva gveCoTireba. ilia WavWavaZe am mxrivac qarTveli
adamianis axali tipia, romelmac gadalaxa azrovnebis simxdale da qarTvel ers Rrmad
mofiqrebuli da Tamami sityva gaagona (kotetiSvili 1965: 279).
ilia WavWavaZisa da akaki wereTlis polemikidan lamis saukunenaxevari gavida da,
bunebrivia, am gadasaxedidan, Tanamedrove literaturaTmcodneobis miRwevaTa Suqze, ukeT
SeiZleba gamoCndes maTi polemikis Zlieri da SedarebiT sadao mxareebi, magram es araa axla
arsebiTi; mTavaria is erovnul-moqalaqeobrivi pozicia, romelsac ori didi mamuliSvili
gamoxatavda. maTi ucvleli pozicia iyo dgoma erovnuli Rirsebis, erovnuli Rirebulebebis
dacvis sadarajoze da xmis amaRleba nebismier SemTxvevaSi, roca xedavdnen, rom ilaxeboda
nebsiT Tu uneblieT es Rirebulebebi; xmis amaRleba im SemTxvevaSic, roca SeiZleboda guli
etkinaT qveynis gamorCeuli Svilis, saTayvano adamianisaTvis, da swored esaa WeSmariti
moRvawe eriskacTa pozicia.
damowmebani:
baramiZe 1975: baramiZe al. ilia WavWavaZe da Zveli qarTuli mwerlobis sakiTxebi. wignSi: narkvevebi
qarTuli literaturis istoriidan. VI, Tb.: 1975.
gorgaZe... 1987: gorgaZe i., gurgeniZe n. ilia WavWavaZe _ cxovrebisa da Semoqmedebis matiane. Tb.: 1987.
gurgeniZe.... 1989: gurgeniZe n., gorgaZe i. akaki wereTli cxovrebisa da Semoqmedebis matiane. Tb.: 1989.
duduCava 1967: duduCava m. ilia WavWavaZis esTetika. Tb.: 1967.
kanti : kanti e. TxzulebaTa krebuli eqvs tomad. t. VI, (rusul enaze).
kiknaZe 1978: kiknaZe gr. literaturis Teoriisa da istoriis sakiTxebi. Tb.: 1978.
kotetiSvili 1965: kotetiSvili v. rCeuli nawerebi. prof. d. gamezardaSvilis redaqciiT da gamokvleviT.
I, Tb.: 1965.
maxaraZe 1984: maxaraZe ap. ilia WavWavaZis cxovreba. Tb.: 1984.
menabde 1973: menabde l. mecxramete saukunis qarTveli klasikosebi da Zveli qarTuli mwerloba. Tb.: 1973.
nadiraZe 1958: nadiraZe g. rusTavelis esTetika. Tb.: 1958.
wereTeli 1960: wereTeli a. Txzulebani TxuTmet tomad. t. XII, Tb.: 1960.
wereTeli 1963: wereTeli a. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli TxuTmet tomad. t. 15, Tb.: 1963.
wereTeli 1989: wereTeli a. rCeuli nawarmoebebi xuT tomad. Tb.: gamomcemloba `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~,
1989.
WavWavaZe 1995: WavWavaZe i. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli oc tomad. t. V, Tb.: 1995.
hegeli 1971: hegeli fr. esTetika. t. III, (rusul enaze), moskovi: 1971.
64
Tengiz kikaCeiSvili
araorganul bunebasTan ilia WavWavaZis damokidebulebisaTvis
xelovnebisa da sinamdvilis urTierTdamokidebulebis Rrmad gagebam, agreTve

mecnierebis rolis sworma Sefasebam warmoqmna ilia WavWavaZis SesaniSnavi gansazRvra:
`mecniereba da xelovneba ar arian mogonilni kacis Wkvis da gamoxatulobis arc
varjiSobisgan da arc varjiSobisaTvis... igini ibadebian cxovrebisagan da arseboben
cxovrebisaTvis... igini win midian cxovrebis viTarebis gamo da mere Tavis rigzed win mihyavT
cxovreba~ (WavWavaZe 1953: 71).
aq savsebiT naTelyofilia ilias msoflmxedvelobriv SexedulebaTa mimarTuleba.
mwerals surda, Tavis SemoqmedebaSi asaxul cxovrebas saTanado kvali daemCnia xalxis sulsa
da gonebaze. vfiqrobT, ilias am ZiriTad SemoqmedebiT mizandasaxulobas zustad exmaureba
grigol kiknaZis qvemoT gamoxatuli azri:
`xalxis ocnebaTa gansaxiereba aris mis gonebasa da grZnobaze zemoqmedebis piroba.
magram es zemoqmedeba nayofieri mxolod maSin SeiZleba iyos, Tu TviT xelovani gulgrili
mentori ki ar aris, aramed namdvilad Relavs nawarmoebSi aRZruli sakiTxebis gamo. radgan
mRelvareba gamoxatavs mwerlis... simarTles~ (WavWavaZe 1997: 12).
iliaseul simarTles yovelTvis edo safuZvlad maRali kompetenturoba, mraval
sakiTxSi, imgvari, dros rom uZlebda da SemdgomSic gauZlebs, rig saqmeSi ki imgvari, mowinave
azrad rom miiCneoda imdroisaTvis... ilias interesTa diapazoni ki marTlac sakvirveli
gaxldaT.
isev grigol kiknaZes davimowmebT:
`mwerlis upiratesi amocanaa ganxilva yofiTi sakiTxebisa anu ukeT, sakiTxebisa,
romelTac yofiTi mniSvneloba aqvT. rasakvirvelia, am SemTxvevaSi `yofa~ ar unda iqnes
gagebuli, rogorc mxolod yoveldRiur moTxovnilebaTa gamoxatuleba. iliasaTvis `yofa~
farTo Sinaarss moicavs: cocxali adamianis realuri arsebobis yvela SesaZlo formas, magram
swored realuri arsebobis formas... am princips qadagebda da axorcielebda ilia WavWavaZe,
rogorc werilebsa da gamosvlebSi, ise Tavis mxatvrul SemoqmedebaSi~ (WavWavaZe 1997: 12).
sxva mraval kategoriaTa Soris, ilias Rrmada aqvs gaazrebuli bunebis raoba. bunebis
gamosaxvisas mwerali axdens misi ama Tu im niSnis specifikur aqcentirebas, rac, Semoqmedebis
saazrovno masStabebTan erTad, avlens ilia WavWavaZis damkvirveblobis iSviaT unars. igi
gvamcnobs, rom buneba mxolod ubralod ki ar garemoicavs adamians, aramed misi
arsebobisaTvis aucileblad saWiro materialur samyaros warmoadgens.
werilSi `goete~ konstantine gamsaxurdia werda:
`bunebaSi goete... polarulobasa da gradacias xedavda. sistoles da diastols,
aqtiursa da pasiur feradebs, SesunTqvasa da amosunTqvas, naTelsa da Crdils, qalursa da
vaJurs, simZimesa da gavrcelebas... goete cdilobs harmoniuli Sexameba dainaxos, adamians da
kosmoss Soris harmoniuloba daamyaros~ (gamsaxurdia 1985: 344-345).
iliazec zedmiwevniT vrceldeba zemoTqmuli.
is maxvili TvaliT akvirdeba bunebis mravalferovnebas, saxecvlilebis unars,
moZraobis kanonzomierebas... mwerali sagangebod usvams xazs adamiansa da bunebas Soris
ucnaur kavSirs, saTanado axsnas uZebnis am kavSiris idumalebis fenomens da sabolood
harmoniul Sexamebas xedavs kacobriobasa da bunebas Soris, romlebic ganuwyvetlad
`CaxlarTvian~ urTierTs.
sazogadoebriv kanonTa da bunebis movlenebis kanonzomierebaTa SedarebiT, ilia ufro
Rrmad xsnis cxovrebis rogorc zogad arss, ise am cxovrebis konkretul viTareba-situaciebs.
mwerali ciuri samyaros, weliwadis droTa Taviseburebebis, atmosferuli movlenebis
saTanadod damkvirvebelia. mas swams `gazafxulis pirveli dilis pirveli qrolis
macxovnebloba~, sjera `zamTris Semdeg dedamiwaze mziT amoxeTqili energiis simZlavrisa~,
rac àxali azris brwyinvale yvavilobasa~ hbadebs...
amgvari da msgavsi interesebi ilias araerT TxzulebaSi transformirdeba Sesaferisi
ideur-esTetikuri ieriT. mwerali afiqsirebs zeciur movlenebs, axasiaTebs maTi moZraobis
kanonebs:
... aRmobrwyinda mze didebulada

da gaanaTla qveyana bneli,
kavkasis mTebis wverTa maRalTa
zed gadahfina oqros naTeli.
aRmoCnda mTebis zemoT myinvari,
cisa da qveynis Sua dakidul,
igiv zviadi, igiv mZvinvari,
igiv didebul da dadumebul.
qvesknelT ZalTagan igi mTa medgrad
cis gasarRvevad amozidula,
65
magram mis srbola caSi uecrad
TiTqo gangebiT Seyenebula.
misi yinuliT nakveTi Tavi
moirTo mzisa oqros sxivebiT,
qveyanas mSiSars mis frTeTa zvavi
dascqeris risxviT da muqarebiT.
TiTqos eliso gankiTxvis dResa,
rom igrialos, wamoiquxos,
xmeleTs daeces, merme qvesknelsa,
TviTc daiRupos isic daRupos.
(WavWavaZe 1985: 143-144)
cnobili ar gaxlavT faqti, rom ilias raime Rirssaxsovari naSromi mieZRvna ferTa
Seswavlis sakiTxisadmi (artur laisti SeniSnavs: ìlia mxatvrobas... naklebad icnobda, Tumca
xalisianad kiTxulobda didi mxatvrebis biografiebs... uyvarda lamazi istoriuli suraTebi...
isini sagangebod daaxatvina gigo gabaSvils~...) (mogonebani 1987: 379). magram is ki aRsaniSnavia,
rom mwerali lamis fermweris niSandobliobiT warmogviCens STabeWdilebas, romelsac axdens
Tvalze sagnis mier anarekli sinaTle da miuxedavad imisa, rom ilias mxatvrul TxzulebebSi,
feri, sazogadod, sakmaod TavSekavebiTaa gamoyenebuli, roca ki fiqsirdeba, Zalze efeqturad
da mizanmimarTulad _ ufro zustad, magaliTad `gandegilSi~, bunebis ferwerul suraTebSi
ostaturadaa Sexamebuli mravalferovani saRebavebi, sxvadasxva elferi, Suqi da Crdili,
dominirebs mzis sinaTle, wiTel-yviTeli da lurji tonebi...
ilias poeziidan feri gansakuTrebul azrobriv-SemecnebiT funqcias tvirTulobs
leqsSi _ `sizmari~. poetma didi eqspresiiT gamoxata samyaros qaosuri brunva-triali,
disharmoniuli Sexla-Semoxla, Seqmna uwesrigo moZraobis mZlavri efeqti _ `mze, mTvare,
zeca, dedamiwa saSiS grialiT ugzo-ukvloda wanwalebdnen trialiT maliT~.
aq mkiTxvelze erT uCveulo zemoqmedebas axdens ilia:
sxva qarTvel mweralTa darad (SoTa rusTaveli, vaJa-fSavela, galaktioni, konstantine
gamsaxurdia...), igi araerTxel xatavs mzes, rogorc sinaTlis wyaros, keTil substancias. ai,
aseTi, negatiuri metaforuli saxisaTvis `Seuferebeli~ varskvlavi gamoxata iliam aRniSnul
leqsSi didi qaosis erT-erT damamkvidreblad. mzes dakargul aqvs pozitiuri simboluri
gageba da gansxvavebuli metaforuli funqciiT itvirTeba. igi `sisxliT aRvsil fialad~,
`sisxlis tbadaa~ warmoCenili, romlidanac `sisxli siRrmes Rvarad sdioda da muniT ali
jigrisfrada amodioda~.
aq ugono materia gansakuTrebul ferwerul-plastikur saxed dakonkretda, radgan
leqsSi aRweril gancdiT situaciebSi swored es gza miiCnia poetma saukeTeso saSualebad
sakuTari azrobriv-emociuri mimarTulebis gamosaxatavad: ingreva qveynebi, SeSlilia mTeli
samyaro, amitomac batonobs sisxlisferi, wina planze wamoiwevs saiqio samyofeli:
da is qveynebi im alisfriT iyvnen iseTi,

TiTqos uzomo sivrces mocurs TviT jojoxeTi.
(mogonebani... 1987: 34)
feri leqsSi naCveneb viTarebaTa uSualo elementadaa Seracxuli, mdgomareobis

garduval niSnadaa miCneuli, amave dros, pirovnul gancda-emociaTa gamomsxivebelicaa.
iliasaTvis buneba adamianurobis arsis, adamianis moRvaweobis specifikurad
gamomxatveli kategoriaa. mwerlis sulierebas Tavisebur amaRlebas aniWebs Caketili
sivrcidan gaRweva, mas bolomde unarCundeba samyarosTan Svebis mimniWebeli urTierTobis
survili, swams, rom pirovnebis Sinagani mdgomareoba bunebasTan uSualo kavSirSi
niuansirdeba, rom adamianis gzis mimarTulebas gare samyarosTan damokidebuleba
gansazRvravs:
àdgilmdebareoba... miwa-wyali, erTob kacTa-gareTi buneba, _ esec ki Zlier moqmedobs
adamianis xasiaTisa da zne-Cveulebis sxvadasxvaobis Sesaqmnelad~ (WavWavaZe 1987: 82) _ werda
ilia.
sxvagan ki amgvarad msjelobs mwerali:
`vitorino de-feltes, romelic pedagogiis mamad iTvleba... idealad, anu magaliTad,
hqonda aTinuri `gimnasii~, saca erTnairi da Tanaswori yuradReba iyo miqceuli, rogorc
ymawvilis Wkva-gonebis ganviTarebasa da gaZlierebazed, ise Zval-xorc-janis gamagrebasa da
gaRonierebazed... amitomac skolaSi swavleba da gareT haerzed varjiSoba erTi-erTmaneTs
rig-rigad mosdevda... zogjer ymawvilebs istumrebdnen karga Sors... alpiis mTebSic~
ilias buneba uyvarda, rogorc namdvil poets. misi natura, raRac idumal moTxovnilebas
ayolili, ucnaurad eqvemdebareboda ciuri movlenebis jados:
`vin icis, ramdenjer damtkbara ilia saguramoSi mzis CasvliT. nasadilevs, rodesac
muxranis mxridan... Rrubels SeniSnavda, aivans aRar Sordeboda: mzis Casvlis sanaxaobas eloda
xolme. im dros bunebis suraTi Tavisi gansakuTrebuli simSvenieriT, marTlac itacebda
66
adamians. swored aseTi suraTi aqvs ilias aRwerili `gandegilSi~... bunebaSi ilias ufro metad
mTliani xedebi xiblavda. am dros tkbeboda da udrtvinel ocnebas eZleoda~ (mogonebani...
1987: 334) _ werda artur laisti.
rogorc iTqva, bunebis Wvretis iliaseuli (adamianur-pirovnuli) gancda-emociebi da
ideuri principebi sainteresod transformirdeba da saTanado efeqturobiTac vlindeba mis
TxzulebebSi. personaJTa sulier mdgomareobaze dakvirvebisas amgvari gardasaxva naTlad
dasturdeba...
gandegili dafiqrebiT dahyurebs mTis mwvane kalTebs, mze jer kidev srulad ar
gadasuliyo mTis gadaRma da `sxivgaSliT anTebuliyo mTis wverzed~... `cisa laJvardi, viT
nakverCxali wiTlad da yviTlad mzisgan hRuvoda, da ganmsWvaluli misiT Rrubeli Sors aTas-
ferad sxivebSi hTroda~... yovelive amas gancvifrebuli Sehyurebda mwiri... moulodnelad
mSvenieri amindi moiRuSa, qari napral-mRvimeebs Seaskda, atyda Weqa-quxili, erTianad Seirya
ca da qveyana, arev-dareviT msrbolma Rrublebma daabnela are, gaqra imedi, mwiri
RvTismSoblis xats evedreba warwymedisagan qveynis xsnas...
aRwerili gare samyaro formaluri scena ki ar aris, sadac viTardeba movlena, aramed am
movlenis ganviTarebisaTvis aucilebeli organuli realoba, xels uwyobs misi Sinagani arsis
gamomzeurebas.
`gandegilSi~ ilia calkeul kosmiur sxeuls xandaxan ramdenjerme xatavs sxvadasxva
personaJTan mimarTebaSi da amiT aaxloebs erTmaneTTan gmirTa gancdebs, emociebs, rac
sabolood cxovrebaze maTi Sexedulebebis gansazRvras uwyobs xels. konkretulad
mxedvelobaSi gvyavs mwyemsi qali, romlis dialogSic gandegilTan irkveva, rom mzem maszec
iseTive grandiozuli STabeWdileba moaxdina, rogorc mwirze. isic `gaSterebula~, `veRar
mousxletia Tvali~ mnaTobisaTvis...
ilias kvlavac Semohyavs nawarmoebSi mze, magram gansxvavebuli niuansurobiT _ Tu
asketi uxmod eZleoda ciuri meufis masze emociur zemoqmedebas, axalgazrda mwyemsi qali
xmamaRla gamoxatavda aRtacebas da TiTqos ufro àqtiurad~, filosofiuri gansjis gareSe,
oden qvecnobieri SegrZnebebis safuZvelze aaSkaravebda mzis cxovelmyofel mniSvnelobas
miwier cxovrebasTan damokidebulebis TvalsazrisiT. radgan amgvari safuZveli hqonda,
amitom, mwyemsi qalis mier danaxul da daxasiaTebul bunebis movlenaTa Sesaxeb misi frazebi _
`mTidama civi avarda qari, setyva tyviasebr wamouSina... ca qveynis danTqmas TiTqos hlamobda,
Weqda da hquxda... da CemTa fexqveS TviTon mTis Ziric iZroda, Zrwoda~ _ cxadia, gandegilis
mier samyaros tkiviliani, fiqriani Wvretisagan gansxvavebiT, ufro yofiTi, ase vTqvaT,
àdgilobrivi~ wuxilis gamoxatulebad unda miviCnioT.
iliam bunebis moqmedeba adamianis sulis moZraobas daukavSira, erTis dinamika meoris
Sinagan eqspresias miusadaga. msgavsi xasiaTis kavSirSi amoikiTxeba bunebis gamoxatvis
mniSvneloba mxatvrul TxzulebaSi.
kacsa da samyaros Soris damokidebulebis xasiaTi eqspresiuladaa gamoxatuli
àCrdilSic~. Tu poemis dasawyisSi ilias ideur- msoflmxedvelobrivi principebis ZiriTad
iaraRad _ moZraoba-moqmedebis, dauokebeli Rvwis xat-simbolod Tergi gvevlineba,
nawarmoebis dasasruls, mwerlis mier gancdil vnebaTa Relvisa da mTeli nawarmoebis
azrobrivi mimarTulebis gamomxatvel mniSvnelovan simboloebad quxiliT, grgvinviT
gayruebuli mTebis, èlviT gapkrialebuli cis~, `nislSi STacvenili... velebis~, `qariT
gamotenili xevxuvebisa~ da qaris “risxviT daglejili klde-Rreebis~, `bneli jojoxeTis~
mxatvruli saxeebi warmodgeba.
amindis cvalebadobis amgvari eqspresiuli Cveneba, stiqionis arsebiTad
meteorologiuri procesebisaTvis niSandoblivi kanonzomierebiT gamoxatva, miuTiTebs
ilias dakvirvebis uCveul unarze, misi, rogorc bunebismetyvelis garkveul alRoze. aq
mxatvrul ostatobas, xelovanis emociebs, esadageba saTanado interesi mecnierisa. erTxelac
dasturdeba Semoqmedis saazrovno diapazoni.
cxadia, rom ilias, rogorc mxatvris TvaliT da emociuri gancdiT daxatuli bunebis esa
Tu is movlena (davuSvaT Weqa-quxili, qaris moqmedeba, Rrublebis forma Tu moZraoba da
msgavsi) specifikuri termin-cnebebiT, damaxasiaTeblobiT fiqsirdeba mecnierebaSi da
zemoCamoTvlilTa Sesaxeb ilias mecnierul dainteresebaze miTiTeba, vfiqrobT, usafuZvloa,
magram zogierTi maTganis raRac niSani, Tundac fragmentulad, mainc gamosWvivis mwerlis
mxatvruli nawarmoebebidan. mizezad ilias zogadmecnieruli alRoianoba unda miviCnioT. aq
azri, fiqri, TiTqos, qvecnobierad miiswrafvis sagnisa Tu movlenis arsis amocnobisaken.
mokled SevexebiT erT specifikur sakiTxs:
meteorologiur praqtikaSi, magaliTad, dRemde cnobilia ingliseli qimikosis
hovardis mier Rrublebisadmi Serqmeuli saxelebi: stratusebi _ gaSlil-gafenili dabali
Rrublebi, romlebic warmoiqmnebian dedamiwis zedapirze burus-nislisgan; kumulusebi _
TeTri qula Rrublebi, romlebic nairgvar formebs Rebuloben da stratusebis zeviT arian
ganlagebulni; kidev ufro maRla cirrusebi binadroben — frTa-Rrublebi, e.w. `kravela~
Rrublebi; meoTxe tipi-nimbusebia _ mZime, Camobnelebuli, wvimis Rrublebi...
67
qvemore magaliTebSi zemomiTiTebuli tipis Rrublebia warmodgenili, yovel
SemTxvevaSi, raRac amgvari asociacia Cndeba:
cas gadaedven Savni Rrubelni,

nislSi STacvivdnen mTani da velni.
Savi Rrubeli daiZra mZimeT,

daiZra mZlavri, uzarmazari,
cazed ganerTxo da gaiSala...
`yuisaviT TeTri da fafuki Rrublebi naWer-naWer aqa-iqa midi-modioda wynarad da

auCqareblad gadawmendil cazed, TiTqos tol-amxanagebs eZebeno xeli-xels gadasabmelad.
ciag-mkrTals laJvards dilis cisas saucxovod gadaeSala Tavisi kalTebi am msubuqad mcurav
pawia stumrebisaTvis, ToTqos deda iwvevs axlad gaRviZebuls balRebs kalTaSi
gasagoreblado~ (WavWavaZe 1950: 276).
`mTa-bars, tye-mindors dil-dilaobiT Wirxli edeboda. mxolod SuadRis gulzed mze
pirdapir dahxedavda Tu ara, Wirxls, zogs wylad qceuls, mwyurvali miwa svamda da zogi
orTqlad cas ahqonda da bambis qulasaviT TeTr, funCula Rrublad aqa-iq atarebda Tavis
Tval-gauwvdenels sigrZe-siganeze, siRrme-simaRleze~ (WavWavaZe 1950: 320).
amindis cvalebadobis axsna axla ufro dasabuTebuli da swori mecnieruli meTodebiT
warmoebs, vidre hovardis mieraa warmodgenili, magram im droisaTvis isic garkveulwilad
imsaxurebda yuradRebas da ilias yovlisSemcnobi interesisTvis, SesaZloa, ramenairad
misawvdomic ki yofiliyo, Tumca, vimeorebT, amis kvali ar Cans... cxadia, warmoCenili
msjeloba Cveni warmodgenis nayofia mxolod, magram mxatvruli simarTlis Semcvelia
erTgvarad...
ranairadac ar unda asaxavdes samyaros, iliasaTvis igi mxolod adamianTan dakavSirebis
TvalsazrisiTaa Rirebuli. Rrmaazrovnad wers ingliseli filosofosi bertran raseli:
`faseulobaTa samyaroSi buneba TavisTavad neitraluria _ arc keTilia da arc boroti,
ar imsaxurebs arc aRtacebas da arc gakicxvas.
faseulobani iqmneba CveniT:
swored Cveni survilebi aniWeben Rirebulebas raimes. am saufloSi batonobs adamiani da
igi daamcirebda Tavis mefur Rirsebas, bunebis winaSe rom moexara qedi.
ra aris sikeTe, unda ganisazRvros da dadgindes ara bunebisaTvis, Tundac RvTis saxiT
gvevlinebodes igi, aramed CvenTvis~ (raseli 1987: 70).
ilia samyaroSi adamianis rolis Rirseuli damkvidrebisTvis ibrZvis.
aRsaniSnavia, rom ilias ca ainteresebda, rogorc ukidegano vrceli samyaro, sistema.
igi etrfoda mzes, rogorc sicocxlis wyaros, grZnobiT ekideboda caze mokaSkaSe mTvares, mis
Suqs, izidavda varskvlaviani ca. am krebiTobas asaxavda rogorc epikur, ise lirikul
TxzulebebSi:
Ramis guSagi, mudam mWmunavi

mTvare mefurad mZlavrad vidoda,
mTebisa yinviT nakveTi Tavi
imis sxivebTan musaifobda.
Sorni mnaTobni mokamkamenni
im mwuxars Rames mxiarulobdnen,
mdumars qveyanas, viT sayvarelni,
sxivebs esrodnen, zed dahxarodnen.
da im mnaTobTa sxivis alersiT
vels mSveniersa CasZineboda,
mxolod niavi mTisa — molxeniT,
tyeSi foTlebTan lazRandarobda.
..........................
yvelas eZina, dRiT hfeTqavs raca,
TiTqo daRlila miwa da caca!
mxolod ki erTgan uremi mZime
miWrialebda, gzas aRviZebda,
da naRvlianad masze meurme
mwuxars simReras daRuRunebda.
RuRuni igi CamrCenia guls,
mwuxare aris viT glovis zari,
magram Tu naRvels mohbers daCagruls,
ukuhyris kidec, viT Rrubels qari.
(WavWavaZe 1985: 169-170)
68
amgvarad, ciTa da miwiT nasazrdoebi cxovreba adamianis dramatizmis gamaZlierebel
komponentadac gvevlineba da gansazRvrul samomavlo imedadac. ilia arasodes Cavardnila
uimedo mdgomareobaSi, misTvis ucxo iyo fataluri ganwirulebis gancda. Tumca
SeigrZnoboda sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi zRvruli katastrofuli mdgomareobiT gamowveuli
wuxili, magram damTrgunveli uimedoba rom wveoda, misTvisac ki azrs dakargavda brZolis
saWiroeba, ubralod, moerRveoda imunuroba.
ai, cxovrebis rTul kataklizmaTa tvirTi ki namdvilad awva mis mxrebs da soflis
wyevla-krulvian sakiTxavTa amocnobas filosofiuri msjelobiT cdilobda:
`gana Setyoba imisi Tu _ ra aris caSi, an cis iqiT, _ mudamis wyurviT Sesatyobari ar
aris erTob adamianisaTvis? gana amis ver miRwevis uRonoba zogad-kacobriuli Civili ar aris
uZlurebisa? gana amaebSi triali gonebisa ar aris zogad-kacobriobis gauTavebeli triali im
saidumloebis uZiro morevSi, romelsac arc Tavi aqvs, arc bolo, arc ho da arc ara?~
mainc, amgvari `hosa~ da àras~ ZiebaSi `hos~ misdevda ilia da miuxedavad imisa, rom
xSirad, Sewuxebuli da aRSfoTebuli Cveni uxeirobiT, umizno cxovrebiT, gunebawamxdari
werda _ `xumrobaa, mTeli samas-samoc-da-xuTi Tormet-saaTiani dRe da mTeli samas-samoc-
da-xuTi Tormet saaTiani Rame! ...wavida da daiRupa es amodena dRe da Rame, es amodena dro da
Jami iq, saca sicocxle uamisod wuTia... droTa brunvam rom es amodena Rala waarTva Cven
sicocxlesa, samagierod ra nugeSi mogvca, ra gvaTesina, ra mogvamkevina... saqme is aris, rom
sul araferi moucia... vai, fuWad ganvlils samas-samoc-da-xuTs dRes da Rames!... unda
vtirodeT!~ (WavWavaZe 1953: 377-378) _ bolos mainc ukeTes mermiss, sxva gzis arCevas
mieltvoda:
`sxva ra gzaa?
sxva gza is aris, rom erTmaneTs erTmaneTiT guli gavuguladoT da amisaTvis Rone Rones
gadavabaT, mxari mxars mivceT, erTmaneTis siyvaruli vamociquloT da am windebuls axals
weliwads imas vaqmnevinebT, rac Cven gvinda, da ara imas, rac mas hsurs. vimxneoT erTad _
erTis guliT, erTis suliT, erTmaneTis ndobiT. vinc mxnea, is Zlieria. maS `mxne, iyav da
gaZlierdi!~ (WavWavaZe 1953: 380).
* * *
ilia tipuri, mTliani adamiani gaxldaT, romelmac Tavis sarbielze imdeni gaakeTa,
mravali erTad ver SeZlebda. mizezi isaa, rom mas Tavganwirva SeeZlo, miznisken swrafva! mudam
qveynis gamaZlierebel RonisZiebebze fiqrobda da amgvari moRvaweobisas seriozul saSvels
agnebda xolme, Cveulebriv. sameurneo-samrewvelo saqmianobaSi praqtikulad bevriT
verafriT moiwonebda Tavs _ `meurneobas ver awarmoebda... ar zrunavda masze... erTi ram
hgvrida siamovnebas _ manqanebi, bevri maTgani Semdeg uZravad eyara sabZelSi~ (mogonebani...
1987: 365). samagierod, mravali saqmianobis ideur dvritas interesiT moigdebda xelSi,
gulisyuriT amuSavebda, sakmaod aprobirebul mecnierul safanels udebda.
werilSi ìlia WavWavaZe~ konstantine gamsaxurdia werda:
ìlia WavWavaZis pirovneba madlia saqarTvelos gasuli saukunis gauxarebel istoriaSi.
saqarTvelos suls kidev didxans dasWirdeba sistematuri ganwmenda im saSineli balastisagan,
romelic SemoiWra Cvens sxeulSi da sulSi aRmosavleTis pasiurobisa da aziuri inertulobis
saxiT... saqarTvelos axal istoriaSi ilia WavWavaZiT iwyeba axali aqtivi xasiaTisa~
(gamsaxurdia 1983: 390).
swored am aqtiurma xasiaTma Seafasa Cveni istoria TavisTvis damaxasiaTebeli
piruTvnelobiT:
`Cvenma Zvelma istoriam ar mogvacala, rom codna-swavlis gza gvekafna da Cvenis sulisa
da gulis ZaliT mecnierebis axo gamogveRo umecrebis bardebiT da jagiT moculs aremarezed.
am mxriT Zalian CamovrCiT danarCens kacobriobas~, Toremo `Cvens ekonomiurs yofa-
cxovrebas, rom kaci rigianad da gonierad daakvirdes, bevrs sagulisxmos ipovis~ (WavWavaZe
1956: 73-74).
amgvari Sexedulebis safuZvelze agebs ilia msjelobas da axorcielebs analizs rigi
mniSvnelovani darg-xelobis irgvliv:
àlgeTzed gamoCenila mSvenieri qva saliTografio da sakire, iseTis maRalis Rirsebisaa
Turme, rom ukeTesi aRar unda~ (WavWavaZe 1956: 268). Semdeg warmoCenilia am qvis Tvisebebi,
miTiTebulia evropaSi misi mopovebis adgilze (mxolod bavariaSi-zolenhofenSi moipovebao),
iqaur miwis wiaRSi misi ganlagebis Sreebze, saqarTveloSi qvis moWrisa da gaTlis
teqnologiur upiratesobaze da a.S. (WavWavaZe 1956: 270).
am werilSi, romelsac `Savi-qvis mrewvelobis mimdinare saqmeebze~ hqvia, ilia
yuradRebas amaxvilebs CvenSi Savi qvis warmoebis problemebze, xazs usvams bunebis mier
boZebuli am simdidris geologiur warmomavlobas;
werilSi `navTis saqme kavkasiaSi~ ilia WavWavaZe saTanado safuZvlianobiT aSuqebs
sawvavis erTi ZiriTadi saxeobis mraval niSans: imdroindel monacemebze dayrdnobiT gvawvdis
69
cnobebs navTis mopovebis mniSvnelovan adgilebze (amerika, kavkasia, amierkavkasia _ Semaxia,
kaxeTis zogierTi raioni _ zemo-xidaSeni, TuqurmiSa da sxv.), miwaSi navTis dagrovebis Sinagan
mizezebze _ `Sinagan mizezad iTvleba geologiuri wyoba miwisa... dRes baqoSi miwisqveSeTni
nivTierebani navTis Sesadgenad aramc Tu mospobilan, aramed jer kidev bevri aris da dRes
navTis momavlinebelni mizezni jer kidev ganuwyvetliv moqmedeben... baqoSi navTi ise Rrmad
Casvlas ar iTxovs, rogorc amerikaSi, radganac dedamiwis zedapirzed axloa... raki Was cotad
Tu bevrad amoTxrian, navTi Sadrevnad scems~ (WavWavaZe 1956: 275-276). ilia xazs usvams navTis
`saxeiro da gamosarCom~ Tvisebebs, mis mraval “sabazro nivTad gamoxdis” SesaZlebobas _
`navTi marto imiT ki ar aris saxeiro da gamosarComi, rom sanaTebel navTad gadiwmendeba
xolme, aramed imitomac, rom danarCen gamonaxadidam kidev bevri sxva ramac gamoixados,
magaliTebr wasasmeli zeTi, benzini, vazelini, erTgvari surnelovani zeTi, romelsac
`ароматический углеводород~ hqvian~ (WavWavaZe 1956: 278).
gansakuTrebuli interesiT ekideba ilia Cveneburi kacisTvis erTi iseTi, albaT yvelaze
mniSvnelovani movlena-saqmianobis rkvevas, rasac `Rvinis qarTulad dayeneba~ hqvia. am sakiTxs
qvemoT ufro konkretulad SevexebiT.
yvela zemoCamoTvlil dargze saubrisas, cxadia, specifikurad mzeurdeba araorganuli
samyaros saganTa mimarT ilia WavWavaZis damokidebulebis xasiaTi, rac, garkveulwilad,
moiTxovs TviT minerologiuri, qimiuri procesebis saTanado gacnobierebas.
ìlia Rrma moxucebulobaSic bevrs kiTxulobda ara marto literaturul Txzulebebs,
agreTve samecniero Sromebsac. misi codnis salaro Zlier mdidari da mravalferovani iyo.
yvelaferi ainteresebda, rac kacobriobas exeboda... Tanamedroveobas ilia kargad icnobda da
xSirad axasiaTebda~ (mogonebani... 1987: 378). aq iliasTan xSiri, uSualo Tanamosaubre da axlo
megobari artur laisti obieqturad warmoaCens didi qarTveli moazrovnis mTlian
pirovnebas.
ilias gamokvleva _ `Rvinis qarTulad dayeneba~ aRsaniSnavia qarTuli sulierebis,
meurneobis, samyaro-bunebis mimarT mecnieruli, amasTan, emociuri damokidebulebiT.
sazogadod unda iTqvas, rom rogorc zemoaRniSnuli saxis nawarmoebebSi, aseve mwerlis
mxatvrul TxzulebebSi, umeteswilad, swored qarTuli samyaroa gamoxatuli, erovnuli
bunebaa konkretizebuli, qveynis yofiTi saWiroebidan amozrdili ideuri Tu materialuri
niSnebia warmodgenili.
ilia icavs mamapapuri sameurneo-ekonomiuri saxsris avtoritets, xsnis misi waxdenis
mizezebs da kicxavs qarTvelTa brmadmorwmuneobiT daavadebas:
`kaco, iqneb CvenSiac iyos erTi ram kargi, sxvisi sityviT yvelafers ratom ese xelaRebiT
viwunebT!... TviT msjeloba SegviSina ucxo qveynis abruma, gambedaoba gamogvacala... dRes
CvenSi ucxo qveyneli sulelic Wkvian kacad gadis da iqauri tyuili marTlada, mere rogori
tyuili? iqav tyuilad cnobili da aRiarebuli. am tyuilma ise arsad ar iCina Tavi, rogorc
Cvenebur Rvinis keTebis saqmeSi~ (WavWavaZe 1956: 76).
ilia, qarTvelebis wambaZvelobiTi poziciis gamo, gulistkiviliT aRniSnavs, rom
ucxoelebis `saxeliT da sityviT brmad gatacebul Cveneburebs~ aviwydebaT `CvenSi Rvinis
keTebis mTeli aTasi wlebis istoria~ (WavWavaZe 1956: 76). Semdeg mecnieruli obieqturobisa da
sizustisaTvis askvnis:
àris... mizezi, romlis ZaliTac Cveni eri Tavisebur Rvinis keTebas hrCeobs da evropuls
ufrTxis da erideba dResac, vin icis, iqneb es mizezi pativsadebia, Wkvad misaRebia? amas
gamoZieba, gamokvleva unda da uamisod Cvenebur Rvinoze wunis dadeba... moSlilis wisqvilis
raxunia... sibriyve da kadniereba... nuravin nu ifiqrebs, viTomc Cvens keTebas da dayenebas
Rvinisas ara aklia ra... bevri ram aklia, mxolod igi nakli, romelsac Cveneburs Rvinos wunad
uTvlian Cvenni Sinaurni Tu gareulni ostatebi, swored Rirsebaa Cvenis Rvinisa da Tu Cveni
Rvino odesme gzas gaixsnis saqveyno bazrisas, swored am Rirsebis wyalobiT~ (WavWavaZe 1956:
76-77).
amis Semdgom ilia wamoyenebul mosazrebas `sagulisxmo sabuTebiT~ (misive ganmarteba _
T. k.) amagrebs.
marTlac, sakmaod dawvrilebiT da saTanado codniTaa moSveliebuli sabuTianoba:
ilia ori juris damwunebel ostatebze miuTiTebs — vinc `venaxis miwis keTebas~
gviwunebs da vinc `TviTon Rvinis dayenebas~. orive maTgans mikerZoebaSi amxels, mxolod
gagonilis safuZvelze gamotanili daskvnis mcdarobaSi sdebs brals, logikur azrovnebas da
saqmeSi wvdomis alRos ukritikebs — `gaugoniaT, rom evropaSi sxvadasxva ostatobaa Rvinis
keTebisa da dayenebisa, da radganac magave ostatobas aq vera hxedven, marto amiT swunoben
Cveneburs Rvinis keTebas~ (WavWavaZe 1956: 80-81).
aq gvinda ganvacxadoT, rom ilias ar akmayofilebs `venaxis miwis keTebis~ damwunebelTa
mxolod zemomiTiTebul gamokvlevaSi aRniSvna. igi, garda uamravi dargis Rrma kvlevis
unariT cxebuli kacisa, mxatvruli sityvis ostati da gansakuTrebulad marTuli emociuri
wyobis Semoqmedi gaxldaT, ris gamoc saanalizod Segulebul problemas mxatvrul
nawarmoebSi aSinaarsebda naTlad da uZebnida gamoxatvis saTanado formas. amis magaliTs misi
prozis Sedevri — òTaraanT qvrivi~ warmoadgens.
70
moTxrobis XII Tavi _ ùecari wkipurti~ Tavidan bolomde imis dasabuTebaa, rom
Cveneburi kaci swored `venaxis miwis keTebis~ ostatadaa miCneuli da am saqmeSi vinmesgan
dasawuni araferi sWirs.
venaxis gaSenebis Taobaze arCilisa da giorgis dialogSi swored zemoTqmuli
dasturdeba realuri Tu mxatvruli simarTliT. `CvenSi Rvinis keTebis mTeli aTasi wlebis
istoriis~ Semqmneli qarTveli meurne sxvaTa juris adamianTa dasacinad verafriT
gaimeteboda _ savsebiT arabunebrivi iqneboda es! amitom misgan ùecari wkipurtis~ gaReba
saqmeSi Cauxedavi kacisaTvis, misi uzarmazari gamocdilebidan gamomdinare, bunebiTi reaqcia
gaxldaT. àqaur glexkacobas sicilad ar veyofodio~ - ambobs `nawkipurtali~ da amiT
aRiarebs saqmis WeSmarit mcodneTa da mkeTebelTa Rirsebebs. xalxis amgvar codnas ilia
konceftualur safuZvlebs uZebnis:
`Tavmowonebuls ar-codnas mosdis-xolme-amovikiTxavT wignebidan raRacas da gvgonia, -
es es aris qveynis RerZs xeli... CavkideTo. qveyanazed bevri ram aris uwignod naswavli, amaebsac
codna unda... arc uwignoba varga da arc marto wignebidan gamoxedva. uwignod TvalTaxedvis
isari moklea da marto wigniTac sakmaod grZeli ar aris. ukadrisobad migvaCnia Wkua uwigno
tyapuW-qveSac vigulvoT. yvela gonieri kaci igiv wignia. yvela gonieri kaci, Tunda uwignoc,
zogjer mwignobarisaTvisac ki ostatia. es tyuili Takilia~.
_ tyuilma brZnobam icis, _ daatana kesom...
_ da uvicobis cudmedidobam _ daumata arCilma~ (WavWavaZe 195: 291).
cxadia, mTeli axlaxan warmoCenili msjelobis Semdeg, iliasaTvis SeuZlebeli iqneboda
ucxoelebis `saxeliTa da sityviT brmad gatacebul CveneburTa~ avtoritetad miCneva. ra Tqma
unda, aseve, ucxoelTa mimarT brmadmorwmuneoba!
Semdeg ilia safuZvlianad moxmobili magaliTebis analiziT warmoaCens im qimiur
procesebs, romlebic organuladaa dakavSirebuli Rvinis dayenebis xelobasTan da erTxelac
adasturebs sakuTar pasuxismgeblobas da saTanado momzadebas, rac egre rigad saWiroa
msgavsi problemebis dayeneba-gaSuqebisas.
kerZod, exeba safrangeTis ministris, qimikos Santalis aRmoCenas fxvnili marmarilos
mJave RvinoSi Cayris Taobaze, riTac amgvari Rvino simJaves kargavs _ mas marmarilo Seisvams
da mere Zirs daileqebao; mere imave mizniT, marmarilos nacvlad TabaSiris xmarebazec
miuTiTebs, rasac safrangeTSi `plat-rage~-s eZaxian da TviTon sistemas _ `Santalizacias~;
doqtor ludvig galis gamogonebazec mogviTxrobs, romlis mixedviT, Tu yurZnis wvens
sitkbo, anu Saqari aklia, unda gangeb Caematos, rasac `gallizacias~ uwodeben; RvinisTvis
feris misacemad sandlis, Wiaferis, lilis, alublis wvenis, anwlis, Sabis, rkinis arjapsis,
spirtis, tyviis erTgvari Senarevis _ `tyviis protoqsidis~, fuqsinis xmarebazec amaxvilebs
yuradRebas da askvnis:
`marTali ki unda sTqvas kacma, rom yovel amas evropaSi didis mecnierobiT, ostatobiT
da xerxiT axerxeben. magram gana kargia yovelive es? nuTu es sakiTxavi da gamosaZiebeli ar
aris!
raki yovelive es evropaSia da raki amisTana abruiani saxelebica aqvs, rogorc
`Santalizacia~, `gallizacia~, `fuqsinizacia~, Cvens ostatebs Rvinisas Tavbru unda
dasxmodaT?... ratom aRar ikiTxaven, rom am ostatobiT da mecnierebiT keTeba Rvinisa Rvinis
sunsRa arCens wvensa... im margebel sasmels, romlisTvisac buneburi, marTali Rvinoa
daniSnuli?~ (WavWavaZe 1956: 81-82).
ilia kidev erT mniSvnelovan sabuTs warmoaCens `fuqsinizaciiT~ nakeTebi Rvinis
sakritikod, romelic Zalzed gavrcelebuli yofila Turme samxreT safrangeTSi, espaneTsa
da italiaSi:
`fuqsiniT Sezavebul Rvinoze ai, ras ambobs mecnieri hussoni: erTi Wiqa davlie Tu ara,
maSinve yeli gamiSra da SemekumSa, tuCebzed da tuCis kuTxeebSi raRac ugemuroba vigrZeni ise,
rom iZulebuli gavxdi eniT mesvelebina wamdauwum. gemo SabiT nakeTebs Rvinos ugvanda...
gulis zidili vigrZeni... es fuqsiniT nakeTebi Rvino iseTi mawyinaria, rom, _ ukacraod ar
viyoT _ Sardsa wiTlad hRebavs da adamians tanSi hsxnis~ (WavWavaZe 1956: 82).
ilia Rvinis falsificirebis sxva SemTxvevasac gmobs, kerZod, viRac meafTiaqis
vaJabaton Selis mier ganxorcielebuls, romelmac RvinoSi arsebuli erTi nawevariT daiwyo
Rvinis Sezaveba da keTeba — Rvinos gamZleobas miscemso.
marTlac, glicerini im bunebrivi raodenobiT, rac RvinoSia, anu erT boTlze erTi
misxali, WeSmaritad gamZleobas aZlevs Rvinos da arc mawyinari ar aris sruliad, magram boTl
RvinoSi erTis magivrad xuTi rom iyos, maSin swyins adamians, xolo aTi da TerTmeti kacs
sisxlis Sardze gaiyvans _ wers ilia. monaTxrobs ase asrulebs:
`sistemas Selizacia daerqva, raTa kacobriobas ar daviwyeboda Zvirfasi saxeli misi,
vinc Rvinis gamZleobis siyvaruliTa adamianis mowamlvasac ar moerida~ (WavWavaZe 1956: 127).
ilia WavWavaZe Rvinis gayalbebis sxva SemTxvevebsac aRwers, ris Sedegadac RvinoSi
warmoqmnili Sxami adamianis organizms did zians ayenebs _ stkens saxsrebs, uCens simsivnes.
amgvarad, ilia dawvrilebiT ikvlevs Rvinis dayenebisas qimizaciis procesebs, afasebs
produqtis Rirebulebasa da mniSvnelobas, avkargianobis Sesabamisad, imisda mixedviT, swyens
71
Tu Semweobas uwevs igi adamianis agebulebas, ànu ukeT vTqvaT, ra unda moeTxovebodes
Rvinosa~ (WavWavaZe 1956: 83).
zemonaTqvamis garda, ramdenimejer kvlavac vlindeba qarTulad Rvinis dayenebis
irgvliv ilias profesiulad gamarTuli codna, konkretulad is, Tu ra mniSvneloba eZleva
Rvinis avkargianobisaTvis miwaSi Cafluli qvevrebis ganlagebas, maT irgvliv mdebare haeris
da Semoragvuli niadagis siTbo-sigriles, mevenaxis mier yurZnis dakrefis dros, TrTvilis
yurZnis marcvalze zemoqmedebis (kumSva-Wknoba) xasiaTs, yovelive amis duRilze gavlenas,
TviT marnis teqnikurad sworad mowyobas, raTa `naxSirmJavas buRma kaci ar daarCos~.
jerovani yuradReba eqceva agreTve mecnierTa gamokvlevas yurZnis wvenis erTi da imave
nawevrebisagan Sedgenilobis Sesaxeb, CamoTvlilia nawevrebi _ Saqari, azoti, peqtini da sxva
webos momcemi nawevrebi, organiuli simJaveni da marilebi _ tartarisa, uorganiuli _
fosforis simJave, qlori kalciiT, patasi, magnezia rkiniTa da Savi qviT, aRniSnulia Saqrisa
da azotis wilobrivi raodenoba da a.S.
ilia mTeli cxovrebis manZilze cdilobda bunebis arsiT gamsWvaluliyo, mas uyvarda
bunebasTan urTierToba, romlis drosac mis Sinagan wyobas Tvlida sicocxlis, adamianuri
cxovrebis warmmarTvel sawyisad. yovelgvari msjelobisas imarjvebda aseTnairad gagebul
wessa da rigs. zemomiTiTebul gamokvlevaSic dasturdeboda es:
`ra hxdis Rvinos esoden margeblad, esoden sasargeblod? marto erTi
yovladSemZlebeli, Seucdomeli, gabrZnobili ostati, romelsac buneba hqvian. marto
bunebiers Rvinosa sWirs esodeni sikeTe, esodeni madli~ (WavWavaZe 1956: 85).
***
ilia azrisa da sityvis emociur iers Zalze funqciurad ukavSirebda erTi-meores, mas
`sityva azris samoslad miaCnda~ (WavWavaZe 1953: 35). amitom TviT bunebis suraTebis
gamomxatveli poeturi striqonebis Seqmnis drosac ki, anu mSvenierebis Wvretisas da
gaformebisas, bunebis ama Tu im saxisa an niSnis idumal warmomavlobaze, maT arssa Tu
Tvisebebze fiqrs eZleoda. es mis leqsebSi, poemebsa Tu moTxrobebSic moCans.
`yvarlis mTebSi~ ilia adgilis Tanamdevi raRac idumalebebiTaa aforiaqebuli _
JrJolas, TrTola-kankalsaa ayolili. mTis amozrdis, mere amaRlebis, misi dro-sivrceSi
ganfenilobis mwerliseuli nagulisxmeobac ar iqneboda CvenTvis miuRebeli, radgan
nawarmoebis aRqmisas grZnob, rom garda gancdaTa mravalsaxovani warmoCenisa, ilia TiTqos
mTebis warmoqmnis proceszec fiqrobs, misi, rogorc `pirveladi samyaros~ mimarT avlens
interess. aqve, pirvelqmnilTa sidiades aRiarebs, TiTqos RaRadebs _ àr ZalmiZs Sevwvde
Tqven simaRleebso?~...
Tqven SegCiodiT, SegtirodiT, Tumc ki im Cems cremls,

rogorca exla, ise maSin ar scemdiT nugeSs... (WavWavaZe 1985: 20)
pirveladi samyaros arsi ilias prozaSicaa gamoxatuli, naSromSi dasmuli problemis

kuTxiT. emociuri xibliTaa aRsavse da azrobrivi mimarTulebiT Sewonili `TeTrad da
aumRvrelad... ayudebuli myinvari~, `Savi kldis gulidam gadmomskdari~ Tergi, kaxeTis ca,
`misi erTnairad Rrma da ciagi kamara,romelzedac sartyelsaviT miigrixeboda erT
gauwyvetel zolad mTebis laJvardi grexili~, `mtredisferi ganTiadi~, `Tbil-grili... mSral-
sveli... ciag-lurji Semodgoma~, `soflis gzebsa da orRobeebSi TeTrumtvero sufrasaviT
dafenili Tovli~...
yoveliveTi aqcentirebulia Semoqmedis formaluri da ideur-Sinaarsobrivi mxare, misi
azrobriv-msoflmxedvelobrivi mimaruleba.
artur laisti igonebs:
èrTxel, roca saguramoSi vapirebdi wasvlas, iliam miTxra, Tan momyavs mesame megobari,
romelic Zlier gagvarTobso... es aRmoCnda germaneli bizes `bunebis SegrZnebis ganviTarebis
istoriis~ Targmani, romelSic avtori gvimtkicebs, rogori neli nabijiT uviTardeboda
adamians bunebis SegrZneba~ (mogonebani... 1987: 377).
a. laistis azriT, ilias am TvalsazrisiT problema ar hqonda.
marTlac, ilias mTliani Semoqmedeba, rogorc mxatvruli, aseve publicisturi,
gamsWvalulia bunebis aRqmiT, mis kanonebSi wvdomis didi surviliT, Tanac, orive donidan,
urTierTSemsWvalvis harmoniuli wyobiT.
aramxatvrul TxzulebebSi dafiqsirebuli, magram garkveulwilad mainc saxeobrivi
mravalferovani xatebi, ukve specifikur moTxovnilebaTa doneze transformirdeba
mxatvrul nawarmoebebSi, xSirad ìq~ fuZewarmoCenili, axla àq~ iwyebs axal sicocxles da
piriqiTac xdeba, cxadia. orive SemTxvevaSi, ra Tqma unda, avtoris mTliani da erTiani,
ganuyofeli saxe Cans.
72
damowmebani:
gamsaxurdia 1985: gamsaxurdia k. TxzulebaTa aTtomeuli. t. VII, Tb.: 1983.

gamsaxurdia 1985: gamsaxurdia k. TxzulebaTa aTtomeuli. t. IX, Tb.: 1985.
mogonebani...1987: mogonebani gardasul dReTa. ilia. Tb.: 1987.
raseli 1987: raseli b. ratom ara var qristiani (rusul enaze). moskovi: 1987.
WavWavaZe 1950: WavWavaZe i. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli aT tomad t. II, Tb.: 1950.
WavWavaZe 1953: WavWavaZe i. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli aT tomad. t. III, Tb.: 1953.
WavWavaZe 1955: WavWavaZe i. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli aT tomad. t. IV, Tb.:1955.
WavWavaZe 1956: WavWavaZe i. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli aT tomad. t. VII, Tb.: 1956.
WavWavaZe 1985: WavWavaZe i. rCeuli nawarmoebebi xuT tomad. t. I, Tb.: 1985.
WavWavaZe 1987: WavWavaZe i. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli oc tomad. t. I, Tb.: 1987.
WavWavaZe 1997: WavWavaZe i. ilia WavWavaZe literaturisa da xelovnebis Sesaxeb. nawili I, Tb.: 1997.
73
zaal andronikaSvili
mamulis dabadeba literaturis sulidan

(enis reforma rogorc sekularizaciuli proeqti)
ritorikaSi sweria: yvelaferi SesavaliT unda daiwyos kacmao.

ilia WavWavaZe, „kacia, adamiani?!“
gasuli saukunis 80-iani wlebis bolos, ilia WavWavaZiseuli „mamuli, ena, sarwmunoeba“
erovnuli moZraobis lozungad da qarTuli identobis formulad iqca. Cveni azriT, ilias
triada imdenad qarTuli identobis formulas ar warmoadgens33, ramdenadac siuJetur
birTvs, romelic ilias pirvel nawarmoebebSi Caisaxa, Semdeg ki mis politikur TeoriaSi
gaiSala. aRniSnul siuJetSi ena da sarwmunoeba mamulTan aris dakavSirebuli. winamdebare
statiis mizani ilia WavWavaZis politikuri Teoriis siuJetis sekularizaciis konteqstSi
ganxilvaa34, am sityvis sarwmunoebis formebis da qcevis modelebis religiuridan sekularul
sferoSi gadmotanis mniSvnelobiT35. ilias metasiuJetSi sakraluris da sekularulis
damokidebulebis gaazreba axal paradigmaSi xorcieldeba. niSandoblivia, rom es procesi
literaturul enaze refleqsiiT daiwyo, amitom ganxilvas eniT daviwyebT.
ilias mier 1861 wlis aprilis „ciskarSi“ gamoqveynebulma statiam „oriode sityva Tavad
revaz Salvas Zis erisTavis mier kazlovidgan „SeSlilis“ Targmnazeda“ „mamaTa da SvilTa
brZolas“ misca dasabami. am statiaSi mamulic, enaca da sarwmunoebac sakraluri niSniT
moixsenieba _ samive „RvTaebrivi saunjea“, magram rogoria iliaseuli gageba sakralurisa da
riTi gansxvavdeba igi „mamaTa“ „sakralurisagan“?
Tavdapirvelad, statiis konteqstis da misi interteqstualuri kavSirebis dadgenas
SevecdebiT. peterburgSi daweril „oriode sityvas“ ilia karamzinis sentimentalur skolaze
SeteviT iwyebs. sentimentalizmze Seteva SemTxveviTi ar aris da rusuli literaturuli
debatebis konteqstSi eqceva36. sentimentalizmis winaaRmdeg brZola rusuli realizmis
programis Camoyalibebis nawilia, romlis erTi aspeqti neoklasikuri ritorizmis uaryofaa,
meore ki literaturuli sivrcis sazogadoebis sivrcisaTvis gaxsna. realizmis da
sentimentalizmis dapirispirebaSi, ritorizmis kritika uSualobis da auTenturobis
kliSirebul formebad qcevis konteqstSi Cndeba. puSkinTan da gogolTan mWevrmetyveleba
negatiuri cnebaa, romliTac isini karamzinis skolas axasiaTeben. neoklasikur ritorizmTan
dapirispirebis Semdegi etapi belinskis realizmis Teoriaa, romelic XIX saukunis 40-iani
wlebidan rusuli realizmis programad iqceva. belinski, romelic sentimentalizmis kritikis
ZiriTad punqtebs imeorebs, „ritorikuls“ esTeticizmTan, gayalbebasTan aigivebs, romelic
socialuri realobis gamoxatvas uSlis xels da mas „bunebrivis“ cnebas upirispirebs.
belinskis gavlena iliaze did eWvs ar iwvevs. citata belinskis statiidan ilias „pasuxs“
epigrafad aqvs wamZRvarebuli37. CvenTvis saintereso iliaze rusuli realizmis gavlenis
dadgena ki ar aris, aramed imis garkveva, Tu ra mniSvnelobas iZens ruseTidan importirebuli
diskusia qarTul konteqstSi. sentimentalizmis kritika saqarTveloSi, sadac am
literaturul mimarTulebas didi mniSvneloba arasodes hqonia, did efeqts ver moaxdenda38.
samagierod, ritorizmis kritikam, romelic ruseTSi sentimentaluri skolis winaaRmdeg
Setevis mTavari Semadgeneli nawili iyo, qarTul konteqstSi analogiuri tipis adgilobrivi
ritorikuli tradiciis kritikis elferi SeiZina da Sesabamisad, „mamaTa“ mwvave reaqcia
gamoiwvia. axla ki qarTul ritorikul tradicias gadavavloT Tvali imis gasarkvevad, Tu ras
daupirispirda ilia WavWavaZe.
qarTuli ritorikuli tradicia da misi implikaciebi

axali drois qarTuli ritorikuli tradicia anton pirvelidan iwyeba. „ritorika
rogorc saxelmZRvanelo an traqtati“ — wers germaneli slavisti da kulturis mkvlevari
renate laxmani _ „kulturis organizaciis an reorganizaciis periodSi, metateqstualur
statuss iZens da kulturis TviTaRweris procesze garkveuli gavlenis moxdena SeuZlia“
(laxmani 1994: 51). samwuxarod, ritorikis gavlena qarTul kulturaze, am mxriv, sruliad
33
ix. diskusia „ mamuli ena sarwmunoeba“ (kiknaZe 2005: 13-25).
34
ilia WavWavaZe sekularizaciis konteqstSi pirvelad zurab kiknaZem moixsenia. ix. (kiknaZe 2005a: 28-52) aseve
(maisuraZe 2007).
35
(Sineri 1976: 51 da Semdegi). zogadad sekularizaciis istoriisaTvis ix. (maramao 1999).
36
am konteqstis dasadgenad, germanel slavists da kulturis mkvlevars renate laxmans davesesxebiT (laxmani
1994:284-305).
37
epigrafebis mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb ix. (Jeneti 2001).
38
qarTuli sentimentalizmis Sesaxeb ix. (andronikaSvili 1995).
74
Seuswavlelia. am amocanis srulyofilad gadawyveta erTi statiis farglebSi ver moxerxdeba,
amitomac problemas mxolod zogadad Sevexebi. SeuZlebelia daeTanxmo anton I-is moRvaweobis
qarTul sabWoTa enaTmecnierebaSi miRebul azrs, TiTqos antons qarTuli enis ganviTareba
Seeferxebinos. piriqiT, qarTuli enis aRweraSi, normirebasa da ganviTarebaSi anton I-s
udidesi wvlili miuZRvis. Tavdapirvelad, gavarkvioT, rogori iyo antonis „enis
ideologiuri“ tradicia. anton I-is moRvaweoba zogadad qarTuli kulturis renesansis
konteqstSi unda ganvixiloT. misi kulturuli modeli klasikuri xanis qarTuli saeklesio da
filosofiuri skolaa, romelic, enis doneze rom davrCeT, bizantiuri ritorikis gavlenas
ganicdis. antonma „aSkarad mianiWa upiratesoba Zvel qarTuls, rogorc sasuliero
Txzulebebis enas, kerZod ioane petriwis stils“ (jorbenaZe 1987: 4). Znelia im azrs daeTanxmo,
rom antoni petriwis mxolod stilistur gavlenas ganicdida. petriwis stilze orientacias
Zalian mniSvnelovani filosofiuri da kulturuli implikaciebi aqvs. antonis
„wyobilsityvaobas“, romelic misi msoflmxedvelobis garkveul Sejamebas da, amave dros,
qarTuli literaturuli kanonis Seqmnis pirvel cdas warmoadgens39, kerZod ki mis meSvide
nawils „TÂs qarTvelTa sibrZnis-moyvareTa kacTa mwignobarTa“ rom gadavavloT Tvali,
davinaxavT, rom pirveli adgili udavod ioane petriws ekuTvnis, romelsac antoni me-5 Tavis
12 iambikos uZRvnis. erT-erTi SesaZlo axsna imisa, Tu ratom imsaxurebs ioane petriwi antonis
gansakuTrebul damokidebulebas, ara marto misi statusia, rogorc qarTuli filosofiuri
skolis Semqmnelisa, aramed isic, rom petriwi aseve pirvel gramatikosad aris miCneuli,
moRvawed, romelmac pirvelad scada qarTuli samecniero da saliteraturo enis normebis
dakanoneba da amgvarad antonis winamorbedi da garkveulwilad misi „rol-modeli“ iyo.
prokles komentarebis bolosityvaobaSi petriwi saubrobs „ukanono weraze“ da ukanono da
uxelovno kiTxvaze da aqve vrceli gramatikuli komentaric mohyavs (kekeliZe 1960: 287). ioane
petriwis azriT, „ritoroba“ da „Rrammatikosoba“ aris „momxuewel ... enisagan yovelsave
barbarozebrobasa“ (ioane petriwi 1937: 233; kekeliZe 1960: 293). amrigad (saliteraturo da
samecniero) enis struqturirebas, ritorikis da gramatikis meSveobiT, petriwTan
civilizatoruli funqcia ekisreba. swored am tradiciis warmomadgenelia antonic da swored
am kuTxiT unda davinaxoT antonis gramatikuli da ritorikuli saqmianoba.
antonis pirvel gramatikaSi (1753), romelic antons somexi ganmanaTleblis mxiTar
sebastacis gramatikidan uTargmnia Tu uTargmninebia, sakuTriv gramatikis garda, ritorikis
sakiTxebic, kerZod, e. w. sami stilis Teoriac aris Sesuli. 1764 w. ki antons imave mxiTar
sebastacis ritorikac uTargmnia. ritorika zogadad da sami stilis Teoria kerZod
mxiTarTanac antikur safuZvlebs eyrdnoba40, antonTan ki ramdenadme gansxvavebul konteqsts
iZens. ras gulisxmobda antonis sami stilis Teoria? gramatikaSi antoni ganasxvavebs
„sinaqsrisa da moTxrobaTa“ stils, „romelsa aqus simcire rCeulmozraxobisagan, garna
ufrore advil gasagon“, saSualo stils, „romelsa saSualqcevai aqus rCeulmozraxobisagan
da tbkilsityuaobisagan da ara ars egoden advil gasagon yovelTa, viTa-igi ars siTxzuei
umetesTa kerZoTa saRmToTa werilTasa“ da maRal stils, „romelsa sruliad aqus
rCeulmozraxobisagan da tkbilsityuaobisagan da ara ars gasagon yovelTa, aramed mxolod
mecnTa Soris aqus nayofi Tuisi“. (bagrationi 1997: 383). aqedan yvelaze rTuli „maRali“,
„sibrZnis metyvelebis“ stilia. es mesame stili aris sakuTriv literaturis stili, Tumca
literaturis gageba antonTan ufro farToa, da sakuTriv mxatvruli literaturis garda,
mecnierebasa da filosofiasac moicavs (antoni asaxelebs dionise areopagels, aTanase dids,
basili kesariels, grigol nosels, maqsime aRmsarebels; qarTvelTagan _ ioane petriws, daviT
aRmaSenebels, efrem mcires, arsen iyalToels da aseve SoTa rusTavels da Tamaris
istorikoss). amas „wyobilsityvaobac“ gvidasturebs, romelSic mwerlobis antoniseuli
farTo gagebis mTavari kriteriumi sibrZnis siyvarulia.
rabam satrfo ars xseneba kacTa brZenTa,

romelni sibrZnes equemdebarnes wrfelad,
rameTu sibrZne gonebisa da zraxvis
mecnierebis Tana SeerTebulebs!
amisaTvis vinca iZies, hpoves madli!
(bagrationi 1980: 251)
antonis literaturuli prioritetebi naTelia: wyobilsityvaobis meSvide nawilSi jer

saeklesio moRvaweebi arian dasaxelebuli, mere ki saero. „aRarca maTi xseneba davidumo, /
romelni sibrZnis quemdebarebi sTqmides / eris kacTani saqebelTa werilTa“ (bagrationi 1980:
280). petriwisgan gansxvavebiT, romelsac antoni 12 aRfrTovanebul iambikos uZRvnis, SoTa
rusTaveli erTi iambikoTia Seqebuli. roca undodao, SoTa „RmrTismetyuelica maRal“ iyoo,
ambobs antoni, magram „amaod dahSura, sawux ars eseo“ _ amaod daSvra, radganac Tavisi niWi da
sibrZne („SoTa brZen iyo, sibrZnis `moyuare friad, ...ucxo sakvirvel piitikos-mestixe~)
39
Seadare (qavTaria 1977: 80): „wyobilsityvaoba qarTuli kulturis Seqmnis pirveli cdaa Cvens sinamdvileSi“.
40
sami stilis Teoriis Sesaxeb ix. (kurciusi 1952).
75
„RmerTis metyuelebas“ ar moaxmara. (aRsaniSnavia, rom antoni CaxruxaZes SoTaze maRla ayenebs
da mas ritor-mestixeTa gvirgvinadac moixseniebs). udavod, gadamwyveti faqtori antonis
poetikaSi ara gamoxatvis, aramed Sinaarsis plania. xolo Sinaarss, antonisaTvis, literaturis
sagani gansazRvravs. magaliTisaTvis sulxan-sabasadmi miZRvnil iambikos moviyvan: „sabas ar
vaqeb, amad viTarmed ese / eklesiasa wmidasa mter-ganudga, / winaaRmdgom-mbZol eqmna
WeSmaritebas; / ... magra Sairni misni saqebloben: / SairTa vaqeb, sadac ara laTinTa /
ganxeTqileba an Sehyria wvaleba;/ ucxo ars igi saqebel piitika, / raca soflioT gamoTqua
sulxan-saba“ (bagrationi 1980: 282). antonTan arsebobs korelacia stils da sagans Soris: erTi
mxriv brZnadmetyvelebis ena maRali stilia, meore mxriv ki is, rac maRali stiliT ar aris
dawerili, adekvaturad ver gadmoscems „sibrZnes“. gasagebia, rom antonisTvis mniSvnelovani
(da gadamwyveti) faqtori marTlmadideblobasTan sruli konformulobaa. antoni udavod
gamoxatvis plansac didad afasebs, Tumca, es misTvis Sefasebis gadamwyveti faqtori ar aris.
antonisaTvis literaturis funqcia marTlmadideblobasTan sruliad konformuli
brZnadmetyvelebaa, romlis enac swored is maRali stilia, romliTac antoni TviTon
sargeblobs Tavis SromebSi. rogorc literaturis (antoniseuli gagebiT), ise maRali stilis
sakraluri statusi, swored misi RvTaebrivi WeSmaritebis (adekvaturi stiliT) gamoxatvis
funqciidan gamomdinareobs. aseT Sexedulebas pirdapir mivyavarT enis ideologizaciis
sakiTxTan, romelic qarTul konteqstSi udides mniSvnelobas iZens da antons garkveul
tradiciul konteqstSi aqcevs. es tradicia qarTul kulturaSi giorgi merCuledan
moyolebuli arsebobs, rodesac qarTuli, rogorc liturgikuli da maSasadame sakraluri ena
qarTlis teritorias sazRvravs da gansazRvravs, ioane zosimeze gadis, romelic qarTul enas,
berZnulTan erTad, sakralur statuss aniWebs da aTonelTa da petriwis gziT aRwevs anton
pirvelamde.
sami stilis Teoriam, romelzec antoni Tavis pirvel gramatikaSi da ritorikaSi
saubrobs, didi gavlena iqonia qarTuli saliteraturo enis normebis SemuSavebaze da XIX
saukunis samocian wlebSi mamaTa SvilTa brZolis centraluri sagani gaxda41. antonis
tradiciis gamgrZelebeli platon ioseliani iyo. swored am ori „gramatikosis“ gavlenas
ganicdida „mamebis“ Taoba. me-19 saukuneSi antonis sami stilis Teoriam garkveuli cvlileba
ganicada. „arqaistTa“ ori banaki, romelic ilias daupirispirda, „ukiduresnic“ da
„saSualonic“, _ sam „enas“, eklesiurs, darbaislurs da xalxurs ganasaxvavebdnen. (gawerelia
1948: 111-112). antonis maRali stilis sakralur implikacias swored maRali stilis
„saeklesio“ enad monaTvla adasturebs da agrZelebs. „ukiduresTa“ warmomadgenlebis,
platon ioselianis da grigol orbelianis (gawerelia 1948: 112) argumentacia aseTia: a)
„eklesiuri“ mwerloba saeroze maRla dgas; b) qarTuli saero literatura momdinareobs
saeklesio qarTulidan, romelic berZnuli gramatikis da ritorikis wesebiTaa agebuli42.
„enaman aman dabada ena rusTavelisa, SavTelisa, CaxruxaZisa...“ (ioseliani 1869: ); g) qarTuli
ena aris „umaRlesi“ laTinuris da rusulis, rogorc ufro Zveli saeklesio ena, da „eklesiisa
qristesaTvis Semzadebuli“. qarTuli saliteraturo ena sakralur safuZvlebTan —
berZnulTan, rogorc saxarebis da wminda mamaTa enasTanaa dakavSirebuli43. swored aqedan
gamomdinareobs misi Secvlis SeuZlebloba: „...enis Tviseba myofobs maradis Seuryevlad. ena
ar aris mogonebuli erTisa visganme, rom meoresa SeeZlos Zirianad Secula misi“
(orbeliani1959: 323)44; d) qarTuli saliteraturo ena sabolood Camoyalibebuli da
41
„antons gramatikis mixedviT daiwera yvela qarTuli gramatika, romelic ki me-19 saukunis pirvel naxevarSi
Seiqmna. antonis mZlavr gavlenas ganicdidnen qarTuli leqsis iseTi ubadlo ostatebi, rogoric iyvnen Cveni
romantikosebi: al. WavWavaZe, nik. barTaSvili, gr. orbeliani“ (babunaSvili 1963: 26).
42
grigol orbeliani literaturis TeoriaSi bevrad ufro radikaluria, vidre praqtikaSi. akaki gawereliam
aCvena, rom misi Teoria TiTqmis srulad imeorebs platon ioselianis argumentacias. sainteresoa gansxvaveba
grigol orbelianis „oficialur“ stils da misi werilebis stils Soris, romlebsac literaturuli faqtis
statusi ar aqvT da amitomac „Cveulebrivi“ eniT aris dawerili.
43
„Cuen, didad ucodinarTa qarTulisa enisa, vin moguca is ufleba, rom esreTis gabedviT, esreTis kadnierebiT,
uarvyoT, gadavagdoT da Sevhscualod is wesi, is kanoni, romelica dahsdues Cuenisa enisaTvis didad
mecnierTa RramatikosTa, TviT enisa Tvisebisave gamokuleviTa; romelTagan saberZneTidan Zuelad
gadmotanili hswavla da xelovneba Cuensa mxaresSi Rrmad iyo danergili da gardafenili mTlad
saqarTveloze; romelTaca siriis da berZnulis eniT gadmoiRes qarTulad saRmrTo werili esreTis mSuenier
sityuaobiTa da ZlierebiTa; da romelTagan dawesebuli kanonni vere Seshcuales verca SavTelma, verca
CaxruxaZem da verc TviT rusTavelma? anton kaTalikosma, didad mcodnem qarTulisa enisa, ara Tu daaklo,
aramed miumata aso ф“ (orbeliani 1959: 317).
44
„ena qarTvelTa, ekklesiisaTvis qristesa Semzadebuli, umetes da ukeTesad romaelTa anu laTinTa enisa, aris
Rirsi gafrTxilebisa da dacvisa. ... viTarca mcodne vityvi gabedviT, laTinTa enisa, berZnulisa da rusulisa,
viTarca mTavarTa enaTa, erTTa didTa ekklesiisaTvis SemzadebulTa, romel ena qarTvelTa mravliT
umciresi berZnulisa, aris mravliT umaRlesi orTa sxvaTa, mxolod ekklesiurisa mwerlobisa gamo. sxvani
saeroni mwerlobisa wignni iwerebodnen ara egoden ZlieriTa da tkbiliTa eniTa“ (ioseliani 1869: 1-2).
saSualoTa poetikaSi (al. orbeliani, aleqsiev-mesxievi, barbare jorjaZe, g. baraTaSvili (gawerelia 1948:
112) sami stili SenarCunebulia: saRmrTo werili anu eklesiuri, mdabiuri anu darbaiselT ubnoba da glex
kacebis ena, Tumca saRmrTo werilis enaze wera SeuZleblad miaCniaT: „viciT meti kargi ena aris qarTuli
saRmrTo werli, magram ra uyoT, aba rogor iqneba amis SemoReba?“ (orbeliani 1879:174-175). amitomac,
literaturis enad „darbaiselT enas“ irCeven. yvelaze lapidaruli formiT, argumenti, romelic platon
76
Tanamedrovea. „В них целое море красот слова, и не устаревшаго, как думают некоторые, а языка
установившагося окончательно, современного, и пока еще не исчезшаго~ (ioseliani1871a: 54); e) xalxis,
„masis“ ena verasodes gaxdeba literaturuli45 (ioseliani 1871a: 53-54); v) arsebobs pirdapiri
korelacia enas da orTografias Soris: "замечательна самостоятельность языков или словесности его
как в алфавите его из всех алфавитов языков, древних и новых самом полнейшем на изумление лингвистов
европейских,так и в самом употреблении слов и способе воплощениямысли по образам, данным народу от
начала появления письменности за 3 века до Р.Х." (ioseliani 1879b)46.
qarTul ritorikul tradiciaSi, qarTuli literaturuli enis „Rirebuleba“ swored
misi marTlmadideblobasTan kavSiridan gamomdinareobs, romelic mas sakralurobas aniWebs.
swored aqedan gamomdinareobs misi srulyofilebis pretenzia da Secvlis SeuZlebloba. ilia
WavWavaZis erTi SexedviT „udanaSaulo“ Seteva revaz erisTavze da ufro rusul, vidre
qarTul sentimentalur skolaze, sinamdvileSi, qarTuli ritorikuli skolis sakraluri
implikaciebis aqtualizacias axdens. es tendencia gamoikveTa rogorc „mamaTa“ pasuxSi ilias
statiaze (gansakuTrebiT barbare jorjaZesTan, romelic ilis swored ritorikuli
argumentebiT ekamaTeba) da ilias „pasuxSi“, sadac is ukve pirdapir utevs ara marto qarTul
ritorikul tradicias, aramed metic, Tvlis, principia araswori. gramatika, ritorika da
poetika, rogorc enis da literaturis struqturirebis principi, garkveul wesrigTan aris
dakavSirebuli. amgvari struqturirebis forma Tavis TavSi SemWidrovebuli formiT
metastruqturul birTvs atarebs, romelic gaSlili formiT garkveul kosmogonias gvaZlevs.
qarTul ritorikul tradiciaSi es birTvi ara marto sakuTriv enobriv da literaturul
sakiTxebTanaa dakavSirebuli, aramed, aseve, qarTuli Sua saukuneebis samyaros gamoxatavs. am
samyaros, SesaZloa, bolo gamomxatveli dimitri yifiani iyo. iliaze erTi wliT adre, 1860
wlis `ciskris~ ianvris nomerSi, dimitri yifiani werda: „...romelic xalxi Tavis enas
gadaiviwyebs, imas xalxis saxeli aRara hqvia ra, mniSvneloba da pativi sruliad aRara aqvs ra
da qveynierebaSi ise gamowydeba, rom imisi saxsenebelic aRara darCes ra, - da ara Tu marto
TviTon gamowydeba es xalxi, - Tvis sasiqadulos mama-papaTa xsenebasac ise gaaqrobs, rom
qveyanazed aravin icodes aRarc imaTi sarwmunoebisTvis moRvaweoba, aRarc imaTi xan
mterTagan wameba da xan mterzed Zlevamosili gamarjveba... sruliad araferi, rac rom sulis
gamwmendeli da aRamaRlebeli aris kacisaTvis, gulis gampatiosnebeli, RvTis sarwmunoebazed
da xelmwifis erTgulebazed mtkiced dayenebuli47.“ dimitri yifianis triadaa ena —
sarwmunoeba — taxti. mefoba (Königtum), da sarwmunoeba, rogorc yvelaze mniSvnelovani
saidentifikacio markerebi, da ena, romelsac sakraluri statusi aqvs miniWebuli da romelic
ara marto saxelmwifo sazRvrebs „adgens“ (rogorc giorgi merCulesTan), aramed istoriuli
da kulturuli mexsierebis mediumia. ritorikis aseTi farTo implikaciebis gamo,
literaturuli polemika sakuTriv literaturul sazRvrebs gascda da iliasTan zogadad
qarTvelTa vinaobis (identobis) da qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis radikalurad axali,
sekularuli gaazrebis forma miiRo. riTi iyo gamowveuli ilias aseTi radikaluri da
gabeduli proeqti?
ilias reforma
rogorc davinaxeT, „mamaTa“ TaobisaTvis orTografia uSualod aris dakavSirebuli

gamoxatvis formebTan da masac, metad Tu naklebad, sakraluri statusi aqvs miniWebuli. Zveli
orTografiis dacva, iseve, rogorc axali orTografiis damkvidreba, gacilebiT ufro farTo
msoflmxedvelobrivi kategoriebis aqtualizacias axdens. „mamebis“ Taobis ucvlelobaze
orientirebul gramatikas, ritorikas, poetikas da, Sesabamisad, maT inherentul
msoflmxedvelobas ilia progresis ideas upirispirebs. ilias azriT, ena viTardeba da
icvleba „kerZo pirsaviT“ da amitomac „axali ena Zvels enas ar gavs, rogorc axali kaci ar
hgavs Zvel kacsa“. (WavWavaZe 1986: 37). enis cvlileba xelovnuri procesi ar aris, is uSualod
aris dakavSirebuli saqarTvelos istoriasTan, iliasaTvis enis Secvla aucileblobaa: „iqneba
ioselianTan da grigol orbelianTanac gvxvdeba barbare jorjaZes aqvs gamoTqmuli. „enas, Cvens mama-papaT
darbaislurs enas, arc amaRleba arc damdableba eWirveba. Cveni ena didi xania sisruleSia moyvnali, mxolod
gza abnevia am enas Tqvenebr mweralT wyalobiT“ (jorjaZe 1861: 155-156).
45
"Ни славянский перевод, ни латинский Вулгата, ни немецкий Лютера, ни французский de-Saci, ни итальянский Jiovani Диодати
псалмов, не могут оспаривать права превосходства и изящества у перевода грузинского... Искатели поэзии грузинского слова как
в псалмах, так вообще в церковных книгах, найдут лучшие и богатые образцы выражений поетических. В них целое море красот
слова, и не устаревшаго, как думают некоторые, а языка установившагося окончательно, современного, и пока еще не исчезшаго,
в устах народа, конечного книжнаго Lettre, как выражаются французские писатели. Язык массы, всегда и у всех народов, был и
будет не литературным" (ioseliani 1871a: 53-54).
46
platon ioselianis Sexedulebebs imeorebs grigol orbelianic: „iSviadsa enasa aqus iseTi sruli ana-bana,
rogorc qarTuls“ (orbeliani 1959: 316).
47
baqar qarTleli (dimitri yifiani), ciskari, ianvari 1860, gv. 4-5.
77
fiqroben, rom Cveni literatura ar aRsdgeba, Tu ar ganimeora Tavis ganviTarebaSi warsul
droTa sicrue da cTomileba?! ... rac mama-papas uqnia, is Cven uda vqnaTo, _ eg CineTis
filosofia aris; Tu magas mivyvebiT, Cvenc CinebsaviT SevsdgebiT erT alagzed da win fexs ver
wavsdgavT“. istoriis, rogorc progresis gaazrebiT, ilia erTi mxriv, axali drois (Moderne)
konteqstSi eqceva, meore mxriv ki, saqarTvelos istoriis fundamentur gadaazrebas uyris
safuZvels. Tavdapirvelad, yuradRebas zogad konteqstze SevaCereb. germaneli filosofosis
karl loeviTis Teziss Tu daveyrdnobiT, axali drois istoriis filosofia progresis
universalur warmodgenazea koncentrirebuli, da Tavis mxriv, qristianuli „istoriis
Teologiis“ sekularizaciis Sedegs warmoadgens. am revoluciuri procesis dros progresi
gangebis (Vorsehung) adgils ikavebs, xolo adamiani, istoriis absoluturi subieqti, RmerTis
adgils. miuxedavad amisa, istoriis Teologias da mis sekularul gamoxatulebas, progresis
rwmenas droze saerTo, „futurocentristuli“ warmodgena aqvT. am modelis mixedviT, dro
Seuferxeblad da kumulatiurad miiswrafvis Tavisi momavali miznisaken. karl loeviTis
azriT, am modelis gageba SeuZlebelia misi Tanamedroveobis iudeo-qristianul matricasTan
dakavSirebis gareSe: „rom istoriis Tanamedrove filosofia momavali aRsrulebis (Erfüllung)
bibliur rwmenas Seesabameba, da rom is esqatologiuri idealis sekularizaciiT mTavrdeba~
(loeviTi 1953: 12). axali drois istoriis filosofias SenarCunebuli aqvs warmodgena, rom
movlenebs mxolod maSin aqvs azri, rodesac isini raime mizans ukavSirdeba, romelic maT
transcendencias axdens. ilias istoriis sekularizebuli filosofiac aseve siuJeturia,
oRond ilias aseve „futurocentristul“ siuJets, gansxvavebiT zogadevropulisagan,
sruliad gansxvavebuli mizezebi aqvs. nebismieri movlena, romelic momavlisaken mimarTul
„azrs“ ar emsaxureba, iliasaTvis zogad azrs moklebulia. azri (idea) iliasaTvis rogorc
istoriis, aseve literaturis mamoZravebeli Zalaa, amiT aixsneba ilias mier gagebuli
ritorikis, rogorc mxolod formaluri struqturis mimniWebel diskursis, uaryofa: „sadac
azri ar ari, iq ena, rac ar unda kargi iyos, sul uqmia; ... mxolod erTi azri aZlevs enas enis
mniSvnelobas... da Tqveni anbanT Teoria ki ara vici ras ityvis“. (WavWavaZe 1986: 35). es zogadi
azri (idea), romelic istorias amoZravebs da mis siuJets qmnis, qarTul konteqstSi
konkretdeba: is „SemkreblobiTi didebuli erTiani azri, romelsac yoveli Cvengani
qarTvelobaSi unda xedavdes“ aris „mamuli“, romelic „mTeli xalxis samSoblos“ niSnavs48.
termini „mamuli“ aRmosavleT da dasavleT saqristianoSi saerTo memkvidreobas eyrdnoba. mas
Semdeg, rac pro patria mori-s antikuri warmodgena (mamulisTvis dacemuli raindebis heroizacia
da apoTeozic ki) adreul qristianobaSi macxovris jvarcmis „srulyofili msxverplis“
paradigmiT Seicvala, mamulis klasikurma emociurma Rirebulebebma renesansi dasavleT
saqristianoSi XII-XIII saukuneebSi ganicada (ZiriTadad, jvarosnuli omebis Sedegad), xolo
bizantiasa da saqarTveloSi, odnav ufro adre, „warmodgenam „mamulis“ Sesaxeb ... gadalaxa
qalaqis Zveli sazRvrebi da daukavSirda nacionalur samefos, „samefo gvirgvins“, rogorc
nacionaluri da teritoriuli erTobis xilul simbolos“ (kantoroviCi 1998: 296). maSin,
rodesac dasavleT evropaSi sekularizacia termini corpus misticum-is xalxze da „mamulze“
gadataniT daiwyo, aRmosavleT saqristianoSi sakraluris matarebeli ara „mamuli“, aramed
mefe iyo, ufro sworad ki mamuli da mefe erTmaneTTan iyo gaigivebuli. saqarTveloSi es
mdgomareoba, 1801 wels ruseTis mier saqarTvelos samefos gauqmebamde, ucvleli iyo.
saqarTvelos samefos gauqmeba ilia WavWavaZesTan istoriuli Tanmimdevrobis radikalur
gawyvetas niSnavs da esqatologiur katastrofas utoldeba: „gaswyda jaWvi cxovrebis zed-
miyolebisa, awmyosa da warsuls Soris Castyda xidi, Semdegs saTave da dasabami mouwyda ...
bunebrivi orkeci dena cxovrebisa Sedga, gaCerda“. am esqatologiurad gagebul istoriul
katastrofas identurobis dakargva mohyveba. „raki warsulsa da maSindel awmyos Sua dedamiwa
gairRva, warsul anderZebTan erTad yvelaferi davkargeT. isic ki daviviwyeT, _ vina varT da
rani varT“. identobis dakargva iliasaTvis enis dakargvasac niSnavs. statiaSi „oriode sityva“
(1866-1876) ilia unugeSo daskvnamde midis: qarTvelobac da qarTuli enac dakargulia: „sadRa
aris exla qarTuli ena? an gvindaRa qarTuli, roca Cven TiTon Cvenda dasaRupavad
qarTvelobaze xeli aviReT? gonebiT rom aRar vscxovrobT, qarTul enas azrs rogorRa
gamovaTqmevinebdiT?“ („WavWavaZe 1986: 74). ena „damunjebulia“, imitom rom „mamulis“ ideis
gamoxatva aRar SeuZlia. am esqatologiuri katastrofis Semdeg, ilia WavWavaZis amocana, arc
meti arc naklebi, axali, Zvelisagan Tvisobrivad gansxvavebuli saqarTvelos Seqmnaa, rac,
iliasave metaforul doneze Tu davrCebiT, kosmogoniur aqts utoldeba49. es kosmogoniuri
aqti, pirvel rigSi, axali enis Seqmnas gulisxmobs, romelsac sruliad konkretuli mizani aqvs:
„mamulis“ ideis gamoxatva. ilias „kosmogonia“ literaturuli proeqtis saxiT xorcieldeba50.
„mamuli“ literaturis wiaRSi ibadeba, ufro sworad ki iqmneba. ilias TqmiT, swored
mwerlobiT „daiwyo meore xana Cveni cxovrebisa“. (WavWavaZe 1986: 185). am „meore“, pirvelisagan
48
„mamulis“ mniSvneloba iliasTan SesaniSnavad aqvT danaxuli zurab kiknaZes (kiknaZe 2005) da giorgi maisuraZes
(maisuraZe 2007). ilias „mamulTan“ dakavSirebul mosazrebebSi ZiriTadad maT daskvnebs daveyrdnobi.
49
es procesi SesaniSnavad aqvs naCvenebi giorgi maisuraZes (maisuraZe 2007).
50
Sead. (maisuraZe 2007), ìliasTan mamuli naratiuli strategiaa~.
78
radikaluri cezuriT gamijnuli „xanis“ literaturis amocana mamulis dabadebaa
literaturis sulidan. statiaSi „werilebi qarTuli literaturaze“ (1892) ilias axali
qarTuli literaturis istoria, romelsac is aleqsandre WavWavaZiT iwyebs, swored am kuTxiT
aqvs danaxuli. literaturis funqcias ilia swored imaSi xedavs, rom „qarTvels gulSi
Causaxon mamuli, romelic JamTa viTarebam uZrav qonebis saxelamdeRa daaqveiTa da
daamdabla“ („WavWavaZe 1986: 202).
progresis sekularul siuJetSi, rogorc qarTul, iseve mis zogadevropul versias
Tavisi gmiric hyavs. es gmiri winaswarmetyvelia. herman koeni SeniSnavs, rom axali drois
istoriis filosofia da misi warmodgena istoriis erTianobaze profetizmis warmonaqmnia“
(koeni 1919: 307). sekularizaciis procesi maqs vebersac, romelic winaswarmetyvelis (rophet) da
mRvdelmsaxuris (Pirester) figurebs ganasxvavebs, ebraul profetobasTan aqvs dakavSirebuli.
mRvdelmsaxuri veberTan wminda tradiciis damcvelia, winaswarmetyvelis avtoriteti pirad
gamocxadebas an sakuTari qarizmis avtoritets eyrdnoba. wmindani personaluri qarizmis
matarebelia, romelic, Tavisi misiis ZaliT, religiur swavlebas an RvTaebriv brZanebas
winaswarmetyvelebs (veberi 1954: 346-347). am models saqarTveloze Tu gadmovitanT, iolad
davinaxavT, rom „mamebi“ funqciurad Zveli literaturis da misi inherentuli istoriis
filosofiis „mRvdelmsaxurebi“ arian, xolo ilia, aseve funqciurad, „winaswarmetyveli“.
ilias rogorc poeturi, ise publicisturi Semoqmedeba, winaswarmetyvelis siuJets
araerTxel ubrundeba. ilias erT-erTi pirveli Targmani puSkinis „winaswarmetyveli“ iyo.
ilias „poeti“ aseve profetuli figuraa („RmerTTan misTvis vlaparakob, rom waruZRve wina
ersa“). statiaSi „saqarTvelos moambezed“ (1862) winaswarmetyvelis sinonimad geniosi
gvevlineba. ilia samocianelTa Taobas akisrebs geniosi-winaswarmetvelis funqcias. es
funqcia iliasTan orgvaria: erTi mxriv geniosi demiurgia da kosmogoniuri aqtis dramatul
momentSi Cndeba. „xSirad mecnierebac da xelovnebac (...) uRononi arian erTob cxovrebis
mosavlis cxovrebaSi moyvanisaTvis. Tumca zogierTs axsnian, zogierTs gagvagebineben, magram
ufro bevrs ver dasdeben Rirebul fassa, ver dauniSvnen Sesaxvedrs da Sesafers adgilsa. ar
aris xeli rom dasZras pirveli qva Zvelis Senobisa da gaamagros pirvelive qva axlis
saZirkvelSia. saZirkvelis amoyvanaa Zneli, Torem sxvas isinic gaakeTeben. saZirkvelis
amomyvanelic ar daigvianebs xolme mosvlas. maSin gamoCndeba geniosi“ (WavWavaZe 1986: 56).
meore mxriv ki, geniosi xalxis winamZRolia: „Sorsmxedveloba, droebazed ufloba marto
geniosis saqmea. geniosi, rogorc beladi, win miuZRvis xalxsa da unaTebs Tavis Wkuis sxiviT
gzasa“ („WavWavaZe 1986: 52). literaturuli enis gamartivebis moTxovna swored aqedan
gamomdinareobs. statiaSi „saqarTvelos moambezed“ daxatul siuJetSi, literatura da
xelovneba geniosis memkvidreebi arian, xolo literaturis da xelovnebis mizani, Tavis mxriv,
xalxisaTvis istoriis „azris“ (ideis) axsnaSi mdgomareobs, am mxriv, literatura genioss da
xalxs Soris mediumis funqcias asrulebs. xalxis mier aTvisebuli geniosis azri dialeqtikur
wres kravs, da istoriis Semdeg, dramatul, etapze geniosi isev xalxis wiaRidan ibadeba.
anton I-is gramatika da ritorika garkveul samyaros gamoxatavs, romlis realoba, ilias
periodSi, ukve aRar arsebobs. es rRveva ara evoluciis an revoluciis, aramed
esqatologiurad gagebuli politikuri katastrofis Sedegi iyo. bagrationebis samefos da
axal saqarTvelos Soris, ilias azriT, Tanmimdevroba Sewyvetilia. am or saqarTvelos
radikaluri cezura mijnavs. „Zveli“ ena, romelic am realobis aRsawerad gamoiyeneba,
iliasaTvis ara marto moZvelebulia, aramed „damunjebulic“, faqtiurad mkvdari enaa.
amitomac, srulebiTac ar aris gadaWarbebuli mamaTa da SvilTa brZolis periodSi barbare
jorjaZis polemikurad nasroli sityva, „WavWavaZes ... axali ena daubadebia“-o (jorjaZe 1861).
ilia axali eniT swored axal samyaros da mis centrs, „mamuls“ amkvidrebs. Cveni statiisaTvis
mniSvnelovania ramdenime fundamenturi Canacvleba, romelic literaturis wiaRSi axali
saqarTvelos Seqmnis procesSi xdeba. Tu antonis gramatikasa da ritorikaSi literaturis
funqcia „RvTaebrivi WeSmaritebis“ gamoxatvaa, iliasTan literatura radikalurad
gansxvavebul funqcias iZens. literaturis funqcia xdeba „mamulis“ ideis gamoxatva. „mamuli“
ikavebs RvTaebrivi WeSmaritebis adgils, swored am Canacvlebis xarjze xdeba mamulis
sakralizacia da misi Semdgomi transformacia sekularul „mamulis“ religiad51. ilias
naraciaSi „aRdgenili mamuli“ Sobs „mamulis siyvaruls“ da „mamuliSvilobas“. mamulisTvis
Tavdadeba yoveli mamuliSvilis centralur Rirebulebad, umaRles valdebulebad da miznad
cxaddeba. am modelSi mniSvnelovania ara marto martvilobis qristianul paradigmaze
dayrdnoba, aramed ufro Zveli, fundamenturi kavSiri sakralursa da msxverpls Soris:
msverpli, iZens erovnuli erTobis makonstituirebeli faqtoris funqcias esqatologiur
brZolaSi (burkerti 1997: 16). mamuliSvilis apoTeozi mis mamulisTvis Tavdadebas
gulisxmobs, gmirad aqevcs mas da gzas uxsnis „zeciur saqarTveloSi“, sekularul samoTxeSi,
romelSic ukvdaveba istoriaSia gadmotanili.
51
Sead. (kiknaZe 2001) da (maisuraZe 2007). karl Smiti sekularizacias swored RmerTis „miwieri da amqveyniuri
faqtorebiT Canacvlebas“ uwodebs (Smiti 1991: 23).
79
Semdegi mniSvnelovani Canacvleba mefis figuras exeba. 1801 wlis katastrofis Semdeg, is
sakraluri adgili, romelic qarTul politikur TeologiaSi bagrationTa dinastias, mefes
ekava, dacarielda. am mxriv, sekularizaciis konteqsti saqarTveloSi dasavleT evropulisgan
da rusulisgan gansxvavdeboda. poetis, ufro gvian ki xelovanis da inteleqtualis gaigiveba
suverenTan dasavleT evropaSi maRali da gviani saSualo saukuneebis politikuri Teoriebis
paralelurad mimdinareobs. amasTanave, yvelaze gvian, dantes Semdeg, cnobili aequiparatio
poetisa suverenTan ara marto antikur magaliTebs eyrdnoba, aramed iustinianes samarTalsac
(kantoroviCi 1998: 343). evropuli ganmanaTleblobisagan gansxvavebiT, qarTvel
inteleqtualebs samefo karisa da eklesiis winaaRmdeg brZola ar mouxdaT. saqarTveloSi
sekularizacias revoluciuri gziT ar uvlia da faqtiurad cariel, ufro sworad ki
dacarielebul adgilas daido bina. mefis sakralur adgils iliasTan poeti-
winaswarmetyveli-geniosis sekularuli figura ikavebs, romelic aseve „mamulis“ sekularuli
„religiis“ ponifex maximus-is funqciebs iTavsebs52. iliam, samociani wlebidan moyolebuli,
qarTvelobis axali paradigma Seqmna, romelic „mamaTa“ maRali, saeklesio stilis
desakralizaciiT daiwyo da sakraluris cnebis „mamulze“ gadmotaniT damTavrda. am
paradigmaSi „mamulma“ centraluri adgili daikava, xolo ena, romlis wiaRidanac mamuli iSva,
misi „ideis“ gamomxatveli gaxda. ilias sekularizaciuli proeqti erTi mxriv evropidan
importirebul progresis sekularul ideas ukavSirdeba, romelic ilias publicistikis erT-
erT centralur motivad gvevlineba, meore mxriv ki _ am modelis qarTul realobaze
aplikacias, romelic sakralurobis tipologiuri konstelaciis kosmogoniuri mniSvnelobis
rekonfiguracias gulisxmobs da sarwmunoebis desakralizaciasa da naconaluris
sakralizaciaSi vlindeba. am mxirv, ilias gviandeli recefcia, ara marto rogorc
„saqarTvelos ugvirgvino mefis“, aramed „saqarTvelos mamis“53 swored ilias siuJetis
eqsplikacias warmoadgens54.
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XIX saukunis 40-50-ian wlebSi). Tb.: 1995.
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Königtums. Stuttgart: 1998.
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kurciusi 1952: Curtius E.R. Die Lehre von den drei Stilen in Altertum umd Mittelalter, Romanische Forschungen 64.1952, 57-
70.
laxmani 1994: Lachmann R. Die Zertsörung der schönen Rede. Rhetorische Konzeption und Konzepte des Poetischen, München:
1994.
loeviTi 1983: Löwith K. Weltgeschichte und Heilsgeschehen. Die theologischen Voraussetzungen der Geschichtsphilosophie.
Sämtliche Schriften II.
maisuraZe 2007: maisuraZe g. „mamuli“ da „qarTvlis deda“ (sekularuli simbolika ilia WavWavaZis poetur
TxzulebebSi). amave krebulSi.
maramao 1999: Maramao G. Die Säkularisierung der westlichen Welt, Frankfurt am Main und Leipzig: 1999.
meunargia 1937: meunargia i. ilia WavWavaZe (mogonebani). Tb.: 1937.
orbeliani 1959: orbeliani gr. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli. Tb.: 1959.
petriwi 1937: ioane petriwis Sromebi. t.II, Tb.: 1937.
52
es warmodgena, mwerlis da xelovanis Sesaxeb, saqarTveloSi XX saukunis damlevamde aqtualuri iyo.
53
TviTon ilia misi siuJetis amgvar wakiTxvas sakmaod ironiulad ekideboda. iona meunargias moTxrobili aqvs,
rogor sTxova eqvTime xelaZem ilias anton furcelaZisa da niko diasamiZis Serigeba. „me ra varo“? hkiTxa
iliam. „saqarTvelos mama xar...“ upasuxa xelaZem. „me sakuTari Svili ver gamikeTebia da saqarTvelos mamoba
rogor unda gavuwioo?“ miugo iliam (meunargia 1937: 47).
54
ilias recefciisaTvis gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs mis kanonizacias 1987wels. amasTan dakavSirebiT ix.
(andronikaSvili 2007).
80
Jeneti 2001: Genette G. Paratexte. Das Buch vom Beiwerk des Buches, Frankfurt am Main: 2001.
qavTaria 1977: qavTaria m. XVIII saukunis qarTuli sazogadoebrivi azrovnebis istoriidan (anton
bagrationis epistolaruli memkvidreoba). Tb.: 1977.
yifiani 1860: yifiani d. (baqar qarTleli). ciskari, ianvari, 1860.
Sineri 1976: Shiner L. The Meanings of Secularization. Internationa Yearbook for the Sociology of Religion III.
Smiti 1991: Schmitt C. Politische Romantik. Berin: 1991.
WavWavaZe 1986: WavWavaZe i. werilebi literaturasa da xelovnebaze. rCeuli nawerebi xuT tomad. t. III, Tb.:
1986.
jambakur-orbeliani 1879: jambakur-orbeliani a. qarTuli ubnoba anu wera. tf.: 1879.
jorbenaZe 1987: jorbenaZe b. balavari mwerlobisa. Tb.: 1987.
jorjaZe 1861: jorjaZe b. pasuxis pasuxi. ciskari, seqtemberi. 1861.
81
giorgi maisuraZe
„mamuli“ da „qarTvlis deda“
(sekularuli simbolika ilia WavWavaZis poetur TxzulebebSi)
ilia WavWavaZis, rogorc mwerlis mniSnelovneba ar ganisazRvreba mxolod misi poeturi

xelovnebiTa Tu mis mier Seqmnili literaturuli teqstebis wminda literaturuli
RirebulebiT. arcerT sxva qarTvel mwerals, ukanaskneli saukunenaxevris ganmavlobaSi, ar
hqonia imgvari zegavlena mTlianad qarTul kulturaze da ar qceula iseTi Zalis
determinantul simbolod, rogorc ilia WavWavaZe.
ilias am rangSi aRzevebis umTavresi mizezi mis literaturul TxzulebebSia, sadac
avtorizebuli teqsti meta-Txzulebis mniSvnelobas iZens da amiT kulturul paradigmebsa da
kodebze zemoqmedebs. saqme exeba ara romelime calkeul ideasa Tu motivs, aramed mTel rig
simboloebsa da ritorikul figurebs, romlebzedac da romelTa meSveobiTac erovnuli
naracia aigeba da warimarTeba (baba 1990: 1-7). ilia WavWavaZes qarTul naraciaSi sekularuli
simbolika Semoaqvs, riTac mas sruliad axal intencionalur mimarTulebas aZlevs.
winamdebare statiaSi ilias or centralur simboloze iqneba saubari.
„mamulis“ naracia
ilia WavWavaZis mTeli literaturuli da praqtikuli moRvaweoba, sruliad
mizanmimarTulad, erT Temaze, erT proeqtze muSaobs, romelic mis mier konceptualizebuli
sityva „mamuliT“ gamoixateba (kiknaZe 2005: 28-53). esaa qarTuli erovnuli diskursi, romelic
mamulis naracias efuZneba. am naraciis gateritorialebiT, konkretuli geografia simbolur
mniSvnelobas iZens, sadac erovnuli diskursis gavrcelebis areali naraciis simbolur
geografiasTan gaigivebiskenaa mimarTuli, rac, saboloo jamSi, kulturul identifikacias
ayalibebs. erovnuli cnobierebis ganmsazRvreli es identifikacia ki, „naratiuli strategiis“
Sedegad xorcieldeba. iliasTan „mamuli“ swored aseTi naratiuli strategiaa (baba 1994: 139-
146). misi funqcia ara romelime politikuri ideologiis, aramed erovnuli miTologiis, _
erTgvari kosmogoniuri miTosis Seqmnaa, romelsac mTeli rigi kulturuli kodebis
mobilizeba da maTi axali Sinaarsobrivi datvirTviT amoqmedeba SeuZlia. amiT ki igi Riaa
rogorc ideologiuri interpretaciebisaTvis, aseve ama Tu im ideologiebis mxriv misi
miTavisebisaTvis, ramdenadac erovnuli naracia kulturis lokalur sivrceSi dominanturi
diskursiT gadmoicema. es imas niSnavs, rom nebismieri lokaluri politikuri Tu eTikuri
diskursi mxolod erovnul naraciasTan misi SesabamisobiT axerxebs ama Tu im kulturul
sivrceSi sakuTar legitimurobas, rac, saboloo jamSi, normatiul diskurss ayalibebs
(andronikaSvili 2006).
normatiuli diskursi adgens im wesebsa da stereotipebs, romlebic konkretuli
kulturis sazRvrebs warmoadgens da mis socialur valentobas, _ miRebisa da uaryofis
normebs gansazRvravs. aqedan gamomdinare, swored normatiuli diskursi gascems ama Tu im
kulturuli an socialuri fenomenis lokalur kulturul sivrceSi SeRwevisa da misi
legalurobis sanqcias. es ki mis garkveul meta-struqturebTan, magaliTad, metasiuJetTan
(andronikaSvili 2006) kavSiriTaa SesaZlebeli, rac erovnuli naraciis interpretaciidan
gamomdinareobs. normatiuli diskursi, faqtiurad, socialur eTosad Targmnili erovnuli
naraciaa, romelic eTikur sakonstitucio sasamarTlos funqciebs iZens. Tumca ki, Tavad
erovnuli naracia ara iuridiuli, aramed simboluri Sinaarsisaa. mis analogiad, tradiciul
qarTul (aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTi) sinamdvileSi, andrezi SegviZlia aviRoT.
andrezi zepiri formiT gadmocemuli simboluri samyaroa. misi normatiuli interpretacia
qmnis im adaT-wesebs, romelTa mixedviTac calkeuli Temi Tu saymo sakuTari cxovrebis wesebs
gansazRvravs (kiknaZe 1996: IV-VII). amasTanave, andrezi gavrcelebis SezRuduli arealis mqone
avtonomiuri miTologiuri sistemaa.
erovnuli naracia, gansxvavebiT andrezisagan, dawerilia da igi sazogadoebriv-
kulturuli integraciis sxva formacias Seesabameba, radganac calkeul TemTa erad
gamTlianeba werilobiTi mediiT xerxdeba. imisaTvis, rom es media gasagebi da misaRebi iyos,
mas integrirebadi struqtura esaWiroeba, romelic yoveli separatuli elementis
gamaerTianebel simbolikas Seqmnis da kanonikurs gaxdis. es strategia or ZiriTad aspeqts
moicavs: erTi mxriv, ilias praqtikuli moRvaweoba (qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis
gamavrcelebeli sazogadoeba, Jurnali da gazeTi „iveria“) misive Seqmnili naraciis
„diskursul praqtikad“ qcevas emsaxureba. es media axal saliteraturo qarTul enas qmnis da
amkvidrebs, romelsac igive funqcia aqvs, rac giorgi merCules dros saeklesio qarTuls. am
enaze iqmneba axali narativi, romelic aqamde arsebuli narativebis bazaze, maTi
82
modernizaciiT mzaddeba, _ Sua saukuneebis versiaTa nawilobriv daviwyebuli naSTebi axal,
sekularul redaqciaSi cocxldeba, rac istoriuli mTlianobisa da uwyvetobis gancdas aCens.
amisaTvis erovnuli naracia `kulturuli mexsierebis~ principebs mimarTavs da mas axleburad
gadawers.
kulturul mexsierebas cnobili Tanamedrove Teoretikosi ian asmani ase gansazRvravs:
`yoveli sazogadoebisa da epoqisaTvis kvlavgamoyenebadi teqstebis, xatebisa da adaT-wesebis
Semadgenloba, ukeTes SemTxvevaSi, Tumca ara aucileblad, koleqtiurad gaziarebuli codna
warsulis Sesaxeb, romelsac adamianTa garkveuli jgufis erTianobisa da gansxvavebulobis
cnobiereba emyareba~ (asmani 1988: 15)55 erovnuli naracia, kulturuli Tu koleqtiuri
mexsierebis elementTa kanonizaciiT, mas garkveul mizanmimarTulebas aZlevs, rac
ideologizaciad ki ar unda iqnes gagebuli, aramed es mis zepolitikur Sinaarsze metyvelebs
da igi misi mesakuTre eris istoriuli daniSnulebis erTgvar `mesianistur~ ideas qmnis. am
tipis naracia yovelTvis ritorikulis politikurze primats gulisxmobs (baba 1988: 140) da
Tavisi formiT sruliad miTologiuria. samagierod, swored Tavisi miTologiurobiT
axerxebs mTel rig kulturul kodebze zegavlenasa Tu, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, maT axlebur
konotacias.
ilia WavWavaZiseuli naracia (an naraciis miseuli redaqcia), SeiZleba iTqvas, qarTuli
erovnuli naraciis pirveli, yvelaze farTomasStabiani versiaa, romelic, rasakvirvelia, XIX
saukunis nacionalisturi ideebis zegavleniT, mxolod koloniuri perspeqtividan iqmneba.
igi, gansxvavebiT misi iseTi winamorbedebisagan, rogorebic iyvnen, magaliTad, giorgi
merCule, leonti mroveli an nokoloz gulaberisZe, ar isaxavs miznad axali qarTuli
saxelmwifoebriobis ideologiuri bazisis Seqmnas (Tumca ki es sami avtori ilias àndrezis~
sami mniSvnelovani naratiuli wyaro unda iyos, romlebic kulturuli mexsierebis
mnemoteqnikur (=xsovnis teqnika) bazas ukavSirdeba). amocana, romelic ilia WavWavaZis winaSe
idga, qarTuli kulturuli mexsierebis ara mxolod redaqcias, aramed mis faqtiurad xelaxla
Seqmnas saWiroebda. am mimarTulebiT, igi Tavis poetur teqstebSi gaxsenebis im meTods
mimarTavs, romelsac ian asmani miTomotoruls uwodebs. es meTodi erTgvari miTosis
Seqmniskenaa mimarTuli, romelic, warsulze garkveuli aqcentebis wamoweviT, awmyos aSuqebs
da momavlis imeds iZleva (asmani 1999: 78). asmanis azriT, am miTosis funqcia
„kontraprezentulia“: igi gaduxWirebul awmyos gmirul warsuls upirispirebs da amiT
dakargul, gamqral Tu daviwyebul momentebs acocxlebs (asmani 1999: 79). es ilia
WavWavaZiseuli `mamulis~ naraciis centraluri principia, romelic miTosur warsuls
intencionalur sazris sZens da, amis safuZvelze, momavlis proeqts qmnis (am principis
TiTqmis pirdapiri ilustraciaa poema àCrdili~). swored momavlis strategiis da, aqedan
gamomdinare, mTlianad “mamulis” naraciis mTavari miTologiuri saxe (an miTologema) aris
ilias mier gamogonili `qarTvlis deda~. (ar aris SemTxveviTi is faqti, rom ilia WavWavaZis
poema `qarTvlis deda~-s qvesaTauria `scena momavali cxovrebidan~). am miTologemis funqciis
gasagebad ki jer Tavad `mamulis~ cnebis simboluri mniSvnelobaa gasaazrebeli, romelic,
erTi mxriv, universaluri Sinaarsisaa, magram amasTanave qarTul erovnul diskursSi
specifikuri semantika aqvs.
mkvdari mamis `mamuli~
iliaseuli erovnuli naraciis pirveli TvalSisacemi faqtia `mamulSi~ mamis saxis

ararseboba, rac erTgvar semantikur paradoqss qmnis. zaza SaTiriSvilis azriT, ilia WavWavaZe
afiqsirebs mamis aryofnas da TviTon cdilobs mis gamogonebas (SaTiriSvili 1998). Tumca ki
iliasTan `mama~ mxolod sityva `mamulSi~ aRniSnulis (signifikatis) saxiTaa mocemuli, sadac
empiriuli mamis ar arseboba mis transcendirebaze, _ uxilav aRmniSvnelze (signifikantze)
mianiSnebs. aq, vfiqrob, gasaxsenebelia lakanis cnobili debuleba imis Taobaze, rom, `mama,
romelic kanonis ratifikacias axdens, aris mkvdari mama, anu mamis simbolo. mkvdari mama ki
aseT Sinaarsze agebuli mamis saxelia~ (lakani 2002: 169)56.
termin mamulis `mamasTan~ kavSiri, raRa Tqma unda, specifikurad qarTuli fenomeni ar
aris. samagaliTod laTinuri patria-s gaxsenebac sakmarisia, rac sazogadoebriv Tu
politikur cnobierebaSi mamrobiTi rolis dominantobaze miuTiTebs. es ki yvela
patriarqaluri sazogadoebisaTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. mamuli, Tavisi semantikiT, aris is, rac
mamisgan momdinareobs da mamasve gadaecema. misi umaRlesi reprezentanti mamaa, iqneba es mefe
Tu sxva suvereni, romelic mamuls patronobs da misi transcendentuli ideis miwieri
reprezentantia. mamulis, rogorc sakuTari qveynis anu samSoblos cneba XVIII saukunis
evropaSi Cndeba, sadac igi feodaluri miwaTmflobelobis Sinaarss kargavs da koleqtiuri
55
koleqtiuri Tu kulturuli mexsierebis Teoriebi da ZiriTadi Temebi ganxilulia iva mindaZis wignSi
_ „jgufis TviTmyofadoba da kulturuli mexsierebis xatebi“, Tb., 2005.
56
vsargeblob rusuli TargmaniT.
83
identurobis aRmniSvnelad da loialobis subieqtad gadaiqceva. es termini «warmosaxviT
erTobas» (Imagined Community) (endensoni 1991) qmnis, sadac centralur adgils, ilias sityviT
rom vTqvaT, «Cvenoba» ikavebs. swored am «Cvenobis» loialobis subieqtia ara monarqi,
romelic Sua saukuneebSi saxelmwifos ganasaxierebda, aramed samSoblo, mamuli (Carl Schmitt
1998: 64)57. es principi, saboloo jamSi, evropis revoluciebs, Semdeg ki nacionalizmisa da
nacionaluri saxelmwifoebis warmoqmnas daedo safuZvlad. nacionaluri saxelmwifo swored
mamulis (patria) ideis ganxorcielebaa, romlis warmomadgenelic ukve TiToeuli moqalaqea58.
aseTi perspeqtivisagan iliasdroindeli saqarTvelo istoriulad da politikurad sakmaod
Sors imyofeba. koloniur pirobebSi «mamuli» rom politikur realobad gadaiqces,
aucilebelia, misi, rogorc zepolitikuri abstraqciis, arseboba (kiknaZe 2005: 30-35), romlis
mizanic qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis reprezentantis _ bagrationTa dinastiis, rogorc
aRdgena ki ara, aramed koleqtiuri identifikaciis, «Cvenobis» principis Seqmnaa, romelic
ilias saprogramo artefaqts, _ «Cveni Tavi Cvenadve gveyudnes» SesaZlebels gaxdis. es ki
«mamulis» specifikur semantikas ganapirobebs. mamis simbolo `mamulis~ etimologiaSia
Semonaxuli da am cnebis legitimurobas uzrunvelyofs. iliasaTvis mamis sikvdili faqtia,
romelic mas hamletis mokluli mamis aCrdiliviT ecxadeba: `da momevlina me kaci didi, /
myinvarze mdgomi moxucebuli~. àCrdili~ mam-ulis (mkvdari) mamis sulia: `marad da yvelgan,
saqarTvelov, me var SenTana! / me varo Seni Tanamdevi ukvdavi suli“. ilias mier àCrdilSi~
gamoZaxebuli suli, romelic `koleqtiur mexsierebas~ atarebs (àm gulSi me maqvs Seni awmyo,
Seni warsuli...~), aris is aRmniSvneli (mamis signifikanti), romlis gamoCenac qarTvelTa maTi
samSoblos irgvliv erad gamTlianebis sawindari unda gaxdes. Tumca, manamde erTobis im
faqtoris Seqmnaa saWiro, romelsac mamuli ewodeba. amisaTvis ki qarTvelebs unda
«gaaxsendeT», rom isini qarTvelebi arian. «aCrdilis» piriT awmyos, romelSic swored am
erTobis xsovnaa dakarguli, mxileba da misi kontraprezentuli miTosis Seqmna xdeba. am
miTosiT ilia qarTul naracias, romelic leonti mrovelidan moyolebuli, mTel istoriul
tradicias gansazRvravda, arsobrivad cvlis da sruliad axleburad gadawers. Tuki leontis
`kosmogoniaSi~ demiurgisa da kanonmdebeli mamis rols, romelic kanonis ratifikacias
axdens~ (lakani), ucxoeli, _ aleqsandre makedoneli asrulebs, iliasTan aleqsandre
mtarvalia, romlis uRlisganac saqarTvelos farnavazi aTavisuflebs. amiT ilia, erTi mxriv,
demiurgi mamis gaavtoqTonurebas cdilobs. amasTanave, am kontraprezentuli miTosiT,
hamletis mamis aCrdilis msgavsad, SurisZiebis metasiuJeti iqmneba: `movida is dRec Suris-
gebisa~. magram am misiis Sesruleba (mkvdari mamis) aCrdils an suls ar SeuZlia. is momavalSi
unda gacocxldes, axlad daibados (derida 1995: 59)59.
aqve, araswori iqneboda imis varaudic, rom (mkvdari) mamis vakansiis dakaveba ilias
survili yofiliyo. mas Tavisi sakuTari daniSnuleba TiTqmis arqaul-ritualuri formiTa
aqvs gadmocemuli leqsSi `poeti~: `me ca mniSnavs da eri mzrdis, / miwieri zeciersa; / RmerTTan
misTvis vlaparakob, / rom warvuZRve wina ersa~. poetis aseTi gansazRvreba ritualuri
warmomavlobisaa (topotovi 1980: 20) da igi Zvel aRTqmiseul winaswarmetyvelTa xatebs
ukavSirdeba. iliaseuli poeti swored winaswarmetyvelis sekularuli formaa, romlis
funqciac RvTis nebis gancxadebiT xalxisaTvis «maTi qcevebisa da zraxvebis programis»
(kiknaZe 2003: 131) miwodebaa. esaa poetis, rogorc sekularuli winaswarmetyvelis
legitimaciis safuZveli, romelic ara politikur liderobas, aramed eris, rogorc
koleqtiuri sxeulisa da absolutis nebasTan mediumobas gulisxmobs. am principidan
gamomdinare, mamuli swored koleqtiuri sxeulis mniSvnelobas iZens. is, razec zurab kiknaZe
miuTiTebs, rom iliasTan mamuli zeteritoriuli da zesaxelmwifoebrivi Sinaarsis cnebaa,
romelic, amave dros, siyvarulis obieqtad gaiazreba (kiknaZe : 40-41), _ «mas aqeT raki Sendami
vcan me siyvaruli, / hoi mamulo, gamikrTa me Zili da Sveba», _ am cnebis swored aseT Sinaarsze
metyvelebs. samSoblos siyvarulis obieqtad gamocxadeba sekularuli fenomenia, xolo
siyvarulis es forma saTaves axali aRTqmiseul agape-dan (`RmerTi siyuarul ars~) iRebs;
pavle mociqulis sityvebiT, mxolod isaa kanonis aRsruleba (`pleroma oun nomou he agape~, _
romaelTa mimarT 13;10). agape, rogorc ara xorcieli siyvaruli, pavlesTan, upirveles
yovlisa, moyvasis siyvaruls gamoxatavs, romelic mis mier Seqmnili axali erTobis
gamaerTianebel principad gvevlineba (Jacob Taubes 1993: 74), rac mogvianebiT ukve Sua
saukuneebis qristianulma politikurma Teologiam suverenisadmi loialobis safuZvlad
gamoacxada. siyvarulis (agape) mamulTan dakavSirebiT axali, sekularizirebuli «politikuri
Teologiis» deklarireba xdeba: personificirebuli suverenis adgils koleqtiuri erTobis
57
`mamulis” sekularuli Sinaarsis sailustraciod, karl Smiti safrangeTis revoluciis avtorebs lui
XIV-is cnobili sityvebis `saxelmwifo _ es me var!” perifrazs aTqmevinebs: `La patrie c’est moi~ (`mamuli _
es me var!”).
58
amis sailustraciod, safrangeTis nacionaluri himnis „marseliezis“ pirveli striqonebis gaxsenebac
SeiZleba: Allons enfants de la patrie («win gavwioT mamulis Svilebo»).
59
Jak derida «aCrdilis» metaforas momavlis proeqtad ganixilavs: «momavali, iseve rogorc warsuli,
mxolod aCrdilebs SeiZleba ekuTvnodeT».
84
principi _ patria ikavebs. Tuki evropaSi es procesi revoluciebis saSualebiT mimdinareobda,
saqarTvelosTvis aseTi realoba ucxoa da koloniur mdgomareobaSi sekularizaciasac sxva
datvirTva aqvs: mamuls, gansxvavebiT, magaliTad, franguli patrie—sagan, araviTari
suverenuloba ar gaaCnia. amis mosapoveblad, anu mamulis gasacocxleblad, misdami loialuri
adamianebis gaCenaa aucilebeli. ilias proeqti momavlis saqarTveloa, ufro sworad ki im
safuZvlis momzadeba, romelzedac am proeqtis ganxorcieleba iqneba SesaZlebeli. misi
adresati ki, visac igi leqsSi `qarTvlis dedas~ mimarTavs, aris deda, romelmac mamuls Ze unda
aRuzardos: àq aris, dedav, Seni maRali / daniSnuleba da saRmrTo vali!~ amiT ilias dedis
metafora Semoaqvs da `qarTvlis dedis~ erTob sekularuli Sinaarsis miToss hqmnis.
`qarTvlis dedis~ miTologema
`qarTvlis dedis~ miTologema, romelic sabWoTa sinamdvileSi sruliad trafaretul da

kiCur simbolod gadaiqca, ilia WavWavaZis gamogonili xatia da mas `mamulis~ naraciaSi
yvelaze mniSvnelovani funqciuri datvirTva aqvs. àCrdilSi~ aRwerili kvazi-esqatologiuri
suraTi, faqtiurad, axal kosmogonias saWiroebs. ilias `kosmogonia~ demiurg mamamde ar midis,
rogorc es, Cveulebisamebr, am tipis naraciebisaTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. misi mizani dedis
Seqmnaa, romelic gmirs Sobs da gazrdis. Tavad gmiri ki, romlis mierac iliaseuli naraciis
telosi anu saboloo mizani unda aRsruldes, mxolod embrionalur mdgomareobas aRwevs, isic
`bazaleTis tbaSi~. misi dabadeba gaurkvevel momavlisTvisaa gadadebuli. naraciis
erTaderTi `realuri~ figura ki dedaa. aqve aucilebelia imis aRniSvna, rom qalis figuris
wina planze gadmotana sulac ar niSnavs mdedrobiTi sqesisadmi emansipatorul
damokidebulebas an Tundac morig matriarqatul miTs. qarTvlis dedis saxe ara ubralod
patriarqaluri kliSeebis proeqciaa, aramed sruliad arqaul-ritualuri struqturisa da
Sinaarsis figura. igi, pirvel rigSi, kvlavwarmoebis agregati _ dedaa, romlis `daniSnuleba
da saRmrTo vali~ mam-ulisaTvis Svilis, ufro sworad, gmiri vaJis Soba da gazrdaa, anu igi
Svils mam-uls uCens da uzrdis: `qarTvlis dedao, ZuZu qarTvlisa/ uwin mamulsa uzrdida
Svilsa; / dedis nanasTan qviTini mTisa/ mas umzadebda momaval gmirsa~ (`qarTvlis dedas~). am
citataSi warsuli drois forma tradiciul xazs aCvenebs, romelic awmyoSi gawyvetilia.
ilias problema ara gmiris ar arseboba, aramed arsebul pirobebSi misi gaCenis SeuZleblobaa,
rac naTlad Cans àCrdilis~, albaT, yvelaze cnobil striqonebSi: `magram, qarTvelno, sad
aris gmiri, / romelsac veZeb, visTvisac vstiri?/ igi aRar gyavT... mis moedani / jagiT aRvsila,
veranad qmnila, / gmiris dambadi didi sagani ( xazgasma — g.m.) / TqvenSi spobila da wawymedila~.
deda swored am `gmiris dambadi didi sagnis~ simboloa. es aris arqe, sawyisi, romelic, amave
dros naraciis mizans warmoadgens, magram amis Sesaxeb mogvianebiT visaubrebT.
`nana, mamulis msxverplo, pawawina qarTvelo!“
imisaTvis, rom Svili gmirad iqces, man Tavi unda gawiros. gmiri meomaria, romelic
brZolis velze iRupeba, xolo misi msxverplad daRvrili sisxli mam-ulis gacocxlebis
sawindaria. Svilis meomrad aRzrda, erTi SexedviT, mamis movaleoba unda iyos, magram umamo
sazogadoebaSi am saqmes deda iTavsebs. sakuTari Tavis msxverplad gaRebis ideas ki mamakaci
qalisgan iZens, romelic patriarqalur diskursSi msxverplisa da Tavganwirvis bunebriv
niSnebs atarebs. amasTanave, deda ara zogadad bavSvis dedaa, aramed, sruliad konkretulad,
vaJiSvilis. kulturolog qristina fon braunis azriT, qalis, rogorc xazgasmiT mamakacis
dedis idea iseT socialur wesrigs qmnis, romelic mamakacs maradiul Wabukad, Svilad
warmoadgens (brauni 1985: 274-275). „aCrdilSi“ erTaderTi personificirebuli gmiri
farnavazia, romelsac ilia Wabukad (`veRar gauZlo Wabukma gmirma...“) da Svilad moixseniebs
(„ima mamulis amayma Svilma“). gmiris, rogorc maradiuli Wabukisa da Svilis idea, xSirad, mis
adreul sikvdils ukavSirdeba, rac misi gmirad kanonizaciis mTavari safuZvelia. esaa
apoTeozi, _ sikvdilis meSveobiT sakralur ganzomilebaSi gadasvla. miTosis logika
bunebriv sikvdils ar icnobs. Tomas maxos TqmiT, „yovelgvari sikvdili mkvlelobaa“ (maxo
1987: 47), rasac es avtori am fenomenis uZveles axsnad miiCnevs. gmiris daRupvas, mis iZulebiT
sikvdils msxverplSewirvis mniSvneloba aqvs, anu amiT is misia sruldeba, romlis miRwevis
insrumentadac gmiri Seiqmna.
gmiris msxverplad dabadebis idea sakmaod Zvelia, romelmac qristianobaSi tarigis
paradigmatuli Sinaarsi miiRo60 da RvTismSoblis mier macxovris datirebis sceniT pietas
tragikuli xateba Seqmna.
60
am Temaze uaxlesi fundamenturi gamokvleva ekuTvnis Tomas maxos. ix. Th.Macho, Weihnachten: Der
gescheiterte Kindsmord. München: 2007.
85
gmiris daRupvas, mis daRvril sisxls iliasTan tarigis daniSnuleba aqvs, magram es
siuJeti sakmaod Sorsaa qristianuli pietizmisagan. msxverplSewirvis istoriuli (an
miTomotoruli) nimuSi poema `mefe dimitri Tavdadebulia~, sadac arCevani mefesa da qveyanas
Soris, qveynis sasargeblod wydeba: èrisaTvis Tavdadeba/ mefisaTvis saxelia~. mefis
TavganwirviT ki mamuli agrZelebs sicocxles. mowameobrivi sikvdili, romelic Sua
saukuneebSi wmindanis xats ukavSirdeba, sekularul cnobierebaSi ukve gmiris prerogativaa.
msxverplad sakuTari Tavis gaRebas ki mamulis keTildReoba moiTxovs. ilias naraciidan
msxverplSewirvis mTeli ritualis aRdgena SeiZleba. es rituali yvelaze gamokveTilad leqs
„nanasa“ da poema „qarTvlis dedaSia“. dedas, am ritualur teqstebSi, faqtiurad, qurumis
funqcia aqvs, romelic sakuTar Zes msxverplad aCens da zrdis: „rad minda igi Svili, / Tu
misTvis ar mohkvdeba! / visac Ze ar Seuklavs, / ros mamuls sWirebia, / Svilo, im vaglax dedas /
Svili ar hyvarebia“. dedis sruliad gacnobierebuli daniSnuleba sakuTari Svilis mam-
ulisaTvis samsxverplod momzadebaa: „Cemis mamulisaTvis/ me Cems ZuZus gawoveb, / misi
sikeTisaTvis / gagwirav da gabrZoleb... mamuls migca zecama/ da Tu zed daakvdebi, / nugeS-
ices dedama“ („nana“); „vinc mamulisTvis ar imetebs Tavisa Svilsa, /mas Svili Tvisi, Cemo kargo,
ar hyvarebian...“ (qarTvlis deda“). daRvrili sisxlis samsxverplo mniSvnelobaze ilia
pirdapir laparakobs: “saRmrTod miiRe sisxli, romel am xalxs uRvria...“, „ikmare saRmrTod
maT patiJni da sisxlis ZRveni...“ („aCrdili“). amis safasurad ki, mam-ulis aRdgena unda moxdes:
„aRsruldebi RimiliT, / rom mamuls ar umtyune, / da Sen Seni sikvdiliT / mis sikvdili
daTrgune“ („nana“). qristeze, rogorc „sikvdiliTa sikvdilisa damTrgunvelze“, aluziiT,
ilias telosis gancxadeba xdeba: Svilis samsxverplo sikvdiliT („nana, mamulis msxverplo,
pawawina qarTvelo!“) mam-ulis gacocxlebis („Cemi mamuli, saqarTvelo, dRes micocxldeba!“),
misi mkvdreTiT aRdgomis SesaZleblobaa, anu Zis daRvrili sisxli mkvdar mamas acocxlebs,
anu mas, „visic ar iTqmis saxeli, / visac dRe-da-Ram hnatrulobs / Cumis natvriTa qarTveli“
(„bazaleTis tba“). amiT ki mam-ulSi, am sityvisave obertonebidan mamis gaCena unda moxerxdes.
amaze „bazaleTis tbis“ mTeli miTo-poetikuri saxeebi da kodebi miuTiTeben.
„visic ar iTqmis saxeli“

is, visi saxelic `mamulis~ naraciaSi ar iTqmis, aris mama, miuxedavad imisa, rom misi
fonetikuri aCrdili `marad da yvelganaa~. `mamis saxeli~ _ nom-du-pere (lakani), romelsac
sityva `mam-uli~ koleqtiuri xsovnis simbolod atarebs, aris mkvdari (an mokluli) mama, rac,
saboloo jamSi, ilia WavWavaZis Tanamedrove saqarTvelos politikur realobas asaxavs.
`mamulis~ naraciis mTavari idea ki swored misi gacocxlebaa, visi saxelic ar iTqmis, magram
yvelaferi misi saxeliT keTdeba. esaa CaxSobili survili (`visac dRe-da-Ram hnatrulobs
Cumis natvriTa qarTveli~) imisa, ramac mamis, rogorc transcendentuli ideis reprezentacia
unda moaxdinos. bazaleTis tbis Ziras oqros akvnis Camdgmelad Tamar dedoflis gamocxadeba
akvanSi mwoli yrmis, rogorc momavlis saqarTvelos reprezentantis, Tamaris saxelmwifosTan
samarTalmemkvidreobaze mianiSnebs. Tamar dedofali (deda ufali) qarTul kulturul
mexsierebaSi ara mxolod saqarTvelos òqros xanis~, aramed mefis (mama ufali)
gansaxierebacaa. Tamari, rogorc mefe, mamis atributikas atarebs da amiT igi travestul
figurad gadaiqceva, romelic sakuTar TavSi rogorc mdedrobiT, aseve mamrobiT sasqeso
niSnebs aerTianebs. oqros akvanSi mis mier Cawvenili ucnobi yrma misi Ze an STamomavali ki araa,
aramed suverenulobis legitimuri is simboloa, romelic qarTul koleqtiur mexsierebaSi
Tamaris xatTan aris dakavSirebuli da romelsac lakanis fsiqoanalizSi `mamis metafora”
ewodeba. Jak lakani “mamis metaforas~ ase ganmartavs: èsaa mamis, rogorc simbolos an
signifikantis mier dedis adgilis dakaveba im pirvelad simbolizaciaSi, romelic dedisa da
Svilis urTierTobaSi ukve Camoyalibebulia~ (lakani 2002: 206). Tamaris saxiT, qarTvelTa
cnobierebaSi, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom `mamis metafora~ dedis adgils ki ar ikavebs, aramed dedis
mier `mamis signifikantis~ SeTavseba an sulac sruli STanTqma xorcieldeba. rodesac
ìstoriani da azmani SaravandedTanis~ avtori Tamaris Sesaxeb ambobs, rom man, `beTlem-
myofelman mun Sva Ze, swori Zisa RmrTisa~ (qarTlis cxovreba 1999: 56), amiT igi mas
RvTismSobelTan aTanabrebs da, amasTanave, umanko Casaxvis aluzias qmnis, ris gamoc Tamaris
Zis xorcieli mamis arseboba SeuZlebeli unda iyos. sayuradRebo faqtia isic, rom swored
Tamaris sicocxleSi iwereba nikoloz gulaberisZis `sveticxovlis sakiTxavi~, sadac
saqarTvelos RvTismSoblis wilxvedrobis ideaa gancxadebuli, romelsac XIX saukuneSi
swored ilia WavWavaZe acocxlebs (`dedav RvTisao, es qveyana Seni xvedria...~). RvTismSobelive
agzavnis saqarTvelos mosaqcevad wminda ninos, rasac gulaberisZe aseT komentars ukeTebs:
`yovelTa naTesavTa umZvinvaresni da uveluresni iyunes naTesavni ese (qarTvelebi — g.m.).
amisTvisca dedakaci warmoavlina.. amisaTvisca uZluresisa bunebisa dedakacisa mier moalbo
qedficxelobaÁ maTi~ (sabinini 1882: 72). amiT qali rjulmdeblis sruliad mamiseul funqciasa
da demiurgul Zalas iZens, romelic qarTvelTa ùvelures~ bunebas albobs, magram es
`kosmogonia~ normativebis Semomtani mamis, rogorc kanonis gansaxierebisa da
86
`maregulirebeli elementis~ (laplanSi 1975: 49)61 stereotipis mixedviT ar xorcieldeba.
umamoba ki Sua saukuneebis qarTul tradiciaSi mamis ucxoeTidan transplantaciiT
kompensirdeba (maisuraZe 1998: 46-51). esaa xsnis simboloc, romelic, TiTqmis yovelTvis,
saqarTvelos farglebs gareTaa gatanili (mindaZe 2005: 82: maisuraZe 1998: 43-51). `bazaleTis
tbis~ miTologemiT, ilia, tradiciis sawinaaRmdegod, am simbolos saqarTveloSi gadmotanas
da mis gaavtoqTonurebas cdilobs. am usaxelo yrmas swiravs msxverplad qarTvlis deda
sakuTar Zes, romelsac ukve ara miTosuri qarTvlis deda, aramed romelime `saxeldebuli~,
anu xorcieli deda `miawvdis Tvis ZuZus madliT cxebulsa~. Tumca ki ilias naracia ase Sors
ar midis da mxolod „gmiris dambadi didi sagnis“, _ qarTvlis dedis SeqmniT Semoifargleba.
amiT ki dedis niSniT mam-ulis transcendentuli da imanenturi doneebi metasiuJetad
mTliandeba: `deda RvTisa~, romlis xvedric mamulia da `qarTvlis deda~, rogorc `ZuZu
qarTvlisa~, romelic mamuls Svils uzrdis. aseTi kombinaciiT ki RvTismSoblis, rogorc
saqarTvelos patronisa da mfarvelis simbolo `qarTvlis dedad~ sekularuldeba.
„gmiris dambadi didi sagani“ anu „Madame Bovary – c’est moi“62
ilias naraciis mizani im arqes Seqmnaa, romelic gmirs dabadebs. esaa „gmiris dambadi
didi sagani“ — „qarTvlis deda“, romelic u-mam-o mam-ulSi Svils (Zes) msxverplad zrdis da am
`msxverplSewirvis~ azri mam-ulis gacocxlebaa. imisaTvis, rom mamis reanimacia da misi mam-
ulTan gamTlianeba moxerxdes, saWiroa im arqes arseboba da misi mudmivi sawarmoo mzadyofna,
romelic `mamulis msxverpl pawawina qarTvelebs~ gaaCenda. ilias naraciis mizani miRweulia,
rodesac Sedegi sawyisia: `gmiris dambadi didi sagani~ aris ilias mier Seqmnili heroikuli
diskursi an, SeiZleba asec iTqvas, _ erovnuli diskursis iliaseuli heroizacia, romelic
`qarTvlis dedis~ saxels atarebs. am saxelis ukan ki, ara romelime preistoriuli qalRmerTi
an istoriuli Tamar mefis xateba, aramed Tavad ilia WavWavaZe dgas. esaa momavlis proeqti
(`Cven unda mivsceT momavali xalxs...~), rac paradigmis Secvlas, warsulisaken dabrunebis
nacvlad, axal formaciaze gadasvlas, axali perspeqtivebis Ziebas niSnavs (`moviklaT warsul
droebzed dardi.../ Cven unda vsdioT exla sxva varskvlavs~). `qarTvlis deda~ ver aswavlis,
ver miiyvans sakuTar vaJiSvilebs mamobamde, ramdenadac es mis SesaZleblobebs aRemateba. is
Tavis Svilebs mam-ulisaTvis Tavdadebul Svilebad zrdis da maT mamis, rogorc
suverenulobis avtoqTonuri simbolos Seqmnis survils uCens.
ilia WavWavaZis pirveli araswori ìnterpretacia~ misi mkvleloba da, amiT misi
òidipalur~ scenarSi CaTreva iyo, rasac, sruliad logikurad, misi jer eris mamad, Semdeg ki
wmindanad kanonizacia mohyva. amiT ki ilia WavWavaZis mam-ulSi aRniSnuli mamis signifikatad
saxeldeba moxda, ris Sedegadac qarTul koleqtiur mexsierebaSi mokluli mamis (`didi mamis~
– Urvater63) xateba gaCnda. amiT iliaseulma erovnulma naraciam religiuris msgavsi xasiaTi
miiRo: is erTdroulad sakraluricaa da sekularulic, rac ukve Tavad ilia WavWavaZesa da mis
Semoqmedebas xSirad sakuTari dogmatikis CarCoebSi aTavsebs da daucvels xdis misi
ideologizaciisagan.
damowmebani:
andronikaSvili 2006: andronikaSvili z. `Bella georgiana~ _ diskursi da siuJeti. krebulSi: qali — saxe da
problema. II tomi, Tb.: 2006.
brauni 1985: Braun Ch. Nicht ich, ich nicht. Logik, Lüge, Libido. Frankfurt am Main: 1985.
baba 1990: Bhabha Homi K. Narrating the Nation. wignSi: Nation and Narration, London and New York: 1990.
baba 1994: Homi K.Bhabha. The Location of Culture. London and New York: 1994.
derida 1995: Derrida J. Marx’ Gespenster. Frankfurt am Main: 1995.
endensoni 1991: Andeson B. Imagined Commiunities. London/New York: 1991.
61
Jan laplanSi iqve ambobs, rom mamis, rogorc kanonmdeblis xatis ardafiqsireba, fsiqotur
struqturas warmoSobs, rac „mamis“ gamudmebul ZebnaSic xorcieldeba.
62
„qalbatoni bovari me var“ _ ase ganmarta gustav floberma misi romanis `qalbatoni bovaris” mTavari
gmiris prototipis vinaoba.
63
termini „didi mama“ (germ. Urvater) zigmund froidis mieraa Semotanili, romelic mis mier Seqmnil
fsiqoanalitikur moZRvrebaSi `mamis” ideis, romelsac sazogadoebrivi morali da samarTali efuZneba,
pirveladi saxea. froidis Tanaxmad, adamianTa pirvelyofil jogSi arsebobda `didi mama”, romelic
jogis yvela mdedr wevrs isakuTrebda da sakuTar vaJiSvilebs kastraciiT emuqreboda, Tuki isini mis
mflobelobaSi myof qalebs Seexebodnen. amis gamo, SeTqmulma vaJebma didi mama mokles da incestis
akrZalva (tabu) daaweses, raTa amiT seqsualur moTxovnilebaTa Tanabari gadanawileba
daeregulirebinaT. amasTanave, didi mamis mkvlelobam warmoSva koleqtiuri danaSaulis grZnoba,
romlidanac moralisa da samarTlis pirvelsaxeebi momdinareoben. ix. Siegmund Freud, Totem und Tabu. –
Studienausgabe B.9, Frankfurt am Main 1975, gv. 315 da 427. agreTve: Giorgi Maisuradze, Tabu im Spiel und in der
Ordnung des Rechts. – Recht und Spielregeln. Hrsg. Andreas von Arnauld. Tübingen 2003.gv. 122-123.
87
asmani 1988: Assmann J. Kollektives Gedächtnis und kulturelle Identität. In: J.Assmann / T.Hölscher: Kultur und Gedächtnis.,
Frankfurt am Main: 1988.
asmani 1999: Assmann J. Das kulturelle Gedächtnis. München: 1999.
kiknaZe 2005: kiknaZe z. „ilias mamuli“. wignSi: „saqarTvelo aTaswleulTa gasayarze“. Tb.: 2005.
kiknaZe 1996: kiknaZe z. qarTuli miTologia: jvari da saymo. quTaisi: 1996.
kiknaZe 1996: Zveli aRTqmis wuTisofeli. Tb.: .2003.
lakani 2002: Lacan J. Les formations de l’inconcient. Le seminaire, livre 5. vsargeblob rusuli TargmaniT. moskovi:
2002.
laplanSi 1975: Laplanche J. Hölderlin und die Suche nach dem Vater. Stuttgart: 1975.
maisuraZe 1998: maisuraZe g. siamovneba da perversia qarTul kulturaSi. wignSi: sqesebi da civilizacia.
Tb.:1998.
maxo 1987: Macho Th. Todesmetaphern. Frankfurt am Main: 1987.
maxo 2007: Macho Th. Weihnachten: Der gescheiterte Kindsmord. München: 2007.
mindaZe 2005: mindaZe i. jgufis TviTmyofadoba da kulturuli mexsierebis xatebi. Tb.: 2005.
sabinini 1882: sabinini m. sakiTxavi suetisa cxovelisa. saqarTvelos samoTxe. peterburgi: 1882.
taube 1993: Taubes J. Die politische Theologie des Paulus. München: 1993.
toporovi 1980: Топоров Вл. Первобитное представление о мифе. О Церки истории естество-научних знании в
древности. Mосква:1980.
qarTlis cxovreba 1959: qarTlis cxovreba. t. II, Tb.:1959.
SaTiriSvili 1998: SaTiriSvili z. ilia WavWavaZis apologia. paraleluri teqstebi. II, Tb.: 1998.
Smiti 1998: Schmitt C. Politische Romantik. Berlin: 1998.
88
levan dalaqiSvili
ilia WavWavaZe _ pirovneba
ilia WavWavaZis cxovrebas rodesac viTvaliswinebT, pirveli, rasac uTuod SevniSnavT,

rac gvaocebs, gvaxarebs da gvaamayebs, es Cveni didkacis simtkice da wonasworoba, skefsisis
mimarT misi araCveulebrivi simedgrea. me minaxavs erTi metad kargi foto, romelzec ilias
Tvalebi keTili da, amave dros, èSmakebiT gatenili~, mosiyvarule cecxliT ubrwyinavs,
TiTqos gveubnebodes: Se cuRluto adamiano, dadeq, geyos torRiali, irgvliv mimoixede da
marTla saqmes ewieo. ase momzirali kaci myarad unda idges fexze, unda icodes: vin aris,
risTvis aris, ra abadia amqvyenad arasgziT ardasaTmobi, anu sad gadis misi àrgamabrunvis
samani~.
xasiaTis am niSniT, ilia Zlier gansxvavdeba Tanamedrove adamianisagan, romelsac,
TiTqos, sayrdeni gamoecala mas Semdeg, rac kopernikma sabolood gaamtyuna da mcdarad
gamoacxada samyaros geocentruli Teoria. mas aqeT, adamianma samyaroSi Tavisi
gansakuTrebuli adgilisa da daniSnulebis rwmena dahkarga da daibna: mecnierebis
ganviTareba, yoveli axali nabijiT, erTi mxriv Tavisuflebis gacnobierebaSi exmareboda mas,
xolo meore mxriv azrebs urevda, wuxilsa da mousvenrobas matebda. axali samyaro manqana,
TviTmoqmedi da TviTkmari meqanizmi aRmoCnda, romelSic Zalebi da nivTierebebi
moqmedebdnen, xolo meqanizms ar gaaCnda mizani, goneba an cnobiereba da Tavisi mowyobilobiT
Zlier eucxoeboda adamians.
odnav Tvali gadavavloT iliamde da ilias Semdgomac mcxovreb adamianTa yofas im
mizniT, rom drois SegrZneba gavicxoveloT; es ilias pirovnuli xatis mkafiod warmodgenaSi
dagvexmareba. radgan uzadod Sekruli fregatisa gvainteresebs, _ romlis daRupvis
istoriac viciT, _ im qarebisa unda vikiTxoT, fregats rom zRvas ucofebdnen; anu ganze
vtoveb istorikosis sakvlev sakiTxs, axali drois saxeldobr romel mecnier-moazrovneTa
Teoriebs icnobda ilia, visi xedvani Sekrebiliyvnen mis msoflaRqmaSi da vcdi ilias epoqis —
romelic iliamde iwyeba da wiwamuris Semdgomac ganagrZobs arsebobas — saerTo monaxazis
gaTvaliswinebas, raTa xelSesaxeb iqmnas atmosfero, romelSic ilia cxovrobda.
rwmena imisa, rom samyaros RvTaebrivi sawyisi marTavs da rom adamians gansakuTrebuli
goniTi statusi gaaCnia am samyaroSi, darvinis evoluciis Teoriamac gaaqarwyla. fexi
moimkvidra Tvalsazrisma, rom goneba evoluciis sruliad SemTxveviTi Sedegia, romliTac
cocxali bunebis SedarebiT umniSvnelo, mcire nawili homo-sapiens-i xasiaTdeba. aRmoCnda, rom
sicocxlis es saxeoba sulac araa dazRveuli sxva mravali saxeobis bedisagan — isic iolad
SeiZleba gadaSendes; darvinis Semdeg, adamiani veRar grZnobs Tavs RmerTis sayvarel
qmnilebad.
religiis, sazogadoebis, kulturis, gonis yvela ganCineba biologiuri gadarCenisTvis
brZolis Sedegad iqna gaazrebuli. darvinis Teoriam `moxsna RmerTi da amiT cxovelis
donemde daamdabla adamiani~ (tarnasi 1995: 274-275).
zigmund froidma, adamianis qcevis ganmsazRvreli aracnobieris aRmoCeniT, kidev ufro
gaamZafra dramatuli msoflgancda kacisa. froidma daadgina, rom cnobier yofnas Rrma
safuZvlad udevs iracionaluri, gonebisagan umarTavi sawyisi. adamiani, individi `RvTiur-
harmoniulad~ ar ewereba samyaros wesrigSi: igi mankieria da Tavidanve upirispirdeba
sazogadoebas. adamiani antisocialuri arsia, romelic unda moaTvinieros sazogadoebam: neba
darTos raRac zomamde daikmayofilos biologiuri moTxovnilebebi, magram am zomis iqiT
moTokos igi. biologiuri impulsebi, daTrgunvis Sedegad, kulturuli Rirebulebis mqone
miswrafebebad gadaiqcevian da safuZvels uyrian gonier, sulier cxovrebas. daTrgunuli
bioimpulsebis aseT amaRlebas civilur, kulturul qceva-yofnamde, froidma `sublimacia~
uwoda (fromi 1995: 19).
froidis ideebi, kopernik-darvinis naRvawTan erTad, gviCvenebs, rogor ecleboda
sazogadoebrivi Zala da gavlenianoba fenomenebs. adamians _ Sesaqmis mwvervalsa da
samkauls, sul ufro eZaleba uniadagobis, tradiciul RirebulebaTa gauferulebis, adamianis
TviTSefasebaSi sakuTari Rirsebis devalvaciis gancda. ilias Tanamedrove kacis
msoflgancda mkafiod aisaxa epoqis majiscemis Semtyobi mravali didi moazrovnis
SemoqmedebaSi: `samyaros erT Soreul kuTxeSi, romelic uricxv mzis sistemaTa ciagSi
ikargeboda, odesRac iyo varskvlavi, romelzec gonierma cxovelebma Semecneba gamoigones. es
iyo `msoflio istoriis~ yvelaze qedmaRluri da sicruiT gaJRenTili wami: da mainc, mxolod
wami. mas Semdeg bunebam erTxans kidev isunTqa, mere varskvlavi gaiyina da gonieri cxovelebic
unda daxociliyvnen~ (nicSe 1994: 254). am igaviT gvisuraTebs nicSe _ da, misive TqmiT, mTlad
naTlad verc gvisuraTebs _ ra sacodav, umizno, sizmareul, swrafmaval da usafuZvlo
gamonakliss warmoadgens mTeli bunebisagan is, rasac Cveni goneba hqvia.
nicSes mixedviT, adamiani naklovani cxovelia, romelmac unda sZlios sakuTar Tavs,
gadalaxos igi, Tuki surs iqces zekacad da hpovos sicocxlis sazrisi; zekacobisken mimaval
gzaze ki mas uTuod mouwevs tradiciul qristianul Rirebulebebze da zneobriv idealebze
89
uaris Tqma. samyarosa da adamianze fiqris arCeulma wesma nicSe agresiul individualizmamde
miiyvana. individualizmi da isic agresiuli ki, verafriT waadgeba adamianis Sinagani yofis
damSvidebas, gawonasworebas, socialuri sazrisiT aRvsebas.
Tanamedrove adamianis sacxovrebo situaciis aRsawerad, kidev erTi saintereso
moazrovnis, paul tilixis azrs moviSvelieb: `meoce saukunis adamianma dahkarga
gasazrisianebuli samyaro da is me, romelic goniTi centridan warmomdgar sazrisTa am
samyaroSi cxovrobda. adamianis mier Seqmnil obieqtTa samyarom daiqvemdebara Tavisi
Semoqmedi, romelmac, am samyaroSi myofma, dahkarga subieqturoba. adamiani Tavissave
qmnilebas emsxverpla~ (tilixi 1995: 99). amis mTqmeli ukanasknel sayrdensRa gvitovebs, rasac
ukeTesi momavlis imediT SeiZleba moveWidoT. romelia es dasayrdeni?
paul tilixs miaCnia, rom viTarebis ukiduresi simZimis miuxedavad, àdamiani jerac
acnobierebs saxeldobr `ra~ dahkarga an ris kargvas ganagrZobs. igi jerac sakmaod adamiania
saimisod, rom sasowarkveTiT ganicdides Tavis dehumanizacias~ (tilixi 1995: 99). swored am
jerac sakmaod adamianTaTvis, am sasowarkveTilTaTvis gamosadegi nimuSi SeiZleba aRmoCndes
ilias nacxovrebi. rogoria is? ilias cxovreba saukeTesod missave SemoqmedebaSi iCens Tavs,
romliTac igi mWidrod ukavSirdeba qarTul kulturas.
jer kidev simon Ciqovanma aRniSna ilias gansakuTrebuli siyvaruli nikoloz
baraTaSvilis poeziisadmi. 1860 wels, sruliad axalgazrda ilia wers leqss `nikoloz
baraTaSvilzed~, romelsac epigrafad aqvs sityvebi: `cudad xom mainc ar Caivlis...~
am leqsSi ilia Tavisi genialuri winamorbedis ùRvTo sikvdils~ xedavs, rogorc mTeli
erisTvis fasdaudebi saunjis dakargvas. nikoloz baraTaSvilis sikvdili iyo didad
mosiyvarule, RrmamgrZnobi da aseve mofiqrali gulis (ège zRva guli~) aRsasruli, ramac Tan
Caitana, aravin icis, ramdeni nugeSismcemi, mTeli eris imediT masuldgmulebeli grZnoba da
azri. aqve ilia gamoTqvams rwmenas, rom nikoloz baraTaSvils misi leqsi aRadgens mkvdreTiT,
Taviseburi ukvdavebis pirobad eqmneba mas.
Cven ilias pirovnuli TavisTavadobis ganmsazRvrel faqts mivuaxlovdiT ise, rom axla
advilia misi danaxva; saxelovan qarTvel mkvlevarTagan, vaxtang kotetiSvilma SeniSna erTi
metad sagulisxmo detali ilias xasiaTisa. `...arc erT qarTvel poets ar hqonda sikvdilis
iseTi didi SiSi~, rogorc ilia WavWavaZes. fizikur sikvdilis SiSze ar vlaparakobT, radgan
igi garduvalia, Cven vgulisxmobT sikvdils istoriis wiaRSi, ... es ilia WavWavaZiseburi `SiSi~
erTi saxeTagania im SiSis poeziisa, romlis dausrulebeli sirTule da mravalgvarobac avsebs
kacobriobis cxovrebas~... _ v. kotetiSvili mokled gvidgens, ra saxis iyo es SiSi edgar pos,
hofmanis an mopasanis SemTxvevaSi da ganagrZobs: _ ìlia WavWavaZis SiSi ufro
racionalisturia, Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas, ufro azrovnuli. mas aSinebs fizikuri sikvdili ki
ara, ideuri àrafroba~. igi ukve Seguebulia im faqtTan, rom
mSvenier arsis magier gvrCeba

erTi muWa-Ra gamxmari mtveri.
xiluli buneba yovelTvis dangrevaa, dissociacia. magram poeti ocnebobs im

ukvdavebaze, romelic ideas inaxavs, da es ideuri sicocxlis dausrulebloba, rogorc
pirovnuli sicocxlisa, izidavs da stanjavs Cvens poets~ (kotetiSvili 1925: 149-150).
amrigad: ilia miiltvis ideuri ukvdavebisken da sjerdeba mas; Tanamedrove adamians ki
gauqra rwmena da ndoba ideurisa da Tavisi individualuri warmavloba aZrwunebs; man icis, rom
idealuri erTi mcire nawilia misi meobis. idea da gonebismieri Semecneba erTi saxea
garemomcvel samyarosTan cnobierebis kavSirisa. reagireba, moqmedeba, siyvaruli da
siZulvili samyarosTan adamianis kavSiris ufro fundamenturi saxeebia, romelTac efuZneba
gonismieri Semecneba, goniTis arseboba sazogadod da gonieris yofna. viTareba, romelSic
Tanamedrove adamiani aRmoCnda, xatovnad ase SeiZleba gamovsaxoT: goni da suliereba
SeiZleba bnelis manaTobel im sinaTles SevadaroT, romelsac sanTeli iZleva. sinaTle (suli,
goneba, cnobiereba) misi wyaros, sanTlis (sxeulis) xedvis saSualebasac qmnis, magram Tavisi
arsebobiT igi mTlianad damokidebulia materialurze, _ sanTlis dnoba-aorTqlebasTan
erTad qreba sinaTlec. asevea adamianis SemTxvevaSic: sxeulis simrTelis rRveva (rac sruliad
aucilebelia), iwvevs sulis, gonebis, cnobierebis gaqrobas da es aris mizezi Tanamedrove
adamianis sasowarkveTilebisa.
sxeulis rRvevasTan erTad, sulisa da gonebisTvis savaraudo did gasaWirze iliac bevrs
fiqrobs. sxva rom ara iyos ra, man icis nikoloz baraTaSvilis: `magram Tu erTxel sofels
unda bolo moeRos~ ... magram Tavisi SesaZlo àrafrobis~ àzrovnul~ moSiSs, - SesaZloa, imav
nikoloz baraTaSvilis sulieri memkvidreobiT, _ miRebuli aqvs gadawyvetileba: sikeTis
mouRlelad qmniT kvali daaCnios momavals; metic, _ Seqmnas es momavali, es `Semdgomi dro~ _
`myoobadi~, romelSic misi Tvistomi Taobebi ganagrZoben yofnas. ilia imgvari sulieri wyobis
kaci iyo, romelsac es perspeqtiva `sikvdilTan Semrigebel mzed da silamazed~ (galaktioni)
uCnda. mis pirovnul gadawyvetilebas, ecxovra àse da ara sxvagvarad~ fesvi qarTuli sulis
ganviTarebis im safexurze hqonda gadgmuli, romelic Cvenma erT-erTma yvelaze
filosofiurad moazrovne poetma, nikoloz baraTaSvilma CaaqviTkira saTanado adgilze. rom
90
ara es namdvili ziareba eris kulturasTan (ase iSviaTi Cvens droSi), ilias misi epoqis
xasiaTis ganmsazRvreli qarebi waritacebdnen da daurRvevdnen sulis simrTeles,
monoliTurobas.
SesaZlebeli rom yofiliyo iliasaTvis gvekiTxa, ra iyo misi cxovrebis principi, idea,
romliTac icxovra, albaT, ase gvipasuxebda:
_ me vicxovre samSoblos sakeTildReod, mTlianad davixarje misi Rirsebisa da ukeTesi
momavlis mcvelad. am saqmeSi Cemi SeZlebis Tanafardi kvali davtove, romelsac Tqven misdevT
da unda misdioT. Tqven saxlobT Cem Cayril saZirkvelze, iciT es, gaxsovarT da raxan agrea, me
var TqvenTana. me vqmen imis maqsimumi, rac mudam ukvdavebis mZebnel adamians xelewifeba,
radgan miyvardiT.
didi siyvaruli Tavisi eris momavali Taobebisadmi, romlebic misi sikvdilis Semdeg
movidodnen, raTa eqmnaT sicocxleze meti: ecxovraT saqarTveloSi sakuTari wesiT _
daecvaT mamuli _ saqarTvelo, eomaT da daxociliyvnen, magram axalTaTvis gadaelocaT
erTdroul vali da neba-survili qarTulad cxovrebisa, qarTvelebad yofnisa, iyo is, rac
ilias asuldgmulebda, azrs sZenda mis arsebobas.
xelovanis pirovnuli Tavadoba mis SemoqmedebaSi Cans unaTlesad. Semoqmedis saxis ukeT
dasanaxad, xSirad gamarTlebulia misi xelovnebis Sedareba-Sepirispireba sxva Semoqmdebis
naRvawTan. ase moiqca mkvlevari grigol kiknaZe da ilias mwerlur naxelavSi gogoliseburi
dagvanaxa. misi magaliTiT Segulianebuls, survili miCndeba, ramdenime msgavsebaze mivuTiTo
iliasa da jeims joisis cxovreba-moRvaweobaSi.
orive xelovanisTvis damaxasiaTebelia mZafri sarkazmi, roca isini samSoblos mankier
cxovrebas xedaven. aseTi damokidebuleba, orive SemTxvevaSi, siyvaruliT aris nasazrdoebi.
ilia da joisi Tav-Tavis qveynebSi siaxlis Setanis nebiT moqmedi xelovanebia; orive mtkiced
mdgomi Tavis poziciaze. es zogadi Strixebia; ori avtoris konkretul stilistur Tu
meTodur msgavsebaze Tu vimsjelebT, mravlismetyvelia is, rom joisi Tavis ùlises~
àdamianis tanis eposad~ Tvlida (xoruJi 1994: 416) da gana ilias `luarsab-darejaniani~ sulis
uaRresad ugvan `satanebaze~ arafers mogviTxrobs, ris gamoc masac SeiZleba, gasagebi azriT,
`tanis eposi~ vuwodoT?
wminda biografiuli detalebis gaazrebisas, es ori didi Semoqmedi hgavs erTmaneTs,
Tumca garegnulad maT cxovrebaSi dasanaxi movlenebi, SesaZloa, gansxvavebis maniSnebeli
gveCvenos. ase, magaliTad: 1912 wels joisma sabolood datova samSoblo, iliasagan msgavsis
warmodgenac ki Znelia, magram irlandiidan gadaxvewili joisis fiqric iseve daJinebiT
utrialebs zurmuxtovan kunZuls, rogorc iliasi — saqarTvelos.
ilia da joisi mxolod sarkazmis simZafriT rodi gvanan erTmaneTs: orive mZafrad
ganicdis Tavis qveyanaSi arsebuli situaciis Seusabamobas warmosaxviT da, maS, principulad
realizebad viTarebasTan, romelic SesaZlebelia da unda damyardes kidec iq. orive martoa
Tavisi qveynis Sesaferi momavlis `proeqtis~ xedvaSi da Tav-Taviseburad, magram arsebiTad
Tanaswori SeupovrobiT cdilobs gza gaukafos am ukeTes momavals; _ `Svas Tavisi qveynis
myoobadi~. cnobilia, rom joiss mwyobri da gaazrebuli Tvalsazrisi gaaCnda irlandiasa da
mis istoriaze, xedavda, ra uSlida xels qveynis normalur cxovrebas, ra ubiZgebda
RirsebaSerCenil irlandielebs samSoblodan gadaxvewisken (xoruJi 1994: 386-387).
saqarTvelos bedis, misi warsulisa da sanatreli momavlis naTlad mxedveli iyo iliac.
man icoda, rom Cveni gza, vulgarul-gaTavTxelebuli, profanuli aRmosavleTis gavlenisagan
ganTavisuflebidan dasavleTisken midis; baiaTis damwunebels erTxel uTqvams: Cven gvinda
goeTe, Sileri, baironi, Seqspiri, puSkini, gogolio (ilia... 1987: 109). Tu gogolisa da ilias
erTgvar mwerlur naTesaobas realur istoriaSi hqonda safuZveli gadgmuli, iliasa da
joisis Sesaxeb msgavsi raimes Tqma uniadago iqneboda, radgan es ori Semoqmedi sruliad ar
icnobda erTmaneTs. iliasa da joisis nacxovrebSi (rac maT Semoqmedebas, cxadia, moicavs)
msgavs niSnebze miTiTebas mxolod is azri da gamarTleba aqvs, rom mogvagonebdes, pirovnebis
konstituirebis tipika realuri intersubieqturi kontaqtebis fargliT ar aris Semowerili;
monaTesave sulTa formireba maTi uSualo urTierTSexebis gareSec SesaZlebelia.
ilias cxovrebis saqme iyo zrunva saqarTvelosTvis, mas emsaxureboda igi naxevari
saukunis ganmavlobaSi, sruli TavdadebiT da araCveulebrivi warmatebiTac. ilias
pirovnebaSi saqarTvelos, rogorc zrunvis sagans, mTlianad ekava misi cxovrebis _ maqs
Seleris sityvebiT rom iTqvas _ `centraluri sferos~ sivrce. am sferos kuTvnili
interesebiT sruli dakavebuloba iyo ilias cxovrebis gezis araCveulebrivi simyaris, misi
ucvlelobis mizezi. maqs Seleris mixedviT, uwyinar patar-patara siamovnebaTa maZiebloba
niSania imisa, rom adamiani daukmayofilebelia Tavisi cxovrebis centralur sferoSi, anu iq,
sadac saqme `seriozul~ sagnebs Seexeba (Seleri 1994: 315-316). ilias sruliad araferi etyoba
amgvari daukmayofileblobisa. misi centraluri interesi iyo saqarTvelos erovnuli
interesi. Cvens istoriaSi oriode vinme Tu moiZebneba iseTi, vinc ilias Seedreba piradulisa
da saqveynos urTierTze morgebis gasaocari xarisxiT.
ilias _ `zneobrivi mzrunvelobiT cxovrebaaRvsili~ am `mrisxane niWis poetis~
(kotetiSvili 1925: 116-117, 147) _ pirovnul saxeSi uarsebiTesi Tavisebureba is aris, rom misi
91
qcevis yvelaze Rrma motivebs aqvT Sesaferi mniSvnelobisa da sidiadis `mimagrebis punqti~ _
qveyana saqarTvelo. ilias `grandiozulis moyvare~ suls marTlac Sesafer sapirwone sagnad
hqonda saqarTvelo da mzrunveli sulis es uzadod gawonasworebuloba saTanado sazrunaviT
Tavs iCens poetis stilis sisadaveSi, radgan fiqri misi imdenad did safiqralSia garTuli,
rom sityva Sekazmvas, mosarTavebs ukve ver egueba. amitoma hgavs ilias saukeTeso leqsebi
RvTis winaSe ganmartoebuli kacis aRsarebas:
mas aqeT, raki Sendami vcan me siyvaruli,

hoi, mamulo, gamikrTa me Zili da Sveba!
Sens ZarRvis cemas me yurs vugdeb sulganabuli,
Rame Tendeba egreT Cemi da dRe Ramdeba.
daJinebiTa fiqri fiqrze modis grovdeba,

grZnoba grZnobazed Seupovrad iZvris Cems gulSi,
da me ar vCivi, _ mixarian, rom egreT hSvreba
Cemi cxovreba Sensa fiqrSi, Sens siyvarulSi.
magram, mamulo, Cemi tanjva, mxolod is ari,

is ari mxolod savalalo da samwuxaro,
rom Sens miwazed, amden xalxSi kaci ar ari,
rom fiqri vando, grZnoba Cemi gavuziaro!~
pirovneba gavlenaTa winaaRdgomisa da, amasTanave, maT misaRebad mzaobis stilia (muni
1999: 44). ilias pirovnebas saxes sdebs da aformebs gonier sulze gavleniani idea: mTlianad
vixarjebodeT qveynis sakeTildReod, radgan sxeuliT warmavalni varT da sxva ukvdaveba, Tu
ar momaval TaobaTa margoba, ar gviweria. ilia mTlad gadaego momavlis saqarTvelos Rirseul
cxovrebas da amiT Seqmna Tavi Tvisi — gavlenis stili, romelsac momaval TaobaTa sulis
formireba SeuZlia. iliam yoveli gonieri adamianisTvis xelmisawvdomi umSvenieresi xvedri
irguna. gonivruli cxovrebis uzado idead iqca, romelsac marad darCenis Zali Seswevs.
saocaria bedi kacisa: sxeulebriv qrobas veravin gaeqceva, gvsurs Tu ara es, bolos
yvelas sikvdili gvepatroneba. magram amis mxedveli Cveni rCeulni, axerxeben mTlad gadaagon
Tavisi Zala da unari sxvaTa ukeTesi momavlis qmnas da agre myofni didkacis cxovrebis
maradiul nimuSad, Tavisebur ìdead~ iqcevian. isini, Tavisi yofniT, sulierebisa da
gonierebis sakvirvel magaliTebs qmnian, magram bevris sulSi aRweven kia gavlenian stilad
Rirseuli cxovrebisa? arc Tu bevrisa da radgan asea, fiqri axla sxvas gveubneba: mTlad
keTil idead qceuli Tvisi didkacni erma unda àcocxlos~ maradi xsovniT da maTi cxovrebis
wesis Tavisad dadgeniT. Tu es ar iqmna, eri gadagvarebas ver gadaurCeba. erebi maTi
didkacebis xsovniT cxovroben da daviwyebiT _ iRupebian. didi winapari mudam idealuri
ZafebiTaa mibmuli Tavisi xalxis momaval cxovrebas da es aris eris imedi, wyaro im energiisa,
romelic mas udides gasaWirSi aZlebinebs.
rogor vamyofoT ilia Cvens Soris `gavlenis stilad?~ am kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad im
amocanebs unda mivxedoT, romelTac dRevandeli cxovreba gvisaxavs. Cveni amJamindeli
amocanebis iliaseburi gadawyveta aris ilias CvenTan myofobis, misi ideuri gadarCenis da
Cveni realuri argaqrobis piroba. axlandel amocanaTa iliaseburi gadaWra moiTxovs mtkice
xasiaTis tvirTs, sakuTar Tavze aRebiT. `ra giTxraT, riT gagaxaroT?~-Si ilia pirdapir
gveubneba, rom unda moveSvaT garedan (RvTis argamoricxviT) Svelis moimedeobas da TviT
gavisarjoT gadarCenisTvis.
zemoT vTqvi, rom ilias masuldgmulebeli saqme TvistomTaTvis qarTulad cxovrebis,
qarTvelebad yofnis pirobaTa Seqmna da dacva iyo. Cveni dRevandeli globalizebuli
cxovreba am saqmis keTebis mniSvnelobas zrdis da amaRlebs. globalizacia mTel planetaze
cxovrebis gaerTsaxovnebas niSnavs, romlis moqmedic Tanamedrove gamomTvlel-moangariSe
azrovnebaa, industriuli epoqis mimwodebel warmoebasTan erTad.
globalizacia, anu cxovrebis planetis masStabiT gaerTsaxovneba, erTiani msoflio
wesrigis damyarebis iseT mZlavr mcdelobaSic iCens Tavs, romlis msgavsic istorias ar
axsovs. Tanamedrove msoflio Tavis liberalur-demokratiul mowyobas iseTi mouTmenlobiT
cdilobs, rogorc zRva xalxSi moxvedrili SiSveli _ samoslis gadacmas. am dros ki
SeumCneveli rCeba erTi metad mniSvnelovani garemoeba, romelzec, sxvaTa Soris, karl
iaspersi da hans georg gadameric miuTiTebdnen: Tanamedrove adamiani mowyda erovnuli
kulturis Zirebs, anu dakarga sakuTari goniTi saxe; misi `dialogi~ sxvasTan enis aberaciis
pirobebSi mimdinareobs. es aris imis mizezi, rom erTiani msoflio wesrigis ideiT moqmed
kacobriobas realobam omebi, terorizmi, narkomania arguna bedad. yovelwamier irRveva
adamianTa uflebebi da adamianadac, dRes gabatonebuli saazrovno tendenciebis Sesabamisad,
iTvleba arsi, romelSic TiTqmis aRaraferia sulisa da gonismieri, kulturuli; romlisganac
`male saWmlis momnelebeli traqtiRa darCeba~ (Sarl bodleri).
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liberalizmi da demokratia _ es ukanaskneli, misi Tundac am erTi SesaniSnavi
saxelmZRvanelo debulebiT: Tqvens azrs ver gaviziareb, magram arafers daviSureb imisTvis,
rom misi Tavisuflad gamoTqmisa da dacvis ufleba gqondeT _ adamianTa Tavisuflebisa da
Tanasworobis momxreobis gamo, cxadia, mxardaWeras imsaxureben; magram maTma am ueWvelma
sikeTem ar unda dagvifaros is, rom Tanamedrove adamians swored is `TviToba~ da `Tavadoba~
warTmevia, romelic sityva Tavisuflebis Sinaarsis mniSvnelovan `segments~ Seadgens. Cveni
Tanamedrove, dRes, lamis biologiur-egzemplaruli arsbeobis wesiT ars da Tu azrovnebs,
didwil usaxur-gansazogadoebrivebuli, anonimuri man-is xmis gamgone, mas adevnebuli.
liberalizmi da demokratizmi, rogorc adamianTa Tavisufleba-Tanasworobis mcveli
uzogadesi principebi, erTob ganyenebuli arian saimisod, rom adamians dakarguli TviToba
daubrunon. TviTobis dasabruneblad, Tanamedrove adamians kulturis raobis marTebuli
gageba sWirdeba da mibruneba erovnuli kulturis Zirebisaken. ilias, `Cven unda Cveni vSvaT
myoobadi~ dRes swored aqeTken mowodebad unda gvesmodes.
filosofiisa da humanitaruli mecnierebis dargebSi gaweuli Sroma amaod daSvromad
gveqceva, Tu saqmes imis SegnebiT ar mivudeqiT, rom nivTier da vitalur (biologiur)
interesebs aRmatebuli arsni varT, SemoqmedebiTi Tavisuflebis didi unariT
dajildoebulni da aseve mZlavrad fesvgadgmulni erovnul gonsa da sulierebaSi; rom
sxeulebriv sikvdilze adre vkvdebiT, rogorc ki am `sayrden monacemze~ mdgomni, vwyvetT
SemoqmedebiT cxovrebas. iyos Cveni SemoqmedebiTi Tavisufleba da amave dros erovnuliT
gansazRvruloba erTad ganxilvisas sakvirveli viTareba, romlis bolomde gageba gonebas
uWirs, magram vendoT uSualo xedvas, romelic gveubneba, rom viTareba igi marTlac aris da
aris iseTi, rogorac vxedavT.
humanitaruli azrovneba da mecniereba amaod daSvreba, Tu ver naTelyofs, rom
erovnuli kultura yofnis Taviseburi gza, xerxi da wesia; bevrad ufro Rrma, sisxlsavse da
Sinaarsiani, vidre yofnis politikuri da ekonomikuri mowyobis universaluri principebi,
romelTac Sesabamisi dargis mecnieruli azrovneba SeimuSavebs. rogoria namdvilad Cveni
yofnis gza, xerxi da wesi? es aris pasuxismgeblobaSerCenili filosofiisa da mecnierebis
didi sakiTxi.
Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso politikur urTierTobaTa praqtika orientirad iRebs
adamianis uflebaTa qartiis mTavar princips: adamians ufleba aqvs Tavisuflad airCios
sacxovrebeli adgili da yvelgan erTnairad sargeblobdes Sromis, dasvenebisa Tu
komfortuli yofis yvela sikeTiT. am principiT moqmedi samarTlebrivi azrovneba adamianis
cnebaSi teqnikuri civilizaciis sikeTeTa momxmarebel arsebas gulisxmobs. adamiani misTvis
is homo erectus-ia, romelic Tavisi `sakvirveli zewamomarTviT~ mowyda kulturul niadags da
msoflio mawanwalas, erTgvar CrCils emsgavsa, qaRalds rom Wams da sruliad ar gaegeba, im
qaRalze, iqneb, `don kixotis~ teqsti romaa datanili; teqsti, romlis Sinaarsi ganuzomlad
ufro Rirebulia, vidre mTeli msoflios qaRaldis maragi.
radgan msoflios mosaxleobasTan erTad, Cven dRes teqnikuri civilizaciis, anu
gasagebi azriT ukulturo droSi vcxovrobT, upirveles amocanad unda davisaxoT Cveni
kulturuli vinaobis ganmsazRvrel TaviseburebaTa naTlad gamokveTa da gacnobiereba. ra
TaviseburebebiT xasiaTdeba, rogoria qarTuli kultura? vina varT qarTvelebi rogorc
qarTuli kulturis Semoqmedi da amave dros qarTuli kulturisagan Seqmnili eri? ra aris
qveyana saqarTvelo, rogorc qarTulkulturuli sivrce; ra sulier-goniTi Rirebulebis
mtvirTvelia igi da ra ufleba aqvs masze qarTvelobas? am kiTxvebze pasuxis useriozules
Ziebas moiTxovs dRes Cvengan viTareba, romelSic aRmovCndiT; amasve gvavalebs ilias
nacxovrebic, Tu ra Tqma unda, gvesmis misi arseba.
_ `Seican Seni sulier-goniTi, anu kulturuli vinaoba. Seican kulturulad Sengan
gansxvavebuli sxvani da ecade maTTan dialogSi Sesvlas, gamarTul enaze saubris gziT~. ilia,
rogorc gavlenis stili, aqeTken uxmobs qarTvelobas da uwinaresad — misi akademiuri wreebis
humanitarul-mecnierul frTas.
ilia CvenTan aris da amiT ufro keTilni da Zlierni varT, vidre umisod viqnebodiT.
magram ilias CvenTan myofobas mudam TviT unda uzrunvelvyofdeT Cveni cxovrebiT; es ki miT
Zneli saqmea, rac ufro gonierni, keTilni da gambedavni varT da ukeT gvesmis Cveni didkacis.
ilia da misi swori winaprebi cxovrebas ki ar gviadvileben, mudmiv Znel saqmed gviqceven mas,
magram iseT Znel saqmed, Cvens yofnas azriT rom avsebs. visac Tvis cxovrebaSi ilias `gavlenis
stilad~ danarCunebis Zala Seswevs, is adamianis beds irgunebs da visac ara, _ ar ascdeba
xvedri svavTa, romelTa mimarT Tqva vaJam:
ramdens fraSfraSSi arian,

kval ver gaavles cazeda.
damowmebani:
ilia... 1987: ilia WavWavaZe TanamedroveTa mogonebebSi. Tb.: gamomcemloba `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, 1987.
93
kotetiSvili 1925: kotetiSvili v. qarTuli literaturis istoria. XIX saukune. naw. II, tfilisi:
gamomcemloba `mecniereba saqarTveloSi~, 1925.
muni 1999: Мунье Э. Персогнапистская и общносная револуция. Манифест персонализма. М.: Изд. `Респубоика~, 1999.
nicSe 1994: Ницше Ф. Об истине и лжи во вненравственном смысле. Философия и траническую эпоху. М.: „REFL'book“.
1994.
tarnasi 1995: Тарнас. История западного мышления. М.: Крон-Пресс, 1995.
tilixi 1995: Тилих. Мужество быть. Избранное. М.: Юристь, 1995.
fromi 1995: Фром. Бегство от свободы. М.: Прогресс, 1995.
Seleri 1994: Шеллер. Формализм в этика и материалбная этика ценностей. Избранные произведения. М.: „Гнозис“,
1994.
WavWavaZe 1977: WavWavaZe i. qarTuli poezia TxuTmet tomad. t. 7, Tb.: gamomcemloba `nakaduli~, 1977.
xoruJi 1994: Хоружий С. С. „Улисс в русском зуркале". Джеймс Джойс. Улисс. ч. 3. „Знаменитая книга“, М.: 1994.
94
Tamaz natroSvili
`viTarca gamkiTxveli~
im mraval, qrestomaTiulad qceul citatebs Soris, ilia WavWavaZis nawerebidan rom

vimowmebT xolme, saqarTvelos istoriis ama Tu im sakiTxebze msjelobisas, albaT, yvelaze
tevadi, Rrmaazrovani da STamagonebeli gaxlavT daviT aRmaSeneblis mosaxsenebeli dRisaTvis
miZRvnili etiudis pirvelive abzaci: àr viciT, sxva rogor hfiqrobs da Cven ki ase gvgonia,
rom eris dacema da gaTaxsireba maSin iwyeba, roca eri, Tavis saubedurod, Tavis istorias
iviwyebs. rogorc kacad ar ixseneba is mawanwala bogana, visac aRar axsovs — vin aris, saidam
modis da sad midis, isec erad saxsenebeli ar aris igi, romelsac RmerTi gaswyromia da Tavisi
istoria ar axsovs. ra aris istoria? igia mTxrobeli misi Tu, _ rani viyaviT, rani varT da rad
SesaZloa viyvneT kvlavadac~.
am mkafiod Camoyalibebul debulebaSi, ra Tqma unda, istoriis mxolod codna-arcodna
rodi igulisxmeba. istoriis daviwyeba ki ar niSnavs, rom dagvaviwydes, vin rodis gamefda da
rodis aResrula, vin ramdeni omi moigo da ramdeni waago, da a.S. ara, mTavari aris imis
Seswavla, imis Zieba da garkveva, ilias sityviTve rom vTqvaT, Tu Cveni warsuli cxovrebis
saZirkvelSi rodis CaudgamT magari qva da rodis _ uvargisi da fxvnili qva. daviwyeba
istoriisa niSnavs im sinaTlis daviwyebas, romelic Seupovrad erkineboda bnels qveynis
cxovrebis yvelaze mZime wuTebSi, arc gangebis ulmobel kanonebs emorCileboda da arc
amqveyniur meufeTa neba-survils. daviwyeba istoriisa niSnavs im sikeTisa da fasdaudebeli
amagis daviwyebas, romelic dauTesavT Cveni warsulis saxelovan moRvaweebs, xmliTa Tu wigniT
rom lamobdnen qarTvelobis SenarCunebas, Tavisi zneobriv-sarwmunoebrivi principebis
erTgulebas samaris karamde da, rac mTavaria, mSobeli qveynis dacvas, mSobeli xalxis meobis
xsnas sxvadasxva juris dampyrobelTa xelyofisagan.
ilia WavWavaZis naazrevi saqarTvelos istoriaze, gamoTqmuli mis mxatvrulsa Tu
publicistur TxzulebebSi, bunebrivia, yovelTvis iwvevda im mkvlevarTa interess, romlebic
didi qarTveli mwerlis mravalmxriv Semoqmedebas aSuqebdnen. amgvari naSromebidan
gansakuTrebiT gamosarCevia ivane javaxiSvilis ìlia WavWavaZe da saqarTvelos istoria~,
wakiTxuli moxsenebad 1937 wels, enimkis sajaro sxdomaze, romelic mieZRvna ilias dabadebis
asi wlisTavs, da Semdeg gamoqveynebuli misive statiebis krebulSi `qarTuli enisa da
mwerlobis istoriis sakiTxebi~ (1956 w.).
ivane javaxiSvilma, misTvis Cveuli daxvewili analiziTa da zedmiwevniT zusti
msjelobiT, amomwuravad daaxasiaTa ilia WavWavaZis udidesi wvlili saqarTvelos istoriis
zogierTi sakiTxis wamoyenebisa da Secnobis saqmeSi. igi moxsenebis dasawyisSive xazgasmiT
aRniSnavda: `Cven dauviwyars moamages saqarTvelos istoria erovnuli Tavmomwoneobis
TvalsazrisiTa da erovnuli siamayis grZnobis Casanergad ki ar undoda da sWirdeboda, aramed
mas warsulis mxolod utyuari da daundobeli, magram piruTvneli Sefaseba ainteresebda~.
vimeorebT, ivane javaxiSvils amomwuravad aqvs ganxiluli ilia WavWavaZis istoriuli
koncefciac, misi meTodologiac, da is kriteriumebic, romelTac eyrdnoboda warsulis
moRvaweTa Rvawlis Sefasebisas. did qarTvel istorikoss mxedvelobidan ar gamorCenia
arqeologiis, SedarebiTi miTologiisa da lingvisturi analizis Sesaxeb gamoTqmuli
mosazrebanic. amasTan, Zalze sagulisxmoa ivane javaxiSvilis erTi SeniSvna: `saqme is ki ar
aris, sworea Tu ara TviT il. WavWavaZis zemomoyvanili ganmarteba, aq yvelaze sayuradRebo is
garemoebaa, rom man jer kidev 1880 w. aRiara istoriuli procesis gasagebad ekonomiuri
safuZvlis codnis aucilebloba~.
kadnierebadac ki SeiZleba CaiTvalos, rodesac ivane javaxiSvilis Semdeg xelmeored
Seexebi dasaxelebul Temas, magram wlevandeli saiubileo TariRi erTgvarad amarTlebs
amgvar cdas da, rac mTavaria, Cemi mizania, SevaCero mkiTxvelis yuradReba mxolod oriode
sakiTxze, romelTac dRes, SesaZloa, meti aqtualuroba SeuZeniaT.
gavixsenoT, saxeldobr ra miaCnda istorikosis upirveles movaleobad ilia WavWavaZes
da romel zneobriv gakveTilebs imowmebda saqarTvelos istoriidan, rogorc yvelaze
mWevrmetyvel da misabaZ nimuSebs Tavis Tanamedrove Tu momavali TaobebisaTvis:
`yvela dros Tavisi tkivili aqvs da gageba am tkivilisa xvedria marto Cinebul kacebisa,
_ werda ilia WavWavaZe, _ da WeSmariti meistorie, viTarca gamkiTxveli, jer im droebis
qerqSi unda Cajdes da mere ganikiTxos TviT droebis Svilnica~.
aucilebeli araa, rom iliaseuli `gamkiTxveli~ maincdamainc `msajulad~ wavikiTxoT,
radganac qarTul werilobiT ZeglebSi `gankiTxva~ niSnavs agreTve gansjas, garCevas, kiTxva-
gamoZiebas. magram mTavari aq `gamkiTxvelis~ semantika da funqcia rodi gaxlavT, mTavaria
`WeSmariti meistoriis~ winaSe wamoyenebuli kategoriuli moTxovna `droebis qerqSi~
Cajdomis Taobaze. es gamoTqma, cxadia, gulisxmobs safuZvlian Casaxlebas warsulSi,
Tavisebur gardasaxvas, rodesac imdroindeli adamianis TvaliT unda Sexedo samyaros,
imdroindeli zne-Cveulebani daizepiro, imdroindeli qudi daaxuro da imdroindeli haeriT
isunTqo, yovelive es moeTxoveba ara marto mwerals, aramed istorikossac.
95
am sakiTxis irgvliv, manamdec da merec, bevri dawerila da maTi ganxilva Zalze Sors
wagviyvanda. magram erTi ram ueWvelia. idealur variantad ar miiCneven im SemTxvevas, rodesac,
warsulze msjelobisas, bralmdeblis Tu damcvelis mantias wamovisxamT da SevecdebiT
TavgamodebiT vamtkicoT Cveni Tvalsazrisi, romlis mizani, Tundac obieqturi sinamdvilis
mifuCeCebis xarjze, braldebulis an sruli dadanaSaulebaa, an sruli gamarTleba, TiTqosda
sasamarTlo procesi mimdinareobdes. Tu maincdamainc analogiebs gamovedevnebiT,
istorikoss, albaT, gamomZieblis Sroma ufro gamoadgeboda Tavisi saqmianobis analogiad. da
gana, marTlac, gamoZiebas ar waagavs warsulis kvleva, samudamod gamqral adamianTa
`gacocxleba~ da maTi cxovrebis wesis ametyveleba?
Cveni saukunis frangi mecnieri mark bloki Tavis wignSi àpologia istoriisa anu
istorikosis xeloba~ ironiulad moixseniebs im istorikosebs, romlebic cdiloben
mogvevlinon `miwisqveSa samefos~ msajulebad da Tavis upirveles valdebulebad gardasul
dReTa gmirebis Seqeba an Serisxva miaCniaT. m. bloki imowmebs blez paskalis sityvebs, `yvelani
TamaSoben RmerTebs da gamoaqvT msjavri: es kargia, es ki cudia~. frangi mecnieris azriT,
rodesac warsulis vnebaTa anarekli Sezavdeba awmyoseul mikerZoebasTan, adamianTa realuri
cxovreba gadaiqceva Sav-TeTr suraTad, `sakmarisad ki varT darwmunebulni sakuTar Tavsa da
sakuTar droSi, raTa Cvens winaparTa droSi ubiwoni gamovyoT biwierTagan~?- aseT
paradoqsul kiTxvas svams m. bloki da ganagrZobs: Tuki gsurs Caswvde sxvis cnobierebas,
romelic Cvengan saukuneebiT aris daSorebuli, saWiroa TiTqmis mTlianad ukuagdo sakuTari
`me~, magram am cnobierebas Tu Sensave niSnebs miawer, savsebiT SesaZlebelia, rom sakuTar
Tavs ver gascde, rac gacilebiT nakleb Zalisxmevas moiTxovs da raoden iolia, rom dRes
luTers mxari dauWiro anda SeebrZolo, vidre SeZlo misi sulis Secnobao.
avisa da kargis, sikeTisa da borotebis, simarTlisa da sicruis erTimeorisagan
garCevisas, yovelTvis unda gvaxsovdes brZnuli Segoneba imis Taobaze, rom `Sekreba
RvarZlisasa~ dauSvebelia àRmofxvraT ifqlica~.
gamoCenili germaneli filosofosis, ernst kasireris mosazrebiT, istorikosi
msajulia, magram mas msjavri ar gamoaqvs. is arc bralmdebelia da arc damcveli; msajuliviT
laparakobs, magram is gamomZiebeli msajulia.
warsulis moRvaweni bevrs ar mogvTxovdnen, rom SeeZloT Txovna. mogvTxovdnen mxolod
piruTvnel gansjas da maTi Rvawlis, maTi cxovrebis samarTlian Sefasebas. saxels nu
dagvikargavTo, TiTqos CurCuleben im wignebis furclebidan, sadac TavianTi ukanaskneli
TavSesafari poves, sadac isev ganagrZoben brZolas, xan imarjveben, xan marcxdebian da,
rogorc wesi, mSobeli xalxis saqebari Tu saZraxisi TvisebebimosdgamT. Zalze mcire
fantaziaa saWiro imisaTvis, rom warmoidgino, raoden aris davalebuli Seni sicocxle, Seni
keTildReoba saukuneTa siRrmeSi Camarxuli movlenebisa da maT SemoqmedTa
suliskveTebisagan.
`droebis qerqSi~ Cajdoma moiTxovs, ramdenadac ki misaRwevia, yvela Tanamdev
garemoebaTa gaTvaliswinebas. mTeli droebis konteqstidan gulgrilad amoglejili erTi
calkeuli movlenis ganxilva anda, gamadidebeli SuSiT danaxuli negatiurad Sesaracxi
faqtis gamo, pirovnebis mTeli biografiis gayalbeba saqmisadmi araseriozul midgomad
gamoiyureba.
Cveni warsulis Seswavlisas, Tu `droebis qerqSi~ ar CavjdebiT, zogi ram auxsneli da
gaugebari mogveCveneba, zogic _ dasagmobi. saxeldaxelod minda gavixseno qarTveli
JamTaaRmwerlis TxzulebaSi gadmocemuli is epizodi, rodesac monRolTa SinaomebSi
CaTreuli qarTuli mxedrobis saTaveSi myofi qarTveli mefe daviT laSas Ze warmoTqvams TviT
monRolTa samxedro xelovnebis TvalsazrisiT Seuwynarebel frazas: àra ars wesi Cven
qarTvelTa, ukeTu vixiloT mteri Cven kerZo momavali, Seubmelad zurgi SemovaqcioT, daRaTu
iyos sikvdili~. Tu mxedvelobaSi ar miviRebT arc imdroindeli saqarTvelos viTarebas, arc
winare naxevari saukunis ganmavlobaSi momxdar ambebs, arc ulu-daviTis sakmaod uiRblo da
faTerakebiT aRsavse Tavgadasavals, arc politikur-ekonomikur Tu fsiqologiur
faqtorebs, arc erovnuli bunebis zogierT niSans, qarTveli mefis Tavdauzogavi brZola,
misive qveynis dampyrobelTa jarSi, mxolod ugunurebisa da qarafSutobis gamovlinebad unda
miviCnioT. magram dauSvebelia amgvari Tu sxvagvari epizodebis ganyenebulad ganxilva,
daviwyeba `droebis qerqisa~. amitomac garemosa da garemoebaTa gauTvaliswineblad
gamotanili uapelacio ganaCeni eWvs iwvevs da Tavis simarTleSi ver gvarwmunebs.
`WeSmariti meistorie, viTarca gamkiTxveli, jer im droebis qerqSi unda Cajdes da mere
ganikiTxos TviT droebis Svilnica~, istorizmis principis xatovani formulaa, romelic
Seicavs mecnierul sizustes, obieqturobisadmi miswrafebas da humanistur pozicias.
geronti qiqoZis azriT, Tavisi mecnierul-popularuli werilebiT iliam daamtkica, rom
mecnierebis mraval dargSi, maT Soris istoriaSi, is ar yofila diletanti. amas cxadliv
adasturebs ài istoria~ da `qvaTa RaRadi~. magram sul sxva daniSnuleba da, Sesabamisad, ieri
axasiaTebs ilia WavWavaZis istoriul etiudebs `daviT aRmaSenebeli~ da `luarsab wamebuli~,
romlebic ar acxadeben pretenzias samecniero naSromebad aRiarebaze. es gaxlavT didi
96
mwerlis kalmiT moxazuli konturebi, magram miuxedavad amisa, uaRresad zustad aris
gamoxatuli avtoris koncefciac da pirovnebis portretis ZiriTadi arsic.
ilia WavWavaZis kritikul damokidebulebas `qarTlis cxovrebis~ mimarT, romelic, misi
azriT, mxolod omebisa da mefeebis istoriaa, xolo xalxi, rogorc moqmedi piri istoriisa,
CrdilSia miyenebuli, medlis erTi mxare SeiZleba vuwodoT, magram zemoTqmuli, TviT ilias
TvalSi, sruliadac ar gamoricxavda saqarTvelos istoriaSi mravalTagan gamorCeul mefeTa
Rvawlis gaxsenebas da saTanado Sefasebas.
SemTxveviTi ar aris is garemoeba, rom swored daviT aRmaSeneblisadmi miZRvnil etiudSi
ilia WavWavaZe STagonebiT amtkicebda: ùkeTesni da udidesni moqmedni erisa xom sxva ara
arian-ra, Tu ar eris gulisnadebis da wyurvilis gamometyvelni da gamaxorcielebelni,
romelnic amis gamo TiTqo Semoqmedoben, TiTqos hqmnian istoriasa, amitomac es amisTana
momqmedni, vambobT Cven dauviwyarni unda iyvnen, Tu ers kidev eroba hsurs da dedamiwis
zurgidam mtversaviT asagvelad ar gadaudvia Tavi. daviwyeba amaTi _ sakuTaris vinaobis
daviwyebaa, da Tu kacs Tavisi vinaoba ar axsovs, riRas maqnisia~?
da Semdeg: `garda imisa, rom am ukeTesTa da udidesTa momqmedTa meoxebiT da RvawliT
vcxovrobT dResa da vsuldgmulobT, amaT sxva mniSvnelobac aqvT erisaTvis. eri Tavis
gmirebSi hpoulobs Tavis sulsa da gulsa, Tavis mwvrTnelsa, Tavis Rones da SemZleobas, Tavis
xatsa da magaliTs. amitomac igi zog imaTgans wmindanebis gvirgviniTa hmosavs da hloculobs,
zogs did bunebovanobis SaravandediTa da Tayvansa scems sasoebiT da madlobiT, amitomac
saWiroa imaTi xsovna, imaTi dauviwyaroba~.
ilia WavWavaZe oriode sityviT aRniSnavs daviT aRmaSeneblis ubadlo damsaxurebas _
saqarTvelos samefos teritoriidan dampyrobelTa saboloo gandevnas da qveynis aRdgena-
moSenebas, magram dawvrilebiT aRar misdevs am sakiTxs. mis etiudSi, sxvas rom Tavi davaneboT,
arc aris naxsenebi didgoris omi, saamayo furceli qarTveli xalxis gmiruli warsulisa,
`ZlevaÁ sakvirveli~ rom ewoda. diax, ilias yuradRebis miRma darCa is gamarjveba, romelic
dawvrilebiT aris aRwerili aRmosavlur da evropul wyaroebSi, romelic, qarTveli
mematianis sityviT, meti qebisa da didebis Rirsia, vidre aleqsandre makedonelis Tu
warsulis sxva gmirTa mier moxveWili gamarjvebani.
ilia WavWavaZes sul sxva ram ainteresebda daviT aRmaSeneblis moRvaweobaSi. misi
gulisyuri gadatanilia im rjulSemwynareblobiT politikaze, mefe rom axorcielebda
saqarTveloSi. xazgasmulia misi didbunebovneba, sxva xalxTa da sarwmunoebaTa pativiscema.
ilias mohyavs somexi mematianis sityvebi: `daviTs araviTari siZulvili ara hqonda somxuri
wirva-locvis da eklesiisa. igi xSirad idrekda Tavs Cvens xelqveS da iTxovda Cvens locva-
kurTxevas~.
vrclad aris damowmebuli arabuli wyaros cnoba, sadac aRniSnulia, rom daviTi, Tavis
Svil dimitrisTan erTad, xSirad dadioda meCeTSi, ismenda locvas da yuranis kiTxvas.
guluxvad asaCuqrebda mahmadianuri kultis msaxurT, mfarvelobda mahmadian poetebs.
ilia WavWavaZe mkiTxvelis yuradRebas amaxvilebs im RirsSesaniSnav garemoebaze, rom
didsulovneba da sulgrZeloba daviT aRmaSeneblisa dadasturebulia maSin, rodesac mas ukve
damTavrebuli hqonda saqarTvelos ganTavisufleba dampyrobelTa uRlisgan da, maSasadame, es
iyo gamarjvebuli mefis politika. ilia askvnida: àmisTana sxva eris Rirsebis Tayvanismcemeli
im droSi, roca kaci kacs SesaWmeladac ara hzogavda, amisTana kacmoyvaruli pativiscema
sxvis erovnobisa, sxvis sarwmunoebisa, nuTu sakvirveli da saocari magaliTi ar aris
meTormete saukunis kacisagan!~
mas Semdeg sxva aRmosavluri wyaroebic iqna gamovlenili da axali detalebiT Seivso
daviT aRmaSeneblis rjulSemwynareblobiTi politika. gamoiTqva mosazreba imis Taobaze, rom
saqarTvelos mefis rjulSemwynarebloba nakarnaxevi iyo ara marto humanuri motivebiT, mas
ganapirobebda, agreTve, sagareo politikis miznebi, saerTaSoriso vaWrobaSi monawileoba da
mezobel mahmadianur qveynebTan kulturuli urTierTobis aucilebloba.
ilia WavWavaZes, daviT aRmaSeneblis daxasiaTebisas, sagangebod aRuniSnavs, rom man
sneulTa da sapyarTaTvis samkurnalo aaSena da TviTonac xSirad dadioda maTs sanaxavad da
mosakiTxad.
ai, amgvar faqtebs aniWebda upiratesobas. portretis xazgasasmel Strixad esaxeboda
mefis zrunva Tavis samwysoze. misi adamianuri ubraloeba. rCeulTa Soris rCeuls xedavda ara
marto sardlad da gmirad, aramed moyvasis bedze dafiqrebul, moyvasis gaWirvebiT Sewuxebul
brZenkacad. moyvasi ki erqva yvela didebulsa da mdabios, qarTvelsa da araqarTvels,
qristians da... qveSevrdom mahmadiansac. qristiani mefe, qristianuli qveynis winamZRoli
erTgulad misdevda qristianuli saTnoebis upirveles mcnebas da ra gasakviria, rom swored
amiT moexibla guli iliasi, romelic `qarTvlis dedas~ aseTi mowodebiT mimarTavda: àRzarde
Svili, miec Zala suls, sazrdod xmarobde qristesa mcnebas, STaagonebde kacTa siyvaruls,
Zmobas, erTobas, Tavisuflebas...~
istoriul etiudSi `luarsab wamebuli~ wina planze wamoweulia is mTavari idea,
romelmac ukvdavyo xsenebuli mefis saxeli _ qristianuli sarwmunoebisadmi Tavganwiruli
erTguleba. avtori `qarTlis cxovrebis~ mixedviT gadmogvcems luarsab meoris tyveobas
97
iranSi da tragikul aRsasruls, magram gverds ar uxvevs winare movlenebsac, rodesac
warmoiqmna konfliqti luarsabsa da giorgi saakaZes Soris da iqve SeniSnavs: ìqneba yovelive
ubedureba, rac mere luarsab mefes daatyda, am mizeziTac SeemTxvia~. bunebrivia, rom ilias
`luarsab wamebulisadmi~ miZRvnil etiudSi unda emsjela did mouravzec, vinaidan erTis
xseneba myisve iwvevs meoris gaxsenebas. maTi bedi erTimeoresTan aris gadaWdobili. Cvens
mwerlobaSi araerTxel damuSavebulia mimzidveli Tema _ siyvaruli da moyvroba, romelic
gadajiSda siZulvilad da mtrobad, erTmaneTis sasikvdilod ganwiruli am ori pirovnebis
urTierTobam SesamCnevi kvali gaavlo saqarTvelos istoriis msvlelobaSi.
ilias mizans, rasakvirvelia, warmoadgenda didi mouravis cxovrebisa da moRvaweobis
asaxva, magram zogierTi fraza (misi àv-kargianobiT aRsavse gansacdeliani cxovreba da
saocarni moqmedebani misni, avad da kargadac aRsaxsnelni didni saqmeni...~) gasaRebs gvaZlevs
imis warmosadgenad, Tu rogor Seisxamda xorcs es Tema didi mwerlis kalmiT. misi lakoniuri
msjeloba aSkarad moiTxovs gaazrebas da saTanado daskvnebis gamotanas. iliam wamoWra
mniSvnelovani problema momavlis istorikosTa sakvlevad da gansasjelad. luarsab mefis
dasaxasiaTeblad iliasTvis arsebiTia ara misi Wabukuri vnebani, didgvarovanTa gavlenis qveS
moqceva da sabediswero umaduroba ukve gamoCenili sardlis mimarT, rac TviTonve mas Zvirad
daujda, aramed luarsabis Semdgomi nabijebi... e.i. rjulis erTguleba da moraluri simtkice,
samSoblosaTvis gaweuli ueWveli da uangaro samsaxuri.
ilias TvalSi gadamwveti mniSvneloba eniWeba qristes rjulisaTvis wamebuli mefis
cxovrebis laitmotivs, romelic mSvenivrad gamogvadgeba pirovnebis mTlianobaSi
warmodgenili mTavari da wamyvani ideisaTvis. mTavari da wamyvani idea misi moRvaweobisa,
yvelaze didebuli wuTi misi cxovrebisa Crdilavs danarCens, adrindels. didi Tavganwirva
gadawonis warsulis codvebsa Tu Secdomebs. aRniSnuli principi kidev ufro TvalsaCinod
gamosWvivis ilias istoriul poemaSi `mefe dimitri Tavdadebuli~, sadac moTxrobilia
saqarTvelos mefis cxovrebis ukanaskneli epizodi. mwerali, ZiriTadad, eyrdnoba
JamTaaRmwerlis Txzulebas. Tavisi wyaros mixedviT aRwers gmiris garegnobas; imeorebs
cnobas, rom dimitri mefes aseTi Cveuleba hqonia: RamRamobiT dadioda qalaqSi da glaxakebs,
davrdomilebsa da oblebs sakuTari xeliT urigebda mowyalebas.
aseve JamTaaRmwerlis mixedviT aris gadmocemuli mefis mier gamarTuli TaTbiris
msvleloba, sadac wydeboda sakiTxi — wasuliyo mefe monRolTa urdoSi da Tavi gaewira, Tu
Tavis gadasarCenad mTaSi gaxiznuliyo. magram JamTaaRmwerlis TxzulebaSi jer dimitri mefe
amcnobs didebulebsa da mRvdelmTavrebs Tavis uryev gadawyvetilebas _ eaxlos yaens da
gadaarCinos qveyana aoxrebas, xolo ilias poemaSi jer didebulebi laparakoben da gacilebiT
meti adgili eTmoba mefis gadarCenis msurvelTa argumentebs, xazgasmulia maTi mzadyofna
mterTan brZolisaTvis (`sircxvilia erisaTvis, Tavis mefe misces mtersa~). amitomac ufro
STambeWdavi xdeba mefis arCevani (`Tu sikudili saxelad gaqvT magdens CemTvis _ erTisaTvis,
maS, rad miSliT Tavdadebas me erTs mTeli erisaTvis!~).
rogorc JamTaaRmwerlis TxzulebaSi, aseve ilias poemaSi, bolo sityvas warmoTqvams
kaTalikosi da iwonebs maT arCevans.
sxvaTa Soris, dimitri mefes maincdamainc kargi urTierToba ara hqonia saeklesio
wreebTan. JamTaaRmwerlis sityviT, àReria warmarTTa da iswavna saqmeni maTni, uZRebebisa da
siZvisa~. Rarib-Ratakebze mzrunvels, piradi keTildReobac ar aviwydeboda da imdenad didi
qoneba daugrovebia, rom misi CamorTmevisas monRolTa yaenic ki gaocdao. magram ivane
javaxiSvilis daskvniT, ìm ormagi bunebisdamiuxedavad, romelic mas cxadad emCneva, mainc
misi ZiriTadi zneobrivi Tviseba uciloblad ukanasknelis gansacdelis dros gamomJRavnda...
demetre I-is gmirulma gambedaobam cxadhyo, rom mas adamianis zneobrivi movaleoba kargad
hqonda Segnebuli da amitomaa, rom misma am nabijma TanamedroveTa Sorisac aRtaceba
gamoiwvia da yvela is uaryofiTi mxareebic apatiebina, romelic mas hqonda~.
ilias poemaSi araferia Tqmuli dimitri mefis codvebze. mwerali brma mefanduris
piriT gviambobs Tavdadebuli mefis ambavs, romelic xalxis mexsierebaSi SemorCenila.
JamTaaRmwerlis TxzulebaSi qarTveli mRvdelmTavari hpirdeba mefes codvebis
Sendobas, Ruki is Tavs gawiravs qveynisa da xalxisaTvis, xolo ilia TiTqosda uTqmelad
Seundobs codvebs Tavisi poemis gmirs da gvaCvenebs misi cxovrebis mxolod mwvervals, amayad
rom gadahyurebs ganvlil gzawvrilebsa da oRroCoRroebs.
iliam am SemTxvevaSic gamoyo is mTavari da arsebiTi idea, rasac Cvens cnobierebaSi
ganasaxierebs dimitri Tavdadebuli.
saqarTvelos istoriidan kidev erT pawia faqts miupyria misi yuradReba. es gaxlavT
vaxuSti batoniSvilis TxzulebaSi gadmocemuli epizodi, romelic asaxavs XVII saukunis
miwurulSi momxdar brZolas yizilbaSebTan. vaxuSti wers: `kvalad mxned gamosCnda sparsi
erTi, rameTu Camohyarna xuTni mxedarni, mxne Wabukni, Semdgomad Seipyra igica
gostaSabiSvilman nikoloz d ganutevna mSvidobiT simxnrisa misisaTvis~.
ai, am sityvaZunwi cnobis safuZvelze Seiqmna mSvenieri moTxroba `nikoloz
gostaSabiSvili~. avtori igonebs Tavisi bavSvobis tkbil xanas, erT-erT saaxalwlo samzadiss
da mamis naambob `zRapars~. moTxrobaSi cocxlad aris ametyvelebuli vaxuStiseuli munji
98
kadrebi: nikoloz gostaSabiSvils, saxelganTqmul vaJkacs, ukve sibere morevia da mklavi
uwindeburad aRar uWris, magram mas aiZuleben SeebrZolos xuTi qarTveli mxedris mjobnel
yizilbaSs. SeebrZoleba da daamarcxebs, magram sasikvdilod ver gaimetebs (`Seni Tavi Senis
vaJkacobisaTvis mipatiebia~). yizilbaSic Rirseul pasuxs aZlevs: marto SenisTana
vaJkacisagan viCuqebdi sicocxleso.
moTxrobaSi damajereblad aris miniSnebuli Zveli saqarTvelos rainduli suli,
humanuri suliskveTebis gamovlineba sastik brZolaSi. Cans, es motivic izidavda ilias
interess, exmianeboda mis msoflmxedvelobas.
amasTan erTad, zemoxsenebuli moTxrobis idea eWvqveS ayenebs Cvens zogierT
sworxazovan warmodgenas Cveni warsulis Sesaxeb.
ilias swored aseTi gmirebi xiblavda: samSoblosaTvis Tavdadebulni, rjulisaTvis
wamebulni, kacTmoyvareni da didsulovanni. awmyoSi veRar xedavda mama-papur mxneobas da
saxelisaTvis àmay TrTolvas~. xedavda kirTebaTa qveS daTrgunuli qveynis
sisocxlisunarianobis dacemas, rwmenis dakargvasa da sasowarkveTas. gauqmebul taZrad
eCveneboda samSoblo _ ùcxo kalTis qveS~ oboliviT Sefarebuli qveyana. xedavda
kmayofilebis gancxromaSi myof didkacebs, romelTac arafrad sWirdebodaT qveynis
bedniereba, radganac misi bedkruloba ufro aZlevdaT xels. lxini da sixaruli, fiqri da
grZnoba, ubedur cremlTan erTad bednieri Rimili _ yovelive TvalTmaqcobisa da
moCvenebiTobis daRiT iyo aRbeWdili. `grZnobas _ oqrosa fasad hyidian, mTvaris Rimilze _
patiosnebas~. socialuri usamarTlobiTa da erovnuli indiferentizmiT dasneulebuli
qveyana _ aseTi iyo pirquSi sinamdvile. `magram, qarTvelno, sad aris gmiri, romelsac veZeb,
romlisTvisc vstiri! igi aRar gyavT,mis moedani jagiT aRvsila, veranad qmnila~. amitomac
eZebda misabaZ nimuSebs saqarTvelos warsulSi, raTa gaemxnevebina umweo da unugeSo awmyo.
warsuli uyvarda imitom, rom `did arian saqmeni warsulisa... iq brwyinaven didni gmirni, didni
mamulis-Svilni, didis anderZebiT da survilebiT gulatkivnebulni~.
ilias Sexedulebani saqarTvelos istoriaze TvalnaTliv mJRavndeba, agreTve, werilSi
àxali dramebis gamo~, romelSic qarTuli Teatris ori dadgmaa ganxiluli da mkacrad
Sefasebuli. ilia, msjelobs ra istoriul Temaze Seqmnili am dramebis mxatvrul doneze,
bolos ironiulad SeniSnavs: òrsave dramaSi — ra Tqma unda mterni kacis-mWamelni arian,
qarTvelebis sisxlis msmelni, yovels adamianobaze xelaRebulni, da qarTvelebi ki- yovlis
adamianobiT srulni~.
amgvari suraTis daxatva, ilias azriT, `bavSvuri wadilia~. igi saWirod miiCnevs im
anbanuri WeSmaritebis ganmartebas, rom adamianis buneba avkargianobiT aris savse, avi da kargi
yvelgan aris, TiToeuli adamianis xasiaTSic da ama Tu im eris bunebaSic: `Cven kargni varT,
isini ki mxecebi da afTrebi ariano. es grZnobis WeSmarits gzaze dayeneba-ki ar aris, grZnobis
wawymedaa, gayalbebaa, dabrmavebaa~. ilias sityviT, orive dramaSi qarTvelebis gamarjveba
mayureblis aRtacebas iwvevs da taSis cema gamarjvebas ekuTvnis da ara dramebis Rirsebas.
ilia WavWavaZe groSis fasad miiCnevda mavnebel siyalbes, fesvgaudgmel aRtacebas. ar
swamda Seferadebuli da zizil-pipilebiT morTuli istoria, e.w. àdvokaturi istoria~.
magram rodesac saqme exeboda eWvmiutanel erovnul faseulobaTa prestiJs,
`vefxistyaosani~ iqneboda Tu sxva ram, igi Cveuli gambedaobiTa da mrisxanebiT imaRlebda
xmas. gavixsenoT misi werili `katkovis pasuxad~, romelSic, saqarTvelos erovnuli droSis
masxrad agdebis gamo, werda: ùkadrisad xseneba misi, rasac yoveli patiosani kaci, yoveli eri
Tayvans scems, rogorc emblemas eris patiosnebisas, eris Rirsebisas, romlis Seumwikvlelad
dacvisaTvis _ aramcTu calke kaci, aramed mTeli eri yvelgan dedamiwis zurgzed sicocxles
ara zogavs da misTvis sikvdili saxelad da didebad miaCnia, _ imis egreT ukadrisad xsenebas,
ar viciT, ra saxeli davarqvaT da misi egreT momxsenebeli ra sulierebaSi SevricxoT~.
bunebrivia, rom qarTveli xalxis mravalsaukunovani brZolis amay simbolos _ qarTul
droSas Tavis droze `svianad xmarebuls~, `bednierad xmarebuls~, unda gamoqomageboda
swored ilia, iseve, rogorc eqomageboda saqarTvelos istoriis dauviwyar medroSeebs,
radganac warsulis gareSe warmoudgeneli iyo momavali, romelsac aseve sWirdeboda droSa da
medroSe, xolo niko nikolaZis sityviT, `patiosani momavlis droSa mxned ekava ilia
WavWavaZes~.
didi qarTveli mwerali warsulidan sesxulobda ara saomar devizebs, aramed zneobriv
gakveTilebs, romelTac axali suli unda CaedgaT qveynisaTvis.
iwureboda XIX saukune da ilia WavWavaZe Seaxsenebda mkiTxvels, Tu rogor ecva jvars
saqarTvelo warsulSi da mainc gadarCa, radganac `vaJkacoba undoda, vaJkacni viyaviT. xmali
undoda, xmlis Wedva vicodiT. omis saqmeTa codna undoda, omis saqmeni vicodiT... exla
vaJkacoba omisa ki ar unda, rom sisxlsa hRvrides, vaJkacoba unda Sromisa, rom ofli hRvaros.
kidev vityviT, qveyana exla imisaa, vinc irjeba da vinc icis wesi da xerxi garjisa...~
am sityvebs dResac ar daukargavs Tavisi fasi da albaT, arc arasodes dakargavs.
99
mariam CxartiSvili
nacionalizmis ideologiis universaliebi
ilia WavWavaZis Semoqmedebasa da sazogadoebriv moRvaweobaSi
qarTuli erTobis (qarTveli xalxis) istoriis dasawyisi uZveles xanaSi ikargeba. ukve XI
s.-Si am erTobam miaRwia konsolidaciis im dones, rom zogi mecnieri dabejiTebiT miuTiTebs
qarTuli naciis XI-XII ss.-Si Camoyalibebis Sesaxeb. rac Seexeba modernuli tipis qarTul
nacias, mas XIX s.-Si eyreba safuZveli da amaSi didia Tanadroulad Seqmnili qarTuli
nacionalizmis ideologiis wvlili.
nacionalizmis mravali saxesxvaoba gvxdeba. magram regionaluri da tipobrivi
mravalferovneba nacionalizmis ideologias arsobriv ver cvlis. misi yoveli konkretuli
gamovlineba aRbeWdilia saerTo kanonzomierebebiT. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, SeiZleba
mivuTiToT nacionalizmis universaliebze, e.i. sayovelTaod ganmeorebad niSnebze, romlebic
Tavs iCens yvelgan, sadac ki nacionalizmis ideologiasTan gvaqvs saqme. es obieqturi
mocemulobani imdenad uryevia, rom subieqturi faqtori maTze raime arsebiT gavlenas ver
axdens: nacionalistur moZraobaSi CarTuli adamianebi faqtobriv verafers cvlian masSi.
piriqiT, universaliebi garkveulwilad Tavad qmnian nacionalizmis ideologiiT gamsWvalul
da moqmed pirovnebebs. sxartad SeniSnavs amis Taobaze cnobili Tanamedrove britaneli
mecnieri entoni d. smiTi: `nacionalizms Tavisi sakuTari wesebi, ritmi, maxsovrobani aqvs,
romelnic maT matarebel pirovnebaTa interesebs ufro metadac ki ayalibeben, vidre isini
moxazaven maT konturebs, mosaven ra maT TvalsaCino `nacionalisturi~ politikuri formiT
da warmarTaven ra maT kargad nacnobi nacionaluri miznebisaken~ (smiTi 2004: 23).
nacionalizmis zogadi repertuaris TvalsazrisiT, qarTuli erovnul-
ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis lideris _ ilia WavWavaZis _ naazrevis ganxilva aCvenebs, rom
yvelaferi, rac damaxasiaTebelia sxva qveynebSi am ideologiisaTvis, qarTul sinamdvileSic
gvxdeba. aRniSnuli faqtis garkveva ormxriv aris mniSvnelovani. jer erTi, saSualeba gveZleva
axali kuTxiT SevxedoT qarTuli nacionalizmis istorias da, kerZod, ilia WavWavaZis
moRvaweobas: rogorc cnobilia, sabWoTa marqsistebi nacionalizms burJuaziis klasobriv
ideologiad da, Sesabamisad, reaqciul movlenad miiCnevdnen da SemarTulad ibrZodnen mis
winaaRmdeg. nacionalisturi calsaxad uaryofiTi Sinaarsis mqone sityvad iTvleboda. Tu
romelime moRvawes daaxasaTebdiT, rogorc nacionalists, es moucilebel laqad iqceoda am
pirovnebisaTvis. amitomac, mas Semdeg, rac qarTul sabWoTa istoriografiaSi moxda ilias
`reabilitacia~, veravin ityoda, rom ilia aris nacionalisti. am gamokvlevis Sedegad ki cxadi
xdeba, rom ilia, saxeobrivad rom vTqvaT, qarTuli nacionaluri ideis gansxeulebas
warmoadgens. amrigad, winamdebare naSromi, erTi mxriv, sabWouri sociologiis inerciiT
arsebuli stereotipis damsxvrevasa da qarTuli identobis formirebis procesSi ilia
WavWavaZis Rvawlis Tanamedrove dasavluri Teoriis farglebSi aRweras isaxavs miznad. meore
mxriv, Catarebuli kvleva xels uwyobs Tavad nacionalizmis fenomenis ufro Rrma wvdomas:
dasavlel mkvlevrebs, romelTac saTanado Teoriuli instrumentariumis moSveliebiT da
mravalferovani konkretuli masalis analizis safuZvelze gamoavlines nacionalizmis
ideologiis fundamenturi mtkicebulebebis universaluri xasiaTi, xeli nakleb
miuwvdebodaT Sesabamis qarTul wyaroebze da, am mizeziT, qarTuli gamocdileba aRniSnuli
Teoriebis SemuSavebisas gaTvaliswinebuli ar yofila. warmodgenili kvleva ki saSualebas
iZleva Teoriis verificireba moxdes qarTuli magaliTiTac64.
64
winamdebare werili nawilia im kvlevisa, romelic dafinansebuli iyo ramdenime adgilobrivi da
saerTaSoriso grantiT. esenia: 1) saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis granti 19.13: `qarTveli xalxis
erovnuli TviTSegnebis Camoyalibeba~ (xelmZ. g. alasania, 1997-1999 wlebi), romelSic Cem mier Sesrulebulia
nawili: `qarTveli xalxis erovnuli TviTSegnebis Camoyalibeba da religia~. am naSromis mesame TavSi
`religiuri da erovnuli cnobiereba XIX-XXss saqarTveloSi~ pirvelad iqna dasmuli problema ilia
WavWavaZis moRvaweobis nacionalizmis ideologiis universaliebis fonze ganxilvis Sesaxeb da moyvanili iqna
Sesabamisi masala; 2) saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis granti 19.19.05: `qarTuli identobis
istoria~ (xelmZ. m. CxartiSvili, 2005 weli). naSromis meoTxe Tavi `qarTuli identoba modernuli qarTuli
naciis formirebis periodSi (XIX-XXss)~ warmodgenilia Sesabamisi masala da analizi qarTul garemoSi
nacionalizmis universaliebis moqmedebis Sesaxeb; 3) saqarTvelos strategiuli kvlevebis da saerTaSoriso
urTierTobebis fondis granti (2006 weli). gamokvleva `nacionalizmis ideologia da misi universaliebi
qarTul garemoSi~ gamoqveynda statiis saxiT qarTul da rusul enebze krebulSi `nacionalizmi~ (red.
z. daviTaSvili). am mimarTulebiT samuSaoebis nawili Sesrulda agreTve 2001 da 2003 wlebSi did britaneTSi
samecniero mivlinebebis Sedegad proeqtebis `Nationhood and Religion in Georgia~ da `Cultural nationalism in Georgia~
farglebSi da asaxulia Cems sxvadasxva publikaciaSi. magaliTad, ix. (CxartiSvili 2004a).
100
ZiriTadi terminebi da Teoriuli CarCo
terminiT nacionalizmi xan garkveuli sentimenti (naciisadmi kuTvnilebis grZnoba an
cnobiereba) aRiniSneba, xan socialuri da politikuri moZraoba naciis saxeliT, xanac ideaTa
garkveuli sistema anu ideologia. nacionalizmi, rogorc ideologia, mWidrod aris
dakavSirebuli nacionalizmTan, rogorc sentimentTan, da nacionalizmTan, rogorc
socialur an politikur moZraobasTan. nacionalizmis ideologiis Tavisebureba swored isaa,
rom misTvis didi mniSvneloba aqvs emociuri muxtis Setanas socialur Tu politikur
moZraobaSi. emociuri ganzomileba Rrma kvals amCnevs nacionalizmis ideologias. amitom igi
araa bolomde mwyobri da calsaxovani Teoriuli sistema da xSirad mxolod sxva, mkacr
Teoriul principebze agebuli, ideologiebis danamatsa da Semavsebels warmoadgens. magram
amis gamo, sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT, nacionalizmis mniSvneloba sulac ar
xdeba meorexarisxovani, sworedac rom piriqiT _ nacionalistur msoflxedvas SeuZlia
imdenad Rrmad gamsWvalos konkretuli pirovneba, rom nacionaluri idealebisaTvis Tavi
gaawirinos.
zogadad nacionalizmis ideologia SeiZleba ganisazRvros, rogorc konceptualuri
sistema, romlis interesebis centrSi naciaa moqceuli da romlis mizansac naciis
keTildReobisaTvis xelSewyoba warmoadgens (smiTi 2004: 31)65. zogjer nacionalizmi warmaval
movlenad esaxebaT, Tanac miaCniaT, rom modernuli procesebis ganviTarebaSi mas
mniSvnelovani roli ar ekuTvnis. amitom erTxans nacionalizmi, rogorc damoukidebeli
problema, ar iyo gamokveTili socialuri Teoriis istoriaSi. mas aSkarad zereled
ekidebodnen iseT socialur fenomenebTan SedarebiT, rogorebicaa klasebi, religia,
saxelmwifo da a.S. Tu mxedvelobaSi miviRebT im gzas, romelic ganvlo dasavlurma
socialurma mecnierebam nacionalizmis SeswavlaSi, SeiZleba misi sami etapi gamovyoT66.
CvenTvis amjerad sainteresoa meore, e.w. klasikuri etapi. igi iwyeba gasuli saukunis 60-iani
wlebidan da grZeldeba 90-iani wlebis dasawyisamde.
XX saukunis 80-iani wlebi, roca gansakuTrebul simwvaves iZens dapirispireba
nacionalizmis kvlevis klasikuri xanis or ZiriTad mimdinareobas — e.w. modernistebsa da
eTnicistebs (anu eTnosimbolistebs) — Soris, am periodisaTvis gardamtexia. debatebi,
ZiriTadad, sam sakiTxs Seexeboda: rodis da rogor ganviTarda da ratom inarCunebs dRemde
Tavis Zalas nacionalizmi. pirvel sakiTxSi klasikuri periodis warmomadgenlebs Soris
Tanxmoba sufevda: yvela maTgans nacionalizmi axali drois movlenad esaxeba. mTavari
winaaRmdegoba meore sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT iyo: modernistebs miaCniaT, rom nacionalisti
kulturuli da politikuri moRvaweni, modernuli drois moTxovnilebaTa gavleniT, Tavad
qmnian (!) naciebs maTTvis warsulis SeTxzviT. eTnicistebi principulad ewinaaRmdegebian
modernistebis am Tvalsazriss naciaTa socialuri inJineriis nayofad warmodgenis Taobaze
da miuTiTeben, rom arsebobs eTnikuri mocemulobani, istoriuli maxsovroba, miTebi,
simboloebi, romelTac nacionalisti ideologebi mimarTaven maSin, roca iwyeba moZraoba
naciis konsolidaciisaTvis. amasTan, isini meqanikurad da ucvlelad ki ar iReben eTnikur
warsuls, aramed axdenen mis reinterpretaciasa da seleqcias. eTnicistebis azriT,
nacionalisti liderebis warmatebis saidumloc isaa, rom isini TavianT mowodebebSi naciis
kulturas axlad ki ar igoneben, aramed masas ukve arsebuls Seaxseneben garkveuli aqcentebiT.
eTnosimbolisturi mimdinareobis mTavari warmomadgeneli dRes zemoT xsenebuli entoni
d. smiTia.
nacia, e. smiTis mixedviT, adamianTa iseTi erTobaa, romlis safuZvelsac koleqtiuri
kulturuli identoba warmoadgens. rogorc saxelwodebidanac Cans, amgvar identobebs
gansazRvravs mocemuli erTobis anu koleqtivis kultura. naciisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia
kulturis gansakuTrebuli tipi — sajaro kultura anu kultura, romlis umaRlesi
gamovlinebani Tanabrad xelmisawvdomia mocemuli erTobis yvela wevrisaTvis67.
eTnosimbolizmis umTavresi miRweva naciebisa da nacionalizmebis urTierTadakavSirebuli
fenomenebis gaazrebaSi isaa, rom am midgomam dagvanaxa: nacia, upirvelesad yovlisa, kulturis
formaa. Sesabamisad, nacionalizmis ideologiis kulturuli aspeqti Zalian mniSvnelovania:
65
sainteresoa, rom am Tanamedrove ganmartebas arsebiTad emTxveva m. wereTlis ganmarteba gamoTqmuli gasuli
saukunis dasawyisSi, rom `nacionalizmi~ aris eris saerTo miswrafebaTa sistema. m. wereTlis Tvalsazriss
vimowmeb darCaSvilis mixedviT (darCaSvili 1998: 58-59).
66
detalurad, am etapebis Sesaxeb saTanado literaturis miTiTebiT ix. (dei … 2004: 1-17).
67
aRsaniSnavia, rom naciis garda, koleqtiuri kulturuli identobis sxva formebic arsebobs. erT-erTi
umTavresia eTnie. eTniesa da nacias, rogorc koleqtiuri kulturuli identobis safuZvelze aRmocenebul
erTobebs, bevri ram aqvT saerTo. magram maT Soris aris sxvaobac. ZiriTadi gansxvaveba swored kulturis
tips exeba. Tu naciis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi umaRlesi kultura Tanabrad xelmisawvdomia erTobis yvela
wevrisaTvis, eTnies pirobebSi kultura elitarulia anu misi umaRlesi gamovlinebani mxolod sazogadoebis
mcire nawilisaTvis aris xelmisawvdomi (smiTi 2004: 37). amitomaa, rom urTierTkavSiri anu socialuri
SeWiduloba eTnies wevrebs Soris nakleb mtkicea, vidre naciis SigniT. am terminebis gamoyenebiT xerxdeba
sityvierad dafiqsirdes, aRiweros da amiT aRqmadi da analizisaTvis mosaxelTebeli gaxdes adamianTa
erTobebis ganviTarebaSi arsebuli gansxvavebuli mdgomareobebi.
101
nacionalistis TvalTaxedviT xom nacia is erTobaa, romlis wevrebsac gacnobierebuli aqvT
TavianTi kulturuli erTianoba da TavdadebiT iRvwian nacionaluri kulturis meSveobiT
nacionaluri individualobis ganviTarebisaTvis. amis gageba gvexmareba avxsnaT, Tu ratom
ukavSirdeba nacionalizms inteleqtualTa didi armia, ratomaa misi Tanmdevi maTi Sroma,
romlis mizanic naciis `fesvebisa~ da `xasiaTis~ mikvlevaSi mdgomareobs. am dros
gansakuTrebul ganviTarebas aRweven da sazogadoebrivad Zalian mniSvnelovani xdebian iseTi
disciplinebi, rogorebicaa istoria, arqeologia, anTropologia, sociologia, lingvistika
da folkloristika, ramdenadac swored isini uzrunvelyofen nacionalizmis ideologias
saTanado instrumentariumiTa da konceptualuri CarCoTi.
smiTi yuradRebas amaxvilebs nacionalizmis praqtikis erT uaRresad saintereso
mxareze: `nacionalizmi, rogorc socialur-politikuri moZraoba, sxvebisagan principulad
ar ganirCeva organizebis, moqmedebebis Tu teqnikis TvalsazrisiT, garda erTi
Taviseburebisa: es aris yuradRebis gamaxvileba kulturis simwifesa da mis warmoCinebaze.
nacionalizmis ideologia naciis kulturaSi CaRrmavebas moiTxovs (xazi Cemia. _ m.C.) _
istoriis xelaxla aRmoCenas, adgilobrivi enis aRorZinebas (iseTi disciplinebis meSveobiT,
rogoricaa filologia da leqsikografia), literaturis, gansakuTrebiT dramisa da poeziis,
ganviTarebas, adgilobrivi xelovnebisa da xelosnobis, aseve musikis, mSobliuri cekvisa da
xalxuri simRerebis aRdgena-SenarCunebas. amiT aixsneba is garemoeba, rom nacionalur
moZraobebs xSirad Tan sdevs kulturuli renesansebi da kulturuli aqtiurobis is
mravalferovneba, romlis gamowvevac SeuZlia nacionalizms. Cveulebriv, nacionalisturi
moZraoba iwyeba ara saprotesto SekrebiT, deklaraciiT an SeiaraRebuli winaaRmdegobiT,
aramed literaturuli sazogadoebebis SeqmniT, istoriuli kvleviT, musikis festivalebiT
da kulturuli JurnalebiT _ im saxis kulturuli qmedebebiT, romelTac miroslav hroCi
aRmosavleT evropaSi nacionalizmis aRmocenebisa da gavrcelebis pirvel fazad miiCnevs. amas
SegviZlia davumatoT mravali momdevno nacionalizmic koloniur afrikasa da aziaSi. Sedegad,
`humanitari~ inteleqtualebi _ istorikosebi da, filologebi, msaxiobebi da
kompozitorebi, poetebi, mwerlebi da reJisorebi disproporciulad arian warmodgenilni
nacionalistur moZraobebSi da aRorZinebebSi~ (smiTi 2004: 28).
amgvarad, eTnosimbolisturi xedva principulad ewinaRmdegeba im Sexedulebebs,
romlebic nacionalizmSi calsaxad destruqciul Zalas xedaven da mis mebairaxtreebadac
mxolod SezRuduli Tvalsawieris mqone politikuri liderebi esaxebaT. garkveul pirobebSi,
nacionalizmis ideologiam SeiZleba marTlac miiRos amgvari saxe da aRmoCndes politikanTa
samsaxurSic, magram naciadyofnis mdgomarebisaken swrafvis procesSi is aris moZraoba maRali
kulturis damkvidrebisaTvis, romelsac, rogorc istoria gviCvenebs, uaRresad naTeli
gonebis da gamorCeuli moraluri Tvisebebis mqone (da xSirad, amis gamo, xalxebis mamebad
wodebuli) adamianebi emsaxurebodnen.
nacionalizmis fenomenis sruliad specifikuri arsi kargad vlindeba imaSi, rom
`praqtikaSi nacionalizmis kulturuli da politikuri formebi xSirad enacvleba erTmaneTs
da SeiZleba nacionalistebi maT Soris meryeobdnen. Tu politikuri nacionalizmi Tavis
miznebisaken mimaval gzaze borZikobs, kulturul nacionalizms SeuZlia gaCenili bzari
erTobis koleqtiuri kulturuli resursebis ganmtkicebiT amoavsos; xolo, roca misi Zala
sustdeba, asparezze nacionalizmis politikuri moZraoba gamodis. maSasadame, nacionalizmi
ar SeiZleba politikuri an romelime sxva sferos tyveobaSi aRmoCndes; `politikis~
`kulturasTan~ an èTnikurobasTan~ amgvari dapirispireba ar gvaZlevs saSualebas Rrmad
CavwvdeT iseT kompleqsur fenomenebs, rogoricaa naciebi da nacionalizmi~ (smiTi 2004: 117)68.
nacionalizmis ideologiisaTvis mTavaria naciadyofnisaken miswrafeba. amitom
nacionalizmis ideologia Cndeba da moqmedebs maSinac ki, roca erTobas jer kidev ar
miuRwevia ganviTarebis im donisaTvis, rom naciad iwodebodes, magram erTobis erTi
(socialurad da politikurad aqtiuri) nawili, miiCnevs ra mas potenciur naciad, iRvwis mis
naciad gardasaqmnelad. nacionalizmis ideologia arsebobas maSinac ganagrZobs, rodesac
erToba ukve nacias warmoadgens, da kidev meti: mas aqvs nacionaluri saxelmwifoc anu
politikuri instituciebis erToblioba, romlebic meurveoben nacias anu, roca nacia
arsebobs yvela Tavisi atributiT da am mdgomareobis SenarCuneba xdeba saWiro. am ukanasknel
SemTxvevaSi nacionaluri ideologia naklebad TvalSisacemia, TumcaRa gamsWvalavs mTel
saxelmwifoebriv politikas da sajaro aqtebs. aseT nacionalizms banaluri anu yoveldRiuri
nacionalizmis saxeliT moixsenieben xolme (biligi 1995).
miswrafeba naciadyofnisaken da Tavad naciadyofnis raoba aris ganmsazRvreli
nacionalizmis ideologiis universaliebisaTvis anu sayovelTaod gavrcelebuli im rwmeniTi
sistemebisaTvis, romelTa meSveobiTac SesaZlebelia aixsnas nacionalisturi moZraobebis
ganmeorebadi qcevebi. smiTis miTiTebiT, `nacionalizmis bazisuri mtkicebulebani sul
ramdenimea, magram yoveli maTgani didi Zalis matarebelia. isini Semdegnairad SeiZleba
68
Tavad smiTi kulturuli nacionalizmis fenomenis vrclad gacnobisaTvis mkiTxvels haTCinsoni naSroms
uTiTebs, ix. (haTCinsoni 1994b: 39-64).
102
Sejamdes: 1) msoflio iyofa naciebad, romelTaganac TiToeuls Tavisi sakuTari xasiaTi,
istoria da bediswera aqvs; 2) Zalauflebis erTaderT wyaros nacia warmoadgens; 3) naciisadmi
loialoba yvela sxva loialobaze upiratesia; 4) imisaTvis, rom Tavisufali iyos, yoveli
individi nacias unda ekuTvnodes; 5) yoveli naciisaTvis aucilebelia sruli TviTgamoxatva
da avtonomiuroba; 6) globaluri mSvidoba da samarTlianoba avtonomiuri naciebisagan
Sedgenil msoflios saWiroebs~ (smiTi 2004: 47). es, smiTis mixedviT, nacionalizmis
ideologiis `birTvi-doqtrina~ anu umTavresi doqtrinaa. igi samyaros nacionalisturi
xedvisaTvis CarCos warmoadgens. birTvi-doqtrinidan logikurad gamomdinareobs sxvadasxva
saxis nacionalisturi moqmedebebi da naciis gamosaxvisaTvis saWiro simboloebi da
instituciebi. nacionalizmis birTvi-doqtrina moicavs ara marto politikis, aramed
socialur da kulturul sferoebsac. masSi CarTulia rogorc naciebis kulturuli
gankerZoebulobis survili, aseve naciaTa msoflios universaluri xedva.
nacionalizmis ideologiis birTvi-doqtrinidan gamomdinareobs sami fundamenturi
idealic: esaa swrafva nacionaluri avtonomiurobis, nacionaluri erTianobis da
nacionaluri TviTigivurobisaken. es idealebi anu miswrafebebi ganpirobebulia imis
gacnobierebiT, rom yovelgvari adamianuri erTobis Camoyalibebis Tu SemdgomSi
SenarCunebisaTvis aucilebelia Sida jgufuri kavSirebis garkveuli donis simtkice. kerZod,
unda dakmayofildes Semdegi piroba: Sida gansxvavebebi erTobaSi ufro naklebi unda iyos,
vidre erTobis wevrebsa da erTobis gareT myofTa Soris. amitomaa nacionalizmis ideologia
mimarTuli erTdroulad jgufis SigniT sxvaobebis minimalizebisa da am sxvaobebis gare
samyarosTan mimarTebaSi maqsimalizebisaken. smiTs vrclad aqvs ganmartebuli samive am
idealis Sinaarsi.
gare samyarosagan Tavis mozRudva saWiroebs garkveuli avtonomurobis qonas.
nacionalur TviTmmarTvelobas SeiZleba hqondes sruli, suverenuli teritoriuli
saxelmwifos forma an xorcieldebodes arasruli komunaluri an federaluri
TviTgamgeblobis saxiT. gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani formaa suverenuli saxelmwifo. nacia
saxelmwifo ar aris. nacia adamianTa erTobis formaa, maSin, roca saxelmwifo politikuri
instituciebis sistemas warmoadgens. Tu saxelmwifo nacionaluria, maSin igi dgas naciis
interesebis sadarajoze. amitom yoveli naciisaTvis sanukvaria sakuTari saxelmwifo. mxolod
nacionaluri saxelmwifo iZleva TviTgamoxatvis, nebis da `koleqtiuri mes~ srulad
realizebis saSualebas.
avtonomiurobis ideals mWidrod ukavSirdeba mSobliuri miwis cneba. naciebi
teritoriasTan mtkiced dakavSirebuli (e.w. teritorializebuli) adamianuri erTobebia.
amitom samSoblo miwis Tvalwarmtaci saxe nacionalisturi msoflxedvis ganuyreli nawilia.
miwis siyvarulis, miwasTan mijaWvulobis mistikuri rwmenis gaRviveba aseve Zalian
mniSvnelovania nacionalizmis ideologiisaTvis.
naciis kultura sajaro gamoxatvas moiTxovs. avTenturma, adgilobrivma, viwrod
mosaxmarma anu vernakulurma kulturam sajaro kulturis forma unda miiRos da amasTan
politizebulic unda iqnas. amitom nacia xasiaTdeba politikuri kulturiTa da Sesabamisi
unikaluri simboloebiT. amgvari simbolizmi avtonomiurobis idealis vizualur
gamovlinebas warmoadgens: udidesi mniSvneloba eniWeba nacionalur droSas, gerbs, himns,
sajaro zeimebs da ceremoniebs da msgavs atributebs. sazriss da udides potencias maT
nacionalizmis ideologia aniWebs. ideologiis gareSe, es simboloebi mxolod mkvdari
teqstebi iqneboda.
avtonomiuroba mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli Sida erTianobis idealTan. yovelgvari Sida
tixrebi, iqneba es sabaJoebi Tu sxva barierebi, regionaluri instituciebis saxiT,
SeuTavsebelia naciadyofnis mdgomareobisaTvis. magram teritoriuli erTianoba mxolod
pirveli nabijia naciis wevrTa gacilebiT mniSvnelovani socialuri da kulturuli
gaerTianebis gzaze. nacionalizmis ideologia miznad isaxavs wodebriobis mospobas da yvela
wevris socialur gaTanabrebas. agreTve sqesTa Tanasworuflebianobas politikuri da
socialuri TvalsazrisiT, xalxis ganaTlebis amaRlebas. saqme isaa, rom nacionalizmisaTvis
aucilebelia procesebis masobriobis uzrunvelyofa. yvela unda gaxdes sazogadoebis wevri,
ar unda arsebobdnen socialuri marginalebi anu socialurad ufunqcio, gariyuli individebi
Tu fenebi. amave mizans ukavSirdeba nacionalizmis swrafva kulturis ganviTarebisaken,
zrunva kulturis cirkulirebisaTvis saWiro arxebis mowesrigebisaTvis. pirvel rigSi
yuradReba miemarTeba mSobliur enas, romelic yoveli nacionalistis Tayvanicemis sagans
warmoadgens. dialeqtebis arseboba erTobaSi arTulebs Sida jgufur konsolidacias,
radganac xels uSlis gagebas. amitom nacionaluri enis CamoyalibebisaTvis brZolis
propaganda, rac enis standartizebasa da unificirebas gulisxmobs, gamorCeul adgils iWers
nacionalizmis ideologiaSi. yuradRebis centrSi eqceva ganaTlebis sistemis mowesrigebac,
radgan sazogadoebrivad Zalian aqtualuri xdeba periferiisa da centris kulturis doneebs
Soris sxvaobis moSla. sagangebo zrunvis sagani xdeba beWduri sityvis, ufro mogvianebiT ki
masmediis eleqtronuli saSualebebis ganviTarebac, radgan es yvelaferi sazogadoebas
103
nacionaluri ideebis gamtarad aqcevs da iwvevs erTobis wevrebs Soris socialuri
SeWidulebis ganmtkicebas.
sayuradReboa, rom nacionaluri erTianobis survili sulac ar niSnavs absoluturi
erTgvarovnebis survils. nacionalisturi ideali eZiebs ara kulturul srul igiveobriobas,
aramed individebisa da ojaxebis nebelobebisa da sentimentebis socialur da kulturul
SekavSirebulobas. nacionalisti ar moiTxovs, rom naciis yvela wevri erTnairi iyos, aramed
mxolod imas, rom maT SeigrZnon solidarobis mZlavri jaWvis arseboba da, nacionalurad
mniSvnelovan saqmeebTan dakavSirebiT SeTanxmebulad imoqmedon. individualuri neba ar
ikargeba nacionaluri saxelmwifos koleqtiurobaSi, mxolod eqstremalur viTarebaSi
emorCileba igi nacionalur nebas.
imavdroulad, nacionalistur ideals warmoadgens is, rom raRac arsebiTSi gamoikveTos
erTobis wevrTa igiveoba. esaa nacionaluri xasiaTi anu naciis, rogorc `koleqtiuri mes~,
arsebiTi Tvisebebi. swored isini ganapirobeben istoriulad Camoyalibebul kulturas,
azrovnebis, moqmedebebis, komunikaciis gansakuTrebul wesebs. eseni naciis yvela wevrisaTvis
potenciurad mainc saziaroa da ucxo mas ver an ar gaiziarebs. aqedan ki is daskvna
gamomdinareobs, rom sadac amgvari gansxvavebuli kultura daikarga, iq misi povna
SesaZlebelia da igi unda moviZioT. Sesabamisad nacionalisti sakuTar Tavs amocanad usaxavs
xalxis unikaluri kulturuli geniis da avTenturi kulturuli TviTis aRmoCenas. es
gamoixateba mocemul teritoriaze da erTobaSi (saukuneebis manZilze SesaZlo cvalebadobis
miuxedavad) kulturuli xazis uwyvetobis maCvenebeli faqtebis ZiebaSi. ase rom, adgili aqvs,
erTi mxriv, avTentur fesvebTan dabrunebis, xolo, meore mxriv, axali standartizebuli da
unificirebuli kulturis Seqmnis mcdelobas. nacionaluri `koleqtiuri mes~ gamoxatvas
emsaxureba nacionaluri Rirsebis grZnoba da amitomac mis gaRvivebas da aqcentirebas agreTve
udidesi mniSvneloba eniWeba nacionalistur proeqtebSi69.
nacionaluri TviTgamoxatvisaTvis sruliad gansakuTrebulia bedisweris cneba.
nacionalizmis ideologia amkvidrebs rwmenas, rom naciebi, saerTo bedisweris mqone
koleqtivebia. nacionaluri msoflxedviT, mocemul nacias hqonda brwyinvale periodebi
warsulSi da aseve brwyinvale eqneba momavali. amaT fonze, xSirad, mokrZalebulad
gamoiyureba problemebiT aRsavse awmyo. nacionalizmis ideologiis gaazrebiT, nacia ara
ubralod adamianTa jgufia (Tundac Zalian didi), aramed is moraluri
urTierTvaldebulebebis mqone erTobaa, romlis wevrebic (moqalaqeebi) TavianT erTad
yofnas aRiqvamen rogorc wminda Tanaziarebas. Sesabamisad, nacionalizms aqvs religiuri
zemoqmedebis Zala adamianebze. amitomaa, rom xSirad mas ufro politikur religiad
ganixilaven, vidre politikur ideologiad. nacionalizmis kidev erTi aspeqti avlens misi,
rogorc politikuri religiis, xasiaTs. xSirad iqmneba rCeuli naciis, gansakuTrebuli
istoriisa da bedis mqone unikaluri xalxis TviTxati, rac Zveli religiuri rwmenis
sekularul memkvidres warmoadgens. da amgvar warmodgenebs SeiZleba erTmaneTisagan
kulturulad Zalian gansxvavebul da daSorebul qveynebSi SevxvdeT.
konkretul nacionalizmebSi da specifikur istoriul momentebSi am sami idealidan —
nacionaluri avtonomiuroba, nacionaluri erTianoba da nacionaluri Cven-jgufis
TviTigiveoba — xan erTi gamoikveTeba, xan meore da xanac mesame. Tumca, SesaZlebelia,
nacionalizmis iseT ideologiebsac wavawydeT, romlebic samive idealis srulad asaxvas
eswrafvian.
ilia WavWavaZis moRvaweoba nacionalizmis fundamenturi idealebis fonze

ilia WavWavaZis Semoqmedeba da moRvaweoba, rogorc cnobilia, xasiaTdeba, prolemaTa
mravalferovnebiT. am sakiTxTa didi nawili, erTi SexedviT, erTmaneTs TiTqos sulac ar
ukavSirdeba. magram Tu faqtebs ganvixilavT zemoT warmodgenili msjelobis fonze, cxadi
gaxdeba, rom ilias wammarTveli swored nacionalisturi idealebi da maTi ganxorcielebisaken
swrafvaa. winamdebare gamokvlevaSi, misi SezRuduli moculobis gamo, SeuZlebelia yvela
Temis gamokveTa da sailustracio masalis srulad moyvana. mxolod zogierT magaliTs
warmovudgenT mkiTxvels.
69
am mxriv sainteresoa Tundac dRevandeli saqarTvelos magaliTi: saqarTvelos prezidentis m. saakaSvilis
sajaro gamosvlebSi qveynis ganviTarebisaTvis sasicocxlo ekonomikur proeqtebze saubrisas
permanentulad wamoiWreba nacionaluri Rirsebis Tema, romelic yovelTvis didi emociiT ganixileba.
aSkaraa, rom qarTuli saxelmwifos meTaurisaTvis nacionaluri Rirsebis aRdgenis problema Tavisi
mniSvnelovnebiT ar Camouvardeba arc erT pragmatuli mosazrebebiT nakarnaxev proeqts (CxartiSvili 2006b).
104
nacionaluri avtonomiurobis ideali
àdrida avad Tu kargad Cven Cveni Tavni Cvenadve gveyudnes, miT iyvis ukeT~ (WavWavaZe
1984J: 215) _ specialur literaturaSi araerTxel damowmebuli ilias cnobili nawarmoebis
mTavari gmiris lelT Runias mier warmoTqmuli es sityvebi uTuod nacionaluri politikuri
avtonomiurobis survilis amsaxvelia. miuxedavad amisa, irkveva, rom ilias nacionalizmi
SesaZlebelia kvalificirebul iyos rogorc kulturuli nacionalizmi da ara politikuri.
iliaseuli koncefcia politikuri miznebs, cxadia, gulisxmobda, magram masSi es mxare
sagangebod aqcentirebuli ar yofila, rac naciadyofnisaken mimarTuli moZraobis pirveli
etapisaTvisaa sazogadod damaxasiaTebeli. ilias nacionalizmi, rogorc cnobilia, swored am
etapis Sesatyvisi iyo.
avtonomiurobis ideali, rogorc iTqva, Tavis gamoxatulebas poulobs ara marto
politikuri damoukideblobisaken swrafvaSi, aramed Cven-jgufis kulturis, istoriuli
gamocdilebis unikalobis gancdis faqtSic. ilia qarTveladyofnis unikalobis mraval niSans
gamokveTs, sainteresoa, rom erT-erT aseTad igi Tvlis ekonomikur wyobilebas. es miaCnia mas
qarTvelobis fenomenis droSi uprecendento gangrZobadobis da qarTveluri Cven-jgufis
medegobis mizezad (WavWavaZe 1987z: 150). nacionaluri avtonomiurobis idealiT aris
nasazrdoebi ilias vrceli msjelobanic qarTul xasiaTze. ilia xazs usvams qristianobis
dacvaSi qarTvelTa gansakuTrebul damsaxurebas. magaliTad, Tvlis, rom qristesaTvis Tavi
ise aravis daudvia, rogorc qarTvels: “jvarcmulis RvTisTvis TviT jvarcmulo da wamebulo,
eklians gzazed Senebr sxvas romels uvlia?” (WavWavaZe 1984l: 117). mis naazrevs amCnevia
erovnuli rCeulobis gancdac da garkveulad gamoxatuli mesianizmic. magram dadebiTis
gverdiT ilia uaryofiT Strixebzec miuTiTebs. kritika ZiriTadad eris cxovrebis im mxareebs
exeba, romelTa gamosworebac SeiZleba: sizarmaces, uswavlelobas. maSin, roca qveyana
saqarTvelo Tavisi bunebiT mSvenieria, misi warsulic mSvenieria. anu is, risi Secvlac aRar
SeiZleba, ilias mixedviT, is mSvenieria. am SemTxvevaSi arsebiTia ara is, Tu rogori (uaryofiTi
Tu dadebiTi) xasiaTi gamokveTa iliam qarTvelobisaTvis, aramed is, rom man yuradReba
gaamaxvila qarTuli Cven-jgufis sazogado niSanze, sxvaTagan ganmasxvavebel Strixze.
nacionaluri avtonomiurobis idealis miRweva yovelTvis moiazreba `sxvebTan~
mimarTebaSi. Cveulebriv, es `sxva~ romelime mezobeli xalxia (armstrongi 1994: 141-145).
qarTvelTaTvis aseTebi iyvnen somxebi. amitomac ilias kalami xSirad mimarTuli iyo swored
maT winaaRmdeg. amis TvalsaCino magaliTia `qvaTa RaRadi~ (WavWavaZe 1984g). am TvalsazrisiT
sainteresoa agreTve werili `giorgi Tumanovis da misi hamqris azrebi~ (WavWavaZe 1984r: 692-
696) da a.S.
nacionaluri erTianobis ideali
nacionalizmis farTod gavrceleba ukavSirdeba wodebriobis gauqmebas, sazogadoebis

demokratiulobas. sazogadoebis socialuri homogenuroba xels uwyobs nacionaluri ideebis
gavrcelebas, sazogadoeba maTi `kargi gamtari~ xdeba. amitomac, nacionalisti ideologebi
yovelTvis xazs usvamen nacionalizmis araklasobriv xasiaTs. marTlac, nacionaluri interesi
swored isaa, rac klasobrivisagan damoukidebelia, rac saerToa sxvadasxva klasisaTvis. eris
winsvlisa da ganviTarebisaTvis saWiroa am eris Semadgenel nawilTa ara Seurigebloba da
winaaRmdegoba, aramed solidaroba da TanagrZnoba. demokratiuli ideebis gaCena ilias
naazrevSi, swored nacionalizmiT aris gamowveuli. nacionalizms surs eTnikuri jgufis
uklebliv yvela socialuri fena SeiTqvifos, Tanabrad ganimsWvalos nacionaluri ideiT,
yvela gaxdes nacionaluri cxovrebis Tanamonawile da amgvarad gafarTovdes nacionaluri
sazogadoebis sazRvrebi. amitomac aqvs miZRvnili ilias araerTi werili xalxis mniSvnelobis
ganmartebisadmi. magaliTad, `qarTlis cxovrebas~, rogorc cnobilia, igi iwunebda swored
imitom, rom aq ar iyo xalxis roli saTanadod warmoCenili (WavWavaZe 1987z: 150, 1987l: 162-164).
magram, cxadia, ilia xedavda, rom socialuri TvalsazrisiT sazogadoeba sulac ar iyo
homogenuri, aramed dayofili iyo fenebad. igi eswrafvoda am fenaTa, klasTa daaxloebis gza
gamoenaxa, eZiebda saerTo niadags Catexili xidis aRsadgenad, Tavadaznaurobisagan glexobis
mocilebas ise ganicdida, rogorc erTi sxeulis naxevris dakargvas. mas swored glexoba
miaCnia eris birTvad70. saocaria Tavisi saxeobrivi STambeWdavobiT sityvebi, warmoTqmuli
òTaraanT qvrivis~ erT-erTi gmiris mier, romelSic Cans mniSvnelovneba yvela wodebis
erTianobisa, agreTve is garemoeba, rom sasicocxlo Zala xalxSia: `Sen is cocxali naxevari
gaviwydeba, romelic SerCenili gvaqvs. gansxvaveba aq aris. Cven raca varT, gakeTebulni varT,
70
glexobis gaidealeba — esec nacionalizmis saerTo repertuaridanaa (maTosiani 1994: 223-224, haTCinsoni
1994a: 128).
105
isini ki — Seqmnlni. Cven dablandulni varT, isini ki gviristiT Sekerilni. isini Cakirulni
arian, Cven dondloni, duneni~ (WavWavaZe 1984o:. 510).
`Tavisi erovnuli koncefciiT ilia mTeli xalxis interesebis damcveli iyo, da
bunebrivia, qarTvelTa yvela socialuri fenis arsebobis saWiroebas erTnairi
gulwrfelobiT cnobda. am TvalsazrisiT, metad sainteresoa ilias Sexeduleba qarTvelTa
istoriaSi xmlis, guTnis da oqros urTierTdamokidebulebaze, rac Taviseburad gvixatavs
ilias azrs saqarTvelos klasobrivi struqturis istoriazec. es Sexeduleba iliam
publicisturi formiT gamoxata 1881 wels Tavis erT-erT `Sinaur mimoxilvaSi~, sadac scada
daexasiaTebina guTnis (glexobis), xmlis (Tavadaznaurobis) da oqros (vaWarTa) socialuri
urTerTdamokidebuleba da funqciebi, maTi roli qveynis cxovrebaSi. zemoT citirebuli
adgilebi gvixasiaTeben ilias azrs misi eris socialur anatomiaze. sazogadoeba, am
Sexedulebis Tanaxmad, Sedgeba sami socialuri fenis _ Tavadaznaurobis, vaWrebis
(burJuaziis) da glexTagan. aqedan, pirvel ors aqvs Tavisi pretenziebi idges sazogadoebis
saTaveSi da realurad es TiTqos asecaa, magram TavadaznaurTa da vaWarTa arseboba sruliad
uazro da uperspeqtivoa materialuri dovlaTis Semqmneli fenis gareSe. esaa glexoba.
marTalia, is Cumi, mokrZalebulia, magram sazogadoebis arsebobaSi upiratesi funqciis
matarebelia. Tumc qveynis mmarTvelobaSi erTmaneTs xmali da guTani ecilebian, magram am or
Zalas Soris, upiratesoba mainc xmals aqvs~ (badriZe 1987: 160).
ilias miaCnda (mas ase surda rom yofiliyo), rom evropis qveynebisagan gansxvavebiT,
(wodebrivi) klasobrivi dapirispireba bunebrivi araa qarTuli sazogadoebisaTvis, amis
obieqturi ekonomikuri safuZveli ar arsebobs, aris mxolod pirovnuli. ilias azriT,
saqarTveloSi, mefis gamoklebiT, uflebriv yvela erT mdgomareobaSi iyo. yvelas gaaCnda miwa,
hqonda ymebis yolis ufleba (WavWavaZe 1984p: 855, 1987k: 334-344, 1987m: 283-284). ilias azriT,
dakarguli socialuri Tanxmobis, erTianobis aRdgena SesaZlebeli iyo. es unda momxdariyo
Sromis axsniT, rac daamyarebda Zmobas, erTobas, Tavisuflebas. amitomac ilia WavWavaZe
aRfrTovanebiT Sexvda batonymobis gauqmebas (WavWavaZe 1987k: 302).
Semdgomi Tanasworoba da socialuri erTgvarovneba, ilias TvalsazrisiT, unda
daamyaros ganaTlebam. igi xedavda, rom glexoba, romelic qarTvelobis sulad da gulad
miaCnda, gaunaTlebeli iyo (WavWavaZe 1984v: 868). umetesobam wera-kiTxvac ar icoda (WavWavaZe
1987o: 249). mas amis gamosworeba aucileblad miaCnda. xalxis ganaTleba imitom esaxeboda
saWirod, rom amiT SesaZlebeli xdeboda glexoba inteligencias daaxloeboda (WavWavvaZe
1987T: 254). amgvarad, codnis gavrcelebis umTavres sikeTes ilia qarTuli erTobis SigniT
socialuri tixrebis moSlaSi xedavda, ganaTleba sazogadoebis yvela wevris gaTanabrebis da
Sida jgufuri homogenurobis damyarebis gzad miaCnda. amitom iyo, rom swavla-ganaTlebas da
mamulis siyvaruls igi erT sibrtyeze ganixilavda (WavWavaZe 1987a: 9, 1987p: 241, 1987J: 232).
nacionaluri erTianobis idealiT iyo gamowveuli ilias daintereseba genderuli
problematikiTac71. igi eswrafvoda gaefarToebina qarTuli nacionaluri ideis cirkulaciis
areali ara marto wodebrivi tixrebis, aramed qarTveli qalebis karCaketilobis moSliTac.
misi amgvari damokidebuleba gamoixateboda qarTvel qalTa sazogadoebrivi aqtivobis
mxardaWeraSi, qalTa organizaciebis saqmianobis waxalisebaSi (WavWavaZe 1984r: 687-692, 1984s:
49, 1984t: 894, 1987n: 410).
1. enis, rogorc koleqtiuri kulturuli identobis markeris, gansakuTrebuli
mniSvneloba sayovelTaodaa aRiarebuli. es markeri maqsimalurad xels uwyobs Sida jgufuri
SeWidulobis ganmtkicebas da garegan dasazRvras. amgvarad, ena ukavSirdeba rogorc
nacionaluri avtonomiurobis, ise nacionaluri erTianobis idealebs. koleqtiuri
kulturuli identobis safuZvelze aRmocenebuli erTobis iseTi modelisaTvis, rogoricaa
eTnie, Cveulebriv, damaxasiaTebelia enobrivi variaciebi anu dialeqtebi. magram naciisaTvis,
rogorc sajaro kulturis mqone erTobis modelisaTvis, niSandoblivia enobrivi norma.
erTobis nacionaluri modeli gulisxmobs intensiur urTierTobebs regionebs, sxvadasxva
socialur fenebs Soris. amisaTvis saWiroa erTiani lingvisturi kodi anu standartizebuli
ena. ena, rogorc komunikaciis mediumi, emsaxureba ara marto kulturis cirkulacias, aramed
nacionalisturi ideebisa da sentimentebis matarebel saxelmwifo ideologiis
gavrcelebasac. nacionaluri erToba ìndividis pirovnul Tu lokalur identobas zemodan
afens nacionalurobas imiT, rom axdens individualuri egos identifikacias yvela sxvasTan
naciis SigniT da acilebs mas sxvebisagan naciis gareT~ (haugeni 2000: 1347-1348). Sesabamisad,
yvela xalxisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia lingvisturi nacionalizmi72. iliasac erovnebis arsebiT
niSnad ena miaCnda (WavWavaZe 1984a: 546, 1984z: 829-830, 1984T: 654, 1984i: 83-84, 1984k: 818-819,
1987a: 7, 1987e: 423) da zrunavda mis standartizebaze. “mamaTa” da “SvilTa” dapirispireba xom
swored enasTan mimarTebaSi gamoixata yvelaze TvalsaCinod.
71
qalTa sakiTxic nacionalizmis saerTo repertuaridanaa (anTiasi … 1994: 312-316).
72
qarTul sinamdvileSi lingvisturi nacionalizmis gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb ix. (lo 1998: 167-196).
sainteresoa, rom qarTuli identobis istoriaSi aRniSnul movlenas Zalian Rrma fesvebi eZebneba. ix.
(CxartiSvili 2002, 2006a).
106
2.
3.
4.
nacionaluri TviTigivurobis ideali
nacionalizmis idealTa Soris, erT-erT umTavresia swrafva _ Cven-jgufis wevrebSi
dainergos gancda eTnikuri warsulis kavSirisa nacionalur awmyosTan. amitomaa, rom
nacionalisti ideologebis mier, erebi moiazreba, rogorc maradiuli mocemulobani,
cocxali arsebani, koleqtiuri pirovnebani (haTCinsoni 1994a: 120).
ilias nawerebSi, marTlac, eris, rogorc cocxali arsis, metad STambeWdavi saxea
warmodgenili. ilias miTiTebiT ers aqvs suli, guli, sisxli, xorci, ZarRvi. mas SeuZlia Wmunva
da sixaruli. SeuZlia iyos bednieri, wylulebiT datanjuli, diodes cremli. eris daZinebac
aris SesaZlebeli da gamofxizlebac. ers aqvs xasiaTi, niWi Tu vaJkacoba. igi SeiZleba iyos
usaqmuri, uvici da uswavleli. ers aqvs cxovreba, warsuli, awmyo da mermisi, dRegrZeloba,
gulis nadebi, ZalRone, mogonebani, dideba, interesi, zne, ena. SesaZlebelia eris dabriyveba,
SesaZlebelia misi asakSi Sesla, dacema, gaTaxsireba. mas aqvs vinaoba, maxsovroba, Rirsebis
grZnoba. ers SeiZleba fexi samarisaken hqondes gaSverili, sWirdebodes dro dasasveneblad,
Zal-Ronis mosakrebad. erma sityvac icis (WavWavaZe 1984a: 542, 1984b: 856, 1984g: 750-751, 1984d:
65, 1984e: 66, 1984v: 861-862, 1984n: 79-80, 1987a: 7, 1987b: 153, 1987g: 167).
nacionalistur ideologiaSi yovelTvis gansakuTrebuli adgili ekava saerTo winapars,
erTi sisxlis, erTi Teslidan warmomavlobis ideas73. ilias nawerebSi es Temac
aqtualizebulia da emsaxureba naciis, rogorc erTi sxeulis, moazrebas: `vai im qveyanas, saca
saerTo ZarRvebSi sisxli gaSra~ (WavWavaZe 1984a: 542). ilias azriT, eri sisxlis erTianobaze
dafuZnebuli ojaxuri kavSiria74. misi wevrebi sxvadasxva kuTxis Svilebi, Zmebi arian.
sisxlismieri kavSiri marto awmyos ar exeba, esaa kavSiri drois vertikalur WrilSic. erma ar
unda daiviwyos warsuli. warsuli momavlis imedia swored sisxliT erTobis, misi geneturi
gadacemis mizeziT: `Tu guSin iyvnen Cemis sisxlisa da xorcis didebulni da saxelovanni kacni,
ra mizezia, rom xvalac ar gamoCndnen~ (WavWavaZe 1987b: 153-154). swored amitom, nacionalizmis
ideologiaSi gansakuTrebuli adgili ukavia warsuls, istoriul maxsovrobas, misi kvlevis
aucileblobas yovelTvis daJinebiT moiTxoven nacionalistebi75.
awmyoTi ilia kmayofili araa. Tumc miaCnia, rom qarTvel ers didebuli warsuli hqonda.
es faqti, rogorc vTqviT, mas didebuli momavlis garantad esaxeba. ilias azriT, warsuls
axasiaTebda mxneoba, patiosneba, erToba, gmiroba. es iyo marTlac netari dro. Zveli
qarTvelebi sul sxvani iyvnen. maSin glexobac patriotuli iyo. amitom aucileblad miaCnia mas
warsulis Seswavla. igi dabejiTebiT saubrobs muzeumis daarsebis saWiroebaze, dokumentebis
dacvis aucileblobaze. miuxedvad imisa, rom warsuls ilia mxolod dadebiTad afasebs, mainc
ar aidealebs mas. aq Cans ilias Tvalsazrisi droTa kavSiris Sesaxeb. awmyo, warsuli, momavali
urTierTgadajaWvulia, urTierTganpirobebulia. awmyoSi CamorCena nawilobriv warsulis
mizeziTacaa. warsulSi uvargisi qva rom ar dadebuliyo, ase uwyalod ra CamogvarCendao,
SeniSnavda igi. amave dros, warsulis sikarge, rogorc vTqvi, kargi momavlis garantiacaa. Tumc
zustad warsulis ganmeorebac ar surs ilias. etyoba, momavali ukeTesad esaxeba.
istoriul Tanacxovrebas ilia eris umTavres niSnad miiCnevs: `yoveli eri Tavisis
istoriiT suldgmulobs. igia saganZe, saca eri poulobs Tavisis sulis Rones, Tavisis sulis
bgeras, Tavisis zneobas da gonebiT aRmatebulebas, Tvis vinaobas, Tvis Tvisebas. Cvenis
fiqriT, arc erToba enisa, arc erToba sarwmunoebisa da gvartomobisa ise ver SemsWvalavs
xolme adamianebs erTmaneTTan, rogorc erToba istoriisa~ (WavWavaZe 1987a: 7). àRdgena
73
sayovelTaod gaziarebulia, rom arc Tu bevria iseTi nacia, romelsac realurad saerTo warmoSoba aqvs.
magram Tavad am faqtis rwmena nacionaluri fsiqologiis mniSvnelovani ingredientia. cnobilia, bismarkis
mimarTva germanelebisadmi èfiqraT sisxliT~. esaa masobriv fsiqologiaSi erTi sisxlis, naTesaobis
iracionaluri grZnobebis aqtivirebis cda.
74
miuxedavad amisa, ilia qarTuli Cven-jgufis aRsaniSnavad iyenebda termin ers da ara naTesavs. rogorc
cnobilia, eri warmoadgens uZveles, didi Sinagani resursis mqone qarTuli termins, romlis uzogadesi
mniSvneloba aris adamianTa krebuli (Cven-jgufi). Sua saukunebSi igi umTavresad socialuri azris
matarebeli iyo, eTnikuri Cven-jgufis aRsaniSnavad ki sxva sityvebi gamoiyeneboda, magaliTad, naTesavi.
ilias mier eris gamoyeneba aRniSnul azriT moaswavebda qarTveluri Cven-jgufis wevrTa mier jgufuri
kavSirebis xasiaTis gaazrebaSi Tvisebrivad axali etapis dasawyiss. eri, iseve rogorc naTesavi, koleqtivs
aRniSnavs, magram misgan gansxvavebiT, erSi geneturi erTianoba, rogorc Cven-jgufis arsebobis safuZveli,
aqcentirebuli ar aris (Tumc, cxadia, arc gamoiricxeba). agreTve XIX saukunidan daiwyo eris gamoyeneba
evropuli naciis Sesatyvisad. es faqtic, upirveles yovlisa, ilias saxels ukavSirdeba. swored man Targmna
e. renanis cnobili leqciis `Qu’est-ce que la nation~ saTauri rogorc `ra aris eri?~ (kaSia 2005: 95). magram eri da
nacia azrobriv zustad ar emTxvevian erTmaneTs, razedac yuradReba ukve iyo gamaxvilebuli specialur
literaturaSi (patariZe 2002: 7-14, CxartiSvili 2004b: 8).
75
`The nationalists historians are no mere scholars, but rather myth-making intellectuals~ (haTCinsoni 1994a: 124). nacionaluri
istoriis àRmoCena~ mosdevs nacionalizms (nairni 1994: 75).
107
istoriisa — eris gamococxlebaa, gamomxnevebaa, awmyos gagebaa da warmarTvaa, mermisis
gamorkvevaa sibnelisagan~ (WavWavaZe 1987g: 169).
rogorc iTqva, nacionalizmi aris koleqtiuri kulturuli identobis safuZvelze
aRmocenebuli erTobis saerTo interesis gamomxatveli grZnoba da ideologia. uZvelesi
droidan dRemde, am koleqtiuri interesis umTavresi sagania teritoria. gansakuTrebul
datvirTvas teritoriulobis gancda iZens modernul droSi. naciebi teritorializebuli
erTobebia. saerTod, nacionalizmis ideologiaSi gansakuTrebul rols aniWeben
teritorias76, mSobliuri miwis saxebas. ilias mixedviT, saqarTvelo aris `qveynis Tvali~
(WavWavaZe 1984l: 117), `mdidari, patarZaliviT morTuli~, romelsac qristem Tavisi kalTa
uxvebisa daabertya (WavWavaZe 1987T: 252), òboli margaliti~ (WavWavaZe 1984l: 120), `walkoti~
(WavWavaZe 1987g: 166-167), `mSvenieri~ (WavWavaZe 1984l: 120), lamazad morTuli da mokazmuli,
samoTxe tkbili, Tbili, mdidari da uxvi bunebis (WavWavaZe 1984m: 91-92, 1987i: 91). ilia xazs
usvamda miwisa da sisxlis mistikur kavSirs. miwa gapoxierebulia sisxliT, romelic saerToa.
aseve ZvliT, romelic miwaSia. am saxeobrivi frazebiT Cans erisa da teritoriis (mSobliuri
miwis) mistiuri erTianoba: miwa Cemia, imitom rom masSi Cemi winapris sisxli da Zvalia, anu igive
Cemi sisxli da Zvalia. sisxlis Rvra, sisxlis danTxeva, sisxlSi banaoba samSoblosaTvis did
Rvawlad miaCnia ilias. yvelaze cxovelmyofeli striqonebi mas swored am Temaze aqvs
dawerili (WavWavaZe 1984a: 543, 1987v: 175). amave konteqstSia gansaxilveli zemoT moyvanili
saqarTvelos iliaseuli suraTic.
ilias mravalmxriv moRvawobaSi kidev araerT iseT momentze SeiZleba miTiTeba, romelic
avlens nacionalizmis ideologiis universaliebs. am TvalsazrisiT, Tundac rad Rirs ilias
sagangebo zrunva qarTuli Teatris aRorZinebisaTvis, Jurnalisa Tu gazeTis
dafuZnebisaTvis, misi publikaciebi qarTuli droSis Seuracxyofis gamo da gamosvlebi
qarTuli Rirsebis dasacavad. arsebiTad, aq ikiTxeba nacionalizmis ideologiis samive
fundamenturi ideali: aq aris qarTuli erTobis unikalobis vizualizaciis, nacionaluri
erTianobis da mravalsaukunovani TviTigivurobis gamokveTis cda. Teatri, Jurnal-gazeTebi,
Rirseba, droSa _ sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis sxvadasxva sferos ganekuTvnebian, magram yvela
maTgani nacionalizmis ideologiis fundametur idealebis xorcSesxmas ukavSirdeba da
amitomac isini xvdebian erovnuli moRvawis TvalsawierSi.
rogorc Tavidanve iTqva, winamdebare gamokvleva miznad isaxavs nacionalizmis
ideologiis universaliebi warmoaCinos qarTul garemoSi, kerZod ki, ilia WavWavaZis
SemoqmedebaSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom statiis SezRuduli moculobis mizeziT, sailustracio
masala ver iqna moyvanili ramdenadme sruladac mainc (xSirad iZulebuli viyavi,
davkmayofilebuliyavi, mxolod wyaros damowmebiT nacvlad citirebisa da amis Semdgom
teqstis detaluri analizisa), vfiqrob, rom suraTi mainc naTelia: qarTuli magaliTiT
savsebiT dadasturda statiis dasawyisSive citirebuli smiTiseuli daskvna imis Sesaxeb, rom
`nacionalizms Tavisi sakuTari wesebi, ritmi, maxsovrobani aqvs, romelnic maT matarebel
pirovnebaTa interesebs ufro metadac ki ayalibeben, vidre isini moxazaven maT konturebs~.
aSkaraa, rom ilia WavWavaZe _ qarTuli nacionalizmis mTavari `dizaineri~ _ gamsWvalulia
swored nacionalizmis sazogado wesebiT da warmarTulia garkveuli socialuri
kanonzomierebis mier.
magram qarTuli nacionalizmis iliaseuli redaqciis rekonstruqcia ar iqneba sruli,
Tu ar mivuTiTeT im umTavres Taviseburebazec, romelsac avlens es ideologia iliasTan da
sazogadod qarTul garemoSi. sityva exeba qarTuli nacionalizmis ideologiis im specifikas,
romelic mJRavndeba religiasTan mis mimarTebaSi.
qarTuli nacionaluri identoba sakmaod gamokveTiladaa niSandebuli religiurad. esaa
qristianuli samyaro77.
rogorc cnobilia, qristianoba saqarTveloSi gavrcelda I saukunidanve da misi pirveli
mqadageblebi aq Tavad wmida mociqulebi iyvnen, TumcaRa misi oficialuri sarwmunobad
aRiareba IV saukunis I naxevarSi moxda. axladmoqceul qarTul saxelmwifoSi transeTnikuri
religiis danergviT gamowveuli sazogadoebrivi daZabulobis da fsiqologiuri
diskomfortis daZleva SesaZlebeli gaxda axali ideologiis SemuSavebis gziT: es iyo
koncefcia, romelic qarTvelTa RvTiTrCeulobas asabuTebda78. swored am ideologiis
76
m. buberis azriT, Tavis misias ebraeli xalxi ver Seasrulebs teritoriis gareSe (buberi 1979). swored
teritoriis arqonis gamo ar Tvlidnen social-demokratebi ebraelebs erad. yovel SemTxvevaSi, momavalSi
misi arseboba warmoudgenlad miaCndaT.
77
dRevandel qarTul sazogadoebriv percepciebSi religiuri markeris did wonas asaCinoebs Tund saxelmwifo
simbolikis umTavresi gamovlineba — xuTjvriani saxelmwifo droSa. qristianoba moiazreba, rogorc
qarTvelobis umTavresi maxasiaTebeli. Cveni umTavresi gzavnili danarCeni msofliosaTvis is unda iyos, rom
saqarTvelo qristianuli faseulobebis amRiarebeli qveyanaa — Tqva erTxel prezidentma m. saakaSvilma,
roca amgvari droSis marTebulobas oponentebTan polemikaSi asabuTebda. Cven-jgufis mier identobis
markerTa aRqmis gasagebad ki, rogorc cnobilia, Zalian mniSvnelovania saxelmwifos meTauris pozicia da
sityvebi (CxartiSvili 2007).
78
qarTuli saxelmwifos mier qristianobis miRebis axlo xanebSi warmoSobili am ideologiis Sesaxeb ufro
vrclad ix. (CxartiSvili 1999: 6-17, 2002: 32-47).
108
meSveobiT, qristianoba, es araqarTuli fenomeni, funqcionirebas iwyebs, rogorc qarTuli
identobis markeri. qarTuli erToba, romelic aqamde saerTo winapris erTobad moiazreboda,
transformirda sulier erTobad, erTobad qristeSi. qristianobis, rogorc qarTuli
identobis markeris, Semdgomi gamokveTa da detalizacia moxda XI saukuneSi (CxartiSvili
2006a, 2007) qarTuli adreuli naciis formirebis epoqaSi.
XIX saukune evropaSi da evropis gareTac iTvleba modernuli naciebis da
nacionalizmebis warmoSobis epoqad. adgilobrivi Tu sagareo faqtorebis (ruseTis mier
Seviwroeba, dasavluri ideebis gavrceleba) zegavleniT, am dros mimdinareobda qarTuli
modernuli naciis formirebac. rogorc cnobilia, modernuli naciebis da nacionalizmebis
warmoSobis epoqis erT-erTi umTavresi maxasiaTebeli iyo sazogadoebrivi cnobierebis
sekularizacia, religiis sazogadoebrivi funqciis damcroba, misi kerZo, piradul saqmed
gadaqceva79.
swored aRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT iwvevs interess Semdegi faqti: qarTuli
nacionalizmis ideologia, aRmocenebuli im dros, roca evropaSi religia aSkarad Tmobs
poziciebs sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi, kvlav mkafiodaa niSandebuli religiiT. ilia
WavWavaZis naazrevSi religias, kerZod, qristianobas, rwmenisaTvis qarTvelTa Tavadadebis
xazgasmas, ukavia sruliad gamorCeuli adgili (WavWavaZe 1987d: 179-180). igi qristianobas
aRiqvamda, rogorc nacionalur markers da Zalisxmevas ar iSurebda saTanadod gamoekveTa
kidec es faqti80.
yvelasaTvis kargadaa cnobili misi frTiani fraza: èna, mamuli, sarwmunoeba~. romel
sarwmunoebas exeba aq sityva, dazustebuli ar aris, radgan amis gareSec yvelasaTvis iyo
gasagebi, rom is exeboda qristianobas. ilia araerTgzis xazgasmiT aRniSnavda qristianobis
gansakuTrebul rols qarTveli eris cxovrebaSi. mis sityvebSi ismis gamoZaxili wm. giorgi
mTawmideliseuli ideisa imis Taobaze, rom qristianobis dacvis saqmeSi qarTvelobis
istoriuli gamocdileba uprecedentoa: `qriste-RmerTi jvars ecva qveynisaTvis da Cvenc
jvars vecviT qristesaTvis. am patara saqarTvelos gadavuReReT mkerdi da am mkerdze,
rogorc kldeze davudgiT qristianobas saydari. qvad Cveni Zvlebi vixmareT da kirad Cveni
sisxli~ (WavWavaZe 1987b: 175).
ilias miswrafeba, SeenarCunebina da axali drois Sesabamisad gaeformebina qarTuli
identobis tradiciuli markeri, kargad Cans misi mcdelobiT erTmaneTs gautolos
nacionaluri da religiuri, qarTveladyofna da qristianadyofna. am TvalsazrisiT,
gansakuTrebul interess iwvevs Semdegi sityvebi: `qristianoba, qristes moZRvrebis garda,
CvenSi hniSnavda mTels saqarTvelos miwa-wyals, hniSnavda qarTvelobas. dResac mTels
amierkavkasiaSi qarTveli da qristiani erTsa da imave mniSvnelobis sityvebi arian. Cvenma
samRvdeloebam kargad icoda, rom mamuli da erovneba rjulTan erTad SeerTebuli, rjulTan
Sexorc-SeTvisebuli, uZleveli xmalia, da Seuleweli faria mtris winaSe. sityvas qadagebisas,
swavlas, moZRvrebas sul imazed miaqcevda xolme, rom mamuli da erovneba sjulamde
gaapatiosnos, sarwmunobamde aRamaRlos. ai, ram moageriebina am patara qveyanas auareba mteri!
mamuli da erovneba miaSvela samRvdeloebam rjuls, rjuli _ mamulsa da erovnebas.
qristianobam Semogvinaxa Cven Cveni miwa-wyali, Cveni ena, Cveni vinaoba, Cveni erovneba~
(saqarTvelos … 1999: 128-129).
aq, rogorc vxedavT, wminda ilia marTali qarTuli identobisaTvis qristianobis,
rogorc markeris, raobas warmoaCens Zalian arsobrivad. `marTalia, XIX saukunis qarTvelobis
sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi, ramdenadme Sesustda religiis roli (risi erT-erTi mizezi,
rogorc Cans, iyo erovnuli amocanebis wamoweva wina planze da maTi xasiaTi), magram,
samagierod, da, albaT, amis sakompensaciodac, samSoblos grZnobam SeiZina religiuri elferi~
(CxartiSvili 2005b: 15).
nacionalizmis ideis ayvana religiis rangSi gansakuTrebiT naTlad Cans Semdeg citatSi,
romliTac cxadi xdeba, rom iliasaTvis eri faqtobriv RvTaebaa, iTxovs TavSewirvas,
msxverplSewirvas da samagierod iZleva ukvdavebis garantias: àq arvis didsa Tu patarasa,
qveynis tkiviliT ar stkiva guli / dahviwyebia, rom qveynad casa RvTad moucia marto mamuli /
dahviwyebia, rom didi aris RvTisa winaSe igi cxovreba, / romelic qveynis wviTa damwvari
79
specialistebi miuTiTeben, rom nacionalizmi religiis gvarisaa, magram axal droSi igi enacvleba religias:
`koni aRniSnavs, rom, rogorc sociologebi miuTiTeben, nacionalur da religiur moZraobebs saerTo aqvT is,
rom orives inspiraciuli (STamagonebeli) xasiaTi aqvs. amitomacaa, rom erTma meore Secvala (SevniSnoT, rom
es marTlac asea, radgan cnobierebis sekularizacias marTlac eris, da mxolod eris, aRiareba SeiZleba
mosdevdes upirveles socialur Rirebulebad). religiuri omebi bunebrivi Canda erT dros, magram
ganmanaTleblobam es omebi mosrna, man religiis depolitizacia moaxdina da igi Cemi sindisis intimur
siRrmeSi Caabruna~ (naTaZe 1990: 165).
80
am kuTxiT, qarTuli nacionalizmis specifika ukve iqca mecnieruli diskursis Temad. SeniSnulia, rom XIX
saukuneSi saqarTveloSi aq arsebul aRmosavlur nacionalizms dasavluri nacionalizmi daerTo, magram
dasavlur nacionalizms àRmosavleTSi~ sekularizacia ar gamouwvevia. àRmosavluri-qristianuli~ da
`nacionaluri~ (evropuli gagebiT) erTmaneTs Seerwya. amitomac, samSoblos xati, romelic, magaliTisaTvis,
`Tergdaleulebma~ SeimuSaves, faqtobrivad, eklesiis xats imeorebs (`Cemi xatia samSoblo~ da a.S.)
(SaTiriSvili 2005: 190).
109
qveyanasave Seewireba! / wmindaa igi visac eRirsa mamulisaTvis Tavis dadeba! / neta im vaJkacs,
neta im gmirsa, is Tavis xalxSi aRar mohkvdeba. /mas ganacocxlebs simRera xalxTa, Sors
saukuneT etyvis miss saxels, / da ara erTxel WabukTa ymaTa, xmlis tarzed Zliers aurTolebs
xels~ (WavWavaZe 1984l: 109).
erovnulisa da sarwmunoebrivis erTianobis iliaseuli xedva kargad Cans leqsSic `nana~,
romlis mixedviTac qarTveli dabadebiT aris mamulis msxverpli. mas qarTvelobis winaSe aqvs
RvTiuri vali. misi ukvdavebis garantia ki aris swored mamulisaTvis Tavdadeba (WavWavaZe
1984u: 55-57).
qarTuli nacionalizmis ideologiis iliaseuli redaqciis specifikuri niSnebis Sesaxeb
msjelobas amjerad amiT davasrulebT. Cvens mizans ar Seadgenda aRniSnuli sakiTxis vrceli
analizi. ubralod aucilebeli iyo aqve, gakvriT mainc, gveCvenebina, rom nacionalizmis
ideologiis fenomeni qarTul garemoSi gvevlineba ara marto universaluris, aramed
specifikuris manifestaciadac. es garemoeba anu qarTuli nacionalizmis Taviseburebebis
gamovlena aseve Zalian mniSvnelovania qarTvelologiuri Tu zogadsociologiuri
TvalsazrisiT. mimaCnia, rom momavalSi qarTuli magaliTis swored es aspeqti unda gaxdes
kvlevis sagani.
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111
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112
zaza firaliSvili
ilia: istoriuli konteqsti da pirovneba
mcire erebma sakuTari gamocdilebiT ician, Tu ras niSnavs istoriis dasasruli _ ician,
rogorc mudmivi safrTxe da mudmivi molodinis sagani, rogorc avi perspeqtiva. cxadia, igi
arc CvenTvis aris ucnobi ram. Cven xom ramdenime saukunis ganmavlobaSi mogviwia imgvar
viTarebaSi arseboba, rodesac istoriis winaSe kapitulacia da sakuTari gzis dasruleba
lamis macdur SesaZleblobad Canda. meore mxriv, Cvenc, sxva mZime politikur viTarebaSi
myofi erebiviT, velodiT, rom erTxelac iqneboda da viRacis piriT ametyvelebuli
samarTlianoba gagvixsenebda da gvixsnida islamuri aRmosavleTisagan, romlisTvisac
meCvidmete-meTvramete saukuneebSi lamis mxolod jiSiani tyveebis wyaro viyaviT.
sasowarkveTis zRvarze myofi xalxis ukanaskneli imedebi iolad Sobs gulubryvilo
istoriul proeqtebs. qarTvelebisaTvis aseTi proeqti georgievskis traqtati iyo. igi
gaxldaT Rirseuli gamosavlis povnis mcdeloba, sasowarkveTili nabiji, romliTac ereklem,
qristianobis saxeliT, mTels muslimur aRmosavleTs mouRera muSti, auwya, rom misi qveyana
ukve axali geopolitikuri konteqstis wevri iyo, isev ganagrZobda brZolas da saamiso Zalac
gaaCnda. rigiT qarTvels ki am movlenaSi Tavisi qveynis arsebobis axali sazrisi da perspeqtiva
unda daenaxa.
mTavari gulubryviloba, albaT, imis imedi iyo, rom ruseTi georgievskis traqtatis
pirobebs ganuxrelad daicavda da ar Seecdeboda Cveni winaprebis qristianuli paTosi jer
istoriul kapitulaciad, Semdeg ki sazogadoebis koleqtiur TviTmkvlelobad eqcia. 1783
wels Cvenma moRvaweebma, gamonaklisebs Tu ar miviRebT mxedvelobaSi, jer ar uwyodnen, rom
gzas ikvlevdnen ara qristianuli samyarosaken, risi imediTac iyvnen aRsavseni, aramed rusuli
marTlmadidebluri mesianizmisa da filetizmisaken, romlisTvisac, dRemde, qristianoba,
mesame romis ideis gareSe, qristianoba ar aris da dasavlur qristianobas erT-erT yvelaze
did mtrad miiCnevs.
yovelive es mecxramete saukunis dasawyisSive gaxda naTeli da, rogori ucnauric unda
iyos, pirvelad es ubralo adamianebma igrZnes. kaxeTisa da mTiuleTis ajanyebebma im
saukunovani iluziebis msxvreva auwya samyaros, romelic qarTvelebs rusul imperiasTan
akavSirebda. swored ubralo adamianebma dainaxes, rom saqme hqondaT ara axal geopolitikur
konteqstTan, romelsac axali istoriuli raoba unda moetana qveynisaTvis, aramed istoriis
dasasrulTan, rusuli marTlmadideblobiT rom iyo Sekazmuli. nebiT Tu uneblieT, SesaZloa,
sul sxva terminebSi, swored maT gaaxmovanes pirvelad, rom rusul mesianizms araferi hqonda
saerTo qristianobis istoriul miznebTan, rom qarTvelma kacma, universaluri qristianuli
istoriis sasargeblod sakuTari istoriis daTmobis pasuxad, qristianobis is surogati
miiRo, romelsac politikuri siflide bizantieli strategosebisagan hqonda aTvisebuli,
eqspansionisturi suli _ monRolebisagan, mTel Tavis gigantur biurokratul sxeuls ki
evropeli avantiuristebis meSveobiT qmnida; sabolood, romelmac yvelaferi moimoqmeda
saimisod, rom erekles mier gadadgmuli nabiji mcire eris kvdomis inerciad eqcia. qarTuli
eklesiis avtokefaliis gauqmeba xom swored Cveni sazogadoebis istoriuli TviTcnobierebis
darRvevas isaxavda miznad. imperiam uzarmazari Zalisxmeva daxarja saimisod, rom Cveni
sazogadoebis kritikulad didi nawili gaerTianebuliyo erTgvar koleqtiur personaSi,
romelsac, mogvianebiT, iliam `luarsab TaTqariZe~ uwoda. Tumca, amaze odnav gvian
visaubrebT.
1832 wels ukve qarTulma aristokratiam scada, istoriidan gandevnili qveyana kvlav
ukan daebrunebina. maT mier mowyobilma SeTqmulebam mxolod is Sedegi iqonia, rom Tavisi
umweobiTa da monawileTa urTierTgautanlobiT, imperias daudastura eris istoriuli
kapitulaciis faqti da amiT gansazRvra kidec Cveni mTeli Semdgomi istoria. unda vaRiaroT,
rom am movlenis eqo dRemde mogvdevs. is sruli umweoba, romelic qarTulma sazogadoebam
gamoavlina 1918-21 wlebSi, is umweobac, romelsac xSirad dResac viCenT, didwilad aris am
eqos Sedegi.
albaT, swored 1832 wlis Semdeg dakarga qarTulma sazogadoebrivma elitam istoriuli
gzebis sicxade da rusul mesianistur esqatologiaSi CarTulni aRmovCndiT. qarTvelebis
kritikulad didma nawilma istoriis dasasrulis kategoriebiT daiwyo azrovneba. swored
maSin gaxda SesaZlebeli gavrceleba ideologiisa, romelsac dRemde axmovaneben mavanni: aq,
Cvens kulturul sxeulSi, araferi mniSvnelovani aRar SeiZleba iSvas da rom qarTuli
sazogadoeba marad arSemdgari sazogadoebaa. qarTuli droSis cirkSi gadacemisaken
mowodebac xom sxva araferi iyo, Tu ara cinikuri moTxovna, rom qarTuli sazogadoeba
gaTavisuflebuliyo imedebis naSTebisagan, Tavisi istoriuli marcxi sabolood eRiarebina,
xolo qarTuli suliereba dakonservebuli embrionis eTnografiul arsebobas dasjereboda.
amgvari arseboba ki sakuTar Tavs, upiratesad, samuzeumo eqsponatad ganixilavda, erTgvar
samuzeumo Soud, romelsac saqme aRar hqonda arc awmyosTan da arc momavalTan. Cveni
113
qristianobac amgvari samuzeumo-eTnografiuli arsebobis elementad da dekoraciad unda
qceuliyo.
amisaken dRemde mogviwodeben garedanac da Signidanac; gavixsenoT, Tu ra tkbobiT
gvesaubrebian Crdiloeli politikosebi georgievskis traqtatze, rogorc istoriuli
kapitulaciis beWeddasmul dasturze. isic gavixsenoT, rom qarTuli sulierebis
dekonstruqcia axalgazrda qarTveli inteleqtualebis mniSvnelovani nawilis cxovrebis
saqmed iqca da rom is Zalebic ki, vinc amas ewinaaRmdegeba, TiTqmis mTlianad warsulsa da
eTnografiul terminebSi xedavs qarTuli sazogadoebis arsebobas.
SesaZloa, istoriografiuli TvalsazrisiT, raime Secdomas vuSvebdeT, magram
vfiqrobT, rom swored 1832 weli axdens simbolizebas im momentisa, rodesac Cven Cveni
istoriuli identoba xelidan gagvisxlta. mamaTa da SvilTa is konfliqti, romelic amis
Semdgom gamudmebiT dagvdevs, swored am viTarebis gamoxatulebaa. igi Sedegia im situaciisa,
rodesac aRar arsebobs universaluri sazogadoebrivi Tanxmoba sakuTari raobisa da
istoriuli strategiebis gamo, ufro metic, Cveni àq da axla“, arsebobis garduvalobis gamo.
da, Sesabamisad, Cvens winaSe kaleidoskopurad icvleba istoriul strategiaTa rigi,
romlebic, xSirad, prestiJul ideologiaTa snobur imitaciebs ufro gvagonebs, vidre imas,
rasac cxovelmyofeli istoriuli strategia an qarTuli socio-kulturuli sxeulis
Semkvreli idea SeiZleba ewodos.
TiTqos, swored am istoriul momentSi davkargeT Cveni sulis is `yudro~, romelSic
Cveni, rogorc erTiani sxeulis arsebobis gamarTlebas _ sulierebis raRac Zireul
intuiciebs vpovebdiT, sadac vaxerxebdiT yofierebasTan Sexvedras, am Sexvedris uSualo
pirvandelobasa da cxovelmyofelobaSi. Cveni sasowarkveTili xetiali, radikalur
ideologiebs Soris, sxva araferia, Tu ara mcdeloba, rom amgvari Sexvedris imitireba
movaxdinoT. sakuTar Tavs ki kvlav da kvlav universaluri funqciis mqone qarTuli sufris
virtualur socio-kulturul sivrceSi vigulebT, guram rCeuliSvilis msgavsad vxetialobT
qarTul mTianeTSi, raTa yuri mivugdoT im pirvelZirebis idumal xmianebas, saidanac
movdivarT, an vijerebT istoriis dasasrulis Sesaxeb axal-axal Teoriebs, iseve, rogorc
davijereT (ufro ki Cvenma aqtiurma nawilma daijera) socialisturi Tu postliberaluri
esqatologiebis WeSmariteba da simSvides sakuTari aRsasrulis molodinSi vpovebT. Cvens
winaSe kvlav da kvlav dgas banalurobamde cxadi kiTxva imis Sesaxeb, gvinda Tu ara, viyoT
istoriis subieqtebi, gvaqvs Tu ara aq da axla arsebobis neba, xolo TaobaTa radikaluri da
Seurigebeli konfliqti, istoriul strategiaTa deficits rom amJRavnebs, kvlavac
garduvali iqneba Cveni msoflmxedvelobrivi cxovrebisaTvis.
vfiqrob, kvdomis inerciam da istoriis winaSe kapitulaciis ganwyobam Tavis mwvervals
swored XIX saukunis SuaxanebSi miaRwia. umTavresi satkivari, romlis winaSec aRmoCnda ilia,
iyo qarTul sazogadoebaSi arsebobis nebis totaluri deficiti. pirvel rigSi, es Canda im
fsevdoarqaul metyvelebaSi, romliTac gaJRenTili iyo qarTuli literatura da
inteleqtualuri salonebi. am metyvelebis yalb paTetikas da fsevdoepiurobas kvdoma unda
daefara, magram, sinamdvileSi, masve adasturebda. yvelaze naTlad, albaT, swored am enaSi, am
ucnaur, usicocxlo, yofierebasTan Sexvedris sixaruls moklebul pompezur metyvelebaSi
Canda identobadakarguli xalxis tragedia. igi umal ucnauri kunstkamera unda yofiliyo
Cveni nacional-utopiuri iluziebisa, vidre `yofierebis saxli~ da araCveulebrivi sizustiT
gamoxatavda (Jan bodriars Tu davesesxebiT) ucnauri esTetikuri qirurgiiT miRebul
surogatul arsebobas.
aryofnis hipnotur xiblsa da komfortSi ganabuli qarTveli kaci Tavisi warsuli
damsaxurebebiTRa fiqrobda arsebobas. amgvari TviTdakonserveba ki, bunebrivia, kvdomis
sinonimia. sulieri arseba (pirovneba Tu sazogadoeba) xom arsebobs manam, sanam igi adasturebs
sakuTar arsebobas, sanam igi Tavisi aq da axla arsebobis Sesaxeb cdilobs gacxadebas.
nekrofiliis erT-erTi upirvelesi simptomi, albaT, aris is, rom sulier aqtivobas am
aqtivobis imitaciebi enacvleba, arsebobis nebas _ faruli svla sakuTari embrionuri
mdgomareobisaken, patriotizms _ ucnauri nacional-mistikuri glova-sadRegrZelo,
erovnul azrovnebas _ gulubryvilo mucliTmezRapreoba.
kvdomis inercias uamravi ganzomileba gaaCnia. amitomac aris igi mouxelTebeli ram da
zogjer iq aRmoCndeba, sadac, erTi SexedviT, arc veliT. da Tu SevecdebiT, warmovidginoT
erTgvari koleqtiuri persona, romelic mas ganasaxierebda, es uTuod ukve naxsenebi
iliaseuli luarsab TaTqariZe iqneba, kvdomas mindobili kulturis ucnauri da Semzaravi
anTropologiuri naSTi. es aris erTgvari krebiTi saxe, romelic uars ambobs sakuTar Tavze,
rogorc gonebisa da zneobis matarebel arsebaze da inerciiTRa arsebobs. yvelaferi sadRac
mis gareT xdeba. Tuki raime exeba mas, mis ugunur da zneobriv refleqsias moklebul enaze
iTargmneba da SemaZrwunebeli komikurobiT warmogvidgeba. mas aRar gaaCnia arsebobis neba.
yofierebasTan misi mTeli dialogi gastronomiuli kategoriebiT amoiwureba, goneba
mTlianad metabolizms aris miyuradebuli, WeSmaritebis, sikeTisa da mSvenierebis ZiebaTa
adgils, aRmosavleTis xelmwifeTa Tu mkiTxavTa Zalmosilebis gamo, mucliTmezRapreoba
ikavebs. religiurobac ucnaur gastronomiul diskursSia CarTuli da ufalTan
114
urTierTobac gastronomiul ZRvenTa mirTmeviT amoiwureba, xolo sulis dinamikis adgils
nivTierebaTa cvlis dinamika ikavebs. amgvari ram, erTdroulad, Zrwolismomgvrelica da
komikuric, agebuli SeiZleba iyos mxolod sibriyveze, rogorc substanciaze. sibriyve xom ar
aris raRac Tandayolili da fataluri ram. igi, upirveles yovlisa, arsebobis nebis
uqonlobaa da amiT Sobs borotebas. am azriT, luarsabi, Tavisi sibriyviTa da gastronomiuli
metafizikiT, borotebis im sauflos qsovs, romelic dResac xmianebs.
ufro metic, samyaro, romelsac luarsabi qmnis, rogor Cveni arsebobis precedents,
uaresia, vidre banaluri boroteba. es ukanaskneli xom sicocxlis nebis raRac wils mainc
gulisxmobs. es ufro TviTmkvlelobaa. suli am dros arc keTilia da arc boroti. igi uars
ambobs keTilisa da borotis polusTa sasazRvro daZabulobiT Seqmnil samyaroSi arsebobaze
da arc Tbilia da arc civi (laokodikiis eklesiis angelozs miswere, ambobs Ze kacisa ioanes
gamocxadebaSi: vici Seni saqmeni: Sen arc civi da arc cxeli xar. o, netav, an civi iyo an cxeli!
magram raki nel-Tbili xar Sen, arc civi da arc cxeli, amitom amoganTxev Cemi piridan).
amgvar karikaturul anTropologiur naSTebs nebismieri kultura tovebs Tavis gzaze.
gadarCena ki, albaT, uweria im kulturas, romelic ar ufrTxis sakuTari Tavis amgvari
oreulebis aRiarebas. mcire ers, TviTgadarCenis hiperbolizebuli instiqtis gamo, uWirs es
da amaSi umal SeTqmulebas xedavs, vidre Terapias. igi, umal èsTetikuri qirurgiis~
paTetikas amjobinebs, vidre amgvar `saeWvo TviTuaryofas~.
hegeli, Tavisi „logikis mecnierebis“ SesavalSi, wers, rom sazogadoeba Tavisi
metafizikis, anu, rac am SemTxvevaSi igivea, arsebobis metafizikuri nebis gareSe iseve
warmoudgenelia, rogorc kanonmdeblobisa da zneobrivi Cvevebis gareSeo. luarsabis, rogorc
koleqtiuri personis, gastronomiuli `metafizika~, rogorc yovelgvari metafizikis boroti
surogati da rogorc kvdomiT dasneulebuli sazogadoebis TviTmanifestirebis forma,
albaT, masac ver warmoedgina81.
iliam icoda, rom arsebobs erTi Zala, romelsac amgvari metafizikuri kvdomisagan
SeuZlia ixsnas pirovnebac da sazogadoebac. es aris TviTironia da sakuTari Tavis mimarT
arqiseriozuli damokidebulebis ngreva. luarsabi xom produqtia kulturisa, romelsac
TviTironia aRar gaaCnia da xmarebisagan gacveTili da usazriso metaforebiT (yvelaze
naTlad mecxramete saukunis pirveli naxevris literaturul enaSi rom Canda) involuciuri
Cixisken miemarTeba. amgvar kvdomas minebebuli kulturisaTvis istoria aRar aris ufalTan
cocxali dialogis gza da igi mudmiv koreqtirebas eqvemdebareba. gavixsenoT, rom sakuTari
warsulis koreqtireba jon oruelisaTvis („1984“) mkvdari sazogadoebis sinonimia. istoria
umal dekoraciaa amgvari sazogadoebisaTvis da ara sakuTari Tavis Ziebis mtanjveli da
tkiviliani svla82. ufro metic, istoria misTvis ukve dasrulda da axla mTavaria mas iseTi
saxe mieces, rom maqsimalur komforts uqmnides amgvari koleqtiuri personis
TviTkmayofilebas.
es iyo socio-kulturuli garemo, romelic arafers akeTebda saimisod, rom earseba da
ucnauri da uargumento TviTkmayofilebiT savse ganagrZobda eTnografiul arsebobas.
qarTveli kacis karikaturas xom dRemde swored aseTs xataven da Tanac ara mxolod
avismsurvelebi, aramed bevri Cveneburi samuzeumo-eTnografiuli patriotizmis adeptic:
TviTkmayofili eTnografiuli egzemplari, romelsac, namdvilad ver daukargav, rom
keTilganwyobilia sxvebis mimarT da mxolod Tavisi arsebobis faqtiT aris bednieri. mas,
TiTqos, qristianobac ki mxolod da mxolod misi eTnografiuli arsebobis dekorirebis
azriT Seexo. Cven amas eTnografiuli mdgomareoba vuwodeT. merab mamardaSvili amas
embrionul mdgomareobaSi CarCenis, mudmivad Canasaxovan mdgomareobaSi yofnis nebas
uwodebda. amitomac, albaT, cdeba is, vinc amgvar koleqtiur personas nacionalizmSi sdebs
brals, radgan nacionalizmi, upirvelesad, xom swored aq da axla, istoriis subieqtad yofnis
nebaa, nebaa imisa, rom aq, Cveni kulturis sxeulSi raRac mniSvnelovani daibados da Tanac ara
calkeul pirovnebaTa nebiT, aramed imitom, rom Cven yvelas, rogorc koleqtiur personas, es
gvnebavs. amgvari nacionalizmis deficitis gamo, saqarTveloSi gamorCeuli pirovnebebi
ibadebian ara imitom, rom maTi dabadebis molodini da neba arsebobs, aramed ulogikod, ufro
metic, garemos daumsaxureblad. ibadebian da Semdeg mTeli cxovreba ar asvenebT azri, rom
isini aravis araferSi sWirdeba _ esec xom kvdomis inerciis simptomia _ xolo Tu isini,
Tundac Tavisi arsebobis ZaliT, mosvenebas ar miscemen embrionul-eTnografiul
81
es metafizika rom sicocxlisunariania da arsebobas ganagrZobs, vfiqrob, eWvs ar unda iwvevdes. swored am
ramdenime Tvis win, barbaroba dRes, Sobis marxvisas, erTi Cveneburi morwmune marTlmadidebeli marigebda,
rom im dRes Tevzis Wama Cemi qristianuli movaleoba iyo. ufalTan cocxali urTierTobis dayvana
nivTierebaTa cvlaze, Cans, imgvari borotebaa, romlis arsebobac erTxel Tu dauSvi, Semdeg mudam masTan
erTad mogiwevs arseboba.
82
saeWvoa, sadme, romelime xalxi, ise xSirad svamdes kiTxvas imis Sesaxeb, Tu vin unda iyos dasaflavebuli
prestiJul panTeonebSi, rogorc Cven. arada, Tavad sakiTxis dasmaa sakuTari warsulis koreqtirebis
sinonimi: me aseTi warsuli ar mawyobs, igi Cems Rirsebas ar Seefereba da amitomac unda Sevcvalo igi, iseve,
rogorc nebismieri sxva dekoracia SeiZleba Seicvalos.
115
TviTtkbobaSi CaZirul garemos, iseve ganidevnebian, rogorc ilia da merab mamardaSvili
ganidevnen, an kidev, ubralod, daviwyebas miecemian.
vfiqrob, zogad konturebSi, esaa is istoriuli konteqsti, romelSic iliam Tavi igrZno
peterburgSi gatarebuli wlebis Semdeg _ mas Semdeg, rac bedma mas garedan xedvis saSualeba
misca. marTalia, Tavad igi uaryofda am oTxi wlis mniSvnelobas, magram, vfiqrob, es ufro
politikuri gancxadeba iyo. am wlebma mas misca Sansi, kvdomis borot inerciaSi CaZiruli
sazogadoebisaTvis garedan Seexeda da Tavadac ar gabmuliyo jgufur bodvaTa maxeSi. am
wlebma moaxdina misi distancireba istoriuli usazrisobis im koleqtiuri gancdisagan,
romlis aRsaZravadac rusulma imperiam didi Zala daxarja da, eklesiisa da aristokratiis
gadagvarebiT, didwilad miaRwia kidec Tavis mizans. albaT, am wlebma gansazRvres is, rom ilia
arasodes yofila konteqstualuri. konteqstualuroba xom imas niSnavs, rom, rogorc merab
mamardaSvili ambobs, wminda vites koleqtiur rokvaSi CarTulma, usasrulod imeoro
savaldebulo, Tumca ki mkvdari inteleqtualuri figurebi. magram calkeul pirovnebebs
amgvari arakonteqstualuroba yovelTvis Zvirad ujdebodaT Tu ujdebaT. sabolood, isini,
rogorc wesi, idevnebian _ maT an iviwyeben, an surogatuli oreuliT anacvleben (gavixsenoT,
Tu ra naklebad hgavs istoriuli ilia im ilias, Cvenebur fsevdopatriotul paTetikas rom
Seukowiwebia da mravalricxovan TxzulebebSi ganuTavsebia), an kidev, ukidures SemTxvevaSi _
klaven. iliam srulad gamoscada amgvari ostrakizmis yvela forma, gamoscada da is
idumalebac SeinarCuna, romlis wyalobiTac Cven kvlav da kvlav mivmarTavs mas, rogorc Cveni
axali istoriis yvelaze mniSvnelovan figuras.
merab mamardaSvili erTgan wers, rom adamians SeiZleba ar mieces sikeTis gakeTebis
saSualeba, SeiZleba mTeli samyaro aRdges mis winaaRmdeg da umZimes viTarebebSi aRmoCndes,
magram yvelgan da yovelTvis rCeba erTi Rirseba, romelsac mas veravin waarTmevs da mxolod
mis nebas saWiroebs: esaa marTlad da patiosnad azrovnebis unari, unari imisa, rom pirovneba
sakuTari Tu sxvisi bodvis mravalricxovan epicentrebs Soris erT-erTis, an sulac, mravlis
msxverplad da tyved ar iqces.
albaT, es unari qmnis im adamianebs, romelTa cxovrebac macxovris gzis erTgvar
adamianur pre da postfiguraciebs warmoadgens. CvenTvis uSualo da martiv sicxadeTa
SexsenebiT, isini simarTlis im daZabulobas qmnian, romelSic Semdeg mTeli Taobebi
ganTavsdebian xolme. isic kanonzomierebaa, rom am daZabulobiT Sewuxebuli patara adamianebi
Tavidan iSoreben maT, raTa, sakuTari danaSauliT Sewuxebulebma, wamsve atmosfero maTi
yalbi oreulebiT gaJRinTon. Sedegad ki, zneobisa da gonebis adgils moZRvrebebad Tu
ideologiebad wodebuli ucnauri inteleqtualuri surogatebi ikavebs, WeSmaritebisa da
RvTis Ziebis adgils _ fsevdoTeologiuri paTetika, marTali azris TavisTavadi sicxadis
adgils _ modur ideologiaTa bakqanalia.
sazogadoebrivi kulturac, albaT, amiT izomeba: arsebobs Tu ara masSi raRac kritikuli
raodenoba adamianebisa, romlebic, vinmes mier ganxorcielebuli didi precendentis Semdeg,
inarCuneben marTlad da patiosnad azrovnebis unars, yofila Tu ara am sazogadoebaSi amis
Tundac susti mcdelobebi da Tu yofila, momsaxurebia Tu ara es sazogadoebis gamoyvanas
arsebobis embrionuli da andrezuli mdgomareobidan.
danamdvilebiT SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom amgvari pirovnebebi Cven gvyolia. pirveli, vinc
gagaxsendeba adamians, grigol xanZTelia, Tavisi ZalisxmeviT rom SeZlo qristianad yofnis
axali paradigmebi Semoetana Cvens sivrceSi. aseTi adamianebis zneobrivi da inteleqtualuri
gamocdileba ar warmoadgens erTi romelime Taobisa Tu istoriuli momentis kuTvnilebas.
isini axerxeben, yvela Taobis Tanamoqalaqeni iyvnen. istoria da dro gamWvirvalea maTvis.
mecxramete saukunis meore naxevarSic, Tuki raimes SeeZlo kvdomis inerciis SeCereba da
arsebobis nebis gaRviZeba, es iyo swored, erTi SexedviT, TiTqos da banaluri ram: marTlad da
patiosnad azrovnebisa da TviTironiis unari.
Tavisi epoqis TvalsaCino pirovnebaTagan, ilia, albaT, pirveli iyo, vinc mTeli Tavisi
sxeuliT igrZno qarTuli sazogadoebrivi nekrofiliis ganzomilebebi. Zalze mokled Tu
vityviT, misi (da misi garemocvis) Zalisxmeva warmoadgens dramatul mcdelobas imisa, rom
qarTuli istoriis nafleTebisagan, preteristuli Tu eTnografiuli iluziebisagan,
istoriuli Zalebis naSTebisa Tu optimizmis susti da, xSirad, iluzoruli
gamovlinebebisagan qarTuli sazogadoebisa da saxelmwifoebriobis idea agebuliyo. im
adamianur masalas, romelic mas daxvda, TiTqos aRarc surda es, aRar ewada, yofiliyo iq,
sadac aris da Tavisi àq da axla“ yofnis Sesaxeb ganecxadebina.
da Tu amas kargad warmovidgenT, imasac mivxvdebiT, Tu ra Zala Sealia am adamianma, raTa
xSirad usistemo, egzotikur da ugnur iluziebSi mTvlemare agregatisagan mieRo is, rac
miiRo, raTa Sedegad damkvidrebuliyo erTi plasti mainc qarTuli sulierebisa, erTi jgufi
mainc adamianebisa, TaTqariZis alternatiuli, erTgvari koleqtiuri persona, visac surda da
mzad iyo, qarTul erovnul ideas, ufro sworad, am ideis aq da axla arsebobas momsaxureboda.
dRes SeiZleba gagviWirdes imis gaazrebac, rom pirvelma man gabeda, xmamaRla
ganecxadebina Cvens TanaarsebobaSi arsebuli raRac fundamenturi mankis Sesaxeb,
romlisTvisac vera da ver migvegno, Tundac im mizeziT, rom arc ki veZebdiT da romelic
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sulierebis sasaflaod aqcevda (da zedmetad xSirad dResac aqcevs) Cvens sazogadoebriv
cxovrebas da, amasTanave, manve gvauwya im pirveladi xmianebis Sesaxeb, mniSvnelobas rom
gvaniWebs da Cvens Tanayofnas qarTul Tanayofnad aformebs.
istoriulma bedma swored ilias piriT dagvavaldebula, gvearseba da fexze mosiarule
micvalebulis TviTkmayofilebiT ar gvecxovra. es iyo sasazRvro daZabulobiT arsebobis
unaris mqone adamiani, romelsac ar SeeZlo, pasuxismgebeli ar yofiliyo imis gamo, rac
garSemo xdeboda; romelsac esmoda, rom moduneba niSnavda daSvebas im simaxinjisa, romelsac
weRan borotebis substancia _ sibriyve vuwodeT. araadamianuri nebisyofa da wmindanis
pasuxismgebloba ucnaurad Seerwya masSi. amiT igi wilnayari iyo im qarTul fesvebTan,
romelic aq, am Cvens erTi cida geografiul sivrceze mebrZol geniosebs Sobda.
araCveulebrivi meTodurobiTa da TanamimdevrulobiT agebda erovnul sxeuls, mis axal
kulturul lingvistikas, pirvel rigSi, literaturisa da Teatris meSveobiT,
saTavadaznauro bankis meSveobiT STamomavlobas sasicocxlo sivrces unarCunebda da sxvani
da sxvani. es yovelive arsebobis im nebis artikulaciebs warmoadgenda, romlis matarebelic
es adamiani iyo, nimuSi imisa, Tu ra ZaluZs erT adamians _ da, samwuxarod, imisac, rom erTi
adamiani verasodes Secvlis sazogadoebas.
rac mTavaria, man uzarmazari Zalisxmeva miuZRvna imas, rom istoriuli mniSvnelobis
gancda dagvbruneboda _ da es mas Semdeg, rac 1832 wels qarTvelma kacma Tavisi istoriuli
marcxis Sesaxeb ganacxada. igi, albaT saukeTeso magaliTia imisa, Tu rogor SeiZleba
istoriulma konteqstma Svas pirovneba da, piriqiT, rogor SeiZleba pirovnebam swored
garkveul istoriul konteqstSi moipovos Tavisi adgili da uari Tqvas, erTi mxriv, iluziebis
damaTrobeli xibliT tkbobaze, an, meore mxriv, imaze, rom erTi rigiTi `miTam da axali razmis
kacis~ msgavsad, ulmoblad gaacamtveros es iluziebi da axali cxovrebisa da identobisaken
mouwodos adamianebs. ufro metic, iliam SesZlo da axali istoriuli konteqsti SesTavaza
mTels qarTul sazogadoebas da es is konteqstia, romelSic dRemde vcxovrobT da romelsac,
samwuxarod, kvlav gandobilTa mcirericxovani jgufebi inarCuneben.
iliasa da mis garemocvas kvdomis inercia ar SeuCerebiaT, es SeuZlebelic iyo. maT
saaSkaraod gamoitanes igi da misi alternatiuli simZimis centri Seqmnes. swored amiT daedo
saTave Cvens dabrunebas istoriaSi, Cvens egzistenciur gadawyvetilebas aq da axla yofnis
garduvalobis Sesaxeb. da Tu dRes qarTuli saxelmwifoebrioba, avad Tu kargad, arsebobs, am
gadawyvetilebis Sedegia. maT moaxerxes da Cvens winaSe aRZres kiTxva, romelic yvelgan da
yovelTvis daupirispirdeba mcire eris kvdomis inercias: Cven, rogorc erTian sxeuls, gvsurs
Tu ara aq da axla arseboba. da Cven dResac am ori fenomens Soris varT moqceulni: erTi mxriv,
kvdomis boroti xiblia da, meore mxriv arsebobis neba. swored es aris mis mier Seqmnili axali
istoriuli da egzistenciuri konteqsti.
dabolos: ilias cxovrebis bolo aTwleulma gaamJRavna, rom mxolod luarsabi ar
yofila qarTuli istoriis maxinji anTropologiuri naSTi. arc mxolod rusuli mesianizmi
yofila qarTuli istoriis dasasrulis sinonimi. eTnografiul TviTtkbobaSi CaZiruli
umecrebis adgili, meoce saukunis dasawyisSi, socialuri Tanasworobis enaze metyvelma
agresiulma umecrebam daikava. kvdomis inerciam axali istoriuli niRabi moirgo, Semdeg kvlav
axali da ase Semdeg. rac mTavaria, yvela axali prestiJuli ideologiuri koniunqtura
xalisiT iviwyebs, rom am qveyanaSi arsebobs iseTi universaluri Rirebulebebic, romlebic
dekonstruqciasa da axal identobaTa qimerebis Ziebas ar unda Seewiros. ufro metic, yvela
axali ideologomanisaTvis Tuki raime iyo xelisSemSleli, swored es Rirebulebebia. rogorc
ilias Semdeg, ise dRevandelobaSic aRmoCnda, rom Cven dResac totalurad gvaklia RerZuli
istoriuli ideebi da erTian sakacobrio cxovrebaSi sakuTari mniSvnelobis gancda, romelsac
unda gaewonasworebina, Tu SeiZleba iTqvas, TaTqariZizmis, socializmis, nacional-
fetiSizmisa da neoliberalizmis ukiduresobani. gavimeorebT, rom 1832 welma istoriul
realobas CamogvaSora da sadRac sxvagan, sxva eTnografiul Tu „msoflio tendenciaTa“
ganzomilebebSi ganvagrZeT arseboba, sadac yvelaze fantastikuri, zogjer _
fantasmagoriuli ideebic ki gamarTlebuli da nayofieri Cans, xolo mucliTmezRapreoba da
ideologiuri muqTamWameloba bunebrivad poulobs Tavis sivrces. usaxuri istoriuli da
yofiTi pragmatizmi, sruliad ugvani mistifikaciebisaken midrekileba (liberalizmic ki,
bolos, mistificirebisken am ucnaur midrekilebas daeqvemdebara) im or ukiduresobad
Camoyalibda, romelTa Sorisac vera da ver movZebneT sameufo gza. bolo ori aTwleuli ki,
albaT, amis saukeTeso demonstrirebaa.
istoria rom mxolod amaRlebuli ideebis istoria ar aris, sruliad cxadia. Tumca saqme
mxolod mdabiuri moralisa da warmodgenebis arseboba ar gaxlavT. mTavari problema is
ideologia-kompraCikosebi Tu ideologia-klonebia, romlebiTac myisierad iJRinTeba
atmosfero, rogorc ki raRac Rirebuli gaCndeba. TiTqos viRac Casafrebula sagangebod, rom
yovelive is, riTac SeiZleboda Rirseba gvegrZno, rogorc monapovariT, maxinj sarkeebSi
areklili dagvibrunos da amiT gagvaxsenos, rom sulis sifxizles davkargavT Tu ara, Cvens
arsebas sruliad ubadruki imitaciebi daeuflebian. ase xdeboda ilias drosac. social-
demokratebi xom sxva araferi iyvnen, Tu ara ilias maxinji oreulebi, axali ideologiuri
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koniunqturis Sesabamisad, im gzis imitirebas rom cdilobdnen, mas rom hqonda gavlili.
oreulic arsebulia, oRond mxolod rogorc pirvelsaxis imitatori. Semdeg maT ukve
sakuTari klonebi Sves bolSevikTa saxiT da ase Semdeg. Tu movindomebT rom kvlav ilias
mivubrundeT, aqac misi imitacia dagvxvdeba _ Teatraluri godeba-moTqmis JanrSi
warmoTqmuli `mamuli, ena, sarwmunoebis~ saxiT.
damoukideblobam mogvca Sansi sakuTari istoriuli raobis winaSe warvmdgariyaviT,
Cveni istoriuli gamocdileba swored am or aTwleulSi koncentrirebuliyo da eSva is
sulieri Tu kulturuli reliefi, romelmac bevri Cvengani gamJRavnebisTanave daafrTxo da
gamosavalze daawyebina fiqri. Tumca ki misive wyalobiT vixsenebT dRes, rom ilia dasawyisia
da ara dasasruli da rom marTlad da patiosnad azrovnebis unari kvlav Cvens upirveles
qristianul movaleobad da xsnad rCeba.
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kaxa kacitaZe
ilias epoqa da dRevandeloba
warmodgenili saTauri ara mxolod orazrovania, aramed, erTgvarad, provokaciulic.

gana jer kidev galaktionma ar aRniSna, `wiwamurSi rom mokles ilia, maSin epoqa gaTavda didi~-
o? maS raRad vakavSirebT ilias epoqas dRevandelobasTan? iqneb aseTi dakavSirebisaTvis
iseve mcire safuZveli gvaqvs, rogorc dRevanelobisa da guramiSvilis xanis SedarebisaTvis?
xsenebul xanaSi ilias Semdgomma saqarTvelom moaxerxa damoukideblobis mopoveba, dakargva
da kvlav mopoveba, damoukideblobebs Soris SualedSi, kacobriobis istoriaSi erT-erTi
yvelaze sisxliani reJimis pirobebSi iZulebiTi cxovrebiTurT. globalur, msoflio-
politikur doneze, kidev ufro arsobriv cvlilebebs hqonda adgili. Tundac, mxolod ori
msoflio omi rad Rirs. an is faqti, rom iliasdroindel did saxelmwifoTagan, zogierTi dRes
aRarc arsebobs. samagierod, Seiqmna sxva axali saxelmwifoebi, xolo ilias periodSi, monros
doqtrinaze dafuZnebuli mokrZalebuli sagareopolitikuri ambiciebis mqone aSS dRes
msoflio lideria. ase rom, TiTqos sulac araa absurduli azri, rom ilias epoqas
dRevandelobasTan arc araferi aqvs saerTo; metic: TiTqos ilias gakveTilebi arc arafers
gvaswavlis dRevandeli realiebis TvalsazrisiT. da mainc, gavbedavT da vityviT, rom ilias
epoqa bevri ramiT hgavs dRevandelobas, iseve, rogorc ilias gakveTilebs dResac ar
daukargavs aqtualoba. ilias epoqasa da dRevandelobas Cven oTxi parametriT SevadarebT:
globalizaciis tendenciebiT, msofliopolitikuri foniT, ruseTSi da mis irgvliv Seqmnili
situaciiT, dabolos, saqarTvelos winaSe mdgomi amocanebiT.
globalizacia
sayovelTaod cnobilia, rom ilia asparezze XIX saukunis 60-ian wlebSi gamovida.
msoflio politikis istoriisaTvis Tvalis zerele gadavlebac ki sakmarisia, rom davinaxoT is
grandiozuli Zvrebi, rac am epoqas axlda. amasTan, rogorc dRevandeli globalizaciis
SemTxvevaSi, ise pirveli globalizaciisas, am Zvrebs ori ram axasiaTebs:
1. cvlilebebis forsirebuli tempi _ anu rodesac saerTaSoriso urTierTobaTa
sistemis yvela rgolis transformacia ufro swrafad xdeba, vidre odesme kacobriobis
istoriaSi;
2. cvlilebebis globaluroba gulisxmobs, erTi mxriv, imas, rom es cvlilebebi mTel
dedamiwas moicavs, meore mxriv, dedamiwis erT kuTxeSi mimdinare movlenebi aqamde arnaxul
zegavlenas axdens sxva kuTxeebSi mimdinare procesebze.
erTi SexedviT, globalizacia 20-e saukunis dasasrulis da 21-e saukunis dasawyisisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli umniSvnelovanesi tendenciaa. magram es mTlad ase ar aris. marTalia, Cveni
epoqa yvelaze metadaa winwasuli globalizaciis TvalsazrisiT (iseve rogorc misgan
momdinare dadebiTi Tu uaryofiTi SedegebiT), magram msoflio istoriaSi SegviZlia
vilaparakoT ara mxolod `protoglobalizaciebze~ aramed proceszec, romelic, saboloo
jamSi, globalizaciiT dasruldeboda, rom ara pirveli msoflio omi.
`protoglobalizaciebi~-s magaliTebi arcTu Zneli mosaZebnia: aleqsandres
laSqrobebi, romelTac elinizmi mohyva, jvarosnuli omebis da didi geografiuli
aRmoCenebis epoqa... yvela eseni nimuSebia àraglobaluri globalizaciisa~ anu viTarebisa,
rodesac oikumenis integrireba, ZiriTadad, sinTeturi kulturebis Camoyalibebis meSveobiT
xdeboda ise, rom nakleb moqmedebda ekonomikuri da teqnologiuri faqtorebi (Tumca, didi
geografiuli aRmoCenebis epoqaSi ukve iwyebs demonstrirebas dasavleTis teqnologiuri
upiratesoba, magram zRvisiqiTa eqspansiisaTvis XV saukunis Cinelebs aranaklebi saSualebebi
hqondaT, vidre evropelebs. sxva saqmea, ratom gamovida maincdamainc evropa
axladaRmomCenisa da amTviseblis rolSi).
am protoglobalizaciebisagan gansxvavebiT, SeiZleba vilaparakoT arSemdgar
globalizaciaze, romlis dasawyisi swored XIX saukunis 60-ian wlebze anu im xanaze modis,
romelic emTxveva ilias sazogadoebrivi moRvaweobis dawyebas. 19-e saukunis meore
naxevridan, XX saukunis pirveli aTwleulis CaTvliT, globalizaciis tendenciebi saxezea.
orTqlis manqanis, orTqmavlis, orTqlis gemebisa da telegrafis, mogvianebiT _ telefonis
da konveieris wyalobiT, msoflio vaWroba da investiciebi yovlismomcvel masStabs iRebs.
Jiul vernis kapitani nemo am teqnologiuri tendenciis simboloa. globalizaciis pirveli
talRis iseTi Teoretikosebi, rogorebic iyvnen r. rozleni da j. braiti, asabuTebdnen, rom
Tavisufali vaWroba aucileblad gamoiwvevda msoflio ekonomikur zrdas. TiTqos, arnaxuli
keTildReoba xalxebs daaviwyebda uTanxmoebas. britaneTi, mTeli Tavisi sazRvao,
industriuli da finansuri ZlevamosilebiT, idga globalizaciis am pirveli talRis
garantad, axorcielebda ra saqonlis gadazidvas da mTavar arteriebze kontrols. es
arteriebi iyo zRvebi da okeaneebi. britaneTi uzrunvelyofda saerTaSoriso finansuri
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gaangariSebebis stabilurobas funti sterlingis da inglisis bankis saSualebiT. msoflio
komunikaciebis axalma qselma, jer suecis, xolo Semdeg panamis arxma, iseve, rogorc london-
delis satelegrafo xazma, arsebiTad `SekumSes~ dedamiwa.
globalizaciis es procesi Tan sdevda ilias moRvaweobis mTel periods. rom ara
amazarzeni teroristuli aqti, ilia, albaT, globalizaciis pirveli mcdelobis aRsasrulsac
moeswreboda. aRsasruls, romelsac pirveli msoflio omi erqva. magram ramdenad hqonda ilias
gacnobierebuli is globaluri procesi, romelTan Sexebac mas hqonda? am kiTxvaze dadebiTi
pasuxis gasacemad, arcTu didi zomis statiaSi, bunebrivia, ver moviyvan vrcel citatebs ilias
mxatvruli nawarmoebebidan, magram es pasuxi iliaseul moqmedebaTa mTel logikaSi ikiTxeba:
dawyebuli qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoebis daarsebiT (pirveli
globalizaciis logika iseve moiTxovda wera-kiTxvis ucodinrobis likvidacias, rogorc
meore globalizaciis logika _ sayovelTao internetizacias) da damTavrebuli
investiciebis umniSvnelovanesi instrumentis - saadgilmamulo bankis daarsebiT, rac
sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi finansuri resursebis investirebis aucileblobiT iyo
ganpirobebuli. rasakvirvelia, ilias saqmianobaSi saqarTvelos adgilobrivi Taviseburebebi
did rols TamaSobda, magram arc globaluri tendenciebis zegavlenis ugulebelyofa
iqneboda gamarTlebuli.
netav, dRevandeli globalizaciisaTvis fexis asayolebeli iseTi problemebi,
rogoricaa sayovelTao internetizacia, enebis codna an postindustriuli ganviTareba, ise
qmediTad gadagvewyvita, rogorc iliam gadawyvita Tavisi epoqis winaSe mdgari is problemebi,
romelic globalizaciis pirvelma talRam daayena qarTveli eris winaSe.
msoflio politikuri foni

ilias TiTqmis naxevarsaukunovan sazogadoebriv moRvaweobas Tan axlda udidesi Zvrebi
msoflio politikaSi. es Zvrebi ara mxolod cvlidnen maSindeli saerTaSoriso urTierTobis
xasiaTs, aramed sxvagvaradac warmoaCendnen saqarTvelos SesaZlo rols (ar dagvaviwydes, rom
pirveli respublika ilias mkvlelobidan aTiode wlis Semdgom gamocxadda, rac, istoriis
TvalsazrisiT, wamic ki araa). arasruli CamonaTvali im msoflio politikuri procesebisa,
romelTac ilias sazogadoebriv asparezze gamosvlis xanaSi, saxeldobr _ XIX saukunis 60-ian
wlebSi hqonda adgili.
• britaneTis imperiis mier msoflio liderobis miRweva;
• germaniis gaerTianeba prusiis egidiT, prusiis samxedro gamarjvebebi daniaze,
avstriasa da safrangeTze;
• gaerTianebuli italiis dabadeba. graf kavurs ukve warmoTqmuli aqvs Tavisi
istoriuli sityvebi: `Cven SevqmeniT italia, droa SevqmnaT italielebi~-o.
risorjimento praqtikulad dasrulda, italia gaerTianebulia. grafi kavuris
politikuri xelmZRvanelobiT da garibaldis sardlobiT momxdar italiis
gaerTianebas ilia aRfrTovanebiT miesalmeba leqsSi `mesmis, mesmis~;
• samoqalaqo omi aSS-Si, monaTmflobelobaze damyarebuli samxreTis Statebis marcxi.
aSS-Si dgeba is epoqa, romelic esoden xatovnad aRweres didma amerikelma mwerlebma:
folknerma da qalbatonma miCelma;
• ruseTis mier poloneTis 1863 wlis ajanyebis sastiki CaxSoba;
Tumca, omebis mTeli rigis Sedegad miRebuli es politikuri Zvrebi mxolod imas rodi
moicavs, rasac Cven `dasavleTs~ vuwodebT. amave 60-ian wlebSi, evropul saxelmwifoTa
ZalisxmeviT, CineTSi, bolos da bolos, CaxSobilia taipinTa ajanyeba. taipinebi metad
Taviseburi amboxebebis seria iyo, romelsac CineTSi hqonda adgili. es ajanyebebi iyo
gamoxatuleba imisa, rom CineTSi gamefebul manjurul dinastias ar moaxerxa. qveynis
modernizaciis ise warmarTva, rogorc es Tundac mezobelma iaponiam SeZlo. amboxebaTa seria
gamoxatavda ukmayofilebas tradiciuli Rirebulebebis msxvrevisa da manjuruli dinastiis
marTvis gamo, magram arc evropelebs indobda. taipinebis doqtrinis Semqneli iyo soflis
maswavlebeli hun siuciuani, romelmac 1850 wels gamoacxada RvTis Tayvaniscemis
sazogadoebis Seqmna. ajanyebulTa ricxvi 500 aTasamde aRwevda da misi CaxSoba mxolod 1864
wels moxerxda.
omebis am seriidan, Sors verc laTinuri amerika aRmoCnda. sakmarisia, gavixsenoT
meqsikuri eqspedicia, romelic moewyo safrangeTis imperator napoleon III- is iniciativiT.
napoleon III napoleon I-is ZmisSvili iyo, avtoritari mmarTveli da beci politikosi. misi
mmarTveloba TiTqos urigod ar dawyebula: inglisTan da sxva mokavSireebTan erTad,
daamarcxa ruseTi yirimis omSi, xolo, mogvianebiT, CineTi e.w. meore opiumur omSi. Tumca,
Semdeg, saSinao politikuri situacia gaurTulda da gadawyvita, espanelebTan da
ingliselebTan erTad moewyo eqspedicia, romlis amocana iyo meqsikis dapyroba da mis taxtze
avstriis erchercog maqsimilianis gamefeba. interventebma mexikos aReba SeZles, magram
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koalicias, sxvadasxva mizezebiT, jer inglisi gamoeTiSa, Semdeg espaneTic. marto darCenili
frangebi daamarcxes meqsikelma patriotebma, prezedent suaresis meTaurobiT. maT
maqsimiliani tyved Caigdes da daxvrites. amave laTinur amerikaSi 60-ian wlebSi xdeba omi,
romelsac Tan sdevs kacobriobis istoriaSi yvelaze didi genocidi. es paragvais omia,
romelsac, brazilielTa, argentinelTa da urugvaelTa mxriv, paragvais mosaxleobis imgvari
genocidi mohyva, rom omis dasasrulisaTvis milionnaxevari paragvaelidan, cocxali
orasiode aTasiRa gadarCa. amaTgan, zrdasruli mamakaci mxolod 28 aTasi iyo.
unda gavixsenoT isic, rom 60-iani wlebis msoflio procesebze gavlenas axdenda 50-ian
wlebSi momxdari iseTi movlenebi, rogoric iyo yirimis omi, sipaebis ajanyeba indoeTSi,
balkaneTSi rumineTis da serbeTis faqtobrivad damoukidebeli saxelwifoebis Seqmna. erTi
sityviT, iseve rogorc dRes, ilias epoqaSic, msoflios globalizaciis process sulac ar
Seuqmnia ukonfliqto samyaro, maSindeli msoflio lideri inglisis mcdelobebis miuxedavad
(britaneTis es mcdelobebi Zalian waagavs dRevandeli msoflio lideris _ aSS-s mier
ganxorcielebul `didi axlo aRmosavleTis demokratizaciis~ proeqtis realizebisas
warmoSobil lamis gadaulaxav sirTuleebs). mokled, ilias epoqa, msoflio politikuri fonis
TvalsazrisiT, arc ise Sors dgas dRevandelobisgan, rogorc erTi SexedviT Cans. orive
SemTxvevaSi, saqme gvaqvs, globalizaciis procesSi, samxedro konfliqtebis mTel kaskadTan,
romelTan gamklaveba msoflios lider politikur Zalas Zalian uWirs.
ruseTi _ maSin da axla

ilias epoqaSic da dRevandelobaSic, qarTuli TviTcnobierebis, qarTuli
sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis (srulfasovani politikuri cxovreba ilias droindel
saqarTveloSi, gasagebi mizezebis gamo, arc arsebobda) mTavari ganmsazRvreli faqtori
ruseTTan mimarTeba iyo. napoleonma, goeTesTan erT-erTi Sexvedrisas, did poets, romelic
antikur tragediaSi bedisweris rolze esaubreboda, uTxra: `nu melaparakebiT bedisweraze,
dRes politikaa bediswerao~-o. Tu napoleonis gamoTqmis perifrazs gavakeTebT da ruseT-
saqarTvelos urTierTobebs mivuyenebT, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom bolo orasze meti wlis
ganmavlobaSi, saqarTvelos politika Tu bediswera ruseTi iyo da nawilobriv axlac rCeba.
ilias mTeli moRvaweobis ganmavlobaSi, ruseTma rTuli evolucia (Tu ruseTSi
araprognozirebad cvlilebebs es saxeli mouxdeba) ganicada. yirimis omSi sastiki marcxis
Semdeg, gaifanta miTi ruseTis samxedro uZlevelobis Sesaxeb. ruseTis uZlevelobis miTi ise
iyo Camjdari XIX saukunis 60-iani wlebis qarTul cnobierebaSi, rogorc sabWoTa kavSiris
uZlevelobis miTi XX saukunis 60-iani wlebis imave qarTul cnobierebaSi. 1832 wlis
SeTqmulebis marcxis erT-erTi umTavresi Sedegi swored am miTis stereotipi `russ ra
moereva~ aris. es stereotipi gadamwyveti iyo ara mxolod ilias epoqis, aramed uaxloesi
warsulis qarTuli cnobierebisaTvisac.
analogiebis gatarebisas, ufro Sorsac SeiZleba wavideT. aleqsandre II-is sanaxevro
reformebi (baton-ymobis likvidacia `samoderJavies~ politikuri sistemis SenarCunebiT) da
aleqsandre III-is epoqis ruseTis droebiTi stabilizacia SeiZleba SevadaroT Tanamedrove
epoqis eruseTis jer spontanur reformebs, Semdeg ki _ moCvenebiT stabilizacias, rom
aRaraferi vTqvaT maSindel da dRevandel Crdilo kavkasiaSi mimdinare procesebis
msgavsebaze.
erTi sityviT, ruseTis politikuri strategia didad ar Secvlila (gauTavebeli
eqspansia da, amave dros, sakuTari Tavis aRqma msoflio masStabis permanentuli agresiebis da
SeTqmulebebis msxverplad... es yvelaferi axasiaTebda ruseTs da axasiaTebs dResac).
meore mxriv, urTierTobis raRacnairi daregulireba ruseTTan maSinac iyo
ganaTlebuli qarTuli sazogadoebis amocana da dResac rCeba qarTuli saxelmwifos
gadauwyvet problemad. amasTan, dRes viTareba politikurad ufro rTulic kia, vidre ilias
dros: dRes laparakia erTi saxelmwifos mimarTebaze meoresTan, maSin, roca ilias epoqaSi
problema ifargleboda erTi imperiis SigniT gabatonebul erTian mimarTebaze. Segnebulad
vambobT, rom viTareba `politikurad~ dRes ufro rTulia, Torem ruseTTan dapirispireba
maSin, roca arc saxelwifo gvqonda da mokavSiris saxiT, arc amerika gviWerda mxars, cxadia,
gacilebiT met gabedulebas moiTxovda, vidre dRes.
saqarTvelo
mkiTxveli SeamCnevda, rom warmodgenil werilSi, upiratesad, analogiebs mivmarTavT.
rasakvirvelia, yoveli analogia pirobiTia da es arcaa gasakviri, analogia xom ufro
problemis danaxvis saSualebaa, vidre saboloo WeSmaritebis miRwevis instrumenti. amitom
Cvens mier moxmobil analogiebs (rogorc ruseT-saqarTvelos urTierTobis, ise sxva
sferoebSi), amocanad is ki ara aqvs, rom ilias epoqis da dRevandelobis sruli igiveoba
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daamtkicos, aramed is, rom aCvenos: ilias epoqaSi saqarTvelos winaSe bevri problema iseve
idga, rogorc dRes.
umTavresi problema ase SeiZleba Camoyalibdes: rogor SeiZleba qarTulma sazogadoebam
imgvarad moaxdinos modernizacia globalizaciis epoqaSi, rom ar dakargos TviTmyofadoba
(cxadia, am mizans ilia sul sxva sityvebiT Camoayalibebda). problemis arsi isaa, rom
garkveuli Rirebulebebis (ilias dros batonymobiseuli, dRes postkomunisturi,
posttotalitaruli) batonobis pirobebSi, qarTveli eri verc usafrTxoebas miaRwevs, verc
ekonomikur keTildReobas da, saboloo jamSi, verc sakuTar Tavs SeinarCunebs. saWiroa
sazogadoebis modernizacia, anu iseTi gardaqmna, romelic saqarTvelos aqcevs srulfasovan
dasavlur sazogadoebad, usafrTxoebis garantiebiT da keTildReobis maRali doniT. magram
es gardaqmna ise unda warimarTos, rom saqarTvelom arc Tavisi kulturuli TviTmyofadoba
dakargos da arc erovnuli saxe. ilias dros, rodesac qarTvel ers ar hqonda iseTi qmediTi
instrumenti, rogoric saxelmwifoa, xsenebuli amocanis gadawyvetis safuZvels warmoadgenda
lozungi èna, mamuli, sarwmunoeba~. es lozungi iyo TavdacviTi instrumenti, pirveli
globalizaciis pirobebSi, modernizaciis ise gansaxorcieleblad, rom qarTveli eris
TviTmyofadoba ar dakarguliyo. amasTan, sayuradReboa, rom is, rasac socrealizmis
kritikosebi, iliasTan, socialur kritikad, batonymobis mxilebad miiCnevdnen, sinamdvileSi,
swored modernizaciisaken mowodeba iyo. `kacia adamiani?!~-is Tu `glaxis naambobis~ mTavari
gzavnilia ara `batonymoba cudia~, aramed is, rom `raRac unda Seicvalos, Tu ase gavagrZeleT
cxovreba (vgulisxmob literaturul nawarmoebebSi aRweril viTarebas), daviRupebiT~.
amasTan, ilias alternativad gvevlineboda meore modernizatoruli proeqti, romlis
yvelaze logikuri gamomxatvelebi social-demokratebi iyvnen. am proeqtis arsi SeiZleba ase
CamovayaliboT: TviTmyofadoba xels uSlis modernizacias, amitom is unda ganadgurdes. am
Tezisis gamoZaxili dRevandel saqarTveloSic moiZebneba franguli poststruqturalizmis
qarTveli vai-adeptebis saxiT. ase rom, analogia aqac lamis srulia da lozungs èna, mamuli,
sarwmunoeba~ dResac ar daukargavs aqtualoba.
ilia, mefe da winaswarmetyveli

samwuxarod, saqarTvelos istoriis udidesi nawili TviTgadarCenisaTvis brZolaa da
mxolod mis mcire nawils Seadgens gaazrebul strategiaze damyarebuli saxelmwifo
politika. Tanac, Cven SemTxvevaSi, aseTi politikuri e.w. didi strategia, Cveulebriv,
arapirdapir xasiaTs atarebda, Tundac im umartivesi mizezis gamo, rom mowinaaRmdegis
resursebi yovelTvis aRemateboda Cvensas da pirdapiri qmedebebebis ganxorcieleba ubralod
wamgebiani iyo (gamonaklisia daaxloebiT aswliani epoqa demetre I-dan Tamar mefis CaTvliT).
didi strategiis sferoSi arapirdapir qmedebebs is mefeebic ki misdevdnen, romlebic
samxedro strategiaSi pirdapir moqmedebebs aniWebdnen upiratesobas, magaliTad vaxtang
gorgasali (rasakvirvelia, aq Cven istoriul procesebs Tanamedrove terminebiT aRvwerT, rac
garkveuli uzustobebis risks Seicavs, magram viTarebis naTelyofaSi gvexmareba).
ilias iseT droSi uwevda moRvaweoba, rom, arapirdapiris garda, sxva strategias verc ki
mimarTavda. is cdilobda ganexorcielebina qmedebebi, romelsac, mogvianebiT, cnobili
ingliseli samxedro Teoretikosi bazil lidel-harti ase aRwers: àrapirdapiri moqmedebebis
idea mWidrod ukavSirdeba erTi gonebis meoreze zemoqmedebis problemas, romelic
adamianuri istoriis umniSvnelovanesi faqtoria. oRond, es idea Zneli Sesarigebelia meore
principTan, romelic imaSi mdgomareobs, rom WeSmarit daskvnebTan SeiZleba mivideT an
mivuaxlovdeT mxolod WeSmarit gzaze dgomiT, imis mxedvelobaSi miuReblad, sad migviyvans
is da ra zemoqmedebas moaxdens WeSmariteba sxvadasxva dainteresebul Zalebze.
istoriaa mowme, raoden mniSvnelovan rols asrulebdnen `winaswarmetyvelni~
kacobriobis progresSi, rac asabuTebs raoden sasargebloa, praqtikuli TvalsazrisiT,
simarTlis Tqma ise, rogorc Tavad warmogidgenia. magram isic cxadia, rom maTi xilvebis
(vision) Semdegi bedi sxva adamianze, `beladzea~ damokidebuli. am ukanasknels uwevs iyos
strategi filosofiis sferoSi da miaRwios kompromiss WeSmaritebasa da WeSmaritebis aRqmis
adamianur unars Soris. misi warmateba, xSirad, imazea damokidebuli, ramdenad wvdeba igi
WeSmaritebas, agreTve misi praqtikuli sibrZnidan, rac vlindeboda mis mier WeSmaritebis
gancxadebisas.
winaswarmetyvelebs yovelTvis qolavdnen, es maTi xvedria da kriteriumi imisa, rogor
asruleben TavianT movaleobas. magram Tu belads qolaven, es niSnavs, rom man Tavisi amocana
ver Seasrula, anda, sibrZnis arqonis gamo, Tavisi funqcia winaswarmetyvelis funqciaSi auria.
mxolod dros SeuZlia aCvenos amarTlebs Tu ara beladis es msxverpli, romelic mas, rogorc
adamians, pativs debs. yovel SemTxvevaSi, is Tavs aridebs beladTa sayovelTaod gavrcelebul
codvas: Seswiros WeSmariteba mizanSewonilobas, misgan yovelgvari sargeblobis gareSe,
rameTu yvela, vinc axSobs WeSmaritebas taqtikis sasargeblod, Tavisi gonebis wiaRidan
maxinjs Sobs.
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arsebobs praqtikuli xerxi WeSmaritebis wvdomisa da misi miRebis procesis Sesabamebisa?
am problemis gadawyvetas gvkarnaxobs zogierTi strategiuli principi, romlebic gvaCveneben
rogor unda gvqondes mudmivad mxedvelobaSi garkveuli mizani da rogor gamoviyenoT mis
misaRwevad garemoebis Sesabamisi saSualebebi. WeSmaritebisadmi winaaRmdegoba gardauvalia,
gansakuTrebiT Tu WeSmariteba raime axali ideis formiTaa SefuTuli, magram winaaRmdegoba
SeiZleba Semcirdes, Tu yuradRebas mivaqcevT ara mxolod mizans, aramed midgomasac. moeride
didi xnis gamagrebul poziciebze frontalur Setevas; scade gverdi flangidan Semouaro.
magram yovelTvis, rodesac amgvar SemovliT gzas irCev, unda gaxsovdes, rom WeSmaritebas ar
unda gadauxvio, rameTu araferia WeSmaritebis damkvidrebisas imaze uaresi, vidre sicruemde
dacema~.
ilias strategia swored es iyo: faqizi balansis dacva WeSmaritebasa da adamianis unars
Soris _ aRiqvas es WeSmariteba, Tugind Zalian usiamovno sazogadoebisaTvis (Sdr. `CvenisTana
bednieri~). saqmes erTgvarad aiolebda is, rom aseTi balansis miRweva mxatvrul
literaturaSi gacilebiT iolia, vidre pirdapir polemikebSi (ai, aq ki ilia araviTar irib
midgomebs ar cnobda!). is yovelTvis Zalian faqizad ganixilavda, Tu ra zegavlenas moaxdenda
WeSmariteba sazogadoebaze da, Sesabamisad, yovelTvis zrunavda WeSmaritebis saTanado
formiT gamoxatvaze; amasTan, is mudam icavda xsenebul princips, romlis Tanaxmad,
`WeSmaritebis damkvidrebisas, araferia imaze uaresi, vidre sicruemde dacema~.
Tu lidel-harts davujerebT, gvyavs `mefe~, igive beladi-politikosi da gvyavs
winaswarmetyveli. am ukanasknelis amocanaa sajarod da daufaravad simarTlis Tqma.
ZvelqarTulad, simarTlis aseT Tqmas Sesmena ewodeboda. sityva Semasmeneli, rogorc Cans,
petriwis skolaSi Seiqmna. es sityva berZnuli `kategoriis~ kalkia. sityva kompozitia da
niSnavs `kaT-agoreias~, anu agoraze, aTenelTa sajaro Sekrebebis adgilze, safixvnoze
simarTlis Riad Tqmas. winaswarmetyveli `kategoriulia~, am sityvis rogorc dasabamiseuli,
ise Tanamedrove gagebiT. is ukompromisoa da Sesmenis procesSi simarTles laparakobs
imisdamiuxedavad, moswons Tu ara vinmes es. Sedegic saxezea: winaswarmetyvelebs qolaven.
winaswarmetyvelebis efeqtianobis formulis migneba Zneli ar aris. Znelia imis migneba,
Tu rogor unda moiqce, rodesac saqme beladebTan gaqvs, romlebsac, imave lidel-hartis
sityvebiT, Tavisi funqcia winaswarmetyvelis funqciaSi erevaT. es, rogorc lidel-harti
ambobs, niSnavs imas, rom mefem, beladma `Tavisi amocana ver Seasrula, anda, sibrZnis arqonis
gamo, Tavisi funqcia winaswarmetyvelis funqciaSi auria~.
aseTi aRreva ararsebul èrovnul genebsa~ da kidev ufro mistikur qarTul `jiSs~ ki ar
ukavSirdeba, aramed sociokulturuli sistemis garkveul tips, romelic yvela ers gauvlia,
visac ki ganviTarebuli feodalizmis epoqa hqonia. mefis da winaswarmetyvelis funqciebis
xsenebuli aRrevis magaliTebiT savsea germaniisa da safrangeTis, irlandiisa da italiis,
Tqven warmoidgineT, iaponiis istoriac ki.
araferi idga iliasgan ise Sors, rogorc `mefisa~ da `winaswarmetyvelis~ funqciebis
xsenebuli aRreva. Znelia moZebno raime ufro Sors WeSmaritebisgan, vidre ilias Casma am
inteleqtualur stereotipTagan romelimeSi. ilia arc mefe iyo da arc winaswarmetyveli,
aramed raRac sxva. da swored amitom, iliaze saubari dResac aqtualuria.
123
bolqvaZe Tina
Secdomebi enis bgeriTi inventaris kodifikaciaSi
xangrZlivi da mdidari tradiciis mqone qarTul enas, miuxedavad imisa, rom igi iyo
mwignobrobis ena mravalricxovani ena-kiloebisa da mravalmxrivi, Tanac sxvadasxva masStabisa
da siZlieris kontaqtebi hqonda aseve mravalgvar mter-moyvris enebTan, Tavisi fonologiuri
modeli, arsebiTad, ar Seucvlia TxuTmeti saukunis ganmavlobaSi (lomTaTiZe 1993: 28).
cvlileba mxolod ramdenime bgeras Seexo. b-s, rogorc i fonemis poziciuri alofonisa
da umarcvlo u-s dakargvas mohyva difTongTa moSla; dasustda x-d fonologiuri opoziciis
distinqturi Zala. am cvlilebebs Tan mohyva a, g, b, d grafemebis dakargva, riTac qarTuli
anbani sabolood Camoyalibda fonologiuri tipis anbanad.
sulxan-saba orbelianis leqsikonSi qarTuli anbani warmodgenilia ormoci aso-niSniT,
Tumca, aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom sxvadasxva nusxa sxvadasxva Tanmimdevrobas aCvenebs. am
sakiTxs leqsikografi exeba `saswavlo yrmaTas~ nawilSi. konstantinopolur nusxas (B
redaqcias) es nawili dakarguli aqvs, xolo C da redaqciebi sxvadasxvaobas gviCveneben. C
redaqciis nusxebSi anbanSi warmodgenilia 39 aso, g moTavsebulia u-s Semdeg. redaqciis a
nusxaSi bgeraTa raodenoba ormocamdea gazrdili. damatebuli aqvs t da sityvis Semkravi d,
xolo g-m gadainacvla anbanis bolosaken.
t grafema elinofili mTargmnelebis Semotanilia berZnuli enidan Semosul sityvebSi
(magaliTad, tilosofosi da misTanani). sulxan-sabas gaazrebuli hqonda, rom t grafemis
Sesabamisi bgera qarTuls ar axasiaTebs. igi wers: `t ese farsa da ge-s saSualia, Zvels wignSi
axla vipoe. sxvaTa enis TargmanSi friad sadmar ars, amisTvis bolos damiweria, ... amisi
dmarebiT dia gamSvenierdeba sityva~ (II: 471).
anbanSi t-s Setana sulxan-saba orbelianis `damsaxurebad~ iTvleba. iqamde igi anbanSi
aravis Sehqonda, Tumca qarTulad naTargmni literaturis teqstebSi es aso ukve XII saukuneSi
gamoCnda (babunaSvili, uTurgaiZe 1991: 27).
sulxan-saba orbeliani xazgasmiT aRniSnavs:
es(e) ta Zvels wignebSi ijda da mwerlebs ugulebels-eqmna(T). me axla Caumate Za (II: 471).
am asoze dalagebuli sityvebiT sruldeba `sityvis kona~:
takinTi sklati Tu Sali Z
tarmandi anaforasaviT sacvamia Z
tarme kurtaki Z
texnebi msxverplis sacavi Z
tilasotosi sibrZnis moyvare Z a
tilasofosi filosofosi Z
toilni oTxi qrTilis wona(a) Z
tob vaisaviT Z
toota urioni Z
tulocav vlocav Z
am CamonaTvalSi sayuradReboa ori magaliTi:
1) tilasofosi, romelic erTgan ganmartebulia rogorc sibrZnis moyvare, meoregan ki
mocemulia misi qarTuli enisTvis bunebrivi daweriloba: filosofosi;
2) tulocav, rogorc ganmarteba vlocav aCvenebs, t v-s poziciuri alomorfia (amis
Sesaxeb ix. g. axvlediani 1949).
qarTuli enisTvis ucxo fonema t, sxva enaTa gavleniT, dRes xSirad ismis: kate,
serTitikati, torumi, konterencia, kontrontacia, matia da msgavsi sityvebi. q. lomTaTiZis
dakvirvebiT, yalibdeba sruliad gaumarTlebeli e.w. `fsevdofonologiuri~ dapirispireba
qarTul enaSi f-sa da t-s Soris. xdeba maTi `gadanawileba~ (lomTaTiZe 1993: 30). magram es
mxolod moduri cdunebaa, metyvelebis faqtia. igi ar exeba kods.
rogorc aRiniSna, anbanSi orbelians Setanili aqvs d:
èse ars sityvaTa SemaerTebeli da calke asoa. yovelTa enaTa anbanTa bolos uzis da mec
bolos davsvi, Tumca dons aso zedeT abia, Semkvreli aso ars da Tumca ani gverdiT uzis,
sityvisa Semwe ars~.
orbelianiseul anbanSi gvxvdeba a, b, g, e, t grafemebi, anu yvela, rac ki Zvel qarTul
xelnawerebSia gamoyenebuli. anbanis momdevnod warmodgenil nawilSi `meored swavleba
anbanisa rigisa, sada dmiani aso sadmar ars rigiT~, yoveli Tanxmovani xmovanTan erTad aris
warmodgenili. aq arsad gvxvdeba a, b, g, e da t bgerebi. l. bakuraZis swori miTiTebiT, es
bunebrivicaa, radgan maT ara aqvT fonologiuri Rirebuleba da swavlebis TvalsazrisiT
aranairi funqcia aRar gaaCniaT (bakuraZe 1998: 80). mosalodneli iyo, rom am asoebze
leqsikonSi arc saleqsikono erTeulebi ar iqneboda, Tumca saqme sxvagvaradaa.
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a
ese ae sityvisa (sityvaTa ) Tavad amis meti ar movals da bolodac (bolodca ) iSviT, xolo
saSual - mravlad Z.
ae ese ae dmianis asosac(a) Semwea da sityvis Tavad amis metad ar(a) movals da bolod _
mravlad, aramed saSual _ umravlesad C.
ae (3 mef. 18,5) he, ho Z.
aeebraul eberisagan(o) ZAB (I: 294).
b
b ese (+ ie) bolod mravalTaTvis movals da (xolo A) Tavad ara dia ZA. ese bolod
mravalTaTvis movals, xolo Tavad ara B. naxevardmiani, araTavi, bolo da Sua C.
be ZCDE.
broel iroel ZAB (I: 599).
e
ei (+6,7 tobia ZAa) (+ei B) ars arTroni sityvaTa damamSvenebeli ZAB.
ei sakvirveladca iTqmis, kacTa mier gansabecebelad da mWmunvaris mier dmoanebadac D.
eime sakvirvelad gasaCemi ZA. èi~-save SeTqma ars (+gina sakvirvelo B) BD.
eoromi (eoromi ZA) ese ars comis gundaTa dasawyobeli gamosacxobelad (gamocxobamde
B) ZB (II: 469).
b, e bgerebisa da a difTongis fonetikuri daxasiaTeba, sulxan-saba orbelians, SeiZleba
iTqvas, sworad aqvs mocemuli. b-ze igi wers, rom naxevardmiani, anu naxevarxmovania, e-ze
aRniSnavs, rom dmianis asosac(a) Semwea, anu xmovanTan erTad gvxvdeba. a albaT e xmovnad aris
gagebuli, romelic Sedis eb difTongis SemadgenlobaSi da anbanis rigSi merve adgilzea
moTavsebuli.
e, faqtobrivad, Sorisdebulad aris gagebuli. amaze migviTiTebs daxasiaTeba:
`sakgrveladca iTqmis, kacTa mier gansabecebelad da mWmunvaris mier dmianebadac~.
ZiriTadi Secdoma isaa, rom sulxan-sabas a, b, e-ze mocemuli aqvs sityvebi araswori
dawerilobiT: aebraeli, broeli, eoromi.
g-s daxasiaTebisas orbeliani yuradRebas amaxvilebs mis adgilze anbanSi da Sesabamis
ricxviT mniSvnelobaze:
ese ge Zvelad tarTan ijda da ricxvSiac meoTxased yofila. werilTa Sina dia sadmaria da
onsa da gs unad svemden. da Semdgomad ge ricxvidam amouRiaT da oTxasad uni dausvamT, radgan
fari mexuTase iyo, unsa da fars Sua ge cudad raRaT mjdariyo, amisTvis bolos ees qveSeT
davsvi, ricxvi ricxvs moebas da es(e) bolos iyos, raTa ricxvi ar(a) airios Z (II: 469).
g anu yi difTongi warmoiqmneba morfemaTa zRvarze, magaliTad, daTy-i _ daTg, `sityvis
konaSi~ ki g-es qveS aTi sityva aqvs Setanili da ganmartebuli: gakinTi, gvilosi, goca, gpatosi,
gpodiastoli, gpovaTrad, gssopi, gf, gfen (II: 469-471).
anbanis momdevnod warmodgenil nawilSi `meored swavleba anbanis rigisa, sada dmiani aso
sadmar ars rigiT~, d xmovanTan kombinaciaSi gvxvdeba, radgan igi fonemaa: da-de-di-do-du. Tu
leqsikonSi a, b, g da e-s xmarebis wesebi aRreulia, d-s mtkiced gansazRvruli fonologiuri
Rirebuleba akisria. darisa da xaris xmareba arsad ar aris darRveuli (bakuraZe 1998: 80).
xeli _ giJi deli _ majas winaT

xdoma _ wilis rgeba ddoma _ moxdoma, gina winaaRmdegoba
xuvili _ wyalTa da qarTa xma duvili _ yanis TavTavi
xviri _ samRvdelo Tavsaburavi dgiri _ jini
d asoze leqsikonSi mravladaa sityvebi Setanili da ganmartebuli, Tumca ukve im

droisTvis saliteraturo qarTulSi mas distinqturi Zala dakarguli hqonda.
qarTuli enis bgeriTi inventaris kodificirebis pretenzias gamoTqvamda anton
pirveli. igi werda:
`garna Cuan, odes igi Rrammatikosobis delovnebasa Sina gamocdil viqmneniT, ara mokled
ganmhsjelTa vasaWiroeT momatebab dmovanisa axlisa, romela C da kualad daghrTeniT
xmovanTa eseni: a, b, g da yovelnive cxra vhyueniT da Tanad yovelnive SevaormoceT, romelnica
aqa iCuanebian: a, b, g, d, e, v. z, a, T, i, k, l, m, n, d, o, p, J, r, s, t, u, g, C, f, q, R, y, S, C, c, Z, w, W, x, d,
j, t, h, e~ (anton pirveli 1997: 123), rac ase unda gavigoT: garda imisa, rom saWirod CavTvaleT
axali e xmovnis momateba, a, b, g xmovnebic kvlav davurTeT (e.i. aRvadgineT) da, saerTod,
bgeraTa raodenoba `SevaormoceTo~.
anton pirvelis qmedeba mxolod amiT ar amoiwureboda qarTuli enis fonetikisa da
orTografiis kodificirebis sakiTxSi. igi yovelnairad cdilobda mis mierve Seqmnili normis
gatarebas da axerxebda kidec. man daiwuna 1764 wels TbilisSi kurTxevanis axlad nabeWdi
125
dasawyisi gverdebi, radgan `garegan Rrammatikisa kanonTa da wesTa iyo nabeWdi~. amis Semdeg
ebrZana iRumen mixails da `gaimarTa misgan kanonsa zeda Rrammatikisasa~. Tbilissa da Semdeg
quTaisSi dabeWdili wignebis anderZebSi xSiria imis aRniSvna, rom wigni gamarTulia
`Rramatikisa kanonsa zeda~, rac anton pirvelis gramatikiT SemoRebuli wesebis gatarebas
gulisxmobda (SaniZe 1964: 7).
qarTveli romantikosebi antoniseuli orTografiis msubuq gavlenas ganicdidnen
(danelia 1980: 242), amitomac maTi nawerebisTvis damaxasiaTebelia aseTi formebi:
gvinda xarazobaca vqnaT, mxatvrebic viyvneT, inJinrebic, tilasofosebic da
literatorebic (al. orbeliani 1980: 185).
taktad qaRaldzed daweron da vnaxoT, pasuxis micemas SeiZlebs vinme (al. orbeliani,
iqve: 184).
gamocdili oratori ixmarebs Sesabamsa trazasa winadadebisasa (dodaSvili 1980: 73).
keklucobiT seirnoben golovinis prospeqtze, Sleiteb gaSlilni! (gr. orbeliani 1980:
107).
gawyobili xma misi awarmoebs smenisaTvis sasiamovnosa simtoniasa (dodaSvili 1980: 68).
i. WavWavaZem cnobil kritikul werils òriode sityva Tavad revaz Salvas Zis erisTavis
mier kazlovidgan `SeSlilis~ Targmnazeda~ daurTo aseTi SeniSvna: `y, ya, b, g, d es asoebi sul
ar gvixmaria Cven statiaSi. Tu, vinicobaa, es enis winaaRmdeg miaCndes vinmes, Cven yovelTvis
mzad varT gavsceT pasuxi da gamovacxadoT, ra mizeziTac ar vxmarobT~ (WavWavaZe 1991: 11). i.
WavWavaZem antonis msgavsad ki ar miawera enas misTvis arabunebrivi bgerebi, aramed aRwera da
gamoiyena enis realuri norma.
damowmebani:
axvlediani 1949: axvlediani g. zogadi fonetikis safuZvlebi. Tb.: 1949.

babunaSvili... 1991: babunaSvili el., uTurgaiZe T. anton pirvelis `qarTuli Rrammatika~ da misi erovnul-
istoriuli mniSvneloba. Tb.: 1991.
bakuraZe 1998: bakuraZe l. sulxan-saba orbelianis gramatikuli naazrevi `leqsikoni qarTulis~ mixedviT.
sakandidato disertacia. Tb.: 1998.
danelia 1980: danelia k. leqsikonisaTvis, wignSi: qarTveli romantikosebi literaturisa da xelovnebis Sesaxeb.
Tb.: 1980.
dodaSvili 1980a: dodaSvili s. mokle ganxilva qarTulisa literaturisa anu sityvierebisa. wignSi: qarTveli
romantikosebi literaturisa da xelovnebis Sesaxeb. Tb.: 1980.
dodaSvili 1980b: dodaSvili s. werili iona xelaSvilisadmi. wignSi: qarTveli romantikosebi literaturisa da
xelovnebis Sesaxeb. Tb.: 1980.
lomTaTiZe 1993: lomTaTiZe q. qarTuli enis fonologiuri modelis darRvevis gamo warmoTqmaSi. wignSi:
qarTuli sityvis kulturis sakiTxebi, wigni meaTe, Tb., 1993
orbeliani 1980: orbeliani al. qarTuli ubnoba anu wera. wignSi: qarTveli romantikosebi literaturisa da
orbeliani 1980: orbeliani gr. werili salome miuratisadmi. wignSi: qarTveli romantikosebi literaturisa da
orbeliani 1991, 1993: orbeliani s.-s. leqsikoni qarTuli. avtografuli nusxebis mixedviT moamzada, gamokvleva
da ganmartebaTa saZiebeli daurTo ilia abulaZem. t. I, Tb.: 1991; t. II, Tb.: 1993.
SaniZe 1964: SaniZe a. anton I-is gavlena saliteraturo qarTulze da Zveli qarTuli enis Zeglebis viTareba axali
aRTqmis wignebis gamocemebSi (narkvevi saliteraturo qarTulis istoriidan). Tsu Zveli qarTuli
enis kaTedris Sromebi. t. 9, Tb.: 1964.
WavWavaZe 1991: WavWavaZe i. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli oc tomad. t. V, Tb.: 1991.
126
giorgi gaCeCilaZe
saqarTvelos politikuri stratagema

ilia WavWavaZis werilis _ èvropis militaroba
da amerikis mermisis~ _ mixedviT
winaswari SeniSvnebi
XIX saukunis miwuruls ori didi ambavi moxda saqarTveloSi. ruseTma daasrula
saqarTvelos saboloo okupaciis procesi, saqarTvelom _ ruseTisagan ganTavisuflebis
strategiuli programa.
1801 wels aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi dawyebul saqarTvelos okupaciis process ruseTma
1876 wels dasavleT saqarTveloSi, kerZod, afxazeTSi dausva wertili. mas Semdeg, rac
ruseTma Cveni Tvistomi afxazebi afxazeTidan ayara, qarTvelebs ki afxazeTSi cxovreba
aukrZala, saqarTvelos okupaciis saqme bolomde miyvanilad miiCnia. magram saqarTvelos
damoukideblobisTvis warumatebel ajanyebaTa Semdeg, damarcxebulma qarTvelebma
araadeqvaturad miiCnies ara TavisuflebisaTvis brZolis mizani, aramed am miznis ajanyebaTa
saSualebiT miRwevis taqtika.
manamde kidev erTi mniSvnelovani ram moxda. 1815 wels safrangeTis revoluciiT SiSnaWam
evropis monarqiul saxelmwifoTa venis kongresi gaimarTa. ruseTis iniciativiT, am kongresze
legitimurad iqna cnobili safrangeTis, espaneTis, portugaliis, avstriisa da prusiis samefo
dinastiebi. am faqtis Semxedvare qarTvelebma ifiqres, ukeTesi saerTaSoriso samarTlis
dokumenti da xelsayreli situacia warmoudgeneliao da general-leitenant daviT
bagrationis xelmoweriT, imperator aleqsandre I-s ruseTis qveSevrdomobis qveS qarTuli
saxelmwifoebriobis da bagrationTa dinastiis aRdgenis proeqti miarTves. magram am
proeqtis SedgenisaTvis arakCeevma, aleqsandre I-is brZanebiT, daviT batoniSvili datuqsa.
erTi wlis Semdeg batoniSvili wuTisofels gamoecala, an gamoacales, radganac politikuri
gadawyvetilebebi Sedegebis mixedviT fasdeba. es iyo ruseTis strategiuli Secdoma.
qarTveli eris molodinis horizonti, rom ruseTi saqarTvelos mimarT nakisr valdebulebebs
Seasrulebda, daimsxvra. daimsxvra ajanyebebis gziT ruseTisgan Tavis daRwevis perspeqtivac.
aucilebeli gaxda axali stratagemis SemuSaveba. magram stratagemebi cidan ar vardebian.
gadawyvetilebani politikaSi `realobis repertuarisa~ da ìstoriul gamocdilebaTa~
Sejerebis safuZvelze miiReba. stratagemebi eqstremaluri situaciebis produqtia.
damarcxebuli ajanyebebis gamo Zalagamoclili saqarTvelos `realobis repertuari~ iyo
unugeSo: eri _ SemoqmedebiTi umciresobisagan dacarielebuli, istoriuli horizontis
scena _ SesaZlebeli partniorisgan mitovebuli. usastikes gamowvevaTa winaSe, ukve
meramdened, saqarTvelo aRmoCnda marto. rogorc ilia ityoda:
arsaidan xma, arsiT Zaxili,

mSobeli Sobils aras etyoda.
(WavavaZe 1948: 30)
gamoikveTa yvela winapiroba, rom aTaswleulebis manZilze qarTvelobis tomobriobidan

erovnulobisken aRmasvlis gza Setrialebuliyo erovnulobidan tomobriobisken daRmasvlis
mimarTulebiT.
eri da xalxi iseve ar arian igiveobrivi, rogorc Rirsebis ganmasaxierebeli kaci da
adamiani. amaSia `kacia-adamianis?!~, rogorc kiTxvis, mTeli genialoba. `kacia-adamiani?!~ _am
ori sityviT iliam qarTvel xalxs Seaxsena, rom adamianad dabadeba ar aris kacad arsebobis
garantia. adamianad dabadeba aris kacad gaxdomis SesaZlebloba da ara garantia. xalxad
arseboba aris eramde amaRlebis SesaZlebloba da ara garantia. ena aris sibrZnis SesaZlebloba
da ara garantia. ai, saazrovno situacia, romelSic ilia WavWavaZem nikoloz baraTaSvili
aRmoaCina:
`RmerTma gamogvigzavna Cvenda nugeSad da Tavmosawoneblad nikoloz baraTaSvili.
ukurTxa ena metyvelebisTvis, Tvalni _ xedvisaTvis, yurni _ smenisaTvis, guls Caudo
gauqrobeli cecxli kacTa gulis gasaTboblad da ubrZana, wadi da kacTa naTesavs amcne
uzenaesi mcneba Cemi da sityviT guli aunTeo~ (WavaWavaZe 1953: 250).
raSi iyo ilias mier baraTaSvilSi mociqulis danaxvis saidumloeba? saidumloeba iyo
martivi: saqarTvelos teritoriaze ajanyebaTa gziT ruseTisgan Tavis daxsnis strategiaSi
pirveli koreqtivebis Semtani aRmoCnda swored nikoloz baraTaSvili.
1840 wels, guriis ajanyebis dros, nikoloz baraTaSvilma grigol orbelians werili
miswera da ajanyebis CaxSobaSi monawileobis miReba mouwona. Tu ratom? _ motivic iqve
ganmarta: `yovelive ubedurebaa, romelic Seudgebis aRSfoTebas~ (baraTaSvili 1968: 175)~.
127
gaivlis kidev ori weli da ruseTisgan saqarTvelos gaTavisuflebis axal stratagemas
Camoayalibebs TviTon n. baraTaSvili.
es stratagema xorcSesxmulia mis leqsSi _ `saflavi mefis iraklisa~, romelic 1842
wels daiwera. igi oTxi debulebisgan Sedgeba:
1. patara saqarTvelo uzarmazar ruseTs unda daupirispirdes ara ajanyebebiT, aramed
poziciuri brZolis taqtikiT:
sadac aqamdin xrmliT da ZaliT hflobda qarTveli,

mun samSvidobo moqalaqis marTavs aw xeli!
2. `brZolis~ adgilad unda iqces ara mciremiwiani da mcirericxovani saqarTvelo,

aramed uzarmazari ruseTi da misi dedaqalaqi:
maTi cxoveli trfialebiT aRsavse suli

udnobs yinulsa CrdiloeTsa, gancecxlebuli.
3. `brZolis~ sagani, romelSic qarTvelebma unda miiRon monawileoba, unda iyos

Tavisuflebisa da samarTlianobis kacobriuli faseulobebi:
Jam-viTarebiT gardaxvewilT SenT SvilT midamo

moaqvT mamulSi ganaTleba da xma saamo.
...............................................................
da muniT hzidven TeslTa ZvirfasT mSobels qveyanad,
mxurvales cis qveS mosamkalTa erTi aTasad!
4. saqarTvelosTvis am faseulobaTa resursi da orientiri mdebareobs dasavlur

kulturaSi:
Savis zRvis zvirTni, nacvlad CvenTa mosisxle mterTa

aw mogvigvrian mravalis mxriT CvenTa moZmeTa!
(baraTaSvili 1972: 54)
aseTia teqsti da konteqsti, romelSic n. baraTaSvilis `saflavi mefis iraklisa~

daiwera. ruseTi monarqiuli reJimebis burjad iqca evropaSi da qarTuli monarqiis
mesaflaved _ sakuTar imperiaSi.
aseTia stratagema baraTaSvilis leqsisa _ `saflavi mefis iraklisa~.
ilia WavWavaZem am stratagemaSi eris koleqtiuri inteleqtis refleqsia dainaxa.
amitomac uwoda man Tavis sulier winamorbeds `mociquli~.
radganac teqsti ikiTxeba konteqstSi, oriode sityva n. baraTaSvilisa da i. WavWavaZis
mier `saqarTvelos aRdgomisa da gamoxsnis~ (erekle II) proeqtis Sesaxeb.
cxadi gaxda, rom rogorc ori xmali erT qarqaSSi ver moTavsdeba, ise ruseTi da
saqarTvelo erT saxelmwifoSi ver moTavsdebian. ruseTis Zaladobas, marTalia, aqvs dasawyisi
da ganviTareba, magram aqvs dasasrulic.
nikoloz baraTaSvils wilad xvda, ruseTis Sida procesebSi CarTvis gziT, saqarTvelos
gamosaxsneli stratagemebis SemuSavebis misia. ilia WavWavaZes ki, rogorc naTelmxilvels,
wilad xvda istoriis globaluri procesebis danaxva, romlebSic saqarTvelos adgili da
funqcia ikveTeboda ara mxolod Cveni survilebis, aramed saganTa logikis ZaliT.
ilia WavWavaZis 1889 wels gamoTqmuli prognozis mixedviT, civilizaciis momavali
meTauri iqneba ara evropa, aramed amerika.
ìsmineT da gaigeviT, qarTvelobav!~
ramdenad fantastikuradac unda mogveCvenos, amerikaze saqarTvelos politikuri

orientaciis strategia saqarTveloSi 118 wlis win Camoyalibda. im dros amerikelebs, albaT,
warmodgenac ar hqondaT saqarTvelos Sesaxeb. aseTi strategia monros doqtrinis
tradiciebiT aRzrdili amerikeli politikosebisTvis sizmarSic ki warmoudgeneli iqneboda.
Tumca, isini verc imas warmoidgendnen, rom gaivlida xani da zogierT qveyanaSi maT
dauyvirebdnen: Iankees, go home! da verc imas, rom 2005 wels saqarTvelo aRtacebiT Sexvdeboda
amerikis prezidents.
CvenTvis es yvelaferi axla yofiTi realobaa. 118 wlis winaT ki aseTi proeqti sigiJed
Tu ara, albaT, laRi fantaziis nayofad iqneboda aRqmuli. mxolod ilia WavWavaZis
avtoritetis mimarT mokrZalebiT SeiZleba aixsnas is garemoeba, rom misi Semoqmedebis
mkvlevrebmac ar miiCnies karg tonad am werilze yuradRebis gamaxvileba. amis mizezi iyo ar
imdenad rusuli cenzura da politikuri koniunqtura, ramdenadac globaluri politikuri
128
procesebis realoba. es aris dro, rodesac amerikam istoriis protagonistis rols
mayureblis roli amjobina. amitom Tanamedrove eqspertebisTvisac saintereso unda iyos
Tvalis Sevleba im saazrovno situaciaze, romelSic Camoyalibda ilia WavWavaZis droisTvis _
winaswarmetyveluri, dReisaTvis _ realobad qceuli idea.
ruseTisgan saqarTvelos damoukideblobis stratagemis pirveli Strixebi ilia
WavWavaZem 1879 wels moxaza. misi azriT, berlinis xelSekrulebis Semdeg geopolitikur
sivrceSi gamoikveTa `didi kvanZi aRmosavleTis saqmisa~ (WavWavaZe 1952: 13).
1879 wels `Sinauri mimoxilvis~ pirvel werilSi vkiTxulobT: `Cvenis fiqriT, exla
aRmosavleTis saqmem, aqamomde slavianebze gaCerebulma, aqeT, aziaSi gadmoiwia. ruseTi da
inglisi, es ori dauZinebeli metoqe aziaSi mflobelobisaTvis, aq, aziaSi, daejaxebian
erTmaneTs da bolos saqme iqamde miva, mag saqmis kvanZi aq unda gaixsnas. riT gaixsneba es kvanZi,
xmliT gahkveTen, Tu sacivilizacio RonisZiebiTa, amis gadawyvetilad Tqma Znelia winaTve~
amis Semdeg, ilia WavWavaZe exeba am problemis mimarT inglisisa da ruseTis
damokidebulebis gansxvavebul taqtikas. misi azriT, inglisis pozicia aris civiluri da ara
mxolod Zaladobaze damyarebuli. es ki gamowveulia ara inglisis saTnoebiT, aramed inglisis
saxelmwifoebrivi mowyobis demokratiuli principebiT.
movusminoT ilia WavWavaZes: `da radganac erTis WeSmariti, ucvleli sargebloba marto
imazea damyarebuli, rom meorec kargad iyos, amitomac inglisi, romlis saqmeni xalxis
TviTmoqmedebiT imarTebian (e.i. demokratiuli principebiT _ g.g.), ecdeba Tavisi WeSmariti
sargebloba WeSmarit safuZvelze amoiyvanos, ese igi, ecdeba imaT kargad myofobasac, vinc
aziaSi binadrad daxvdeba~ (WavWavaZe 1952: 13).
aqedan, 1879 wlis saqarTvelos Semyure qarTvelebisTvis gamaognebeli daskvna: àzia
saerTod da Cven sakuTriv, saWironi varT aramc Tu Cvenis TavisTvis mxolod, aramed
sxvebisTvisac~ (WavWavaZe 1952: 13).
rogor da saidan? _ ikiTxavs mkiTxveli.
im dros saqarTvelo xom politikurad ar arsebobda, ruseTis orad-ori gubernia iyo
mxolod. amitom ra safuZvlebi arsebobda aseTi daskvnisaTvis?
Zalian martivi!...
biologiaSi funqciis idea uswrebs organos Seqmnis saWiroebas. asea istoriaSic.
politikurad eris funqciis idea uswrebs misi saxelmwifoebrivad Seqmnis saWiroebas. raki
gaCnda saqarTvelos funqciis saWiroeba, Cndeba qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis, rogorc
organos, Seqmnis saWiroebac. aseTia funqcia, romlis Sesrulebis misias saqarTvelo ibrunebs
xangrZlivi antraqtis Semdeg.
magram am dRis dadgomamde jer kidev bevri wyalia Casavleli. planeta orjer gaexvia
msoflio omSi. saqarTvelos orjerve imaze meti msxverplis gaReba mouxda, rac unda gaeRo.
1918 _ 1921 wlebSi, saqarTvelos damoukideblobis periodSi, calke inglisi da calke
germania, orjer Seecadnen saqarTvelos fexze dayenebas, magram ruseTma meored moaxdina
saqarTvelos okupacia.
ilia WavWavaZe arafers ambobs imis Sesaxeb, rom ruseT-saqarTvelos istoriuli
konfliqti arsebobda da dRemde rCeba imitom, rom qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis gauqmebiT
ruseTma qarTvel xalxs waarTva ufleba da mouspo im misiis Sesrulebis SesaZlebloba, rac mas
geopolitikuri TvalsazrisiT aqvs dakisrebuli.
am Temas ilia WavWavaZe `Sinauri mimoxilvis~ 1881 wlis me-7 werilSi exeba. misi azriT,
`ruseTs ara hqonda da arc dReis-aqamomde aqvs garkveuli da dadgenili dedaazri maszed, Tu
sad Tavdeba ufleba erovnebisa da sad iwyeba _ saxelmwifosi~ (WavWavaZe 1952: 55).
ilia WavWavaZisTvis eri samarTlebrivi kategoriaa. rusuli derJavuli biurokratiis
mentalitetSi ilia WavWavaZem dainaxa ruseTis winaSe drois mier dasmul kiTxvebze pasuxebis
araadekvaturobis saidumlo. ilias verdiqti aseTia: `maTi moqmedebis Sedegi is iyo, rom
ruseTis saxeli SeaZules maT, vis saerTo siyvarulzedac unda agebuliyo saxelmwifos Zal-
Rone, keTildReoba da warmateba~ (WavWavaZe 1952: 55).
Zalze mniSvnelovania im faqtorebis analizi, romlebmac ilia WavWavaZe miiyvana im
daskvnamde, rom msoflios momavali lideri gaxdeba ara militaristuli evropa, aramed _
amerika.
ilia WavWavaZes 1879 wlidan 1889 wlamde ganviTarebuli movlenebis analizi dasWirda,
raTa jer daumdgari istoriis dadgomis scenari daewera.
ilia WavWavaZis werili èvropis militaroba da amerikis mermisi~ erTi TemiTa da
mizandasaxulobiT gaerTianebuli oTxi narkvevis Semadgeneli nawilia.
pirveli narkvevia _ `militaroba evropaSi~, 1889w. 16 ianvari (WavWavaZe 1952: 441-442).
meore _ ìsev evropis militarobis Sesaxeb~, 1889w, 11 Tebervali (WavWavaZe 1952: 443-444).
mesame _ èvropis militaroba da amerikis mermisi~, 1889w..25 Tebervali (WavWavaZe 1952:
445-446).
meoTxe _ èropis didi da patara onavrebi~, 1890w. 20 ianvari (WavWavaZe 1952: 447-449).
129
rogorc vxedavT, oTxive werils aerTianebs XIX saukunis bolos militarizaciis gzaze
evropis Sedgomis Tema.
am werilebSi ilia WavWavaZis analizis sagani im faqtorebis gamovlenaa, romelTa
aRmavlobasa da dacemasTan aris dakavSirebuli rogorc saxelmwifoTa, ise civilizaciaTa
xvedri. am konteqstSi ilia WavWavaZe arnold toinbis sulieri winamorbedia. man evropis
intraistoriis portreti daxata.
ilia WavWavaZis azriT, evropis msoflio prioritetis sazomi iyo evropis
civilizaciuri upiratesobis faqtori. magram mas Semdeg, rac evropa militarizaciis gzas
daadga, igi kargavs ara mxolod civilizaciur prioritets, aramed ekonomikuri ganviTarebis
perspeqtivasac. amis Semdeg evropa msofliosTvis iqneba ara mibaZvis etaloni, aramed
TviTgadarCenis safrTxis winaSe mdgari politikuri sivrce.
saqme is aris, rom ilia WavWavaZe aris XIX-XX saukuneebis mijnis klasikuri
inteleqtualis tipi. am periodis evropuli inteleqtualobis tests ki Termodinamikis
ideebi gansazRvravda.
mas Semdeg, rac 1865 wels klauziusma TermodinamikaSi Semoitana enTropiis cneba, igi
iqca yovel moqmed sistemaze damokles maxviliviT dakidebuli muqaris sazomad. es is droa,
rodesac fizikis mecnierebidan wamosuli enTropiis cneba, is-is aris, iwyebs biologiur
azrovnebaSi SeWras, magram jer ar SeuRwevia humanitarul da miT umetes, politikur
mecnierebaSi.
militarizacia enTropiis kanonis formaa.
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom saxarebiseuli formula: `romelma aRmarTos maxvili, maxviliTve
moisras~, imave saazrovno situaciis gamoZaxilia.
amitom qveynis militarizaciis procesi, romelic ilia WavWavaZis azriT, `gaumaZRari
veSapiviT ylapavs~ qveynis ekonomikas, warmoadgens Termodinamikis ideebis saSualebiT qveynis
politikuri da ekonomikuri viTarebis gaazrebis instruments.
amaSia militarizmis paradoqsuloba. SeiaraReba, romlis funqcia sistemis
TviTdamkvidrebis uzrunvelyofaa, absolutizaciis SemTxvevaSi, sistemis TviTlikvidaciis
mizezi xdeba. Cvens Tvalwin es daemarTa ruseTis imperias.
ilia WavWavaZis oTxive werilSi prognozirebulia rogorc pirveli, ise meore msoflio
omebi da am omebSi ara mxolod germaniis damarcxeba, aramed evropis daqveiTebis
garduvalobac. amitom, ilia WavWavaZis azriT, erTaderTi qveyana, romelmac SeiZleba
msoflios momavali lideris funqcia Seasrulos, iqneba amerika.
roca ilia WavWavaZe amerikis Sesaxeb am sityvebs (`msoflios meTauri~) wers, erTi
garemoebaa gasaTvaliswinebeli:
im dros politikuri sivrcis organizebis forma iyo mxolod imperia. kacobriobas ori
msoflio omis gadatana dasWirda imis misaxvedrad ( gamonaklisi mxolod ruseTia _g.g.), rom
politikuri Zalis sazomi aris ara imdenad iaraRi da Zaladoba, ramdenadac ekonomika da
samarTlianobis ideologia. `samyaro-imperiis~ modeli Cvens Tvalwin Seicvala `samyaro-
ekonomikis~ modeliT. civilizaciis am procesis gzamkvlevi ki aRmoCnda amerika.
dRes amis Tqma advilia, magram ram STaagona ilia WavWavaZe saukunis win eTqva, rom
amerika iqneba ara msoflios mpyrobeli, mZarcveli, moZalade, damangreveli, aramed
civilizaciis gadamrCeni, mSvidobis SenarCunebis garanti, meTauri?! es aris kiTxvebi,
romlebic dRes gamocanad rCeba pozitiuri azrovnebis sibrtyeze. imis dajereba, rom ilia
WavWavaZem irwmuna amerikis Tavisuflebis deklaraciisa da konstituciasTan amerikis
politikuri identuroba, miamitoba iqneba.
sityvebi sxva drosa da qveynebSic Tqmula, magram maTi xorcSesxmis procedura
molodinis gacruebiT dasrulebula. pragmatikosma ilia WavWavaZem icoda, rom dedamiwaze
samoTxe da komunizmi ar aSendeba, magram kacobriuli keTildReobisa da samarTlianobis
mCemebel saxelmwifoTa Soris, amerikis prioriteti rom unikaluria, es 118 wlis winaT kidevac
iwinaswarmetyvela da orientiradac dausaxa saqarTvelos.
118 wlis manZilze ar aRmoCnda arc erTi literatori, publicisti, istorikosi da
politikosi, romelic saWirod CaTvlida Tundac gakvriT Sexeboda ilia WavWavaZis am
prognozs.
qarTuli SemoqmedebiTi umciresobis erTaderTi misani, romelmac ilias stratagemaSi
`saganTa logika” da ara `logikaSi sagani” dainaxa, galaktion tabiZe aRmoCnda.
XX saukunis 30-ian wlebSi, rodesac ruseTi komunizmis ideologiiT fiqrobda msoflios
hegemonobas, man dawera soc. realizmis simulaciiT gamsWvaluli, saqarTvelosTvis
winaswarmetyveluri leqsi `kolxidis dablobze”.
aq ayvavdes unda mTeli florida,

baRze baRi gesalmeba goridan.
aq asea, male aSrialdeba
forToxalis da limonis baRebi.
daiqrolebs sio kaliforniis
da palmebis aiweva TaRebi.
130
(tabiZe 1935: 511)
ras niSnavs da vis mimarT aris aq gamoyenebuli cneba-kodebi _ `baRze baRi gesalmeba
goridan~, `florida~ da `sio kaliforniis~ _ mkiTxvelisTvis advilad aRsaqmeli
simboloebia. am kodebis adresatia goreli stalini (Semdeg gamocemebSi `florida~ Seicvala
sityviT _ `floriTa~, xolo `kaliforniis~ nacvlad gaCnda: `daiqrolebs sio Cveni Svi zRvis~.
g.g.) (tabiZe 1966: 348).
`gasvlisa _ da _ dabrunebis~ siuJeti mamisa da uZRebi Svilis qarTul konteqstSi
amerikis momavlis 118 wlis winandeli prognozis Temaze wertilis dasma aq SeiZleboda,
rom ar arsebuliyo saqarTvelos Sida cxovrebis amomapirqvavebeli iseTi naqarTvelari,
rogoric iyo ioseb juRaSvili, stalini.
bevri amerikeli mkiTxvelisTvis, albaT, moulodneli iqneba imis Setyoba, rom ymawvili
stalinisTvis sazogadoebriv asparezze gzamkvlevis misia ilia WavWavaZes xvda wilad. magram
istoriis ironiad iqca is faqti, rom 1910 wlidan saqarTvelos erovnul-gamanTavisuflebeli
ideebiT STagonebulma stalinma maswavlebelic Seicvala da erovnebac. ilia WavWavaZis
sikvdilis Semdeg stalinis cxovreba iqca ilia WavWavaZis ideebisa da sakuTari samSoblos
winaaRmdeg brZolis istoriad. polemika maswavlebelTan da samSoblosTan mas sikvdilamde ar
ganelebia.
damTavrda meore msoflio omi da generalisimusma stalinma dainaxa, rom msoflios
liderad iqca ara ruseTi da TviTon is, aramed amerika. arada, Tavis namowafars ilia
WavWavaZem aT mcnebasaviT gasagebi eniT dauwera msoflio istoriis logikuri ganviTarebis
formula.
maswavlebeli marTali aRmoCnda, Segirdi _ uZRebi Svili. aforiaqda uZRebi Svili da
sikvdilamde ramdenime TviT adre, sakuTari ambiciebis dakmayofilebis paralelurad, ilia
WavWavaZis prognozis gabaTileba gadawyvita.
erovnebaSecvlilma stalinma 1952 wels moulodneli Jesti gaakeTa. naxevari planetis
mflobelma ruseTis imperatorma guSindel mokavSireebs germaniidan mokavSireTa jarebis
gamoyvanis, orad gayofili germaniis gaerTianebisa da jariTa da iaraRiT demokratiuli
germaniis aRorZinebis proeqti SesTavaza (kisinjeri 1997: 448).
am Jestma sagonebelSi Caagdo evropisa da amerikis politikuri eqspertebi. es idea
msoflio omis iniciatori germaniisadmi stalinis sentimentaluri grZnobebidan rom ar
momdinareobda, Zneli misaxvedri ar iyo. magram ra iyo stalinis iniciativis faruli
motivacia?
es iyo stalinis survili, radac unda dasjdomoda, daebrunebina germania istoriis Zvel
RerZze, raTa is gamoeTiSa erTiani evropuli ojaxidan da eqcia axali omis iniciatorad. es
iyo perspeqtiva, romelic ruseTs evropis Sida saqmeebSi Carevisa da politikuri lideris
funqciis dabrunebis iluziebs uqmnida.
aravin wamoego stalinis ankesze. uZRebi Svili saflavSi sakuTari moZRvrisa da
samSoblos winaSe danaSaulis grZnobiT Cavida. mkiTxveli, albaT, verc warmoidgenda, rom
amerikis momavlis Sesaxeb saukunis winandeli prognozi ase amoativtivebda adamianTa
urTierTobis moulodnel situaciebs.
kidev ufro sainteresoa ilia WavWavaZis prognozis dinamika 30-iani, 60-iani, 80-iani
wlebis saqarTveloSi. magram es sxva dros.
ruseTi 1989 wlis 9 aprils saqarTvelos damoukideblobis moTxovnas ar gauRizianebia
ise, rogorc mTavrobis saxlis win mdebare ìnturistis~ Senobaze qarTvelebis mier
gamokidebul amerikul droSas.
istoriis ironia imaSia, rom verc n. baraTaSvili da verc i. WavWavaZe saqarTvelos
politikuri ganviTarebis sakuTari proeqtebis Sedegebs ver moeswrnen.
Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom n. baraTaSvilis proeqti ruseTis SidacxovrebaSi
qarTvelTa gadaSvebis Sesaxeb, aSkarad uswrebs a. toinbis `gasvlisa da dabrunebis”
istoriosofiur koncepts. rogorc toinbisTan, ise baraTaSvilTan, Ria teqstiTaa saubari
`gasvlisa da dabrunebis~ siuJetis òrtaqtian” ritmze.
sakuTari qveynis garemodan sxva qveynis socialur garemoSi gadarTuli SemoqmedebiTi
umciresoba sulierad gardaqmnili ubrundeba mSobliur wiaRs. isini xdebian qveynis
reformatorebi.
aseTi aRmoCnda qarTvel TergdaleulTa pirveli pleada.
magram baraTaSvils araferi uTqvams imis Sesaxeb, rac ar daviwynia toinbis: `gasvlisa da
dabrunebis~ moZraoba niSnavs ara mxolod sulis bnel RameSi gadanacvlebas, aramed mis
gadalaxvasac” (toinbi 1991: 269).
es aris Cinuri miTis paradigma, romelic mogviTxrobs drakonis mZleveli mzeWabukis
drakonad gardaqmnis versiaze.
131
Tergdaleulebisagan gansxvavebiT, ruseTSi qarTvelTa Semdgomi pleadis `gasvlisa da
dabrunebis~ siuJeti saqarTvelosTvis katastrofiT dasrulda: TviTmpyrobelobis drakonis
dammarcxebeli qarTveli bolSevikebi Tavad iqcnen drakonebad da sakuTar qveyanas me-11
armiiT daubrundnen.
ase rom, baraTaSvilis proeqtma fiasko ganicada.
ilia WavWavaZis proeqti ganxorcielebis fazaSia.
am proeqtis ganmaxorcieleblebs xalxma TergdaleulTa asociaciiT,
òkeanedaleulebi~ uwoda.
bolSevikebis SeniRbuli proeqtisagan gansxvavebiT, òkeanedaleulTa~ proeqti
gamWvirvalea:
1. saqarTvelo Tavs aRwevs rusul orbitas.
2. saqarTvelo ukve aris evroparlamentis wevri da ramdenime nabiji aklia evrokavSiris
wevrobamde.
3. saqarTvelo xdeba `natos~ wevri da eqmneba erovnuli uSiSroebisa da teritoriuli
mTlianobis aRdgenis realuri SesaZleblobebi.
4. saqarTvelo ibrunebs evropa-aziis (da ara mxood evropa-aziis) ara mxolod
ekonomikuri tranzitis, aramed civilizaciuri dialogis adgilis funqcias.
5. yvela es winapiroba qmnis qarTveli xalxis erovnuli energiisa da SemoqmedebiTobis
globalur masStabebSi realizaciis perspeqtivas.
6. xalxis Tvisobriobidan qarTveli xalxi swrafi tempiT gadadis erovnuli
Tvisobriobis fazaSi.
mimaCnia, rom ilia WavWavaZis werili èvropis militaroba da amerikis mermisi~
namdvilad daamSvenebda msoflios yvela drois politikuri analizebis anTologias.
damowmebani:
barTaSvili 1968: baraTaSvili n. Txzulebani. pavle ingoroyvas redaqciiT. Tb.: gamomcemloba `sabWoTa
saqarTvelo~, 1968.
barTaSvili 1972: baraTaSvili n. Txzulebani. akaki gawereliasa da ivane lolaSvilis redaqciiT. Tb.:
kisinjeri 1997: Кисинджер Г. Дипломатия. Москва: издательство „Ладомир“, 1997.
tabiZe 1935: tabiZe g. Txzulebani. Tb.: gamomcemloba`saxelgami~, 1935.
tabiZe 1966: tabiZe g. Txzulebani Tormet tomad. t. 4, Tb.: gamomcemloba `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, 1966.
toinbi 1991: Тойнби А. Д. Достижение истории, Москва: 1991.
WavWavaZe 1948: WavWavaZe i. rCeuli nawerebi or wignad. Tb.: gamomcemloba `sabWoTa mwerali~, 1948.
WavWavaZe 1952: WavWavaZe i. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli xuT tomad. pavle ingoroyvas redaqciiT. t. III, Tb.:
1952.
WavWavaZe 1953: WavWavaZe i. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli aT tomad. pavle ingoroyvas redaqciiT. t. III, Tb.:
1953.
132
nona kupreiSvili
ilias banki da sociocentrizmis deficiti
arc Tu ise Soreul warsulSi, ilias sabanko saqmianobis damcroba literaturisadmi

`wminda siyvarulis~ reprezentaciis utyuari saSualeba iyo. gansakuTrebuli guliswyroma,
gamoTqmuli bankis gamo uqmad dakarguli droisa Tu poeturi kalmis saangariSoze gacvlis
Sesaxeb (ilias Semoqmedebis sxva problematuri sakiTxebis msgavs interpretaciebTan erTad),
zedmiwevniTi sizustiT avlenda sazogadoebis infantilurobasa da zerelobas, amasTan ki im
miTostrategias, romelic realurad aqtualur, mudmivqmediT, mudmivanalizirebad moRvawes
sakulto figurad an usicocxlo monumentad gadaqcevas upirebda. Tavis droze, akaki baqraZem
SeZlo am Seusabamobis gadalaxva, bankir-finansisti ilias misi moRvaweobis sxva sferoebTan
daaxloeba da gaTanabreba, riTac, samarTlianoba moiTxovs iTqvas, Sesrulda ilias pirveli
biografis, grigol yifSiZis, darigeba, bankisTvis da masSi moRvawe iliasTvis gansakuTrebuli
yuradRebis miqcevis Sesaxeb.
amJamadac reputaciaTa sayovelTao koreqtirebis xanaSi vcxovrobT. es TavisTavad
sakmaod mtkivneuli procesi romantiuli nacionalizmis (an nacionaluri romantizmis)
daZlevis niSniT imarTeba. xorcieldeba droisa da droTa gamyofi sazRvrebis axali
koncefciebis SemuSaveba, egreT wodebuli ìdentobis krizisis~ aRmofxvra.
am konteqstSi gaismis literaturacentrizmis kritikac, rac savsebiT logikuria XX
saukunis (gansakuTrebiT ki misi II naxevris) socio-kulturuli strategiis mimarT
(damoukidebel saqarTveloSi, cxadia, mwerlobis gansaxelmwifoebrioba unda momxdariyo).
Tumca am konkretul sakiTxSi Sefasebis ramdenamde gansxvavebuli kriteriumia
gamosayenebeli XIX saukunis meore naxevris mimarT, radgan, cnobilia, rom `literaturuli
diskursis erTpirovnuli batonobis~ tendencia, romelic swored im xanebSi dainerga da
TandaTanobiT Zalas ikrebda, kolonialuri qveynisaTvis `sxva socialuri diskursebis~ ara
mxolod uqonlobis, aramed SeuZleblobis Sedegi iyo. saxelmwifos arqonis pirobebSi,
`samocianelebma~ (da pirvel rigSi iliam) maqsimalurad gamoiyenes `dasavluri saxelmwifo
struqturis erT-erTi postulatis, komunikaciebis, anu informaciuli uzrunvelyofis
maSindeli uaxlesi teqnologiuri institutis _ Jurnal-gazeTebis~ (iakobaSvili 2005: 178)
SesaZlebloba, rac mwerlobis misiisa da zogadad sityvis iracionaluri Zalis swori
Sefasebis gareSe ver moxerxdeboda. sxva saqmea, rom imave samocianelTa Taobam (aq ki ilias
gverdiT niko nikolaZis figura dgas) droulad igrZno `literaturuli diskursis
socialurze gadasvlis~ aucilebloba, rac saadgilmamulo bankisa da wera-kiTxvis
gamavrcelebeli sazogadoebis daarsebasa da niko nikolaZis, marTlac, mniSvnelovan
ekonomikur iniciativebSi gamoixata.
reformireba `Signidan~, sakmaod konservatul, Caketil kulturul sivrceSi,
TviTSefasebis dabali xarisxis pirobebSi unda ganxorcielebuliyo. èTnosis gamRviZeblis~,
gamamTlianebelisa da makoordinirebelis roli saerTo ideis saxeliT cnobil erovnul ideas
unda Seesrulebina, romlis SemuSavebasa da daxvewaSi mwerlobas, literaturas gadamwyveti
roli hqonda Sesrulebuli. amitomac, sociocentrizmisaken swrafva (razedac ilias
ekonomikuri werilebi metyveleben) ver iqceoda moZraobad erTi mimarTulebiT. ilias
cnobili Tezisi: `sulier RonesTan erTad unda vlides Rone xorcielic~ gonebrivi da
qonebrivi SesaZleblobebis erTobliobas, pirovnebisa Tu mTeli eris TviTrealizaciisaTvis
literaturul-ganmanaTlebluri da ekonomikuri formebis TanabarmniSvnelianobis mtkicebas
warmoadgenda. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, ilias azriT, èri da qveyana, romelTac an erTi aklia an
meore, calfexa kacsa hgavs, da rogorc calfexa kaci Sors manZils saWiro simaliT ver
gaivlis, isec eri, qveyana veras gaxdeba, Tu Tavis warmatebis sayevarSi es ori uRladi,
yovliTSemZlebeli Zal-Rone ar eyoleba Sebmuli erTad da ganuyrelad~ (kalandariSvili
1989: 63-65). amdenad, ilias, rogorc praqtikosi finansistis moRvaweoba, garkveuli
TvalsazrisiT, sociocentrizmis pirobiT cnebas ukavSirdeba da qarTuli socio-politikuri
mozaikis fonze, literaturuli da socialuri diskursebis sinTezs gulisxmobs.
eWvs ar iwvevs is mosazreba, rom XIX saukunis 60-iani wlebidan kulturis reformaciis
mniSvnelovani (Tumc arc Tu ise xangrZlivi) etapi daiwyo. ilias Semoqmedebis axali Taobis
analitikosebi mas `kulturis afeTqebasTanac~ aigiveben (maisuraZe 2005: 115-123).
am terminis avtoris, profesor i. lotmanis, mixedviT, àfeTqebebi _ xazovani dinamiuri
procesis aucilebeli elementia~. misive ganmartebiT, im kulturaTa struqtura, sadac
afeTqebis mauwyebeli procesebi kulturis calkeul sferoebSi viTardeba, sxvagan ki
Tanmimdevrul xasiaTs atarebs, ternarul struqturad unda CaiTvalos, gansxvavebiT
kulturis binaruli struqturisagan, romlis idealic aqamde arsebulis, rogorc
RirsebaSelaxulis, sruli ganadgurebaa~. mecnieris daskvna aseTia: `ternaruli sistema
cdilobs ideali realobas moargos. maSin, rodesac binaruli praqtikulad
ganuxorcielebeli idealis realizebas emsaxureba~ (lotmani 2005: 20-21).
133
analizi ilia WavWavaZis kolosaluri Zalisxmevisa, romelmac kulturis sxvadasxva
sfero moicva, Tavisi mkveTrad gamoxatuli kritikuli paTosis miuxedavad, gvafiqrebinebs,
rom igi qarTuli kulturis ternaruli struqturis gamovlineba iyo (es mogvianebiT moxda _
rusuli revoluciis kvaldakval ternarulidan binarul sistemaze gadarTva). profetuli
azrovneba, rogorc ilias genialurobis erT-erTi maxasiaTebeli, karnaxobda mas kulturis
ganviTarebis adrindeli etapis ara xelaRebiT uaryofas, ara àxlis dabadebis apokalifsuri
ideis~ danergvasa da ganviTarebas, aramed `winamavali istoriis farglebSi~, Tu gnebavT, mis
wiaRSi, arsebul pozitivze dayrdnobiT, momavlis fundamentur sayrdenTa aRmoCenasa da
legitimacias, ase vTqvaT, nacnobi sagnebis axali azriT Semosvas. xolo kulturuli
cxovrebis im nawilSi, romelSic amgvari ram SeuZlebeli Canda, ilia mimarTavda sruliad
ucxo, civilizebuli samyaros mier ukve adaptirebuli elementebisa Tu sistemebis Semotanasa
da mtkiced danergvas. anu imave lotmanis Tanaxmad, kulturis garkveul safexurebze
afeTqebis, sxvagan ki — TandaTanobiTi Serwymis principis ganxorcielebas.
ilias moRvaweobis bolo periodi, `xidCatexilobisa~ da `saerTo niadagis~ Teoriebis
damuSaveba, damokidebuleba avtonomiis problemasTan, gansakuTrebiT ki bankiroba imdenad
aRizianebda mis ideur mowinaaRmdegeebs da imaTac, romlebmac aseT qmedebas veraviTari
gamarTleba ver mouZebnes, rom `Tvalaxelili cxovrebis~ ideologi, iluziaTa mmsxvreveli
`sayovelTao Tavmjdomared~, ùsargeblo, mavnebel kerpad~ da `sastik memamuled~
gamocxadda. `TiTqmis naxevari saukunis manZilze qarTuli azrovnebis diqtatori~ (geronti
qiqoZis sityvebia) Cvenive socio-kulturuli pirobebis TaviseburebaTa mizeziT, kulturis
paradigmaTa fundamenturi msxvrevis wyalgamyofze aRmoCnda da dartyma ori mowinaaRmdege
banakidan Tanabari siZlieriT miiRo...
qarTuli saTavadaznauro (sabolood ki, saadgilmamulo) bankis daarsebis, rogorc
imTaviTve uwodes, `bednieri idea~, dimitri yifians ekuTvnis. es kerZo iniciativa ufro iyo,
vidre mTeli socialuri fenis racionaluri TviTSefasebis Sedegi. miuxedavad imisa, rom
bankis realuri damfuZnebeli Tavadaznauroba iyo, romlis fulic (batonymobis gauqmebis
Semdeg uzenaesi xelisuflebis mier sakompensaciod gacemuli) sawesdebo kapitalad iqca, igi
bolomde ar iyo garkveuli bankis strategiaSi. dimitri yifianisve zusti ganmartebiT, drois
axali moTxovnebis gaTvaliswinebiT bankis daarseba, swori motivaciis SemuSavebis
SemTxvevaSi, `Zvelidan axal wesze gadasvlis gasaadvileblad~ wamowyebul RonisZiebad
SeiZleba qceuliyo. Tumca, rogorc aRvniSneT, Tavad bankis, rogorc fulad-sakredito
organizaciis, rogorc socialuri gardaqmnebis umniSvnelovanesi simbolos Sina-arsi
dimitri yifianis garda, erTeulebs hqondaT gaazrebuli. dawesebuleba, romelsac
funqcionirebis ulmobeli logika gaaCnda, imave drois moTxovnebs CamorCenili
Tavadaznaurobis, rogorc privilegirebuli fenis, dacvis garantad ver gamodgeboda. `banki,
romelic sesxs aZlevs mxolod aznaur memamuleebs, ver SeZlebs mkvidr safuZvelze daamyaros
saadgilmamulo krediti, romlis miRwevac Seadgens Cvens bunebriv survils. kreditis
operacia, romelic unda daevalos Cvens banks dasawyisidanve, adgilobrivi pirobebis
mixedviT, ar SeiZleba ar iyos ufro farTo, vidre aznauruli saadgilmamulo krediti~, _ es
jer kidev dimitri yifianis mier Sedgenili proeqtis ekonomikurad gamarTlebuli aqcentebia.
mogvianebiT, es aqcentebi, ilias mier, muSaobis stilsa da sistemurobis rangSi iqneba
ayvanili. rac Seexeba Tavad bankis arsebobis principis fsevdohumanizacias, bankis
saqvelmoqmedo da saapekuno funqciis gazviadebas, mowinaaRmdegeebi mas iliamdec hyavda.
magaliTad, zubalaSvilebis cnobili ojaxis warmomadgeneli, komersanti anton zubalaSvili
(igi ganuxorcieleblad miiCnevda axladdaarsebuli bankis mier mogebaze uaris Tqmas):
`gamdidrebis wesi anu komerciuli wesi yvela bankisaTvis erTi da igivea. gansxvaveba
komerciul banksa da sazogadoebriv-aznaurul banks Soris mxolod mogebis gamoyenebaSia... e.
i. gansxvaveba mizanSia da ara saSualebebSi~... (asaTiani 1984: 47-48).
Tu ramdenad iyo mzad qarTveli Tavadaznauroba, Tavisi wodebrivi gamorCeulobis
xarjze, yvela am da sxva detalis gasaTvaliswineblad, dasturdeba gr. orbelianis mier
guljavrianad wamosrolili fraziT: `saqarTvelo maSin daiRupa, roca me da wvimitiZe
erTmaneTs Segvaswores!~ da 1870 wels, imperator aleqsandre meoris TbilisSi Camosvlis win
Tavadaznaurobis marSlis (romelic aznauri iyo da ara Tavadi) saswrafo gadarCeviT.
cnobilia, rom orive es movlena dimitri yifianis saxels ukavSirdeba. amitom is, vinc sabanko
òdiseas~ SemdgomSi gauZRveboda, `metis-metad Wkviani~ (iliasTvis wayenebuli erT-erTi
braldeba daaxloebiT ase JRerda: `metis-metad Wkvianiao~), xerxiani da Seuryeveli unda
yofiliyo, amasTan, axali sekularuli saukunis verbalur da simbolur niSanTa matarebelic.
gavixsenoT ras werda daviT erisTavi oZisidan duSeTSi myof ilia WavWavaZes: ùeWvelad
Camodi, me finansiis metyveleba ar vici da momeSveleo~ (WavWavaZe 1914).
faqtia, rom literatura, romelsac ilia qmnida, kulturis sinTetur movlenad iqca.
imavdroulad, igi sazogadoebrivi TviTSegnebis universaluri formac iyo da xSir
SemTxvevaSi, socialur mecnierebaTa funqciis Sesrulebac SeeZlo. 70-iani wlebidan, rodesac
`qarTuli kapitalisaTvis~ brZola pirvel planze gamodis, rodesac ideebs materialuri
gamyareba sWirdeba, es sinTeturoba ufro TvalSisacemi xdeba. qarTuli saadgilmamulo
134
bankis gamgeobis Tavmjdomaris ampluaSi ilia TiTqos realur cxovrebas, yofas, saganTa
samyaros kidev ufro meti siRrmiT swvdeba da mas warmatebiT akavSirebs kulturasTan,
rogorc simboloebisa da niSnebis samyarosTan. bankSi moRvaweobis periodSia dawerili,
magaliTad, òTaraanT qvrivi~. am moTxrobaSi, garda imisa, rom avtoris mniSvnelovani
msoflmxedvelobiTi transformaciaa warmodgenili, mizanmimarTuli saqmianobis,
yairaTianobisa da gegmazomieri Sromis apologiac ikiTxeba. amave periodSi ilia ufro
intensiurad iwyebs saubars, swored ternaruli kulturis matareblisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli
midgomiT, uklaso sazogadoebriv mowyobaze, romelic wodebriv Tanasworobaze iqneba
agebuli. amgvari msjelobis ZiriTadi mimarTuleba `qonebrivi da gonebrivi siZlieris~
Tanabaruflebianobis mtkicebaa: `...Cveni guliTadi rwmena yovelTvis isa yofila da aris, rom
eris warmateba, qonebrivi Tu gonebrivi, SesaZlebelia mxolod maSin, roca eri wodebaTa
dauyofelad, did-patarobis gaurCevlad da gamoukleblad erTianis mecadineobiTa da
garjiT hcdilobs cxovrebis gza gakvalos da burTi bedisa gaitanos wuTisoflis moednidam
yvelam erTad sayovelTaod. cal-calke weva cxovrebis uRelisa, cal-calke xvna da mka, cal-
calke Tla lxinisa Tavisken da Wirisa sxvisaken, marto Tavis-Tavis xsovna da sxvisi daviwyeba
momakvidnebelia kacTa saurTierTo cxovrebisa da saca eg urTierToba ar aris, iq arc
krebulia, romelsac eri hqvian...~ (WavWavaZe 1977: 82-83).
Tumca problemis am TvalsazrisiT gamokveTa qveyanaSi, sadac arsebobda moaruli azri
imis Sesaxeb, rom `glexi RvTis muSaa da vaWari — eSmakisa~ (akakis piesa `ganTiadi~), Sesabamisad
CarC-vaWroba, aRzrda-wes-Cveulebis qarTuli sistemis damrRvevad, cxovrebis ucxo da
mtruli wesis damamakvidrebel movlenad aRiqmeboda. alternatiuli mosazrebebis
damkvidreba ki saSiS, sakmaod dagvianebul da mavanTaTvis uperspeqtivo mcdelobad miiCneoda.
akaki, romelsac sayovelTao, saxalxo avtoriteti hqonda, werda: `RmerTma nu qnas, rom
qarTvel xalxs niWi gamouCinos imgvar komerciaSi, rogoric aris yalbi saswor-sazomi,
kotrobis gamogoneba da cecxliT fulis mogeba! umjobesia sul moispos qarTveli xalxi,
vidre monavroba da qveynis gleja xelovnebaT gaixados~... (baqraZe,I, 2002: 387). am sityvebis
mniSvneloba orazovnebas iZenda imaTTvis, visTvisac siaxle, gardaqmna Tu Tamami iniciativa
qveynis dasasrulTan iyo asocirebuli (baqraZe... ). swored am Temas exeba zaza kvercxiSvili
werilSi `simboloebi~, sadac axali evropis dabadeba raindobis institutis
diskreditaciasTanaa dakavSirebuli; ufro sworad, ki literaturaSi asaxul vaWris mier
raindis mokvlasTan, rogorc sulier faseulobebze pragmatizmis gamarjvebis aqtTan.
CvenSi, sadac arc raindis mokvla da arc vaWris gamarjveba ar ganxorcielebula
(piriqiT, qarTulma mwerlobam vaWarTa fenis satiruli gaazreba warmogvidgina, xolo is, rac
giorgi wereTlis `pirvel nabijSia~ asaxuli, mkvlelobis imitacia ufroa) ver moxerxda `Cveni
warsulis idealuri gmiris~, raindis, parodireba, ris gamoc `TviT cxovreba iqca gmiruli,
magram mkvdari kulturis parodiad~... (kvercxiSvili...). pirveli mxatvruli teqsti, sadac,
zaza kvercxiSvilis azriT, raindobis gadafasebaa warmodgenili, `glaxis naambobia~. marTlac,
gabrieli _ Sermadini uzneobisa da veragobis gamo klavs daTiko — avTandils. àmiT gaTavda
Seni Sermadinoba?~ _ momakvdavi daTikos am SekiTxvaze gabrieli pasuxobs: `rogori
avTandili Sen iyav, mec imisTana Sermadinoba gagiwie...~, rac pirdapiri miniSnebaa degradaciis
im procesze, romelic patronymobis institutma swored rom avTandilis daTikod gardasaxvis
gamo ganicada. zaza kvercxiSvili imiT aRrmavebs Tavis msjelobas, rom ilias cnobil
mowodebas werilidan `ra giTxraT, riT gagaxaroT?!~ _ èxla xmali Taroze unda SevdvaT~ _
teqstis aluziuri wakiTxvis principiT azrobrivad da emociurad identur mowodebasTan
aigivebs: `mohkali raindi Sens mentalitetSi!~, _ rac savsebiT marTebulad, axali
arafeodaluri saqarTvelos istoriis dasawyisadaa miCneuli. Cveni mxriv davsZendiT, rom
qarTulma mwerlobam raindis bedi qarTul kulturul sivrceSi logikur dasasrulamde mainc
miiyvana. marTalia, mkvleli-vaWari arc eg. ninoSvilis `Cveni qveynis raindSi~ gamoCnda,
samagierod, butaforul, fizikuri silamaziT Semkul, magram moralurad dacemul rainds,
tariel mkvlavaZes, aq Tavisi `kanonieri~ sulTamxuTavi, xalxosnur-revoluciuri ideebiT
Sepyrobili `raznoCineli~ inteligenti, momavali social-demokrati, spiridon mciriSvili
moevlineba, riTac axali evropis Soreuli analogiiT, axali saqarTvelos Seqmnis forma da
Sinaarsi srulad cxaddeba.
XIX saukunis meore naxevarSi qarTuli saadgilmamulo banki `gamocvlili drois iseTive
niSani iyo, rogoric wigni, skola, batonymobis gauqmeba~ (kankava 2005: 52-54). mas saTaveSi
Caudga, ivane maCabels rom davesexoT, `mwerlobaSi saxelnaSovni kaci~, sabanko-safinanso
saqmianobaze gadarTuli, romelic kvlav agrZelebda samwerlo da Jurnalistur moRvaweobas,
redaqtorobda yoveldRiur gazeTs. es ki momentis gansakuTrebulobisa da uCveulobis
SegrZnebas badebda. anu moxda is, razedac aqamde vsaubrobdiT: erT pirovnebaSi
literaturul-socialuri diskursis Serwyma, riTac bevrs seriozuli sazogadoebrivi
ryevebis molodinis gancda gauCnda. SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom 1894 wels gamocemuli ilias
pirovnebis makompromentirebeli broSuris `Tavadi ilia WavWavaZe da misi moRvaweoba~ anonimi
avtori (igive ivane maCabeli) Cqarobda `pasuxi gaeca erT umniSvnelovanes kiTxvaze: romel
wodebas SeuZlian CvenSi sazogadoebas saTaveSi Caudges da mis winsvlas xeli Seuwyos? amis
135
pasuxs didi Tavis mtvreva ar moundeba: glexkacobas metad bevri piradi sazrunavi aqvs, rom
sazogadoebazec ifiqros, vaWrobis wodeba jer-jerobiT ar arsebobs da istoriis msvlelobam
Cvens Tavadaznaurobas miuCina meTauroba...~ (asaTiani 1984: 50-52). anonimi avtori ara marto
emijneboda ideur Tanamoazresa da ufros megobars, aramed mosalodneli gardaqmnebis
xasiaTis an SeiZleba asec iTqvas, ngrevis masStabebis lokalizebas eswrafvoda.
Tavadaznaurobis dacva maCabliseuli formiT, maTTvis SeRavaTiani kreditis gacema Tu
giravnobis furclebis ganaRdebis vadebis gazrda SeuZlebeli da usargeblo iyo. vaWrul-
komerciuli urTierTobebi, axali burJuaziuli wesrigi saxelmwifoebriv-sakanonmdeblo
sistemebSi gaformebamde, pirvel rigSi, swored ekonomikis sferoSi xorcieldeboda da
qarTuli sinamdvilis Tavisebureba masSi CarTvasa da dezintegraciul tendenciebze uaris
Tqmas moiTxovda. metic, es movlenebi ukana planze swevda xelovnebaSi mimdinare procesebsa
da TviT politikuri brZolis perspeqtivebsac ki. am TvalsazrisiT, garkveuli msgavseba,
marTlac, SeiniSneba qarTul `bankoviadasa~ (`WavWavaZistebad~ da `maCablistebad~
sazogadoebis dayofa rom mohyva) da msoflio `sabanko omebs~ Soris. Tumca sabediswero
dapirispirebam kulturis am konkretul sferoSi mimdinare TandaTanobiTi cvlilebis
procesSi seriozuli dramatizmi Seitana. iliasa da vano maCablis urTierTaucilebloba
maTive urTierTganpirobebulobis Sedegi iyo. niko nikolaZis sityvebi: `...maCabels ara aqvs
adamianuri SesaZlebloba win aRudges T. WavWavaZes ise, rom imave dros sakuTari Tavis
winaaRmdeg ar gailaSqros~ (baqraZe, I, 2002: 121), Seqmnili situaciis zusti analizi aRmoCnda.
fsevdoafeTqebam TandaTanobiTi cvlilebis procesi ver SeaCera (ivane maCablis gauCinarebis
Semdegac, 1898 wels, ilia kidev didxans edga banks saTaveSi). samagierod, misca saSualeba
sxvadasxva sazogadoebrivi moZraobis warmomadgenlebs `dadebiTi da uaryofiTi kategoriebis
mixedviT SeefasebinaT~ qarTuli bankis garSemo atexili vnebaTaRelva.
pirvelTa Soris, cxadia, iyvnen isini, romlebsac ilias sulier memkvidreebs
vuwodebdiT. maTi mcdeloba erTiani, mzardi azri aRmoeCinaT winamorbedi moRvawis
memkvidreobaSi, drois Sesabamisad ganevrcoT erovnuli xsnis idea, ratomRac yvelaze
naklebadaa gaTvaliswinebuli reputaciaTa koreqtirebis Cven mier zemoT aRniSnul procesSi.
arada ufleba ara gvaqvs visaubroT mxolod iliasadmi gamJRavnebul brma aRtacebaze,
rodesac misi Semoqmedebis seriozuli analitikosebi (arCil jorjaZe, geronti qiqoZe, mixeil
javaxiSvili, samson fircxalava, revaz gabaSvili, tician tabiZe da sxv.) gamosavals kulturis
sxvadasxva formaSi (mwerloba, ekonomika, politika) integrirebuli saerTo ideis Semdgom
gamokveTasa da gaZlierebaSi xedavdnen.
XX saukunis dasawyisis axalTaoba, evropis universitetebis kursdamTavrebulTagan
Semdgari ilias, pirvel rigSi, am saerTo ideis Semqmnelad aRiqvamda. kulturuli
warmodgenebis cvlis paTosic, riTac XIX s-is 60-ian wlebSi `Tergdaleulebi~ Tavs
imkvidrebdnen, maTTvis ZiriTadad gasagebi da misaRebi iyo. garda amisa, ilias moRvaweobis
sxvadasxva mimarTuleba, maT Soris sabanko saqmianobac, Tavisi yovlisSeRwevadobis unariT,
sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis is veqtori aRmoCnda, romelic Semdgom srulyofasa da
ganviTarebas moiTxovda. mag., mixeil javaxiSvilis naTqvami _ `vai, im ers, vinc mxolod
raindobs da vui imas, vinc mxolod vaWrobs~ (javaxiSvili 1985: 35-37) _ xatovani ki ara, Rrma
retrospeqtuli xedvisa da mosalodneli gadacdomebis minimalizaciis survilis
demonstrireba iyo. revaz gabaSvilis mier ki aTian wlebSi Jurnal `kldeSi~ gamoTqmuli
mosazreba iliaseuli ùsisxlo omis~ Teoriis drois axal konteqstSi adaptirebis Tamami
nimuSi gaxldaT~: `wavida is dro, _ werda revaz gabaSvili, _ roca iaraRiT swyvetda
saqarTvelo Tavis bed-iRbals. Cven gvgonia, unda wavides is droc, roca mxolod kulturuli
laybobiT da mwerlobiT vapirebdiT qveynis aSenebas. unda amoifxikos fsixologiidan is
Secdoma, viTomc mxolod poezias, leqsTa wyobas, Teatrs da sxva amgvarebs hqondeT udidesi
da umaRlesi kulturuli Rirebuleba xalxis cxovrebaSi. yoveli eris fizikuri Zala, misi
arsebobis saZirkveli unda ganmtkicebul iyves misi ekonomikuri cxovrebiT~ (gabaSvili 1956:
110-112). samwuxarod, TviTidentificirebis dRevandel procesSi es xmebi praqtikulad ar
ismis.
ilias alRoianoba da saqmianobis farTo speqtri (ivane maCabelma mas yvela sferos
uzurpacia daswama) literatura da sociocentristuli sazogadoebis warmoSobis winapirobas
qmnida (cxadia, ara mwerlobis uaryofis gziT). momavali warmoaCenda, daiZleoda Tu ara
istoriuli ganviTarebis specifikiT gamowveuli araekonomikuri formebis batonobis
tradicia; gairkveoda isic Tu ramdenad Seuwyobda Tu SeuSlida xels erTeulTa TavganwirviT
ganxorcielebul am garRvevas qarTuli kulturis arqetipSi sublimirebuli, xSirad
urTierTgamomricxavi, Tvisebebi. pirveli qarTuli saadgilmamulo bankis istoria, am
TvalsazrisiT, gansjisa da dakvirvebis mniSvnelovani sagania. ilias swrafva Tavad qarTvelTa
cnobierebaSi `TviTmoqmedi qveynis~ damkvidrebisaTvis imdenad seriozuli aRmoCnda, rom am
miswrafebis CasaxSobad Tu karga xniT Sesasusteblad aucilebeli gaxda misi fizikuri
ganadgureba.
136
minaweri: pirveli qarTuli saadgilmamulo banki daarsda 1875 wels. ilia bankis gamgeobis
Tavmjdomare iyo 30 wlis manZilze;
bankis sawesdebo kapitali ganisazRvreboda 80 000 maneTiT, romelsac daemata mTavrobis
mier boZebuli 160 000 maneTi;
sul bankma gasca 2 milioni maneTi, saidanac moxmarda: Tbilisis saTavadaznauro gimnazias
_ 1 304 883 man.;
saTavadaznauro gimnaziis, SemdgomSi universitetis mSeneblobas _ 1 007 979 man.;
winamZRvrianTkaris sameurneo skolas _ 105 760 man.;
dramatul sazogadoebas _ 206 000 man.;
stipendiebsa da daxmarebebs _ 32 000 man.;
mcxeTis taZrisa da samTavisis monastris SekeTebas _ 5 300 man.;
danarCeni Tanxa _ skolebs, biblioTekebs da sxv.
damowmebani:
andronikaSvili 2005: andronikaSvili z. ka-f-kasiuri sofeli. krebulSi: saqarTveli aTaswleulTa

gasayarze. Tb.: 2005.
asaTiani 1984: asaTiani iovel. ilia WavWavaZe da qarTuli saadgilmamulo banki. Tb.: 1984.
baqraZe 2001-2004: baqraZe a. Txzulebani, t. 1, t. 2, t. 3, Tb.: 2001-2003.
gabaSvili 1956: gabaSvili r. rac gamaxsenda. miunheni: 1956.
iakobaSvili 2005: iakobaSvili d. ès biWi kargad TamaSobs~ anu qarTuli kulturis miTologemebi.
krebulSi: saqarTveli aTaswleulTa gasayarze. Tb.: 2005.
kalandariSvili 1989: kalandariSvili g. ilia WavWavaZe. azrebi. Tb.: 1982.
kankava 2005: kankava giorgi. qarTvelis mgzavroba codnisa da mokeTis saZieblad _ umoklesi gza
Sinisaken. sjani, № 6, Tb.: 2005.
kvercxiSvili 2005: kvercxiSvili z. simboloebi. krebulSi: saqarTveli aTaswleulTa gasayarze. Tb.: 2005.
lotmani 2005: lotmani i. kultura da afeTqeba (gaga lomiZis Targmani). Tb.: 2005.
maisuraZe 2005: maisuraZe g. patriotizmis `fsiqologiuri tipologia~. krebulSi: saqarTveli
aTaswleulTa gasayarze. Tb.: 2005.
WavWavaZe 1914: WavWavaZe i. Txzulebani. g. yifSiZis Sesavali werili. Tb.: 1914.
WavWavaZe 1977: WavWavaZe i. Txzulebani or tomad. t. 2, Tb.: 1977.
javaxiSvili 1985: javaxiSvili m. jayos xiznebi. Tb.: 1985.
137
rostom CxeiZe
axali fsiqologia an ras gaegulisebina ilia WavWavaZe83
noe JordaniasTan Sexvedris Semdeg _ 1897 wlis miwuruls _ ilia WavWavaZe marto imaze ki ar
aiyrida guls, aramed yvelaze, vinc axali da progresuli azrebis qadagebas Cemulobda. aseTi
miwveva, aseTi SeTavazeba da pativi bevrs ara Rirsebia; da aramarto Cvens qveyanaSi. aba,
gadaavleT Tvali civilizebuli saxelmwifoebis literaturasa da Jurnalistikis istorias
_ aRiarebuli moRvawe aseTi mxurvalebiT rom Segebebodes vinmes, TiTebze CamoiTvleba, da am
CamonaTvalSi erTi TiTi noe Jordanias saxelzec Caikeceba.
dabrunebas verc moaswrebda tfilisSi da publicistikis sarbielze kalmis mosinjvas,
lamis fiandaziviT gaegeboda fexqveS ìveria".
ilia gadawyvetda ase.
energia da mizanswrafa moxiblavda axalbedasi, da Tumc misi socialisturi da
demokratiuli ideebi didad ver aRitacebda, gunebaSi Seundobda, me gana nakleb viyavi
revoluciuri SexedulebebiT anTebuli, gana nakleb maRelvebda socialuri uTanasworoba da
gana nakleb mimaCnda misi gamosworeba moRvawis upirveles miznado.
marTalia misTvis am mizans zed gadajaWvoda erovnuli Tavisuflebis aucileblobis
rwmenac da es rwmena noe Jordanias publicistur gamosvlebSi arsad moCanda, magram esec
imdeni araferi, gamoerkveoda axalgazrda kaci socialisturi bangisagan, socialur
tkivilebs cota ukan gadaswevda, daviwyebiT ratom daiviwyebda, da jer ocnebis saqarTvelos
damkvidrebas Seswiravda Zal-Rones, damkvidrebas upirveles idealad, raTa ocnebas
realobaSi xorcSesxma mohyoloda, mere ki gulmodgined izrunebda socialuri Widilis
mogvarebazec.
oRond is ki ar unda daviwynoda, rom qarTuli realoba sruliad gansxvavdeboda
evropuli Tu rusuli realobisagan am mxrivac, Tavadaznaurobasa da glexobas Soris arsad
moCanda is Seurigebeli dapirispireba, riTac gadavsebuliyo iqauri saistorio qronikebi.
gamudmebuli saomari yofa da urTierTTanadgomis aucilebloba sxvagvarad msWvalavda
saqarTvelos mkvidrTa fsiqikas, sxvagvar movaleobas akisrebda erTimeoris mimarT
Tavadaznaurobasa da glexobas da, nacvlad gamZafrebuli, sisxlisRvramde misuli Widilisa,
mamaSviluri sarCuli amoekereboda am ori wodebis cxovrebis mdinarebas, erTimeoreSi
Zaldautaneblad rom gadadin-gadmodindeboda.
gaicinebda noe Jordania mamaSvilobis xsenebisas Tavadaznaurobasa da glexobas Soris?
egec araferi _ Tavidan aki TviTon iliasac ecineboda da luarsab TaTqariZis
TavgadasavalSi ironiulad gaurevda aseTi mamaSvilobis motivs. yvela iolad miuxvdeboda,
rasac gulisxmobda da visac wasdaveboda _ misTvis Zvirfas pirovnebas; magram nuTu ar
SeiZleboda aleqsandre orbelianic Semcdariyo? Secdomac aris da Secdomac. da ukvirda
ilias, ase rogor mondomebula daumtkiceblis damtkicebas es amxela gonebis kaci, iluziebi
realobad moCvenebiao.
da Tu TviTon nel-nela Seicvlida Tvalsazriss da mamaSvilobis Teorias aramcTu
savsebiT marTebulad, aucileblobadac ki aRiarebda, dae axla sxvas Caecina, sxvas hgoneboda
gulubryviloba. adre Tu gvian, is sxvac, noe Jordania iqneboda Tu misi mimdevari, Caxvdeboda
amgvari mtkicebis sikeTes _ gzas wodebaTa Soris urTierTobis gamwvavebis Sesaneleblad da,
iqneb, sisxlisRvris Tavidan asacilebladac.
iliasTan saubrebs unda daeCqarebina SefasebaTa gadafaseba. is, risi srulyofili
SecnobisTvisac ìveriis~ redaqtors wlebi moendomebina, amas ZRveniviT mierTmeoda.
ucnauri ki moCanda iliasagan es saqcieli, egre adviladac aravis daiaxlovebda, aravis
gadauxsnida guls, arc ìverias~ SesTavazebda: oRondac mobrZandi da Sen ganage redaqtoris
sruli uflebiTo.
Tu maT Soris azrTa didi sxvaoba gaCndeboda?
ilias esec gaeTvaliswinebina:
me Cemsas davbeWdav, Tqven Tqvensaso.
sxvebi rom sTxovdnen gazeTis gadacemas?
maT ar gadavcem, gamocdilebiT vici maTi ambavi, Tqven Tu aiRebT, mzad var gadmogceTo.
ivane maCabeli Seetkbo da SeeTvisebina ase, es gamonaklisic arsebobda mis biografiaSi,
ase... savalalod dasrulebuli. miT ufro unda gafrTxilebuliyo. magram Sors aRwevda misi
mzera, Zalian Sors, daxSul, dagubebul wlebs miarRvevda da am gadasaxedidan moCanda
aucileblad noe JordaniasTan saerTos gamonaxva. nu damegobrdebodnen, Tanamoazrenic nu
iqnebodnen, magram raRac saerTo gamoZebniliyo. bolosdabolos, Tuki is ìverias~ arc
iyabulebda, ise gadidgulebuliyo da marqsizmic ise amoWroda gulSi, sxvas verafrisdidebiT
83
Tavi biografiuli romanidan: `werilebi itriis wisqvilidan (arCil jorjaZis cxovrebis qronika)~
138
Seuziardeboda, is mainc gamxdariyo SesaZlebeli, rom samkvdro-sasicocxlod ar
gadahkidebodnen erTmaneTs.
stumars iqve mzad hqonda uari, magram Tavazianoba SeaCerebda: ase mixla uxeSad ar
gamomivideso, _ da ndobisaTvis madlobas rom Seswiravda, me es ar damimsaxurebiao,
mosafiqreblad drosa da megobrebTan moTaTbirebas iTxovda.
aramcTu megobrebs ar molaparakebia, giorgi wereTlisTvisac araferi uTqvams, `kvali~
visac gadaeca misTvis saredaqtorod, dapirebisamebr eaxleboda bankSi ilias da uarsac
moaxsenebda.
sabuTebiTo, _ ase gvamcnobs memuarebSi.
Tumc maTgan erTsac ar gvimJRavnebs da zogadi miniSnebis imedad unda davrCeT.
ise, neta, ra sabuTebi moisababa?
gunebaSi Tund Zalianac swyenoda ilias, ìveriaSi~ mosvlaze uars rom etyoda, arc
SeimCnevda da TxovniT sTxovda: xels mainc nu SevuSliT erTimeoreso.
is arafers dapirdeboda.
xelSeuSlelobas daTanxmdeboda ki ara, upirveles miznad ìveriis~ redaqciis moSlasa
da ilia WavWavaZis saxelis gatexvas daisaxavda, mis samoqalaqo sikvdils CaiTqvamda da filipe
maxaraZesac gverdiT amoiyenebda: gaxsovs, bavSvobisas gveleSapis damarcxebasa da wyaros
gamoxsnaze rom vocnebobdiT, ager is gveleSapi, xalxis WeSmariti swrafva rom dauTrgunavs,
zed gadafofrebia da droze Tu ar gamovacaleT xelidan wyaro, sul mowamlavs da aamtutebso.
amoiyenebda da isic ise mondomebiT amoudgeboda, waaWarbebda kidec da gadamwyveti
wuTebis win sulac TviTon igdebda xelT sadaveebs. Tumc, cxadia, noe Jordania isev
ebRauWeboda cal sadaves, Torem manamde is wvrTnida filipes da xelmosaWid masalebsac
SeurCevda, saidan sjobda Tavs daearaT iliasaTvis.
ukve iq ganaskvuliyo samkvdro-sasicocxlo brZola da agvistos sisxliani 30 bunebrivad
daabolovebda `kvalis~ gamoCenis mizans Cvens sazogadoebriv sinamdvileSi. ara kulturulSi,
rasakvirvelia, Tumc polemikuri masalebi literaturuli faqtebiTac gadaiZeZgeboda.
maTi literatura politikuri koniunqtura gaxldaT, arc erTi misxaliT meti, arc erTi
misxaliT naklebi, da swored politikuri koniunqturis sarecelze moundomebdnen ilias
mxatvrul naazrevsa da publicistikas gamoWras, iq gamoWrili ki ra gancda-ganwyobilebebsac
iwvevda social-demokratebis TvalSi, ulmoblad SeanTxevdnen gazeTebis furclebidanac da
TavianT mimdevarTa aTasgvari xrikebidanac.
sul ufro Semourkalavdnen asparezs.
sul ufro miCexavdnen.
da ilia WavWavaZe revolversac ki SeiZenda da saguramoSi Tavis aivanze gadmomdgari
erTi kuTxisaken gavlas Zalian erideboda, odnav Sebinddeboda Tu ara da is kuTxe sibneleSi
CaiZireboda _ xeebSemortymuli, aqeT mxares gadmoinacvlebda da Tuki Zalian moundeboda
maincdamainc iqiT gavlac, xifaTis mimzidveloba acTunebda revolveris sasxlets daaWerda
TiTs da frTxilad, frTxilad gaswevda iqiTac.
iqneb moscilde aqaurobas, tfilissac gaerido da erTxans yvarelSi Seafaro Tavio, _
urCevdnen, da rusTvelis Segonebasac ise Seaxsenebdnen, TiTqos TviTon sul pirze ar ekera is
Segonebanic da is striqonebic: saca ara sjobs gacla sjobs kargisa mamacisagano.
Tavmoyvareoba viTom ratom unda Selaxoda, ager `vefxistyaosani~ arwmunebda: kargisa
mamacisagano.
marto xalxur sibrZnes ar unda moaqcevdes rusTveli poetur formulaSi, pirad
gamocdilebasac unda Seurevdes da amiT aniWebdes met sicxoveles.
saca ar ujobda, gaecleboda da Tavs imiT inugeSebda: kargisa mamacisagano.
magram yovelTvis iqneb arc gascloda da zed Sexla emjobinebina? gonebis mtkiceba
gulis karnaxs gadaefara da saca ar ujobda, swored mis SuagulSic Sevardniliyo?
kidec davadasturebdiT, misi biografia rom gvqondes xelT, ase gumaniT ki imis Tqma
SeiZleba, rom adamianis cxovreba ar aris sworxazovani da sqemebsa da formulebSi moqceuli,
raoden saxeiroc unda moCandes esa Tu is sqema an formula. qvecnobieri saiT migagdebs,
TviTonac ver axsni, aramcTu sxvebma moindomon misi ganmarteba da ilia
revolvermomarjvebuli rom uaxlovdeboda aivnis dabnelebul kuTxes, xeebiT gadaburul
mxares da guli Zalumad aubagundeboda: ara var arsad wamsvlelio, _ es Sinagani Zaxili
Seereoda gulis baguns da ar iyo Zala qveyanaze, vinc am ganzraxvas gadaaTqmevinebda.
jer noe Jordanias moacilebda karisaken da mxurvaledac gamoemSvidobeboda.
xels mainc nu SevuSliT erTimeoreso...
Seuracxyofisa da ciliswamebis nakadSi rom mohyveboda, kidec aiyrida guls
progresistebze da gulSic aRar gaivlebda arCil jorjaZis miwvevas TavisTan da xelsayreli
dasayrdenis SeTavazebas Semdgomi moqmedebisaTis _ redaqcia iqneboda, banki Tu wera-kiTxvis
sazogadoeba, raTa saqveyno sarbielze axalgamosuls gaadvileboda moRvaweoba.
iqneb sworedac is sjobda, rom ar gaadvileboda? Torem ra gamodioda _ imis imedad
yofna, erTxelac iqneba gamoexsneba socializmis ideas da saqarTvelos damoukideblobis
139
mopovebas gaixdis upirveles miznado, rodemde SeiZleba gagrZelebuliyo. imedi mwared
gacrueboda araerTxel da isev mas veRar Camoekideboda.
progresisa da siaxlis Semotana-damkvidrebas vinc iqadda, ilia yvelas àxalmosulis~
fsevdonimiT gamoepasuxeboda. fsevdonimSic gaurevda ironias, axalmosulobas
axalmosulobiTve Seerkineboda, imaT umTavres mtkicebas Tavmosawoneblad da sazogadoebriv
sivrceSi dasamkvidreblad, imaTeburive xerxiT dauxvdeboda da satiruli maneriT
ukiduresobamde rom miiyvanda da gaaSarJebda imaT axal azrebs, fsevdonimiT kidev erTxel
gamohkveTda, swored aqeT midis Tqveni qadageba, kontraqciebiT gaJRenTili da miwas
mowyvetili, da, Seuferxebeli gziT Tu iara da realuri dabrkoleba arsad aRemarTa, srul
gaugebrobaSi gadaiCexeba Tqvenganve waqezebuli àxlebis~ xelSio.
Torem ager es axalmosulic, vis saxelsac aifarebda ilia gamWvirvale saburvelad, aqeb-
adidebda ivane gomarTelis filosofiasac da arCil jorjaZis fsiqologiasac da swored qeba-
didebas gadaaqcevda sarkazmad.
neba miboZe gaqo gabiTurebis mizniTo, _ TavisTvis rom iwerda patar-patara satirul
leqsebs galaktion tabiZe, am striqonebsac gamourevda da, TviTon ra CaeTqva, aq sad gavyveT,
sagulisxmo isaa, rom ilias im mwvave publicistur statiazea zedgamoWrili, TiTqos misi
lakonuri reziumeao.
epistolur qargas gamouZebnida am satirul Canawers _ ìvane gomarTelis filosofia
da arCil jorjaZis fsiqologia~, ìveriis~ 1902 wlis 21-e nomris furclebze rom
gamoCndeboda; viTomda meuRles swerda vrcel baraTs da amunaTebda Zveli azrebis
erTgulebas, TviTon ki _ axali azrebis ukvdavebis wyaros dawafebuli, `kvalisa~ da `cnobis
furclis~ locviTa da kurTxeviT _ aseT sayvedurebs umizezo wuwunaTRa Rebulobda
gunebanaqcevi dedakacisa.
warmosaxviT meuRles Tekles Searqmevda.
cxadia, nebismieradac SeiZleba iyos amorCeuli es saxeli, magram statiis suliskveTebis
fonze ise moCans, rom SemTxveviT ar unda wamoevlos xeli da am saxelSic simbolursa da Rrma
Sinaarss unda gulisxmobdes. Tekles xseneba Zaldautaneblad wamoutivtivebda mkiTxvels
Tekla batoniSvilis saxebas, erovnuli tradiciebis didi erTgulisa da konservatuli
ideologiis damcvelis, visi gavlenac, Svilebis wyalobiT, aleqsandre da vaxtang
orbelianebisa, kvlavac kanTielad trialebda sazogadoebriv SegnebaSi da iliasac SemTxveva
miecemoda Tu ara, diTirambs aRuvlenda, rogorc iveriis damarxuli didebis mTxrobels,
maxsenebelsa da Wirisufals, da rogorc kargad ganaTlebulsa da WkuiT, sibrZniTa da
saTnoebiT Semkul pirovnebas.
am asociaciebis fonze, ufro xelSesaxebad unda gamoCndes axal azrovnebad monaTluli
ideologiis calmxrivoba, umwifaroba da _ zogierT SemTxvevaSi _ sruli ugvanoba da
codvianobac.
Tu Seni jvardawerili coli ar gagondeba, es Seni ojaxi mainc ratom ar moikiTxeo, _
iwereboda ocnebas Sereuli qali da qmari ki: ojaxis mokiTxva da gaxseneba ra patiosanis kacis
sakadrisia. ra saxsenebelia eg Seni obmokidebuli `mcneba", eg Seni ojaxi exlandel droSi,
roca `kvalisa~ da `cnobis furclis~ wyalobiT axali mecniereba, axali mimarTuleba, axal-
axali azrebi duRan da gadmodiano, _ gonebaSi ubeWdavda da ukve meored ixseniebda am or
gazeTs, rogorc TanamoazreT.
imaT Tu egonaT, sxvadasxva saZirkvelze amovSenebulvarTo, ilia odnavadac ar
ganasxvavebda. darwmunebuli gaxldaT, an xelovnurad Txzaven viTomda dapirispirebis
arsebobas, an marTla eCvenebaT, arada, sinamdvileSi erT sulad da erT xorcad
gamokveTilano.
maS ojaxi mosakiTxi ki ara, dasangrevi da dasaqcevi yofila? ase unda erwmunaT, rakiRa
ojaxis aucileblobas xavsmokidebuli Zvelebi RaRadebdnen, dangrevas ki _ axali drois
yaraman yaTil saapyirani gomarTeli.
socializmi gulmodgined utrialebda siyvarulsac da seqssac, mixvedriliyvnen misi
pirvelive Teoretikosebi, rom raRacnairad Tu ar mouvlidnen am gancdasa da swrafvas, Zalian
SeuSlidaT xels im wyobisa da saxelmwifos damkvidrebaSi, rac ase eocnebebodaT da eWvic ar
eparebodaT, miwiur samoTxes gavaCenT da kacobrioba aqve, wuTisofelSive hpovebs im
gulisTqmis aRsrulebas, risi xorcSesxmac miRma samyaroSi egulebodaTo.
seqsualuri komunizmi unda damyarebuliyo.
saamisod ki ojaxi unda moSliliyo _ usaTuod da ueWvelad.
aRaravis eyoleboda ded-mama, aRaravis eyoleboda da-Zma da es garemoebac
gaaTanasworebda yvelasa da yvelafers, ojaxis moSla erovnul sazRvrebsac gacilebiT iolad
moarRvevda, TviTmyofadobis niSnebs pirwmindad gadafxekda da sazrunavi aRaravis aRaraferi
eqneboda, garda komunizmis naTeli momavlis, Semdgom ki komunisturi sazogadoebis embazSi
amovlebisa.
abstraqtuli kacobrioba gadaiqceoda erTaderT realobad.
Teoriulad es yovelive, yvelasTvis Tu ara, bevrisaTvis mimzidveladac gamoiyureboda,
erTaderT aucileblobadac, da suli uswrebdaT, rodis damkvidrdeboda yofa-cxovrebaSi,
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magram revoluciebis qar-cecxli socialistur wyobas marTla rom aacxadebda da komunizmis
moRaJRaJe mwvervalebs sulac xelis gawvdenaze mouTiTebdnen am wes-wyobilebis moTaveni
xalxs, ojaxis moSla mTlad ise marjved ver gamouvidodaT, rogorc warmosaxvaSi
eiolebodaT. Seecdebodnen, gana ara, seqsualuri komunizmis damkvidrebas, saamiso
propagandistebsac daagzavnidnen da sajaro scenebsac moawyobdnen, Tu rogor unda
dabruneboda adamiani cxovelur yofas da dabadebis misteria aRarc gansxvavebuliyo
lekvebisa Tu knutebis Sobisagan.
aqtebic barem sajaro gamxdariyo _ gana cxovelebs ercxvinebodaT, xom aravin
gviyurebso?
Seecdebodnen da... iqvec CaifuSeboda ganzraxva, im pirvelive propagandistebTan,
romelTac is TiTo saxalxo gaSiSvleba da erTimeoris midgoma SerCebodaT, egaa da eg.
gaisuseboda axali saxelmwifo reJimi da gaxsenebiTac aRarasodes gaixsenebda, odesRac
socializmis medroSeebs am ideiTac rom uxurdaT Tavi. ise daasrulebda arsebobas ruseTis
sabWoTa imperia, cenzuras isic ki daevaleboda, arsad gaWaWanebuliyo ojaxis moSlisa da
seqsualuri komunizmis ideologia, ojaxis gadagvarebisa ratomac ara, oRond am gziT moSlas
Camoxsnodnen.
jer Cveni socialistebic moezidebodnen amgvar Sexedulebebs, evropuli da rusuli
nakadi saqarTveloSic xom ar unda darCeniliyo gamoZaxilis gareSe da ivane gomarTeli
siaxlis moqadagis mantiiT rom gadmoisroda xalxSi ojaxis dromoWmulobis Sexedulebebs, vin
unda gadaRobeboda uwinaresad, Tu ara ilia WavWavaZe, satiris darjakSi rom gamoatarebda
axal qadagebas:
Zlivs ar gavige, rom ojaxi adamianis progresis borkili yofila, da borkili xom
borkilad, ojaxs sxva Wiric sWirebia, Turme adamianis Zal-Rones ar uSvebs sazogadoebrivi
idealebisaken da winsvla kidec Seuyenebiao.
esec imdeni araferi Turme, drogasuli da Zveli yofila da:
_ exlandels droSi dro-gadasulis da Zvelis qomagoba da keTilad xseneba xom
sacimbiro saqmea, `kvalisa~ da `cnobis furclis~ publicist-filosofosebs rom hkiTxo.
es ori gazeTi kvlav erTmaneTs unda Setyupeboda, oRond cimbiris xsenebac ar aris
SemTxveviTi da gamWvirvale miniSnebac Zneli amosacnobi. socializmis moqadageni jer ise ar
momZlavrebulan, sacimbirod gauxadon vinmes saqme, iq gadasaxleba TviTon ufro uwevT. xan
romeli maTgani aRmoCndeba iq da xan romeli. da maS ra xdeba, ilias cimbiri ram aTqmevina? ram
da: erovnul tradiciebsa da Taviseburebebs erTsulovnad dapirispirebian mefis
xelisuflebac da socialisturi wreebic. TviTon socialistebic sxvadasxva mxares miiweven
da erTmaneTTan saerTos veRar hpoveben, sulac samkvdro-sasicocxlod gadaekidebian
erTmaneTs, mefis xelisufleba arcerT mimdinareobas ar mosdis TvalSi da xelisuflebac
yvelas Tavis mtrad miiCnevs, magram rodesac erovnuli zne-Cveulebani Cndeba Tvalsawierze,
aviwydebaT qiSpi da aserigad Seurigebelni... erTbaSad Tanxmdebian. erovnuli tradiciebi
unda moispos, Tanac pirwmindad _ es upirvelesia, sxva mxriv ki raRac-raRac daTmobebic
SeiZleba. saTqmeladac ara Rirs es daTmobani.
drogadasuli da Zvelio...
es is politikuri iarliyia, romelsac Tu ar gamoexseni, cimbiris gzac wamdauwum
amogiCndeba Tvalwin da aivnis daburuli kuTxiskenac revolvermomarjvebuli Tu gadadgam
nabijs.
social-demokratia da politikuri terori ganuyofeli cnebani gamxdara.
ukve droa, rom arCil jorjaZis saxelic gamoCndes statiaSi da, cxadia, masac ironiuli
qarga Semoevleba garSemo Tavidanve: RmerTma uSvelos, iman mixsna borotisagano.
jer mkiTxveli ise kargad ar icnobs am axal publicists?
gaacnobs, yuri daugdon da mis portretsac Semoxazavs, im mTavar konturebs gamohkveTs,
Tu ratom ar SeiZleba iyos saimedo misi movlineba. fsevdosiaxleTa maraqaSi gareulTa visac
swams, dae man iwamos amisic, ilia ki rjulamde Cahyveba da jer oriod sityviT ase warudgens
sazogadoebas:
_ es is axali kacia, romelic marto imis fiqrsa da cdaSia, rom axlebsac aamos da arc
Zvelebi moimduros.
mware Sefasebaa, Zalian mware, rodesac Sens pirvelive literaturul cdebs
farisevlobad moginaTlaven. SemaerTebeli xidis rols ki ar gakisreben am or mrwamss Soriss,
aramed mzakvrul xerxianobas, Seni Sexedulebani marjved Semoaparo sazogadoebis
cnobierebas, gulmxurvaleba umtkico da Tan misi Sinagani simtkicis morRvevas Seecado.
ra STabeWdilebac darCenoda ilias, is unda gamoeTqva wrfelad da arc amjerad gaewia
angariSi, vis ra gancdebs darevda xels misi sityvebis mosmenisas.
arCil jorjaZec iseve gacofdeboda, rogorc noe Jordanias daekarga wonasworoba
gagulisebisagan da didsa da pataras umxedrebda? dae esec mimateboda mis moZuleTa gunds da
yvela mosaxvevSi emtkicebina, vidre eg gveyoleba baybay-devad, axalsa da bednier cxovrebas
ar unda velodeTo.
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ise Tuki sul imis cdaSi gaxldaT, axlebisTvisac eamebina da arc Zvelebi moemdurebina,
saamisod is publicisturi xerxi unda gamoeyenebina, rasac ilia, ironiulad, brZnuls
Searqmevda da zogad Sinaarss am lakonur frazebSi Catevda:
_ Zvelebi, marTalia, mixvdnen, rom saqme axlebsaviT kargad ver gamoSignes, gul-RviZli
kargad ver gauCxrikeso; mixvedra Zvelebisaa, gamoCxreka _ ki axlebisao.
ase SeSveleboda arCil jorjaZis filosofia ivane gomarTelisas da misi statiis
dedaazri ukve am Sevsebuli saxiT gadmohqonda ilias Tavis mwvave gamoxmaurebaSi, lakonur
daskvnas gaSlida da ase awvdida mkiTxvels:
_ Zvelebs ara scodniaT saidam misdgomodnen ojaxs, rom samudamod daeqciaT. Tumc
alRo _ ki aRebuli hqoniaT... Tu risame dangreva-daqceva ginda da erTbaSad dafuSva,
saZirkveli unda mounaxo da mTlad gamouTxaro. ojaxi rom gamoSigno, gul-RviZli rom
gauCxriko, hnaxav, rom saZirkveli misi col-qmrobaa.. ojaxis Zirian-fesvianad amogdeba ar
SeiZleba, Tu aw arsebuli col-qmroba ar Seimusra, ar dairRva, ar gauqmda.
col-qmrobis darRveva mZime da saTakilo saqmed miaCnda qarTvelobas da, Tu ara
pativsadebi mizezi, aseTi gadawyvetileba verc gaebedaT?
ager, Tuki gomarTelis mier mowodebul azrebs aRiarebdnen, col-qmrobis darRveva
aramcTu saTakilo saqme, qveynisaTvis dadebuli Rvawlic aRmoCndeboda, sasaxelo da saqeb-
sadidebeli, da Tu col-qmroba Seimusreboda da ojaxebi erTimeoris miyolebiT daiqceoda,
ase wawymdeboda Zveli da ixarebda axali.
qonebis gayofa rogorRa unda momxdariyo gayril col-qmars Soris?
TiTqos damabrkolebel garemoebad es Cndeboda, magram aqac arCil jorjaZe
moevlineboda Semwed gomarTelis mtkicebebs da ilias publicisturi statiis ironia imiTac
gamkveTrdeboda: darigebisaTvis jer gomarTels mivaSure, magram radganac igi tfilisidan
sadRac wasuliyo, arCil jorjaZes mivadeqi da mas movaxsene Cemi Wir-varamio. es
beletrizebuli CanarTi ise grZeldeba, rom mas `cnobis furceli~ miuCeCebia xelSi
mTxovnelisaTvis da uTqvams: Seni dardis pasuxi aqa weria, sxagan versad ipovni, sanTliTac
rom eZeboo.
iqve kidev erTi ironiuli nestari:
_ vTqvi, usaTuod gasaReba unda `cnobis furclisa~ da amitom maCeCebs xelSi-meTqi.
meti gza ar iyo, viyide is nomeri da Sin wamoviRe.
galaktionma rogor?
neba miboZe gaqo gabiTurebis mizniTo, ara?
da ilia erTierTmaneTs miawyobda sadidebels:
_ wavikiTxe da sixaruliT fexze veRar davdeg.
_ ai, RmerTma acocxlos arCil jorjaZe, misi axali mimarTuleba, misi axali mecniereba
da misi axali fsiqologia.
_ ver warmoidgen, qveyanas ra dovrani dascemia, ra iRbali hqonia da dRes _ aqamomde ki
ara scodnia.
_ ai Turme axali fsixologia adamianisa ras hRaRadebs!..
_ es me rom meTqva, ar damijerebdi. amas arCil jorjaZe ambobs, is arCil jorjaZe,
romelic Tavis qadilisamebr adamianis gulSi kargad Caxedulia.
_ es axlad-gamomcxvari fsixologi gviqadagebs.
nabij-nabij aRar gahyveboda mis statias, yvela debulebis uaryofas ar ganizraxavda,
erTs gamoarCevda nimuSad da masze aagebda Tavis msjelobas da arCil jorjaZis SexedulebaTa
gabiabruebas:
`kaci maSin aras indomebs sxvisas, roca TavisiT sjerdeba, Tavisi sakmarisi aqvs.
winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, is sxvisas Sehyurebs da sul imis fiqrsa da cdaSia, rom `sxvisiT~
Seivsos Tavisi danaklisi~.
gana bevria qveyanaze imisTana kaci, rom raca aqvs, mas dasjerdes da kmarodeso, _
ecineboda ilias, am striqonebs rom gadaavlebda Tvals da rotSildi da sxva amerikeli
milionerebi axsendeboda: yelTamde oqro-vercxliT aRvsilan, magram ara sjerdebian, raca
aqvT da dRe-Ram ibrZvian da iRvwian metis SesaZenado. ra gamodioda _ didad didi nawili
kacobriobisa, ara kmarobda mopovebuls da sul imis fiqrsa da cdaSi yofila, `sxvisiT~
Sevivso danaklisio.
raki asea, me raRa wiTeli koWi vbrZanebulvaro, _ warmosaxviT meuRles umtkicebda, _
me ratomRa ar unda viyo sul imis fiqrsa da cdaSi, rom `sxvisiT~ Sevivso danaklisi da iolad
wavideo.
magram es `sxvisiT~ Sevseba danaklisisa rogor unda moxdes ise, rom cimbirs iqiT ar
gikran Tavi?
Zvelebs xom mxolod ase warmoedginaT, `sxvisiT~ Sevseba danaklisisa martooden maSinaa
SesaZlebeli, rom an moiparav, an gaZarcvav da an moitaceb. is `sxvisi~ Tu marTla sxvisaa,
patronma Tavisi nebiT ratom unda daganebos da arc daganebebso.
magram Tu colis mziTevi Sens xelTaa?
arCil jorjaZis `saamuri fsixologia~ kidec gadmogilocavs.
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siTamamesa da Tavdajerebasac es gmatebs:
_ RmerTi, rjuli, mec, bevr sxvasaviT, ara vjerdebi da ara vkmarob imas, raca maqvs. maS
RvTiT da arCil jorjaZis wyalobiT nuras ukacraod, rom arc vacxelo, arc vacivo da Cemis
danaklisis Sesavsebad vsTqva, afu me-meTqi da Seni mziTevi Sevityapuno. Tu me amaSi
gamamtyunos vinem arCil jorjaZis fsixologiis Semdeg, Cemi kiseri da Seni xmali.
mwvave sarkazmi mxolod ase Tu dabolovdeboda: aRar vici, romeli ufro didi mecnieria
da romeli ufro win mirbis `sazogadoebriv idealebisaken~ _ gomarTeli Tu jorjaZe, es ki
vici, rom es meoce saukune qarTvelebs karg etlsa da varskvlavze dagvebada, xumrobaa, ori
amisTana kaci mogvevlina, rogorc filosofosi gomarTeli da fsixologosi jorjaZeo.
rac noe JordaniasTan daemarTa, meored aRar unda mosvloda da aRarc mouvidoda.
ratom daebarebina TavisTan da fiandazad gageboda _ rac genebos, Sens xelT iyos, an Tu
maincdamainc mxardamxar ar gavwevT Wapans, xels mainc nu SevuSliT erTmaneTso. am mxurvale
Sexvedrasac albaT iseTive Sedegi mohyveboda, rac noe Jordanias gauTavebeli
Tavdasxmebisagan gamoecada da barem ukve dawyebuliyo es axali dapirispireba: ilia WavWavaZe
_ arCil jorjaZe. da barem im simwvaviT, rac isedac mosalodneli gaxldaT.
iTakilebda Tavmomwone filosofos-fsiqologi aseT Segebebas da TviTonac
daundoblad gamoilaSqrebda?
dae Tavisi moesinja, gamoCndeboda, ras moixveWda iliasTan davidarabiT.
noe Jordanias ra dovlaTi eSovna?
CaerieT, momeSveleTo, _ aRma-daRma darboda da momxreebs aqezebda, _ axla mWirdebiT,
Tu mWirdebiT, saprotesto werilebi SeadgineT da moiTxoveT ilias werilebis akrZalvao.
dovlaTi mere gamoCndeboda, saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukidebloba iseTi
realuri rom gaxdeboda, TviTon Jordaniac veRar gadavidoda gangebis nebas da aRiarebda da
sulac gamoacxadebda saqarTvelos demokratiul respublikas, Tumc guli Zalian wydeboda,
nacionalur sazRvrebSi vemwyvdeviT da msoflio proletariatis mxardamxar brZola cota ar
iyos gagviZneldeba, Cveni am mTavari miznisa da ocnebis aRsrulebao.
yvelaze Zlieri metoqe, saxelmwifo meTauris savarZlisaTvis brZolaSi, karga xnis winaT
Camoecilebina, samoqalaqo sikvdili miesaja da bolSevikuri frTisaTvis gadaeloca
sikvdilis ganaCenis aRsruleba. sxvebs iolad moereoda, Tanapartiel noe ramiSvilsac ki
Camoicilebda mTavrobis Tavmjdomaris postidan da àxal mosed~ moevlineboda qveyanas.
jer ar uwyoda, movlenebi rogor daewyoboda erTmaneTs da gaveSebuli mistaneboda
ilias saxels, arCil jorjaZesac ver iguebda saqveyno asparezze da faruli krTomiT
miaCerdeboda, Cemze meti saxeli ar iSovnos, Cemze met gavlenas ar miaRwios, Torem mere ufro
gamiZneldeba misi damxobao.
jer Soridan aTvalierebdnen erTmaneTs.
noe _ gulSi Cagubebuli braziT.
arCili _ odnavi ironiiT.
ise, uneburi mokavSireebi xom ara xdebodnen ilias winaaRmdeg?
vidre ilia mZlavrad gamoiyureboda da barierad aRmarToda socialistur moZRvrebas,
iqneb erTmaneTisaTvis xelis gawvdena ujobdaT da jer am kacis Camocileba, yvelasa da
yvelafers rom gadafofreboda?
erTmaneTTan Widils yovelTvisac moaswrebdnen.
ager sababic gamosCenoda arCil jorjaZes, ilias TviTon gadaegdo xelTaTmani misTvis,
Seni gamoCeniT axali saukune karg etlsa da varskvlavze dagvebadao, am maTraxsac ar
dainanebda da mis merusuleobasac mwared gadawvdeboda.
gaxsovT citatis is forma?
`kaci maSin aras indomebs sxvisas, roca TavisiT sjerdeba, Tavisi sakmarisi aqvs~.
icinebda ilia WavWavaZe:
iqneba ikiTxo, _ `TavisiT sjerdeba~ sadauri qarTuliao? garusebuli qarTuli
gaxlavso.
da ase sicil-siciliT moadevnebda:
_ marTalia, Zveli qarTveli am SemTxvevaSi ityoda, _ `sjerdeba ras? _ Tavisas~ da ara
TavisiT; magram `kvalsa~ da TviT b-n gomarTels ara-erTxel kveri daukravs da beWedi
dausvams, rom Cven, qarTvelebi `vgaevropieldiT~ da raT gikvirs, rom arCil jorjaZem
qarTuli gaarusula da amiT gaaevropiela, survilisa da natvrisamebr `kvalisa~ da
gomarTelisa. Tund egec ar iyos, sityvas ras dasdev!.. Sen azri gausinje, azri, da sityvas
Tund janabamde gza hqonia.
mtkivneul adgilas aWerda fexs, enobriv uxerxulobas uneblie Secdomad ki ar
CamoarTmevda, gulgareT ki ar gadaatarebda, garusebul qarTuls Searqmevda.
TiTqos ukve gadaelaxa `cnobis furclis~ publicists is dabrkolebani, qarTul enas
rom aSorebda, jiuti nebisyofiT gamoekvala gza mSobliuri enisaken, eamayeboda, male rom
aRedgina qarTulad metyvelebac da weris unaric, miTumetes, publicisturi statiisa; da...
ilias Tvals ki araferi gamoepareboda.
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egaa, cota ar iyos ucnauri Canda, rom es mkveTri Semobruneba mSobliur Zirebs
mowyvetili kacisa Tavisi enisa da miwa-wylisaken sasixarulod ki ar daurCeboda da axalbeda
publicists SegulianebiT ki ar Seagulianebda, kidev ufro srulhyavi enobrivi stilio,
TiTqos Tavidan mocileba erCivna, iseT raimes uwunebda, rasac, vin icis, ise gaeRizianebina
arCil jorjaZe, sul aeRo xeli qarTulad weraze.
an raRa TiTqos...
icilebda da eg aris.
ar dagidevda amas ilia _ aeRo da aeRo xeli, mainc ara swamda misi moRvaweobisa da
isedac mware ironiaSi enobriv damaxinjebasac waakecavda.
arada, TviTon arCils rogor uxaroda weraSi gawafva da... ukvirda kidec sakuTari
Tavisa, gamimarTla, Torem ase male ar velodio.
Tedo saxokias kidev ufro ukvirda da xan daJinebiTac miaCerdeboda, Tvali xom ar
matyuebs, es is arCilia Tu arao.
jerac tolstovelad mohqonda Tavi, cotaodnav ganeleboda fanatikuri gataceba,
magram kvlavac tolstois saxeli da misi moZRvreba ekera pirze da Tedo saxokiasac
CasCiCinebda, ukeTesi gza arc arsebobs kacisaTvis, vidre am mrwamsis mimdevroba, iwame da Senc
igrZen adamianis xsnisaTvis moniWebuli madli, ganicade, ras niSnavs, mTel samyaroze rom
zrunav da ara miwis patara naglejze, romlisTvisac Seni samSoblo SeurqmeviaT da misi
morCileba ki tvirTad aukidiaT, da, Tu ar gamoexseni am movaleobas, mTeli cxovreba
borkilebiviT unda ataro, igrZen ufro didi movaleoba, vidre Sens sakuTar wvenSi xarSvaao.
panTeonis moednis sastumroSi gaemarTaT es sja-baasi, parizSi, 1900 wlidan weliwad
naxevars mainc, vidre arCil jorjaZe saqarTveloSi gamoemgzavreboda.
is ukve aRerRiliyo wamosasvlelad.
es axla Sescqeroda gaocebuli TvalebiT parizis zecas, mosdeboda qalaqis quCebs,
arafers tovebda mouCxrekavs, TiTqos qalaqic wignsacavad gadaqceulao, da: ras miaRwia
mainc, mTeli msoflio rom aRiarebs gemovnebis kanonmdeblad da yvela misi stilis
ganmeorebas lamobso, _ fiqrobda.
sul frangul kulturaze undoda laparaki, sul frangul literaturas utrialebda da
arCilic gabezrebuli hyavda, magram is maSinve tolstoisaken gadauxvevda, im gadmosaxedidan
gansjida da afasebda yovelives da: amas ukve aRaraferi eSvelebao, _ guli wydeboda Tedo
saxokias. enaneboda amxela erudicia, amxela talanti, amxela gamWriaxoba, amxela suliereba
tolstovelobis qadagebaSi CaSretiliyo.
petrogradSi swavlisas gagitaca tolstois moZRvrebamo? _ ekiTxeboda Tedo. es ise,
sxvaTa Soris, Torem dasaeWvebeli ra iyo, iq yofnisas rom Caflobiliyo am axal
mimdinareobaSi.
magram iman:
ara, varSavis universitetSi, petrogradSi budizmi mxiblavda yvelaze Zaliano.
iq cixis komendantad generali giorgi yazbegi daeniSnaT, misi naTesavi, `TurqeTis
saqarTveloze~ samogzauro wignis avtori da wera-kiTxvis sazogadoebis momavali
Tavmjdomare _ wiwamuris tragediis Semdeg. da am marjve SemTxveviT esargebla, raTa erTxans
es universitetic moesinja.
sargeblobiT ki esargebla, magram tolstoveloba ise moeWdoboda gulze, ise miiCnevda
kacobriobis mxsnel moZRvrebad, varSavaSi guli aRar daudgeboda da imis Ziebas daiwyebda,
tolstovelebs yvelaze Zlieri wre sad SeuqmniaTo.
eZiebda da hpovebda, oRond ruseTis qalaqebSi ara, inglisis sagrafoSi, sworedac
inglisis sagrafoSi, sadac vladimer Certkovs moekidebina fexi, tolstois yvelaze did
aRmsarebelsa da erTgul mowafes da arCilsac SeiTvisebdnen, or weliwads ayuryumalavebdnen
TavianTi koloniis sulier garemoSi, Tu raime dafaruli mxare arsebobda am mimdinareobisa,
yvelafers Seaswavlidnen, am ideologiiT ganmsWvalavdnen da, TviTon rom veRar moabamdnen
Tavs tolstovuri axalSenis aramcTu gaZlierebas, SenarCunebasac ki, gamoistumrebdnen
qveynierebaze: iqneb Sen meti simarjve gamoiCinoo.
parizSi yofnas ra sjobda da tolstovuri wris Seqmnas, magram marto swrafva da wadili
ara kmaroda, ufulod yovelgvari wre haerSi gamoekideboda da arCilis ganzraxvac amitom
dafarfatebda zemoT-zemoT. ocnebis qalaqi veraferSi Sesweoda da, sxva ra gza darCenoda, Sin
dabrunebas unda Sehgueboda.
marTalia saqarTvelo metad mcire asparezi gaxldaT sakacobrio moZRvrebisaTvis,
magram nivTieri gasaWiri yelSi Cafrenoda av sneulebasaviT da Tadarigsac iWerda da fexic
ukan rCeboda _ sorbonis universitetic, parizic rogori dasatovebelia, da ase nel-
nelaobaSi weliwadnaxevari ki gadaikeceboda.
Tedo saxokias memuaruli Canawerebidan mxolod Zalian zogadad da Soreuli miniSnebiT
vigebT maTi maSindeli saubrebis Sinaarss:
_ tolstois filosofiaze jer kidev xeli ar aeRo. yovelsave SemTxvevaSi, masTan
baasisgan im STabeWdilebas kaci ver gamoitanda, rom arCili saqarTvelos bed-iRblis uRelSi
Seebmeboda odesme da, kerZod, qarTul mwerlobaSi miiRebda monawileobas. imas mainc ver
144
ifiqrebdiT, rom arCil jorjaZe gaxdeboda saqarTvelos social-federalistTa partiis
ideologad da Teoriul xelmZRvanelad.
Tedo saxokias winaSe idga TxemiT terfamde kosmopoliti da msoflio moqalaqe, vis am
sulier miswrafebasac ukiduresad amZafrebda is garemoeba, rom mSobliuri ena TiTqmis
daviwynoda.
_ qarTulad sayvelpuro baass TuRa axerxebda.
enebis Seswavlis niWi qarTuls veRar wvdeboda da srulyofilad rom Seiswavlida
ramdenime evropul enas _ germanuls, inglisursa da franguls _ Tu iqaurobas samudamodac
SerCeboda, iqneb 22 enamdec asuliyo jeimz joisiviT, magram masaviT aRar SerCenoda survilic
ki mSobliur enaze met-naklebad gamarTuli metyvelebisa. weriT xom striqonsac aRar dawerda
qarTulad.
Tedos lamis xeli Caeqnia, ra izidavda misken, TviTonac ver aexsna, viTom siymawvilis
nostalgia?
jer kidev gimnaziidan axsovda, rodesac arCili merve klasis mowafe iyo.
mis xasiaTsa da pirovnebaSi TedosaTvis mTavari is ki ar aris, rom es dinji, dafiqrebuli
da metad sandomiani garegnobis ymawvilkaci tol-amxanagebSi gamorCeulia da yvela simpaTias
Tavisken izidavs, aramed is, rom am ymawvilkacis sazrunavad qceula sakuTari Tavic, ori dac
da erTi patara Zmac, realuri saswavleblis meoTxeklaseli.
da Tvalwin amoesaxeboda xolme Tedos, Tu rogor zrdida da erT Raribul sasadiloSi
rogor aWmevda sadilebs umcros Zmas kerZo gakveTilebSi aRebuli fuliT _ TveSi sami maneTi
ergeboda.
_ mTlad mSobliur zrunvad gadaqceuli TviT sazrunavi ymawvili kaci!..
mSoblebi naadrevad gamoTxovebodnen Svilebsac da wuTisofelsac, ver gadaetanaT ori
gogonas tragikuli aRsasruli da es oTxni daeoblebinaT.
bednieri ojaxi ase uecrad Caimsxvreoda da sakmao SeZlebac Cainacreboda.
am ubedurebebs daekacebina ase adre arCili.
am mxrivac gamoerCeoda tolebs.
da Tedos viTom es maSindeli gancda-ganwyobileba akavebda, rom samudamod ar
gamoTxoveboda saqarTvelosaTvis ukve dakargul kacs?
albaT.
es ki aris, didxansac veRar gagrZeldeboda maTi misvla-mosvla, erTxelac iqneboda
Camoingreoda xelovnurad nakowiwebi megobrobis Senoba da kosmopoliti da nacionalisti
TavTavis gzas gaudgeboda.
_ arCili maSin ekuTvnoda qarTveli axalgazrdobis im wres, romelsac, rusulad naswavl-
aRzrdils, qarTuli fizionomia dakarguli hqonda da TviT saqarTvelos politikur kalos
galewilad sTvlida... am wres samSoblosaTvis zrunva, qarTveli xalxis aRdgenisaTvis fiqri
da misTvis mecadineoba, meti rom ara vTqvaT, moclili adamianis saqmed miaCnda...
erTi da ori rom yofiliyo qarTvel studentTagan Tu emigrantTagan am msoflxedvisa
da midrekilebis, iqneb arc arafrad Cagegdo, magram es wre TvaldaTval izrdeboda,
Ronierdeboda, gavlenas gavlenaze imatebda da Tavisi qveynisaTvis ki araferi emeteboda am
Ronidan da gavlenidan. tvirTiviT SeigrZnobdnen qveynis bedsa da istorias, ekal-bardebad _
erovnul fesvebs, da rac male da pirwmindad moikveTdnen, is erCivnaT.
maTgan arc gamoarCevda arCil jorjaZes.
da verafrisdidebiT ver axsnida, ras gamoewvia misi aseTi mkveTri Semobruneba.
iqneb Tedos laparaksac gamoeRo sasikeTo nayofi.
marto laparaki, da Tund mizandasaxuli CiCini, ver gawvdeboda, cxadia, pirovnebis
msoflxedvis srul Secvlasa da imisaTvis Tavis gadadebas, rac yovlad umniSvnelod
eguleboda da drois fuW kargvad niWieri da energiuli kacisaTvis, dromoWmulobad da
WeSmarit swrafvaTagan acdenad. ver gawvdeboda, magram Tavis zegavlenas iqoniebda da im did
sulier brZolaSi, rac gareSe TvalisaTvis uxilavad amtydariyo arCilis arsebaSi, fesvebis
Zaxili iZalebda, miwis yivilic rom Seerqmeoda ori aTeuli wlis Semdeg _ jer mkrTalad
aSmaSurdeboda raRac, TviTonac ver Seatyobda, ra damarTnoda, mere imatebda idumal simTa
JRera, sicocxlis feTqva sxvagvarad gamoixlarTeboda am simebSi da Semodgomis im erT
saRamos Tedo rom miadgeboda, maspinZeli aRsarebasaviT gaandobda.
swored aRsarebad moeCveneboda da gaocdeboda, me romeli moZRvari mnaxao.
magram imas ukve gadaewyvita gadasawyveti:
_ mombezrda amdeni ugzo-ukvlo da, Tu ginda, umizno cxovreba. gadavwyvite samSobloSi
davbrunde, magram ise ar minda mivide CemianebTan, Tu winaswar ramdenime werili ar davbeWde
`cnobis furcelSi~ da ase Tu ise Cemi Tavi ar gavacani sazogadoebas aqedanve.
moulodneli gaxldaT, Zalian moulodneli aseTi ganzraxva im kacis TvalSi,
CamoSorebas rom apirebda arCilisagan, odnvadac ver Cavusaxe Tavisi miwis siyvarulio.
da uceb: amdeni ugzo-ukvloo... umiznoo... samSobloo...
ara, Tedos im mxriv araferi daaeWvebda, gulwrfelia Tu raRacas farisevlobso.
safarisevlo anki ra iyo _ siwrfele saxeze aRbeWdoda, guli TvalebSi imzireboda da
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Tanamosaubres Tavidanve ndobiT ganmsWvalavda, magram xom SeiZleba uecar atacebas gamoewvia
samSoblosaken ltolva, rwmenas ki ara, wamier ganwyobilebas... albaT sworedac ganwyobilebas,
Torem Tedo ar iyo, gagulisebuli rom gamorboda maspinZlisagan, aq fexis damdgomi aRar var,
gindac ara sjerodes erovnuli energiisa da saerTod nacionaluri saxelmwifoebisa, cota
diplomatiuroba mainc gamoiCinos da ase nu mibiabruebs, rac CemTvis yvelaze Zvirfasi da
sanukvariao.
uecari gataceba verafers SesZenda dabeCavebul qveyanas, aseTi Svilebi, guneba-
ganwyobilebis amyolni, simxneviT ver aRavsebdnen. erTs Tu SeuZaxebdnen imedian sityvas
rwmenis gansamtkiceblad, maleve gamocliTa da gadakargviT kidev ufro daaZabunebdnen da im
niSatsac gamoaclidnen, rac SerCenoda.
amitomac ar afofindeboda stumari da, iluziebs ki ar Semoaxvevda, realobas
Seaxedebda:
_ qarTulad wera rom ar ici, Cemo arCil, rogor unda daswero ram?
Turme gauTvaliswinebeli arc es darCenoda maspinZels:
_ marTalia, magram erTi-orjer Sen maTargmnine rusulidan, erTi-orjerac Cemi
qarTuli gamiswore da mere vnaxoT.
zereled rom ahyoloda ucbad da ratomRac gaCenil sulier biZgs, cxadia, gaiiolebda
moRvaweobis gzas da qarTuli enis aRdgenas ki ar moindomebda da Tedosagan Semweobas ki ar
iTxovda, advilad gadawyvetda, mTavaria qarTuli sazogadoebisaTvis saWirboroto Temebze
gamovTqva Cemi azri da ra mniSvnelba aqvs, es Sexedulebani romel enobriv samoselSi
moeqcevao.
saxvaliodac ar gadadebda.
esec gardamtexi Jami mis biografiaSi.
or kviras Tu cota metxans usxdnen ase magidas.
memuaruli Canaweri romc arafers gvatyobinebdes, ra mixvedra unda, rom Tavidan Zalian
gauZneldebodaT aseTi TanaSemoqmedeba. vin icis, ramdenjer aeyreboda guli an erTs, an
meores _ iqneb ar Rirdes da droze CamovexsnaTo... magram arCil jorjaZis gadawyvetilebis
simtkice da Tedo saxokias moTminebis unari bolos Tavisas gaitanda. rusuli metyveleba
TvaldaTval Seicvleboda qarTuli metyvelebiT da publicisturi azrovnebis enac sruliad
gardasxeuldeboda.
_ Semdeg TviTon axerxebda pirdapir qarTulad ewera; bolos da bolos, msubuqi
SalaSinis gakvraRa sWirdeboda mis nawerebs.
Tavidan iqneb gulsac ukeTebda: kargia, kargiao, _ magram xelSesaxebad rom ar
gamoCeniliyo Segirdis warmatebani, Tedo aRar Seagulianebda. vin unda moetyuebinaT _
saqveyno asparezze verc mWle da uniaTo stiliT gamoCndeboda veravin, Tuki mkiTxvelis
ayolieba ganezraxa, Sinagani eqspresiis gareSe zegavlena moakldeboda Tund yvelaze Rrma da
mimzidvel Sexedulebebsac, miTumetes, arCil jorjaZes axali azrovnebis damamkvidreblad
eguleboda Tavi.
msubuqi SalaSini raRa saTqmelia.
mere aRarc es msubuqi xelis gakvra dasWirdeboda.
da es yovelive or kviraSi. cota meti iyos, Tu gnebavT.
da es yovelive im kacisagan, vinc mSobliur enaze baassac sayvelpurod Tu axerxebs da
qarafSutobad miaCnia sakuTari qveynisaTvis garja.
iseTi siswrafiT gaarRvevda enobriv bariers, TiTqos enqidua da cxoveluri samyarodan
kacTa modgmaSi unda gadmoinacvlos, kacobriv wess eziaros da samudamodac SerCes
aqaurobaso.
eposis gmirebs sCveviaT dro-Jamis aseTi daCqarebac, SeCerebac, sCveviaT amgvari
feriscvalebanic erTi ukiduresobidan meoreSi.
yofiTi sinamdvilec aranakleb moulodnelobebs gadagviSlis Tvalwin.
es moulodneloba imiTac dadasturdeboda, `cnobis furclis~ nomrebi arCil jorjaZis
statiebiTac rom Seivseboda da erToblivi da Tavdadebuli garjis nayofs mouTmenlad rom
daelodebodnen es orni, xelidan stacebdnen erTmaneTs da iseTi gatacebiT kiTxulobdnen,
TiTqos pirvelad ecnobiano.
es erTbaSi warmateba bundovanebaSi Camalul imeds aaxloebda.
es amxela winaaRmdegoba Tu gadalaxuliyo, sxva winaaRmdegobani viTom ratom darCeboda
auRebeli.
kalkebi an sxva enobrivi uxerxulobani Tu Seereoda aqa-iq mis nawerebs, amas mis droebiT
garusebas veRarc daabralebdi. iseT badeSi moeqcia rusul enas qarTuli, iseTi ZaliT utevda
da suls uxuTavda, sasaubro metyvelebasac daeCneoda da sagazeTo-saJurnalo enasac,
mwignobrul metyvelebas saerTod, da iseT kalmosnebsac SeiZleba gamoreodaT kalkebi Tu
barbarizmebi, rusuli enis codniT didad rom ver moiwonebdnen Tavs. da xom SeiZleba arCil
jorjaZis is uxerxuli frazac, saqveynod gamoWenebuli, rogorc raRac didi ram codva, ase
axsniliyo? magram ilias kargad moexseneboda misi biografia da swored iq ukakunebda
daJinebiT, rac yvelaze Zalian emwvaveboda mopaeqres.
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da arc is sarkastuli sicili amouvidoda ase advilad yuridan: es meoce saukune
qarTvelebs karg etlsa da varskvlavze dagvebadao.
wamqezebeli araerTi gamouCndeboda arCil jorjaZes _ vin misi wrfeli momxre, vin
ilias moZule, vin seiris moyvare, vin farisevlur TanagrZnobaSi gamoaxvevda arCilis kidev
erTxel gabiabruebis xilvis wadils.
mouTmenlad Slidnen `cnobis furclis~ axal nomrebs.
sapasuxo statia arsad Canda.
iqneb ase sajarod ki morideboda, magram samagieros gadaxda gulSi hqonoda amoWrili da
marjve SemTxvevas eZebda?..
ufro xelsayreli SemTxvevac ra unda yofiliyo, ufro gamaRizianebeli da
Tavmoyvareobis Semlaxavi, rodesac arCil jorjaZis saxelis xseneba erT sasikeTo, uaRresad
sasikeTo ganzraxvas frTas Seukvecda.
CaSliT ver CaSlida, rakiRa social-demokratiuli partiisa da uSualod arCilisaTvis
es lamis sikvdil-sicocxlis saqme gaxldaT, erTi yvelaze realuri gza saqarTvelos
avtonomiis mosapoveblad.
`cnobis furclis~ Tavgamodeba ara kmaroda, cenzura dasdgomoda Tavs asasiviT da
Zneldeboda yvelaze mniSvnelovan SexedulebaTa gaRweva gazeTis furclebze, miTumetes, im
simwvaviT, TviTon rogorc ganezraxaT. simZafre akldeboda sityvas, mtkivneuli,
saWirboroto Temebi saburvelSi exveoda, qaragmebsa da miniSnebebSi gadadioda da, rakiRa aq
iatakqveSa gazeTis an Jurnalis gamocema amao ocnebad rCeboda, parizSi moindomebdnen
brZolis velis gadatanas avtonomiis momxreni.
ase daarsdeboda Jurnali `saqarTvelo~ parizSi.
da misi frangulenovani damateba `la JorJi~ _ frangsa da evropel mkiTxvels rom
edevnebina Tvali saqarTvelos sazogadoebriv-politikuri yofisaTvis da yvelaze sando da
uaxlesi cnobebis amokiTxvis imedi hqonoda.
redaqtoroba arCil jorjaZes Cabardeboda.
aseTi gamocemebis Seqmna Cveni qveynidan ase Sors, mogexsenebaT, ra Tanxebsac moiTxovda,
daviT sarajiSvilTan misasvlel gzasac mosinjavdnen am metad gabeduli ganzraxvis moTaveni.
Tu vinme gaxldaT SemZlec da SemweobiT xelis gamomwvdenic, es qvelmoqmedic gaxldaT, masTan
misasvleli gza ki ilias unda gaewalda. yvelaze Zalian amis rCevasa da mosazrebas afasebda da
momavali socialist-federalistebic jer ilias miakiTxavdnen.
am Sexvedris met-naklebad detaluri Canaweri ar SemogvrCenia, arada, mravalmxriv
sagulisxmo, uaRresad fsiqologiuri scena iqneboda.
ras vizamT, erTi, erTaderTi fraza unda vikmaroT samson fircxalavas mogonebebidan:
_ iliam uari gviTxra, rom gaigo, arCil jorjaZea Jurnalis xelmZRvanelio.
ase pirdapir miaxalaT Tu es mxolod avtonomistTa delegaciis eWvia?
eWvi imis eWvia, rom SesaZloa kidec gamarTldes, magram isic SesaZloa, araviTari
realuri sayrdeni ar gaaCndes, aramcTu gazviadebuli iyos.
saxeze Seatyves?
mzeraze miuxvdnen?
iqneb sul sxva mizezic iyos da amaT ki arCil jorjaZis redaqtorobas gadaabrales?
neta ori-sami frazac ematebodes, da zogad suraTsac da ilias sulis moZraobasac
mkafiod aRvadgendiT.
eh, sadaa is ori-sami fraza.
asea Tu ise, delegacia amgvarad amcnobda aTasgvarad SeWirvebul redaqtors, iliam Sens
gamo ar gviyabulao. da odnav minavlebul cecxls ise gadaesxmoda navTi, uaresi mizezi, Tanac
xelmosaWidi _ qarTul saqmes zurgi Seaqcia piradi urTierTobis gamoo _ raRa unda
yofiliyo.
aseTi eWvi megobrebs daaSorebda, aramcTu dapirispirebulni Seetakebina.
magram ilia WavWavaZe rom ar yofila is kaci, saqveyno saqme piradi urTierTobisaTvis
enacvlebina?!.
ufro gamwvavebuli Widilic ra unda iyos, ivane maCabels rom Sexloda da arcerTi ar
ixevda ukan nabijiTac ki. da aseT dros ilia moindomebda gaWirvebaSi Cavardnili
maCablisaTvis fuli Seegrovebina, raTa `droeba~ ar daxuruliyo. da garSemo yvelas
gaafrTxilebda, vanom ar gaigos, me rom vTaosnob am Semweobas, vaiTu iTakilos Cemgan
daxmareba da im fuls aRarc gaekaroso.
maS axla ra xdeboda?
etyoba, rogorc unda ganawyenebuliyo ivane maCabelze, mainc Tanamoazred miaCnda,
Tavisi yalibis pirovnebad da enaneboda, rom imis energias gasaqani ar miscemoda.
arCil jorjaZeze ki ayroda da ayroda guli.
an Sin ra moxele iyo, an parizSi ra unda ekeTebina iseTi, fulis ganiavebad Rirebuliyo.
amitomac moRuSavda misi saxelis xseneba.
ase moeWrebodaT daviT sarajiSvilTan misasvleli gza?
147
Suakacs sxvas veravis gamonaxavdnen, magram uecrad am ganTqmul komersants parizSi
mouwevda Casvla. arCili da giorgi dekanoziSvili vaivaglaxiT axerxeben `saqarTvelos~
nomrebis gamocemas, lukmapurs ikleben da ukve esec aRar hyofniT _ didia xarji. suls
Rafavs, ukve inavleba is wamowyeba, romelsac aseTi imediT Sehyureben, da aramarto
avtonomistebi. da TiTqos ca gaixsnao, daviT sarajiSvilis iq yofnas rom Seityobs arCili.
rac iyos, iyos, pirdapir mivadgebio, gadawyvetda, qarTveli kacia da Tavisi qveynisaTvis
Tavgadadebuli, arafers iSurebs da raRa am Jurnals ar gadaafarebs mowyalebis kalTaso.
iseTi imediT miaSurebda, TiTqos wyaloba ukve xelT hqondes da mxolod madlobis
gadasaxdelad stumrobdes.
is xalisiT Sexvdeboda da stumars imedi gauaTkecdeboda.
es mTisao, is barisao.
pirdapir Txovnas xom ar ajaxebda.
saqarTvelos bedio, misi gamoxsnis gzebio... da Jurnalis xsenebis wuTic dadgeboda.
mizans, daniSnulebas TvalsaCinod gadauSlida. is ar gaawyvetinebda, Tavazianad
mousmenda, gabezrebas odnavadac ar daityobda, magram xalisiT ki ar ahyveboda da arCils
guli reCxs uzamda. iqneb arc Rirda Semweobis Txovna? Tumc arCili sakuTar Tavs
Seuwyreboda, rogori undo gavxdi, yvelas mimarT ase rogor daveWvdi, sauaro aq ra iqnebao.
da daxmarebasac axsenebda.
mogvianebiT irwmuneboda, mxolod sityva gadavukari da, rogorc ki ufro seriozuli
saubrisaTvis movemzade, kidec gadamasxa civi wyalio.
amis qaragmul miniSnebas is mkacr pasuxs Seagebebda:
_ Tqvens muSaobas ar TanavugrZnob da metad mimaCnia.
arCilisaTvis TiTqos Tofi ekraT, wamoxteboda da gamoumSvidobeblad gamovardeboda.
ver moisvenebda Sin dabrunebuli, Zili mokideboda ki ara, lamis kedlisaTvis exala Tavi,
ver apatiebda aseT civ uarsa da misi moRvaweobis gabiabruebas da mkacr werils miswerda,
erTxel da samudamod rom daaSorebda am or moRvawes.
miswerda da... iqneb uneburad ilias saxelic wamotivtiveboda gonebaSi. sul ar iyo
aucilebeli, maincdamainc winaswarve gaefrTxilebina daviT sarajiSvili, araviTari Semweoba
ar aRmouCinoo. an eambna: mec momakiTxes da civi uariT gavistumreo. is ganwyobileba, rac
ìveriis~ redaqtors arCilisadmi gasCenoda, aravisTvis ara yofila dafaruli, is mware
statiac _ ìvane gomarTelis filosofia da arCil jorjaZis fsixologia~ _ pasuxgaucemeli
rCeboda da ilias momxreni isedac movaled miiCnevdnen Tavs, am gezidan ar gadaexviaT da
iliasaTvis odnavi wyenac ar mieyenebinaT im kacis gamo, visi ndobac ar SeiZleboda, Tuki
qveynisaTvis raimes zrunavdi.
yelSi awveboda boRma arCil jorjaZes.
mkacri piradi werili cotaodnav dauSoSminebda daviT sarajiSvilisagan moyenebul
tkivils, magram iliasaTvis rodemde moeyruebina yuri, misi munaTi sadamde mosdevda da jerac
sadamde gahyveboda.
dgeboda Tu ara is wuTi, rodesac arCil jorjaZe xels gamoiRebda da yvelafris
samagieros erTad gadauxdida?
dae gagrZelebodaT dava-kamaTi. amas viRa Cioda, rodesac wyenas wyena emateboda da erTi
gafiqreba, gulmosulsa da brazisagan acaxcaxebuls, iqneb isic gakrTomoda gonebaSi, vin icis,
sul momiWras gzebi, yvela komersantze moaxdinos zegavlena da yvelam daketili karis miRma
dagvtovos mec da sxva avtonomistebico.
sibrazem icis gazviadeba, miTumetes, saamiso namcecebi uxvad Tu mimobneula garSemo.
da yuridan ar amogdis sarkastuli sicili:
es ra saukune gagviTenda qarTvelebs, es ra kaci mogvevlina Cvenda mxsnelad da
sakacobrio cxovrebaSi damamkvidreblado.
saukeTeso, xelsayrelze xelsayreli dro ki dasdgomoda arCils. polemikebSi
gaxlarTuliyo ilia WavWavaZe, yoveli mxridan moseuli social-demokratebis gamklaveba
uxdeboda, veRarc moeTavebina es rkena-Widili, veRarc gamoSveboda. kidev axali mopaeqre
aklda? Tanac amxela ganaTlebisa da publicisturi gznebis? ha, TiTqos ivane maCabeli
gamocxadebia xelaxlao. magram ra arCil jorjaZis brali iqneboda, TviTon iwvevda ilia
WavWavaZe, Semorigebas ki ar eswrafoda, gamwvavebas ar erideboda.
... axlovdeboda is wuTi.
ha, gawydeboda, sadac wvrili iyo?.. gawydeboda Tu...
148
ilia WavWavaZe
rCeuli anotirebuli bibliografia
149
ilia WavWavaZe
rCeuli anotirebuli bibliografia
(dabadebidan 170-e da gardacvalebidan me-100 wlisTavi)
2007 wlis Semodgomaze sruldeba didi qarTveli mwerlisa da sazogado moRvawis, ilia
WavWavaZis dabadebidan 170 da gardacvalebidan 100 wlis iubile.
ilia WavWavaZem, rogorc axali saliteraturo enis erT-erTma fuZemdebelma,
SesaniSnavma mweralma, mTargmnelma da publicistma, Seufasebeli Rvawli dasdo ara mxolod
qarTul mwerlobas, aramed umniSvnelovanesi wvlili Seitana qarTveli xalxis erovnuli
TviTSegnebis amaRlebisa da konsolidaciis saqmeSi.
XIX saukunis 60-iani wlebidan moyolebuli, ilia WavWavaZis cxovrebis, moRvaweobisa da
metad mravalferovani literaturuli memkvidreobis kvleva dRemde mecnierTa cxoveli
interesis sagania. cxadia, TiTqmis saukunenaxevris manZilze ilia WavWavaZis Semoqmedebis
Sesaxeb uamravi monografia, narkvevi Tu statia Seiqmna ara marto qarTul, aramed mraval
evropul enazec.
ilia WavWavaZis saiubileod SoTa rusTavelis qarTuli literaturis institutma
moamzada winamdebare rCeuli anotirebuli bibliografia, raTa mkvlevrebs, pedagogebs,
student da moswavle axalgazrdobas Tu ilias SemoqmedebiT dainteresebul rigiT mkiTxvels
gauadvildeT orientireba am didi qarTveli mwerlis Sesaxeb Seqmnil didZal samecniero
literaturaSi.
masalis SerCeva da anotireba dasrulda 2007 wlis agvistoSi. mecnieri-konsultantebi:
g. abaSiZe, m. kvaWantiraZe; koordinatori — n. fruiZe.
anotaciebis avtorTa inicialebi

(anbanuri rigiT)
S. k. _ Sarlota kvantaliani
q. n. _ qeTevan niniZe
q. S. _ qeTevan Sengelia
z. c. _ zoia cxadaia
150
I. ilia WavWavaZis Semoqmedeba
a) ilia WavWavaZis Txzulebani
WavWavaZe i. Txzulebani. oTx tomad. tf., `qarTvelTa amxanagoba~, 1892.

WavWavaZe i. Txzulebani. t. 1, tf.: 1914, mix. gedevaniSviliseuli gamocema
(biografia _ g. yifSiZe, Semoqmedeba _ k. abaSiZe ).
WavWavaZe i. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli cxra tomad (red. p. ingoroyva, al. abaSeli). tf.:
`qarTuli wigni~, 1925-1928. 1929 wels daemata me-10 tomi.
WavWavaZe i. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli aT tomad (red. p. ingoroyva,). Tb.: `saxelgami~, 1951-
1961.
WavWavaZe i. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli oc tomad. Tb.: `mecniereba~, `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~,
1987 w.-dan (t. 1-15).
a) rCeuli nawerebi da krebulebi
WavWavaZe i. rCeuli nawerebi 2 wignad ( red. p. ingoroyva), Tb., 1948.

WavWavaZe i. azrebi, Semdg.: g. kalandariSvili, red. s. yubaneiSvili, Tsu gamomc., 1989.
WavWavaZe i. Wkua urCevs, ena ityvis (aforizmebi da gamonaTqvamebi), Semdg.: b. kandelaki, Tb.,
sabWoTa saqarTvelo, 1987;
WavWavaZe i. amas vambob da vRaRadeb, Semdg.: g. gabunia, quTaisi, 1997. kreb.: ilia WavWavaZe
literaturisa da xelovnebis Sesaxeb, or tomad, Semdg.: g. abaSiZe, i. evgeniZe, o.
labartyava, l. minaSvili, s. yubaneiSvili, j. WumburiZe, s. xuciSvili, Tsu
gamomcemloba, 1998.
II. ilia WavWavaZis cxovreba, Semoqmedeba da sazogadoebrivi moRvaweoba
a) bibliografiuli krebulebi
i. gorgaZe, n. gurgeniZe
ilia WavWavaZe
cxovreba da Semoqmedebis matiane. bibliografiuli qronika 1837-1907
Tb., `mecniereba~, 1987
wigni qronologiuri TanmimdevrobiT asaxavs ilia WavWavaZis literaturuli da

sazogadoebrivi moRvaweobis faqtebs, movlenebs, piradi cxovrebis mniSvnelovan ambebs.
matiane amomwurav informacias gvawvdis mwerlis literaturuli da publicisturi
nawarmoebebis gamoqveynebis Taobaze (TiToeuli maTganis daweris TariRisa da wyaros
CvenebiT); aRnusxavs literaturul da sazogadoebriv gamosvlebs, gamoCenil adamianebTan
Sexvedrebsa da mogzaurobaTa qronikebs; gvacnobs piradi mimoweris im nawils, romelic
mniSvnelovania ilia WavWavaZis SemoqmedebiTi da sazogadoebrivi moRvaweobis Sesaswavlad.
amasTan, mkiTxvels warmoudgens mwerlis Semoqmedebisa da moRvaweobis Sesaxeb gamoqveynebul
sagulisxmo literaturul gamoxmaurebebs.
wigns erTvis saZieblebi.
S. k.
T. nakaSiZe, n. korZaia
ilia WavWavaZe
biobibliografia, 1857-1907
Tbilisi, gam. `ganaTleba~, 1966
naSromSi mocemulia ilia WavWavaZis nawerebisa da ilia WavWavaZis Sesaxeb arsebuli

literaturis sruli bibliografia, dawyebuli pirveli publikaciiT. mTeli masala
warmodgenilia or ZiriTad ganyofilebaSi. pirvelSi mocemulia ilia WavWavaZis nawarmoebebi,
meoreSi _ literatura ilia WavWavaZis Sesaxeb.
naSromis pirvel TavSi Tavmoyrilia calke wignad gamocemuli, Tu krebulebsa da
periodul gamocemebSi gamoqveynebuli ilia WavWavaZis yvela naweri.
bibliografiis Semdgenlebsa da redaqcias miznad ar dausaxavT xelmouwereli
werilebis avtorobis dadgena _ igulisxmeba ilia WavWavaZis redaqtorobiT gamocemuli
`saqarTvelos moambisa~ da ìveriis~ xelmouwereli werilebidan TviT ilia WavWavaZis
kuTvnili statiebis an sxva xelmouwereli werilebis avtorebis dadgena. Sedgenisas
orientacia aRebulia ilia WavWavaZis TxzulebaTa akademiuri gamocemasa da `qarTuli wignis~
151
mier dabeWdil cxratomeulze (romelic realurad aTi tomisagan Sedgeba); Seswavlilia da
gadasinjuli yofili wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoebis biblioTekis kuTvnili
ìveriis~ kompleqtebi: 1886 w. 2241, 1887w. 2242, 1888 w. 2243 da 1889 w. 265/b, sadac erTi da imave
xeliT ilia WavWavaZisadmi mikuTvnebul statiebs miwerili aqvs fanqriT an melniT i., i. W., i. W-
Ze an i. Wav.
wignSi Sesulia saqarTvelos saxelmwifo biblioTekis mier Sedgenili qarTuli
perioduli gamocemebis bibliografiebi da al. kalandaZis mier (monografia _ `saqarTvelos
moambeSi~) ilia WavWavaZisadmi mikuTvnebuli werilebi.
bibliografiis meore ganyofilebaSi mocemulia literatura ilia WavWavaZis Sesaxeb;
aRwerilobebi orive ganyofilebaSi qronologiuri wesiT aris dalagebuli. masSi
miTiTebulia ilia WavWavaZis nawarmoebebis saTauri, qvesaTauri, gamocemis adgili, weli,
gamomcemloba, stamba, gverdebis raodenoba, tiraJi, wignis formati da fasi.
aRwerilobebi anotirebuli da danomrilia calke TiToeuli ganyofilebisaTvis.
bibliografias darTuli aqvs damxmare saZieblebi.
z. c.
b) cxovreba da moRvaweoba
g. abaSiZe
ilia WavWavaZe (cxovreba da Rvawli)
Tb., 2005
wignSi mokled aris mimoxiluli ilia WavWavaZis cxovrebis yvelaze mniSvnelovani

periodebi. avtori cdilobs gansazRvros misi roli saqarTvelos axal istoriaSi da dRemde
bundovan mraval sakiTxs mohfinos naTeli.
naSromSi vrcladaa warmodgenili ilia WavWavaZis winaaRmdeg qarTveli social-
demokratebis (èsdekas~) brZolis istoria. filipe maxaraZis, noe Jordanias da sxvaTa
publikaciebi, romelTa paTosmac erTgvarad Seamzada is mtruli garemo, romlis wiaRSic
`daibada~ ilias mkvleli. am Temas tabu edo da dRemde ar aris safuZvlianad da obieqturad
gamoZiebuli. pirvelad es `samarisebuli siCume~ v. gurgeniZis naSromma daarRvia. giorgi
abaSiZe gvacnobs samecniero literaturaSi arsebul im dokumentebs, romlebic dRes arsebobs
saqarTveloSi da romlebmac SeiZleba xeli Seuwyon ilia WavWavaZis mkvlelobis garemoebaTa
Seswavlas da WeSmaritebis dadgenas.
wignis Rirsebad unda CaiTvalos ukve moZiebuli, cnobili masalis avtoriseuli analizi,
axleburi xedva, urTierTSejereba da skrupulozuri ganxilva.
giorgi abaSiZes Tavis wignSi ar gamorCenia dRemde gamoqveynebuli arcerTi naSromi,
romelic ilias mkvlelobas exeba.
wigns safuZvlad daedo avtoris mier adre gamoqveynebuli ori naSromi daedo
safuZvlad: 1. ilia WavWavaZe (biografiuli narkvevi) da 2. komentarebi da SeniSvnebi kita
abaSiZis publicisturi narkvevisaTvis _ `jvars acv, jvars acv ege!~, romelic 1991 wels
gamoica.
wigni Sedgeba Sesavlis, ori Tavis, boloTqmisa da SeniSvnebisagan. axlavs mokle Sinaarsi
inglisur enaze.
S. k.
a. baqraZe
ilia WavWavaZe (wiwamuri)
1-li gamocema. Tbilisi, 1984
akaki baqraZe iyo pirveli mkvlevari, romelmac miuxedavad sabWouri politikuri
cenzurisa, SeZlo obieqturad ganexila ilia WavWavaZisadmi qarTveli èsdekebis~
dapirispirebis sakiTxi. avtorma araorazrovnad mianiSna, rom wiwamuris tragedia ganapiroba
152
saqarTvelos saxlmwifoebriobis aRdgenisa da erovnul-politikuri avtonomiis
mopovebisaTvis ilias mizanmimarTulma brZolam.
naSromi dokumenturad asaxavs ilia WavWavaZis cxovrebiseul faqtebs, Tumca,
garkveulwilad, publicistur da eseistur xasiaTsac atarebs. mwerali warmodgenilia sami
rakursiT: pirovnuli TvisebebiT, SemoqmedebiTi tendenciebiTa da sazogadoebrivi moRvawis
statusiT. naSromSi aRniSnulia, rom ilia WavWavaZe sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis yvela
mniSvnelovani sakiTxis gadaWraSi iRebs monawileobas da, amdenad, misi biografiis gadmocema,
faqtobrivad, XIX saukunis saqarTvelos istoriis zogadi mimoxilvacaa. wignSi gamoyenebulia
ilias piradi mimowera (mwerlis werilebi mamidis, meuRlis, peterburgeli qarTveli
studentebis da sxvaTa mimarT), mis TanamedroveTa (koxta afxazi, giorgi lasxiSvili, iase
cincaZe, arCil jorjaZe) mogonebebi. gaSuqebulia mwerlis urTierToba sardion aleqsi-
mesxiSvilTan, barbare jorjaZesTan, giorgi baraTaSvilTan, dimitri yifianTan, ivane
maCabelTan da sxva moRvaweebTan. wignSi warmodgenilia sami ZiriTadi sivrce: ilias piradi
cxovreba, misi SemoqmedebiTi ganviTerebis etapebi da saqarTvelos istoria, Tumca es Temebi
erTmaneTs ki ar emijneba, aramed eyrdnoba. kerZod, ilias Semoqmedeba ganxilulia mwerlis
pirovnuli ganviTarebis fonze da gaSuqebulia is motivebi, romlebic uSualod misi
cxovrebidan iRebs saTaves (mag.: `kako yaCaRi~, `glaxis naambobi~, `nikoloz gostaSabiSvili~ da
a. S.). wignSi warmodgenil dokumentur masalas aerTianebs da mxatvrul mimarTulebas aZlevs
prologi da epilogi, rac Txzulebas eseisturi interpretaciis xasiaTs sZens.
q. n.
p. guguSvili
ilia WavWavaZis mkvleloba
sagamomZieblo masalebi
saxelmwifo gamomcemloba, Tb., 1938
wigni Sedgeba Sesavlis, sakuTriv narkvevis, dokumentebisa da damatebisagan, romelSic
ilias mouravisa da misi meuRlis mkvlelobazea saubari.
avtori eyrdnoba centraluri saarqivo sammarTvelos mTavari saistorio arqivis
gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovan saqmeTa fondSi dacul ori tomisagan Semdgar ilias mkvlelobis
153
masalebsa da kidev xuT saqmes, romlebic saistorio-revoluciur arqivSi (f. 36) inaxeba. misi
TqmiT, aRniSnuli dokumentebis Seswavla mxolod sabWoTa xelisuflebis damyarebis Semdeg
gaxda SesaZlebeli da gamoaaSkarava òxrankis~ roli am saqmeSi.
mecnieri imowmebs zemoxsenebuli dokumentebis mxolod im nawils, romelic sakuTari
mosazrebis dasadastureblad miaCnia mniSvnelovnad.
avtori amtkicebs, rom TviTmpyrobelobam ganzrax ise warmarTa gamoZieba, rom ar
gamoaSkaravebuliyo mkvlelobis iniciatorTa vinaoba. idumalma `Zlierma xelma~ jer duSeTis
mazris ufrosi yaraman faRava CamoaSora saqmes, Semdeg ki erT-erTi mTavari eWvmitanili d.
jaSi gaaTavisufla sapyrobilidan sakuTari Txovnis safuZvelze. gamomZiebel evtuSevskisa da
yaraman faRavas mtkicebebi ugulebelyves. òxranka~ Seecada ilias mkvlelobisaTvis an
SemTxveviTi yaCaRuri Tavdasxmis, an, ukidures SemTxvevaSi, agrarul sakiTxze momxdari
tragediis kvalifikacia mieca. xelisuflebave iyo dainteresebuli, danaSauli social-
demokratebisTvis gadaebralebina, rac arcTu ise Zneli iqneboda, radgan am partiis iliasadmi
uaryofiTi damokidebulebis ambavi sayovelTaod iyo cnobili.
narkvevs erTvis 35 dokumenti. maT Soris, olRa WavWavaZis, elisabed saginaSvilis,
dimitri jaSis, Tedo labauris, dimitri maslovisa da sxvaTa dakiTxvis oqmebi.
wignSi gamoTqmuli mosazreba sadReisod gaziarebuli araa, magram sagulisxmoa epoqis
suliskveTebis gacnobis mizniT.
q. S.
p. ingoroyva
ilia WavWavaZe
Txz. sr. kreb. 10 tomad, winasityvaoba,
saxelmwifo gamomcemloba, Tb., 1951
pavle ingoroyvas biografiul narkvevSi gadmocemulia ilia WavWavaZis cxovrebisa da

Semoqmedebis ZiriTadi aspeqtebi.
mecnieri afasebs didi eriskacisa da Semoqmedis samwerlo moRvaweobis farTo
diapazons. mas moixseniebs, rogorc did publicists, kritikoss, literaturaTmcodnes,
istorikoss, ekonomists, sociologsa da qarTveli xalxis did ganmanaTlebels.
naSromSi gadmocemulia mwerlis cxovrebis yvela mniSvnelovani etapi: daxasiaTebulia
WavWavaZeTa gvaris genealogia, ilias ojaxuri `garemo, misi bavSvobisa da siWabukis,
studentobis wlebi; aRwerilia ilias moRvaweobis pirveli periodi, romelic 1857-1867 wlebs
moicavs. gansazRvrulia ilias adgili me-19 saukunis saqarTveloSi. misi, rogorc axali
qarTuli literaturis fuZemdeblisa da erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis ideologis
roli.
sagangebod aris gaSuqebuli mwerlis cxovreba 1861-1863 wlebSi. es periodi moicavs
ilias saqarTveloSi dabrunebis, misi didi sazogadoebrivi moRvaweobis sawyis xanas da
154
SemoqmedebiT saqmianobas. mkvlevari aqve saubrobs `saqarTvelos moambis~ daarsebis
Sesaxebac.
1864-1876 wlebi moicavs ilias daojaxebas, cenzurasTan brZolis, misi duSeTSi
momrigebel mosamarTled yofnis, bankis wesdebaze muSaobis, SemoqmedebiTi Sromis momdevno
periods.
naSromSi calkea aRwerili ilia WavWavaZis ìveriaSi~ moRvaweobis umniSvnelovanesi xana.
Jurnali 1877 wlidan gamodioda da didi amagi dasdo qarTveli xalxis erovnuli TviTSegnebis
ganviTarebas. wignSi gaanalizebulia is faqtorebi, romlis gamoc ilia erovnul-
ganmanTavisuflebeli moZraobis liderad iqca da Jandarmeriam 80-iani wlebidan saidumlo
meTvalyureoba daawesa masze.
gamokvlevis dasasruls pavle ingoroyva aRwers ilia WavWavaZis cxovrebis bolo wlebs
da saubrobs misi mkvlelobis savarudo motivebze (saxelmwifo sabWoSi mwerlis radikaluri
gamosvlebi da brZola caristuli TviTmpyrobelobis winaaRmdeg, agreTve saqarTvelos
politikuri avtonomiis moTxovna).
pavle ingoroyvas es narkvevi calke wignadacaa dabeWdili.
q. S.
a. laisti
saqarTvelos guli
tf., `saxelmwifo gamomcemloba~, 1923
winasityvaobaSi avtori saubrobs imis Sesaxeb, Tu ram ganapiroba misi daintereseba

saqarTvelos yofiTa da kulturiT; ixsenebs, Tu rogor gaicno ilia WavWavaZe.
Sesavali sityva (avtori Tedo saxokia) exeba artur laistis 40 wlian Sromas, romlis
nayofi iyo wigni `saqarTvelos guli~. rogorc Tedo saxokia aRniSnavs, srulyofili suraTis
warmosaCenad wigns erTvis ori werili artur laistis Sesaxeb (avtorebi: valerian gunia da
Tedo saxokia); isini gadmobeWdilia gaz. `baxtrionidan~, romelic giorgi leoniZis
redaqtorobiT gamodioda (1921 w.).
`saqarTvelos guli~ Sedgeba 4 Tavisagan. ilia WavWavZis Sesaxeb avtori vrclad saubrobs
pirvelive TavSi da exeba Semdeg sakiTxebs: ilia da misi axloblebi; ilia ìveriis~
redaqciaSi; ilia saguramoSi; ilias piradi cxovreba; ilias garegnoba da xasiaTis Tvisebebi;
ilias saubrebis gaxseneba; òTaraanT qvrivis~ daweris istoria.
qveTavi `pirveli didi qarTuli gazeTi~ exeba gaz. `droebas~.
xangrZlivi da gulmodgine dakvirvebis Sedegad miRebuli STabeWdilebebia mocemuli
wignis monakveTebSi: `saguramo~, àkakis samSoblo~, `mTawminda~, `kaxeTi~, `mTebis poeti~ (vaJa-
fSavela); sagulisxmoa artur laistis mier vaJas enisa da, zogadad, `fantastiuri samyaros~
Sefaseba. danarCeni Tavebi moicavs masals saqarTvelos istoriuli warsulis, misi
benebis, qarTveli xalxis zne-Cveulebebisa da kulturis Sesaxeb.
z. c.
g. yifSiZe
ilia WavWavaZe
biografiuli narkvevi (gedevaniSviliseuli gamocemis winasityvaoba)
tf., 1914
giga yifSiZis biografiuli narkvevi moicavs 17 Tavs. masSi gaerTianebulia rogorc
mwerlis biografiuli detalebi, aseve WavWavaZeTa gvaris warmomavlobis Sesaxeb vrceli
monacemebi. aRwerilia ilias Tanamedrove saqarTvelos istoriul-kulturuli mdgomareoba.
mwerlis ganaTlebisa da adreuli SemoqmedebiTi periodis Sesaxeb saubrisas avtori
gansakuTrebiT gamoyofs im detalebs, romlebmac ilias pirovnebisa da misi
msoflmxedvelobrivi mrwamsis CamoyalibebaSi iTamaSes mniSvnelovani roli. naSromSi
gamoyenebulia dokumenturi masala mwerlis piradi mimoweridan, misi gamzrdelis
mogonebebidan da sxv. dawvrilebiT aris aRwerili misi, rogorc pirovnebisa da sazogado
155
moRvawis zrdis etapebi. avtori saubrobs im motivebzec, rac ilias zogierTi nawarmoebis
Seqmnis safuZveli gaxda (mag.: `mgzavris werilebi~ da sxv.). narkvevSi vrcladaa asaxuli mamaTa
da SvilTa brZola, gamocemebis `droeba~, ìveria~ furclebze gaSlili polemika, wera-kiTxvis
gamavrcelebeli sazogadoebis saqmianoba, qarTuli Teatris aRorZinebis procesi,
saadgilmamulo bankis daarseba. mokled aris mimoxiluli, agreTve, sazRvargareTeli
qarTvelologebis urTierToba iliasTan (marjori uordropi, laisti, Suxardti, morfili).
narkvevi gansakuTrebul interess iwvevs imdenad, ramdenadac Seqmnilia jer kidev saukunis
dasawyisSi, mwerlis TanamedroveTa moRvaweobis periodSi.
q. n.
g. SaraZe
ilia WavWavaZe
1837-1907, cxovreba, moRvaweoba, Semoqmedeba; fotomatiane.
or wignad. w. I;
Tb., gam.: `xelovneba~, 1987
guram SaraZis es wigni ilia WavWavaZis cxovrebisa da moRvaweobis Sesaxeb dawerili

naSromis pirveli nawilia, romelic moicavs 1837-1885 wlebs — didi mwerlisa da moazrovnis
mier ganvlil cxovrebis gzas bavSvobidan dawyebuli, ìveriis~ yoveldRiur gazeTad
gadakeTebamde. gamokvlevas axlavs saqarTvelos, ruseTisa da sazRvargareTis arqivebsa da
muzeumebSi avtoris mier moZiebuli ikonografiuli Tu istoriul-literaturuli xasiaTis
fotomasala, romelic pirvelad aris ase erTad Tavmoyrili mwerlis cxovrebisa da
moRvaweobis Sesabamisi periodis dasasuraTeblad.
guram SaraZe saintereso informacias gvawvdis fotografiis Seqmnaze, romelic ilias
bavSvobis wlebs daemTxva. ilias suraTebs uRebdnen Tbilisisa da peterburgis imdroindeli
saukeTeso fotografebi. wignSi dabeWdilia 1304 fotosuraTi, xelnawerTa da dokumentTa
fotoaslebi. am umdidresi fotomasaliTaa gacocxlebuli ilias biografia. wigni Sedgeba
Sesavlisagan (`visi cxovrebac simboloa~) da 10 Tavisagan (I. yvareli. bavSvoba. 1837-1847. II.
Tbilisi. pansionsa da gimnaziaSi. 1848-1856. III. peterburgSi gamgzavreba. 1857. zafxuli. IV.
peterburgis universitetSi. 1857-1861. V. saqarTveloSi dabruneba. 1861. VI. sulis mzianoba. VII.
saqarTvelos moambe. 1863. VIII. quTaissa da duSeTSi. 1864-1873. IX. qarTuli bankis daarseba.
`mefe liris~ Targmna. 1873-1876. X. ìveria~. pirveli periodi. 1877-1885).
pirvel toms axlavs reziume rusul da inlisur enebze. gamokvleva dabeWdilia carcis
qaRaldze, zomiT 70X100 1/8.
S.k.
g. SaraZe
ilia WavWavaZe
1837-1907, cxovreba, moRvaweoba, Semoqmedeba; fotomatiane.
or wignad. w. II;
Tb., gam.: `xelovneba~, 1990.
156
wignis meore nawilSi ganxilulia ilia WavWavaZis cxovreba da moRvaweoba 1886-1907
wlebSi _ yoveldRiur gazeT ìveriis~ periodi (1886-1901) da mwerlis sicocxlis ukanaskneli
wlebi (1902 -1907), misi sikvdili da dasaflaveba (1907 wlis 30 agvisto _ 9 seqtemberi). bolo
TavSi mocemulia 1907 wlis 30 agvistos wiwamurTan momxdari saukunis mkvlelobis saidumlos
amoxsnis cda. naSroms erTvis ilias fotoportretebis katalogi, agreTve I da II tomebSi
dasaxelebul pirTa saZieblebi, reziume rusul da inglisur enebze.
Tavi I _ ìveria~, meore periodi (1886- 1901) exeba 1847 wlidan ukve yoveldRiur gazeTad
(nacvlad yovelkvireulisa) gadakeTebul gaz. ìverias~; ilia WavWavaZis udides Rvawls
gazeTis gamocemasa da xangrZlivi arsebobis saqmeSi. qveTavebi: ilias mxatvruli nawerebi,
ilias publicistika, ilia da qarTuli musika, iliaoba, ilia WavWavaZe evropaSi _ asaxavs ilias
moRvaweobasa da misi cxovrebis saintereso detalebs; vrclad aris warmodgenili XIX saukunis
am monakveTis saliteraturo cxovrebis suraTi, saubaria ilias Tanamedrove rogorc
qarTvel, aseve ucxoel gamoCenil mwerlebsa da kulturis sxva dargis moRvaweTa Sesaxeb;
II Tavi _ ìveriis~ gareSe (1902-1907) moicavs ilia WavWavaZis am periodis cxovrebis
saintereso faqtebs; mis garSemo myof qarTvel Tu ucxoel moRvaweTa Sesaxeb mniSvnelovan
masalebs.
III TavSi _ sikvdili da dasaflaveba _ gamoyenebulia mravali saarqivo masala, CarTulia
ilias cxedarTan warmoTqmuli gamosaTxovari sityvebi.
IV TavSi _ simarTlis ZiebaSi _ saubaria ilia WavWavaZis mkvlelobis gamoZiebasa da
Semdgom movlenebze; erTvis fotoebi.
Tavi V _ ilias ukvdaveba _ wignis daskvnis saxiTaa warmodgenili.
gamokvleva dabeWdilia 70X100 1/8 zomis carcis qaRaldze.
z.c.
g) Semoqmedeba
abaSiZe k.
ilia WavWavaZe
wignSi: ètiudebi XIX saukunis qarTuli literaturis Sesaxeb~
quTaisi, 1911
narkvevSi ganxilulia ilia WavWavaZis Semoqmedebis ZiriTadi tendenciebi Tematuri da
mxatvruli TvalsazrisiT. asaxulia is kulturuli konteqsti, romelSic mwerals uxdeboda
moRvaweoba. garkveulia motivebi, romelTa gamoc ilias SemoqmedebiT saqmianobas misi
Tanamedrove moRvaweebis nawilma alRo ver auRo. ilias nawarmoebebi warmodgenilia
interteqstualur WrilSi. kritikosi saubrobs ucxoel avtorTa SemoqmedebasTan ilias
teqstebis Sedarebisas gamovlenil meTodologiuri sisworisa da umarTebulobis
SemTxvevebzec. aseve, ganixilavs formisa da Sinaarsis damokidebulebis sakiTxs mwerlis
nawarmoebebSi. narkvevSi gaanalizebulia romantizmisa da realizmis gadakveTis SemTxvevebi
ilias SemoqmedebaSi da misi nawarmoebebis aqtualuri Tematika (mag.: patriotizmi, humanizmi
da sxv.). aRwerilia misi SemoqmedebiTi xazis gamgrZelebelTa ganviTarebis ZiriTadi
mimarTulebebi da ilias tipaJebis saxeobrivi gavlena momdevno periodis nawarmoebebis
gmirTa srulqmnis TvalsazrisiT.
q. n.
g. asaTiani
ilia WavWavaZe poeti da moazrovne

Tb., nakaduli, 1978
guram asaTianis naSromi Sedgeba ori Tavisagan. pirvel TavSi, ìlia WavWavaZe da qarTuli
realizmis problema~, avtori exeba qarTuli realizmis ganviTarebis gzebs da misi evoluciis
Sinaarss.
guram asaTianis mosazrebiT, literaturaSi axali formebis Ziebis miuxedavad, ilia ar
uaryofda romantizmis winamorbedTa da romantikuli literaturis korifeTa Semoqmedebas;
piriqiT, aRiarebda aleqsandre WavWavaZis, grigol orbelianis da nikoloz baraTaSvilis mier
danergil mxatvrul gezs da specifikuri saxelwodebiT _ èvropeizmiT~_ naTlavda.
wignis meore Tavis saTauria _ ìlia WavWavaZe da XIX saukunis qarTuli poeturi
azrovneba~. g. asaTiani miiCnevs, rom ìlia WavWavaZem da akaki wereTelma qarTuli poezia
aqcies Tavisi drois yvelaze maRali idealebisaTvis _ qarTveli xalxis erovnuli da
socialuri ganTavisuflebisaTvis sabrZolo iaraRad~. maT qarTul sityvas SesZines
moqalaqeobrivi simaxvile.
157
guram asaTianis SefasebiT, ilias SemoqmedebiTi evolucia epoqalur xasiaTs atarebs.
avtori dawvrilebiT ganixilavs ilias poemebis (àCrdili~, `qarTlis deda~, `ramdenime suraTi
anu epizodi yaCaRis cxovrebidam~, `dimitri Tavdadebuli~, `gandegili~) formobriv
Taviseburebebs, maT kompoziciur agebulebas, saleqso sazomisa da musikaluri JReradobis
mTlianobas. is rig SemTxvevebSi gamoarCevs simboloTa funqcias da ilias poeturi
metyvelebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel sinonimuri an monaTesave epiTetebis siuxves; zogan
poeturi `formis xalxurobas~, zogan ki _ daxvewil, rafinirebul stils.
narkvevSi ganxilulia ilias leqsebic. gamorCeuli yuradReba eTmoba poetur
qmnilebebs: `mas Semdeg, raki...~ da `Cemo kalamo~; aseve leqss `poeti~. mkvlevari miiCnevs, rom
am leqsebSi gaamovlenilma esTetikurma koncefciam mTeli epoqa Seqmna qarTuli mwerlobis
istoriaSi.
q. S.
T. doiaSvili
ilias leqswyoba
alman.: `literaturuli Ziebani~, XX, Tb., 1999, gv. 345-360
Teimuraz doiaSvilis naSromSi ilia WavWavaZis lirika ganxilulia versifikaciuli

TvalsazrisiT. avtoris azriT, ilias lirika gansakuTrebuli movlenaa qarTuli poeziis
istoriaSi. `yvarlis mTebis~ avtori TanamedroveTa Tvalwin Cveuli sidinjiTa da simtkiciT
auqmebda tradiciul warmodgenas poeziasa da esTetikur faseulobebze, amkvidrebda axal
poetur stils. man uaryo aRmosavluri leqswyobis formebi, `figurobasa da alegoriaze~
dafuZnebuli feradovani stili, riTac èvropeizmis~ cneba daamkvidra. evropul sityvier
xelovnebaze orientireba da poeturi kulturis universalobisaken swrafva TavisTavad
gulisxmobda mxatvruli azrovnebis formaTa gadaxalisebas, axali poetikis SemuSavebas.
naSromis avtori dawvrilebiT ganixilavs ilias lirikis versifikaciul mxares da
askvnis, rom Cvens winaSea metrul-ritmuli struqturis SesaZleblobaTa gafaqizebuli
grZnoba, misi funqciuri gamoyenebis SesaniSnavi magaliTi. principulad mcdaria, avtoris
azriT, ganyenebuli msjeloba ilia WavWavaZis poeziis `simZimesa~ da àramusikalurobaze~,
saerTod, formisadmi uyuradRebobaze. ilia arc Teoriulad da arc praqtikulad `tkbil
xmaTa~ winaaRmdegi ar yofila, magram man daamkvidra harmoniis axali saxe, romlisTvisac
amosavali iyo forma-Sinaarsis sruli Sesabamisobis principi.
S. k.
m. duduCava
ilia WavWavaZis esTetika

gamomcemloba `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, Tb., 1960
wigni iwyeba SesavliT, sadac vkiTxulobT: àrsebobs epoqebi, romelTa Taviseburi

xasiaTis Sedegad, mwerloba xdeba eris mTeli socialuri, gonebrivi da sulieri cxovrebis
meTauri, warmmarTveli Zala~. avtori miiCnevs, rom mwerlobam XIX saukuneSi ilia WavWavaZis
meTaurobiT swored aseTi erovnuli misia Seasrula. avtoris azriT, qarTuli esTetikuri
azrovnebis istoria, arsebiTad, SoTa rusTaveliT iwyeba, magram XIX saukuneSi swored ilia
WavWavaZem misca mas Camoyalibebuli, mTliani saxe iseTi problemebis ganxilviT, rogoricaa:
xelovnebis zogadi arsi da specifika, socialuri buneba da daniSnuleba.
wignSi gaanalizebulia im avtorTa naSromebi, romlebic Sexebian aRniSnul problemas.
mamia duduCava cdilobs im sakiTxebze gaamaxvilos yuradReba, romelTac sxva mkvlevrebi
naklebad an srulebiT ar Sexebian. es aris ilias Sexedulebebi axali qarTuli literaturis
ganviTarebis, Teatris, dramaturgiis, musikis Sesaxeb.
naSromSi warmodgenilia im polemikis arsi, romelic gaimarTa iliasa da `ciskrelebs~
Soris. aseve vrclad aris ganxiluli werili àkaki wereTeli da `vefxistyaosani~.
wigni Sedgeba Sesavlisa da Svidi Tavisagan: 1. xelovnebis sagani da Tavisebureba; 2.
xelovnebis sazogadoebrivi daniSnuleba da ganviTarebis kanonzomiereba; 3. axali
SemoqmedebiTi principebi; 4. qarTuli literaturis istoriis problematika; 5. Teatrisa da
dramaturgiis sakiTxebi; 6. qarTuli xalxuri musikis Sesaxeb; 7. ilia WavWavaZis esTetikuri
naazrevis erovnuli da socialuri safuZvlebi.
wigns erTvis gamoyenebuli literaturisa da wyaroebis sia.
S. k.
g. kalandariSvili
asketizmis problema ilia WavWavaZis `gandegilSi~
158
Jurn. `macne~. enisa da literaturis seria, Tb., 1982. 4, gv. 46-59
gulnara kalandariSvilis werili exeba im ZiriTad sakiTxebs, romlebsac ilia WavWavaZis

`gandegilis” sworad aRqmisa da mwerlis msoflmxedvelobis Secnobis TvalsazrisiT
principuli mniSvneloba eniWebaT. narkvevSi mecnieri gansakuTrebul yuradRebas uTmobs kita
abaSiZis, akaki baqraZisa da sargis caiSvilis gamokvlevebs. mkvlevari uRrmavdeba iseT
principul sakiTxs, rogoricaa gandegilobis arsi. igi am sakiTxs mimoixilavs im
konceptualuri konteqstis fonze, romlis analizis gareSe mecnieri ver gamoitans marTebul
daskvnebs gandegilobis ideasTan dakavSirebiT (vgulisxmobT qristian sqolastikosTa
moZRvrebas sulisa da xorcis Sesaxeb da sxv. mniSvnelovan sakiTxebs), agreTve warmoaCens ilia
WavWavaZis damokidebulebasac am movlenisadmi. Tavisi Tvalsazrisis gasamyareblad mecnieri
imowmebs mwerlis publicistikas.
mecnieri ganixilavs nawarmoebSi tragediis gamomwvev motivTa gansxvavebul
interpretaciebs. igi erTmaneTs upirispirebs pirovnul da ideologiur tragedias da
religiasa da bunebriv, WvretiT rwmenas.
q. n.
T. kikaCeiSvili
ilia WavWavaZis Semoqmedebis mxatvruli Taviseburebani

Tb., Tsu gamomcemloba, 1992
monografiis avtori mwerlis mier sinamdvilis mxatvrul-saxeobrivi asaxvisaTvis

gamoyenebuli xerxebisa da saSualebebis mTeli sistemidan gamoyofs da aanalizebs mxolod
zogierTs, _ iseTs, romelic Sesaferisi saxovanebiT amJRavnebs ilias Semoqmedebis mxatvrul
Rirsebebs.
wigni Sedgeba Sesavlisa da oTxi Tavisagan. avtori ganixilavs bunebis aRweris
mwerliseul specifikas, tropuli metyvelebis ideur-mxatvrul funqcias, monologis
formebs, dialogis rols da gvTavazobs Semdeg daskvnebs:
I. ilias mier aRwerili buneba-peizaJi naTlad gamoxatavs rogorc mwerlis
msoflmxedvelobriv, aseve personaJTa azrobriv-emociur samyaros, xels uwyobs qcevisa da
moqmedebis, xasiaTis Taviseburebis gamoaSkaravebas, cxovrebiseuli movlenebis
gamomzeurebas.
II. ilia tropis TiTqmis yvela saxes iyenebs (epiTeti, metafora, Sedareba, gapirovneba,
simbolo-alegoriebi da a. S.), Tumca ara garegnuli efeqtis mosaxdenad.
III. ilias TxzulebebSi monologis mravali forma dasturdeba: avtoris (mTxrobelis) da
personaJis Sinagani monologi; arasakuTari pirdapiri metyvelebis tipis monologi; avtoris
(mTxrobelis) da personaJis, ase vTqvaT, Ria monologi; iliasaTvis damaxasiaTebeli
monologSi CarTuli e. w. `retrospeqtuli dialogi~; calkeuli personaJis àRsareba-
monologi~ da `datireba-monologi~. Tavad formaTa mravalsaxeobac metyvelebs, Tu ramdenad
did mniSvnelobas aniWebda avtori monologs Txrobis struqturaSi.
IV. ilias dialogi xels uwyobs Sinaarsis ganviTarebas. mJRavndeba personaJTa gancdebi,
Sexedulebebi. dialogi ilias prozaSi erTian sulier-ideur da mxatvrul-esTetikur
RirebulebaTa gamomzeurebisTvis moxmobili erT-erTi aqtiuri formaa.
q. S.
gr. kiknaZe
ilia WavWavaZe literaturaTmcodneobisa da xelovnebis sakiTxebis Sesaxeb

wignSi: `literaturis Teoriisa da istoriis sakiTxebi~
Tsu gamomcemloba, 1978, gv. 228-250
narkvevSi naCvenebia ilia WavWavaZis, rogorc literaturaTmcodneobis da

xelovnebaTmcodneobis Teoretikosis Rvawli. aRniSnulia mowinave rusi moazrovneebis
gavlena axalgazrda ilias SemoqmedebiTi zrdisa da msoflmxedvelobrivi momwifebis
procesze, Tumca iqve aRniSnulia, rom mwerali arasodes yofila brma mimdevari
avtoritetebisa da isini imdenad ainteresebda, ramdenadac amas mSobliuri literaturisa da
xelovnebis sasicocxlo interesebis dacva moiTxovda.
159
ilia realisturi radikalizmiT gamoirCeoda, man formalizmis winaaRmdeg gailaSqra
xelovnebaSi da demokratizmis principi daicva.
naSromSi naCvenebia, rogor iyenebda da icavda istorizmis princips ilia Tavis
nawerebSi. garda amisa, naSromSi ilia daxasiaTebulia, rogorc Teatraluri recenzenti.
S. k.
gr. kiknaZe
ilia WavWavaZis Semoqmedebis ZiriTadi tendenciebi

iqve, gv. 251-276
narkvevSi ganxilulia ilias Semoqmedebis ZiriTadi tendenciebi. pirveli nabiji mas

qarTul mwerlobaSi arsebuli viTarebiT ukmayofilebam gadaadgmevina. man Zvelis ngreviT
daiwyo, magram, sxvebisgan gansxvavebiT, ngrevaSive warmoadgina axlis Senebis idea.
ukmayofilebam da `garemosadmi Setevam~ ilias SemoqmedebaSi mZafri satiris forma miiRo. misi
satira argumentirebuli satiris nimuSia. ilia amzeurebs pirovnebaTa arsebiT naklovanebebs,
rac apirobebs satiruli mimarTebis garduvalobas. ilia `daRvremili satirikosis~
gansaxierebaa. misi satiruli xedva ironiulia, romelic alogizmiskenaa mimarTuli.
grigol kiknaZe sagangebod msjelobs ilias Txzulebebis moralistur tendenciaze.
`zneobrivi erTianoba amzadebs erovnul mTlianobas,~ _ ganacxada iliam. am TvalsazrisiT,
mkvlevars saanalizod moaqvs mwerlis mravali Txzuleba, maT Soris òTaraanT qvrivi~, `kacia-
adamiani?!~, `mgzavris werilebi~, `mefe dimitri Tavdadebuli~, àCrdili~, `nikoloz
gostaSabiSvili~ da sxv.
ilias qmnilebebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel kidev erT tendenciad grigol kiknaZe
xalxurobas asaxelebs.
S. k.
v. kotetiSvili
ilia WavWavaZis prozis poetika
Tbilisi, 1996
wignSi Seswavlili da warmodgenilia ilia WavWavaZis ideur-msoflmxedvelobrivi
samyaros mxatvruli gansaxovnebis ZiriTadi principebi. avtori exeba mwerlis SemoqmedebiTi
da enobrivi stilis sakiTxebs. igi warmogvidgens ilias SemoqmedebiTi meTodis
Taviseburebebs: avtoris Txrobis, gmiris monologisa da teqstTan mimarTebiT epigrafis
funqciur datvirTvas. warmoCenilia, agreTve, tipuri pasaJebi (mag.: gmiris sizmari da sxv.),
romelTac mwerlis mrwamsisa da stilis kvlevis TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelovani roli akisriaT.
aRwerilia ilias prozauli teqstebis musikalurobis SemTxvevebi, Seswavlilia mwerlis
leqsikur-frazeologiuri fondi da punqtuaciis gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba. avtori
kvlevis Sedegad midis im daskvnamde, rom ilia WavWavaZis esTetika eTikur sayrdens efuZneba.
q. n.
l. minaSvili
160
ilia WavWavaZe
cxovreba da SemoqmedebiTi aspeqtebis daxasiaTeba
Tsu gamomcemloba, 1995 weli (412 gv.)
wigni moicavs ilia WavWavaZis SemoqmedebiTi aspeqtebis daxasiaTebas, ilias didi

pirovnebisa da misi mxatvruli Semoqmedebis mTlianobaSi asaxvas.
wignSi vrclad aris saubari mwerlis pirovnul cxovrebaze, moqalaqeobriv mrwamssa da
literaturul-esTetikur Sexedulebebze, cal-calkea ganxiluli ilia WavWavaZis lirika,
epikuri poezia da mxatvruli proza; wigns uZRvis Sesavali werili.
I Tavi _ ilias cxovrebis gza _ vrceli suraTia mwerlis biografiidan: dabadebis
adgili _ ojaxi, mSoblebi, swavla-ganaTleba, moRvaweoba, tragikuli aRsasruli, gza
mTawmindamde.
II Tavi _ ilia WavWavaZe da qarTveli eri _ warmosaxavs ilia WavWavaZis pirovnul
samyaros da mis damokidebulebas qarTveli erisadmi, gamoxatuls sityviT da saqmiT.
III Tavi _ ilia WavWavaZis mwerluri da moqalaqeobrivi mrwamsi _ naTel suraTs iZleva
mis erovnul-moqalaqeobriv misiaze;
IV TavSi _ ilia WavWavaZis literaturul-esTetikuri Sexedulebebi_ ganxilulia am
Tvalsazrisis gamomxatveli publicisturi da literaturuli werilebi, ilias polemikuri
statiebi.
V Tavi _ ilia WavWavaZis lirikis SemoqmedebiTi aspeqtebis daxasiaTebisaTvis _
warmoadgens poetis lirikuli teqstebis yovelmxriv analizs.
VI TavSi _ ilia WavWavaZis poemebis SemoqmedebiTi istoriisaTvis _ ganxilulia ilias
yvela poema, saintereso paralelebiT ucxour poeziasTan, axali dakvirvebebiTa da
daskvnebiT.
VII Tavi _ ilia WavWavaZis prozis istoriisaTvis _ moicavs or qveTavs: a) motivTa
urTierToba ilias moTxrobebSi; b) ilias prozis zogierTi mxatvruli Taviseburebis Sesaxeb.
z.c.
i. ratiani
qronotopi ilia WavWavaZis prozaSi

(xuTi Txzulebis analizi)
Tb., gamomc.: universali, 2006
wigni moicavs mxatvruli droisa da sivrcis zogadstruqturuli Taviseburebebisa da

konkretul TxzulebebSi maTi realizebis specifikis kvlevas.
naSromi miznad isaxavs, ilia WavWavaZis prozauli Txzulebebis gaanalizebis
safuZvelze, realisturi literaturisaTvis niSandoblivi mxatvruli dro-sivrcis
globaluri, e. w. `msoflio standartebiT~ aRqmis principisa da fsiqologiuri sublimaciis
procesis TaviseburebaTa warmoCenas, qronotopis struqturuli araerTgvarovnebisa da misi
realizebis modaluri invariantebis gamovlenas, realistur nawarmoebSi koncentrirebuli
mxatvruli dro-sivrcis aRqmis problemis gaazrebas.
wignSi ganxilulia mxatvruli droisa da sivrcis specifika da misi kanonzomierebani
zogadad realisturi literaturisa da, kerZod, ilia WavWavaZis Txzulebebis: `mgzavris
werilebis~, `glaxis naambobis~, `kacia-adamianis?!~, `sarCobelazed~ da òTaraanT qvrivis~
magaliTze.
naSromi Sedgeba winaTqmis, Sesavlis, oTxi Tavis (1. Txrobis dro-sivrculi orientacia,
2. mxatvruli, anu siuJeturi dro da sivrce, 3. mxatvruli qronotopuli sistema, 4.
mkiTxvelTa qronotopi) da 7 qveTavisagan.
wigns erTvis daskvnebi, gamoyenebuli literatura, wyaroebi da pirTa saZiebeli.
S. k.
j. Rvinjilia
ilia WavWavaZe
wignSi: `poeturi energia~,Tb., gam. `nakaduli~, 1989, (gv. 244-298)
jansuR Rvinjilias wignSi `poeturi energia~ erT-erTi werili ilia WavWavaZes eZRvneba.
masSi ganxilulia ilias poezia. naSromis ZiriTadi nawili eTmoba poema àCrdilis~ Sefasebas.
gamoTqmulia mosazreba, rom is, rac àCrdilSi~ programad aris mowodebuli, ilia WavWavaZis
moRvaweobisa da Semoqmedebis yvela sferoze vrceldeba. leqsebsa da poemebSi azris moZraoba
161
poeturi eniT aris gadmocemuli, ris gamoc isini sxva Janris Txzulebebs mniSvnelovnad
aRematebian.
narkvevSi ganxilulia ilias lirikuli teqstebi; maT Soris sagangebodaa gamoyofili
`bednieri eri~, rogorc eris TviTaRsarebis Seudarebeli nimuSi; daskvnis saxiT naTqvamia, rom
ilia WavWavaZe mTeli Tavisi SesaZleblobebiT mainc erovnul problematikaSi gamJRavnda.
magram misi saocrad progresuli xasiaTi, pirovnuli Tvisebebi, interesebi ar SeiZleboda
erT, Tundac udides sakiTxs mijaWvoda. ilias interesebis sferoSi Semodioda imdroindeli
msoflios umniSvnelovanesi movlenebi, romlebic, ilia WavWavaZis wyalobiT, umokles gzebs
poulobdnen qarTul samyarosTan dasakavSireblad. ilia axerxebda harmoniulad Seerwya
erTmaneTisaTvis erovnuli da sakacobrio.
z.c.
g. jiblaZe
ilia WavWavaZe
Tb., gam. `ganaTleba~,1966 weli
wigni Sedgeba Sesavlisa da 7 Tavisagan.

SesavalSi aris zogadi msjeloba ilia WavWavaZis rolze qarTuli kulturis istoriaSi;
masze, rogorc moazrovneze, mxatvruli sityvis ostatsa da sazogado moRvaweze;
pirveli Tavi `cxovreba ilia WavWavaZisa~ Sedgeba 7 qveTavisagan, romelTa ZiriTadi
Sinaarsia: WavWavaZeebis genealogia; ilias ojaxuri garemo; ilia peterburgSi; ilias
samoRvaweo asparezi _ nafici veqilobidan saxelmwifo sabWos wevrobamde; sicocxlis
ukanaskneli dReebi; ilias garSemo Sekrebili cnobili adamianebis Sesaxeb; ilias mkvleloba
da sayovelTao glova;
meore TavSi ganxilulia ilias lirika; anakreontuli, erovnuli Tematika; ilias
aforizmebi; satiruli poeturi teqstebi; `gamocanebi~ da `kidev gamocanebi~, aseve masTan
dakavSirebuli gamoxmaurebebi;
wignis mesame Tavi exeba ilia WavWavaZis poemebs. aq saubaria zogadad poemebze,
bedisweris kultze homerosis, hesiodes, virgiliusis, rusTavelis poemebSi; ganxilulia
àCrdili~, `qarTvlis deda~, `ramdenime suraTi, anu epizodi yaCaRis cxovrebidam~, `mefe
dimitri Tavdadebuli~, `gandegili~.
meoTxe Tavi eZRvneba ilia WavWavaZis prozas — ganxilulia ilias yvela moTxroba, maT
Soris daumTavrebeli Txzulebebic.
mexuTe TavSi mkvlevari vrclad msjelobs xelovnebis iliaseuli realisturi Teoriis
gamovlenis Sesaxeb literaturasa Tu kulturis sxvadasxva sferoSi.
wignis Semdeg nawilSi mocemulia ilias publicistikis zogadi daxasiaTeba; saubaria
ilias msoflmxedvelobis nakadebisa da publicistikisa da mxatvruli Semoqmedebis
urTierTmimarTebis Sesaxeb.
meSvide Tavi warmoadgens ilia WavWavaZis msoflmxedvelobis zogad daxasiaTebas. wigns
erTvis saxelTa saZiebeli.
z. c.
iv. javaxiSvili
ilia WavWavaZe da saqarTvelos istoria

tf., 1938
naSromi ìlia WavWavaZe da saqarTvelos istoria~ ivane javaxiSvilma 1937 wels

moxsenebis saxiT waikiTxa mwerlis dabadebis asi wlisTavisadmi miZRvnil sajaro sxdomaze,
xolo 1938 wels dabeWda kidec. mecnieri did mniSvnelobas aniWebs ilia WavWavaZis istoriul
koncefcias da mwerlis moRvaweobas am dargSi; miiCnevs, rom am TemasTan dakavSirebuli yvela
iliaseuli Tvalsazrisi Cveni warsulis ùtyuari da daundobeli, magram piruTvneli~
Sefasebaa. ivane javaxiSvili naSromSi ganixilavs `Cveni didebuli moRvawis~ TxzulebaTa
sruli krebulis mexuTe toms, radgan swored masSia Tavmoyrili istoriul Tematikaze
Seqmnili werilebi.
mecnieris SefasebiT, yvela mniSvnelovani movlena, romelic Cveni qveynis warsuls,
qarTveli xalxis cxovrebas da ara mxolod `mefeTa istorias~ exeba, ilia WavWavaZisaTvis
seriozuli da Rrma gansjis sagania; maT Sorisaa `miwismflobelobis wesis~ mniSvneloba,
qarTveli gmirebisa da politikur moRvaweTa saqmianobis Sedegebi. iliam kritikulad Seafasa
`qarTlis cxovrebis~ cnobebi da iq araerTi mcdari informacia aRmoaCina. naSromSi gvxvdeba
mosazrebebi ilia WavWavaZis lingvisturi dakvirvebebis Sesaxebac.
ivane javaxiSvili amarTlebs ilia WavWavaZis meTodologias istoriuli kvlevis
mimarTulebiT da miiCnevs, rom Tu romelime istorikosi mecxramete saukunis aRweras
Seudgeba, is `valdebuli iqneba~ aRniSnos ilia WavWavaZis Rvawli saqarTvelis
istoriografiaSi.
162
q. S.
d) ilia sazogadoebriv da politikur asparezze
v. abaSmaZe
ilia WavWavaZis politikur-samarTlebrivi msoflmxedveloba

Tb., 1983
narkvevi exeba ilias politikur-samarTlebriv Sexedulebebs. aq naTqvamia, rom ilia

WavWavaZe, rogorc Tavis mxatvrul nawarmoebebsa da filosofiur-politikur traqtatebSi,
ise publicistur werilebSi, humanistur-ganmanaTlebluri da demokratiuli poziciebidan
ibrZvis qarTveli xalxis socialuri da erovnuli Cagvrisagan gasaTavisufleblad. bunebiTi
samarTlis progresul moZRvrebaze damyarebiT igi miuTiTebs, rom socialuri da erovnuli
Cagvra ewinaaRmdegeba adamianis bunebas.
avtori ganixilavs Semdeg sakiTxebs: qarTuli konstituciur-demokratiuli partiis
Seqmnis proeqti, progresistTa qarTuli erovnul-demokratiuli (konstituciur-
demokratiuli) partiis programa; sanotaro debulebis 168-e muxli da misi Sefardeba
Tbilisis `saokrugo~ sasamarTlos mier.
S. k.
i. asaTiani
Tbilisis qarTuli saadgilmamulo bankis daarseba

naSromi Sedgeba Sesavlis, 5 ZiriTadi Tavisa da ori damatebisagan; pirvelwyaroebisa da

literaturis analizis safuZvelze, ganxilulia saqarTveloSi saglexo reformis gatarebis
Semdgom periodSi dimitri yifianis mecadineoba Tbilisis guberniis saadgilmamulo bankis
dasaarseblad. gadmocemulia imdroindel sazogado moRvaweTa Sexedulebani bankis
sazogadoebrivi xasiaTis organizaciul da sawesdebo sakiTxebze. naCvenebia ilia WavWavaZis
roli bankis daarsebis saqmeSi.
saarqivo masalebze dafuZnebiT, saubaria ilias mier bankis wesdebis SesamuSaveblad da
dasamtkiceblad gaweul did Sromaze; aRwerilia, Tu rogor moxda ilia arCeva (1873 w.)
saadgilmamulo bankis mmarTvelad da rogor datova man amis gamo samsaxuri (ilia duSeTSi
muSaobda jer momrigebel Suamavlad, Semdeg _ momrigebel mosamarTled 1964 _ 1873); ilias
gamgzavreba peterburgSi sabanko saqmis Sesaswavlad, bankis saqmeebis mosagvareblad; aqve
saubaria peterburgSi ilias mier wamowyebul saliteraturo saqmianobaze, kerZod, ivane
maCabelTan erTad `mefe liris~ Targmnis istoriaze;
wigns erTvis ilias saprogramo sityva, warmoTqmuli 1873 wlis 28 ianvars Tbilisis
guberniis saadgilmamulo bankis damfuZnebelTa krebaze; aRniSnulia ilias 30 wliani Rvawli
sabanko saqmeSi.
z.c.
l. menabde
ilia WavWavaZe
wignSi: `XIX saukunis qarTveli klasikosebi da Zveli qarTuli mwerloba~,
Tb., 1973, gv. 73-148
levan menabde warmoaCens ilias damokidebulebas Zveli qarTuli literaturisadmi,

romelic mwerlisTvis zogjer STagonebis wyaroc iyo. gamokvleva cxadyofs, Tu rogor
cdilobda ilia adreuli axalgazrdobidanve Rrmad da safuZvlianad Seeswavla Zveli
qarTuli mwerloba.
naSromSi vrclad aris aRwerili is periodi, roca iliam ìveriaSi~ moRvaweobis dros
gars Semoikriba qarTvelologebi da Tavis gazeTSi sakmaod didi adgili dauTmo Zveli
qarTuli mwerlobis saWirboroto sakiTxebi.
sayuradReboa ilias mier Zveli qarTuli xelnawerebis Sekrebisa da dacvis, xelnawerebis
saxiT warmodgenili masalebis publikaciisa da popularizaciisaTvis gaweuli muSaoba. ilia
miiCnevda, rom aucilebeli iyo Zveli qarTuli nawerebis mecnieruli aRwerilobis Sedgena da
katalogebis mowesrigeba. am dros gamoqveynebul masalebSi vxvdebiT Satberdisa da aTonis
163
krebulebis, alaverdis saxarebis da sxva mniSvnelovan ZeglTa aRwerilobas. mkvlevris
dakvirvebiT, ilia kargad icnobda Zveli qarTuli nawarmoebebis xelnawerebs: `visramians~,
~arCilians~, `qilila da damanas~. mkvlevari aRniSnavs, rom ilia WavWavaZis SemoqmedebaSi
gvxvdeba amonaridebi saRmrTo werilidan, saxarebidan, citirebulia agreTve daviT
winaswarmetyvelis, solomon brZenisa da sxvaTa sityvebi, rac imaze miuTiTebs, rom mwerlis
Semoqmedeba Zveli qarTuli wyaroebiTac sazrdoobda.
naSromSi gvxvdeba cnobebi ilias xelmouwereli publikaciis Sesaxeb, romelic luarsab
mefes eZRvneba. redaqtorma specialuri werili uZRvna daviT aRmaSeneblis memkvidreobasac
da maRali Sefaseba misca mas.
naSromSi aRwerilia ilias brZola anton kaTalikosis lingvisturi Sexedulebebis
winaaRmdeg; vxvdebiT cnobebs, Tu rogor muSaobda mwerali `visramianis~ teqstze. mkvlevari
agreTve exeba `Tamarianis~ iliaseul kritikas, ramac didi polemika gamoiwvia qarTul
sazogadoebaSi.
ilia WavWavZis werils àkaki wereTeli da vefxistyaosani~ mkvlevari rusTvelis poemis
seriozul da mniSvnelovan kritikul ganxilvad miiCnevs. naSromSi mocemulia i. jabadaris
mcdari mosazrebebis iliaseuli kritikac `vefxistyaosnis~ Sesaxeb.
mweralma 1899 wels dauzogavad gaakritika niko maris usafuZvlo mosazrebac
`vefxistyaosnis~ sparsuli wyaroebidan warmomavlobis Sesaxeb.
levan menabde sagangebo aRniSvnis Rirsad miiCnevs `vefxistyaosnis~ teqstis damdgeni
komisiis (romlis mudmivi wevric iyo ilia) muSaobas da 1888 wels `vefxistyaosnis~ xelaxali
Cinebuli gamocemis mniSvnelobas.
narkvevis dasasruls, l. menabde aRniSnavs, rom ilias Zalze uyvarda `daviTiani~. man
maxvilgonivrulad Seafasa da gansazRvra daviT guramiSvilis adgili mwerlobaSi, romlis
erT-erT did damsaxurebad miaCnda evropeizmis Semotana qarTul kulturaSi.
q. S.
n. tabiZe
ilia WavWavaZis publicistika

gamomc.: `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, Tb., 1988
qarTuli JurnalistikaTmcodneoba arsebiTad ilia WavWavaZidan iwyeba. is, rom qarTuli

JurnalistikaTmcodneobis fuZemdebloba ilias rom wilad xvda, sruliad kanonzomieria. am
SemTxvevaSi, obieqtur-subieqturi mxareebis sasurvel SerwymasTan gvaqvs saqme. samamulo
presas swored XIX saukunis meore naxevridan eZleva farTo gasaqani. ilia termin
`Jurnalistikis~ sinonimad xSirad xmarobs `literaturas~ da `mwerlobas~ da es SemTxveviTi
ar aris. `Jurnal-gazeToba,- ambobda ilia,- aris erTgvari nawili mwignobrobisa~.
wignSi naCvenebia, raoden did mniSvnelobas aniWebda ilia publcistikas da rogori
warmatebiT muSaobda am sferoSi. ganxilulia sxvadasxva Janris nawarmoebebi. yuradReba
gamaxvilebulia im xerxebsa da meTodebze, romelTa momarjvebiTac aRwevda Jurnalistika
TvalsaCino warmatebebs.
mkvlevars ilia-redaqtoris SemoqmedebiT laboratoriaSic SevyavarT.
wigni Sedgeba Semdegi Tavebisagan: 1. Jurnalisturi Sexedulebani; 2. publicisturi
horizontebi; 3. feletoni; 4. mimoxilva; 5. polemikuri ostatoba; 6. detalis gamoyeneba; 7.
ilia redaqtori; 8. dasabuTeba da 9. boloTqma.
S. k.
a. jorjaZe
publicisti — ilia WavWavaZe

wignSi: arCil jorjaZe, `werilebi~, Tb., merani, 1989
narkvevi pirvelad `moambeSi~ daibeWda 1901 wels, meored _ 1911- 1914 wlebSi xuT wignad
gamocemul TxzulebaTa krebulSi gamoqveynda. 1989 wlis gamocema am werilis rigiT mesame
publikaciaa.
werilSi arCil jorjaZe pasuxs scems or ZiriTad kiTxvas: ra xasiaTisa iyo ilia
WavWavaZis politikuri moZRvreba da ra mimarTuleba hqonda mas sazogadoebrivi da
ekonomikuri sakiTxebis ganmartebaSi. aqedan gamomdinare, avtoris mizania srulyos ilia
WavWavaZis, rogorc `sazogadoebrivi mwerlisa~ da èrovnuli publicistis~ saxe; avtori
miiCnevs, rom `politikuri simbolo ilia WavWavaZisa gamoisaxeba erovnuli cxovrebis
aRorZinebis saWiroebaSi~ da vrclad exeba im sakiTxs, Tu rogor warmoedgina ilias erovnuli
cxovrebis aRorZineba.
164
arCil jorjaZis daskvniT, iliam `gaasamarTliana da daakanona~ patriotizmis grZnoba.
man daudo safuZveli Cvens erovnul programas Tavisi publicisturi naazreviT.
arCil jorjaZe kritikulad SeniSnavs, rom wignSi `qarTuli presa~ noe Jordania ar
aRniSnavs ilia WavWavaZis nawerebis erovnul mxares da amas Seuwynareblad miiCnevs. Tavad
arCil jorjaZes swored erovnuli sakiTxi miaCnia ilias moRvaweobis saukeTeso nawilad; igi
afasebs ilias naazrevs enisa da qristes sjulis Sesaxeb; Tvlis, rom misi mosarCleoba ar
yofila cru patriotuli xasiaTisa da is dafuZnebuli iyo dafiqrebaze, faqtebze, codnasa da
mecnierul WeSmaritebaze.
werilSi aseve saubaria ilias filosofiur naazrevsa da sociologiur Temebze, mis
damokidebulebaze qalaqis mrewvelobasa da saTavadaznauro bankebTan. xazgasmulia, rom ilia
WavWavaZe arasodes midioda ukiduresobamde, icavda zomierebas; rogorc publicisti,
ikvlevda axali cxovrebis ekonomikur pirobebs.
z. c.
e) ilia da qarTuli enis sakiTxebi
n. kandelaki
ilia WavWavaZe
wignSi: `qarTuli mWevrmetyveleba: qarTveli oratorebi~,
w. 1, Tb., 1975, gv. 365-377
nikoloz kandelakis werilSi gadmocemulia, rogor ibrZoda ilia WavWavaZe saerTo-

saxalxo qarTuli enis dacvisa da srulyofis, misi gamococxlebisa da ganviTarebisaTvis.
naSromSi vxvdebiT masalas, Tu ra mizandasaxuli TavgamodebiT meurveobda didi ilia
cocxal metyvelebas da icavda mas yovelgvari xelyofisagan. aq aRwerilia, agreTve, misi
damokidebuleba oratorul metyvelebasa da sityvakazmul mwerlobasTan; yuradReba eTmoba
iliaseul Sexedulebebs mxatvruli sityvis ostatobisa da paeqroba-kamaTis Sesaxeb.
avtoris azriT, mweralma gansakuTrebuli unari sadResaswaulo sityvebis warmoTqmaSic
gamoiCina da swored es warmoadgens misi kvlevis ZiriTad sagans; garda amisa, werilSi
Sefasebulia ilias damsaxureba mxatvruli kiTxvis sarbielze.
nikoloz kandelaki miiCnevs, rom ilia WavWavaZis oratoruli Semoqmedebis saganZurs
gamorCeulad amSvenebs sxvadasxva SemTxvevaSi warmoTqmuli eqvsi sityva, kerZod: 1. sityva,
Tqmuli grigol orbelianis dakrZalvaze (1883); 2. sityva, Tqmuli winamZRvrianT-karis
sameurneo skolis gaxsnaze (1883); 3. sityva, Tqmuli ioseb daviTaSvilis panaSvidze (1887); 4.
sityva, Tqmuli nikoloz baraTaSvilis neStis gadmosvenebaze (1893); 5. sityva, Tqmuli
gabriel episkoposis dakrZalvaze (1896); 6. sityva, Tqmuli evgeni markovis mimarT (1899) rusul
enaze.
q. S.
a. Ciqobava
ilia WavWavaZe da saliteraturo qarTuli enis erTianobis sakiTxi
Jurn. `sabWoTa xelovneba~, Tb., 1978, 6, gv. 2-5
samecniero narkvevi exeba ilia WavWavaZis damokidebulebas enobrivi sakiTxebisadmi.
qarTuli saliteraturo ena unda yofiliyo erTiani rogorc sinqronuli (dialeqturi), ise
diaqronuli (qarTuli enobrivi tradiciis sxvadasxva etapi) faqtorebis gaTvaliswinebiT.
amave dros, samwerlobo ena msjelobisa Tu aRweris obieqtis miuxedavad unda damorCileboda
principulad erTsa da imave kanonebisa da `stils”. narkvevSi warmodgenilia ilias
165
damokidebuleba sami stilis Teoriisadmi da, Sesabamisad, enis xalxurobisadmi (enis
dinamikuri bunebidan gamomdinare), agreTve saubaria enis mimarTebaze dialeqtebisa da
saliteraturo tradiciebisadmi. Seswavlilia ilias principuli damokidebuleba dedaenis
swavlebis mniSvnelobisadmi.
q. n.
a. Ciqobava
ilia WavWavaZe enis Sesaxeb

ssrk mecn. akad. saq. filiali,
akd. n. maris saxelobis enis, istoriis da mater. kult. instituti,
Tb., 1938
naSromi iZleva pasuxs kiTxvaze: ra Teoriulma saenaTmecniero koncefciebma poves

gamoxatuleba enis Sesaxeb kamaTSi Zvel Taobasa da ilia WavWavaZes Soris da ra adgili
uWiravT maT enaTmecnieruli azrovnebis istoriaSi; analizamde saubari exeba kamaTis sagans:
axali qarTuli saliteraturo enis Camoyalibebis procesi arsebiTad damTavrebuli iyo XVIII
saukunis damlevisTvis; am enis sarbiels warmoadgenda samefo kancelaria da sasamarTlo,
istoriuli Txzulebani, literatura. axali saliteraturo qarTulis nimuSad dasaxelebulia
XVIII s.-is didi mwerlis, daviT guramiSvilis ena (morfologia, sintaqsi, leqsika-
frazeologia). misi orTografia miCneulia ufro martivad, `vinem mecxramete saukunis
mesamoce wlebis axali qarTulisa~; arc erTi zedmeti aso masTan ar gvxvdeba (igulisxmeba is 5
aso, romlebic ilia WavWavaZem amoiRo xmarebidan).
axali saliteraturo qarTulis normaluri ganviTarebis xelisSemSlelad
dasaxelebulia anton kaTalikosi da misi skola, romelic XVIII s.-is 60-iani wlebidan XIX s.-is
60-ian wlebamde ganagebda saliteraturo qarTulis beds. sami stilis Teoriam mecnierebisa da
literaturis sarbielidan gandevna guramiSvilis, sulxan-sabas, papuna orbelianis ena;
naSromSi, msjelobis kvalobaze, moxmobilia enobrivad gansxvavebuli metyvelebis nimuSebi.
naSromis am monakveTis daskvna aseTia: 60-ian wlebSi gaCaRebuli brZola axali qarTulisaTvis,
obieqturad, iyo brZola ara axali enis Sesaqmnelad, aramed Seqmnilisa da ukve arsebulis
gamoyenebisaTvis literaturaSi, brZola axali qarTulis (sami stilis Teoriis wyalobiT)
dakarguli uflebis aRdgenisaTvis.
naSromSi saubaria al. jambakur-orbelianisa da baqar qarTlelis (dim. baqraZe) mcdar
damokidebulebaze saliteraturo enis sakiTxTan. aseT pirobebSi ilias mier wamoyenebuli
debuleba: xalxis ena, e. i. `glexkacis metyveleba~ saliteraturo ena unda iyoso, Sefasebulia
udides moqalaqeobriv gmirobad.
ilias brZola saliteraturo qarTuli enisaTvis Sefasebulia, rogorc swori,
sazogadoebrivad marTali, istoriulad sabuTiani. amiT iyo ganpirobebuli ilias gamarjveba;
gansakuTrebiTaa aRniSnuli, rom ilia WavWavaZem marTlweris zogadi Teoriuli principebidan
am kamaTSi marTlweris simartivis principi wamoayena da is mtkiced daicva.
z. c.
g. SalamberiZe
ilia WavWavaZis ena
Tb., 1966
giorgi SalamberiZe ganixilavs me-19 saukunis meore naxevris qarTul literaturul

kritikaSi samwerlobo enis sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT gamoTqmul Sexedulebebs. aq
gadmocemulia am periodSi moRvawe sxvadasxva mwerlis damokidebuleba am sakiTxis mimarT da
ilia WavWavaZis mkafiod Camoyalibebuli enobrivi koncefcia saliteraturo qarTuli enis
Sesaxeb.
wignSi Seswavlilia mwerlis enaTmecnieruli Sexedulebebi; dialeqtizmebi ilia
WavWavaZis enaSi fonetikur, gramatikul TaviseburebaTa fonze; misi stilisturi niSnebi;
aseve ganxilulia ilia WavWavaZis poeziis, prozis da publicistikis ena; ilias mosazrebebi
qarTuli enis Sesaxeb, misi poemebisa da leqsebis, moTxrobebis, publicisturi Semoqmedebis
enobrivi saxasiaTo niSnebi da mwerlis mier enis eqspresiulobis gasaZliereblad
gamoyenebuli formebi; gaTvaliswinebulia xalxuri metyvelebis rolic mwerlis
SemoqmedebaSi.
166
mocemuli masalis safuZvelze naCvenebia ilia WavWavaZis mniSvneloba qarTuli
saliteraturo enis CamoyalibebaSi. dasabuTebulia, rom mwerali sakuTar mosazrebebs
praqtikulad avlenda Tavis SemoqmedebaSi.
q. S.
z. WumburiZe
ilia WavWavaZis ena da teqstis dadgenis zogierTi sakiTxi

naSromi warmoadgens monografiul gamokvlevas, romelic gviCvenebs ilia WavWavaZis

udides novatorul moRvaweobas qarTuli saliteraturo enis ganviTarebisa da
srulyofisaTvis. aTeuli wlebis manZilze mwerlis enam mniSvnelovani evolucia ganicada, rac
garkveul siZneleebs qmnis ilias TxzulebaTa teqstis dadgenisas. naSromSi, mdidar
sailustracio masalaze dayrdnobiT, naCvenebia ilias enis Taviseburebani da dasabuTebulia
is principebi, romlebic safuZvlad udevs mwerlis TxzulebaTa akademiur gamocemas.
wigni Sedgeba Sesavlisa da rva Tavisagan: 1. orTografiis reforma; 2. brZola enis
xalxurobisaTvis; 3. ilia da Zveli qarTuli; 4. brZola leqsikis gasamdidreblad; 5. TaTbiri
enis sakiTxebze ìveriis~ redaqciaSi; 6. `gandegilis~ avtografi da gamocemebi; 7. TxzulebaTa
oTxtomeuli (igulisxmeba ilias sicocxleSi ganxorcielebuli 1892 wlis gamocema), rogorc
wyaro teqstis dadgenisaTvis da 8. normaTa dadgenis zogi sakiTxi.
daskvnaSi aRniSnulia is damsaxureba, rac ilia WavWavaZes miuZRvis dedaenis
ganviTarebaSi. am sakiTxs poetis erovnul koncefciaSi erT-erTi centraluri adgili ekava.
S. k.
v) literaturuli urTierTobebi
d. laSqaraZe
germanuli klasikuri literatura ilia WavWavaZis SemoqmedebaSi

gam. `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, Tb., 1981
wignSi naCvenebia, Tu rogor SemoqmedebiTad iyenebda ilia WavWavaZe germanuli

klasikuri literaturis warmomadgenlebis progresul Sexedulebebs da gaanalizebulia
germanuli klasikuri poeziis nimuSTa iliaseuli Targmanebi.
germanuli klasikuri literaturidan, uwinares yovlisa, aRniSnulia ilias
damokidebuleba lesingTan, romelsac mxatvruli Semoqmedebis erTaderT wyarod da sagnad
cxovreba miaCnda. saubaria imaze, rom ilia werilebSi literaturisa da xelovnebis sakiTxebze
xSirad mimarTavda `laokoons~; iliac, lesingis msgavsad, xelovnebis mTavar amocanad
WeSmaritebis gamosaxvas miiCnevda, xSirad imowmebda germanel kritikoss. literaturasa da
xelovnebaze lesingisa da ilias Sexedulebebi xSirad emTxveoda. wignSi xazgasmiTaa naTqvami,
rom maT TvalsazrisTa siaxlove gansakuTrebiT TvalsaCinoa nawerebSi Teatrze, dramatul
nawarmoebebze.
wignSi sagangebodaa aRniSnuli ilia WavWavaZis damokidebuleba goeTesTan _
daintereseba goeTes Semoqmedebis SeswavliT (studentobis wlebSi); amave periodSi ilias
kritikuli da, imavdroulad, mokrZalebuli damokidebuleba goeTesadmi; aqvea saubari ilias
`poetisa~ da goeTes leqsis `vmReri, rogorc Citi~ Sesaxeb; aseve, aRniSnulia, rom `civ~ da
`miukarebel~ goeTes ilia im Semoqmedad Tvlida, romlis nawarmoebebSi azrisa da grZnobis
didi Zala Canda. saubaria ilias Targmanebze wignis momdevno nawili exeba ilias
damokidebulebas Silerisadmi, romlis msgavsadac igi sagangebo rols aniWebda xelovnebas,
poezias, rogorc eris xelTuqmnel saganZurs; saubaria ilias Sexedulebebze zneobriv
sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT da mis gansxvavebul koncefciaze.
wignis bolo nawili exeba haines poeziasTan ilias damokidebulebas, Targmanebs da
`mibaZvebs~ hainedan.
z.c.
S. reviSvili
167
ucxoeli mwerlebi ilia WavWavaZis koncefciaSi
wignSi: `qarTul-germanuli literaturuli urTierTobidan~, Tb., 1969
wignSi warmodgenilia ilia WavWavaZis damokidebuleba im sazRvargareTeli
avtorebisadmi, romlebic mis publicistikasa da mxatvrul teqstebSi arian moxseniebulni;
agreTve im mwerlebisadmi, romlebsac ilia Targmnida da gansakuTrebul yuradRebas uTmobda.
narkvevSi aRniSnulia, rom ilias Semoqmedebis umniSvnelovanes Senakads (qarTuli
originaluri da rusuli mwerlobis garda) warmoadgens ucxouri mxatvruli literatura,
saxeldobr, molieris, Seqspiris, baironis, Tomas muris, andre Senies, riukertis, erazm
roterdamelis, rables da sxvaTa naazrevi an mxatvruli teqstebi. avtoris azriT, ilias
Semoqmedebis sxvadasxva etapze gansxvavebuli Tematika xdeba aqtualuri: Teatris
sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT igi eyrdnoba moliers, Seqspirs; revoluciuri suliskveTebis
periods ukavSirdeba baironiT dainteresdeba. SemoqmedebaSi mistikuri tendenciebis
gamZafrebas riukertis saxelTan mivyavarT, aRmzrdelobiT sakiTxebSi ilia saerTos poulobs
rablesTan da a. S. narkvevSi principulad aris xazgasmuli ilias frTxili da zomieri
damokidebuleba sazRvargareTuli literaturis mimarT, ramdenadac, misi TvalTaxedviT,
mwerali/kritikosi, romelic Tavisi eris xelovnebas ar icnobs da saTanadod ar afasebs,
kompetenturad verc sxva xalxis literaturas Seafasebs.
q. n.
g. SaraZe
ilia WavWavaZe da ivane turgenevi

wignSi: `petre dididan lev tolstoimde: ramdenime epizodi saqarTvelo-ruseTis
kult. - lit. urTierTobidan (XVII —XIX ss.)~, Tb., 1986, gv. 65-79
guram SaraZis naSromSi _ ìlia WavWavaZe da ivane turgenevi~ _ mokvleulia masala,

romelic ivane turgenevis cxovrebis ukanaskneli periodis Semoqmedebas exeba.
am gamokvlevaSi avtori saubrobs ivane turgenevis ilia WavWavaZiseul Targmanebze; es
nawarmoebebi 1883 wlis dekemberSi gamoqveynda TbilisSi, Jurnal ìveriis~ me-12 nomerSi,
saTauriT: `leqsni proziTa~.
raki aRniSnuli Targmanebi bibliografiul iSviaTobadaa qceuli, mkvlevars Tavis
naSromSi mohyavs yvela teqsti: `musaifi~, `beberi deda-kaci~, `ZaRli~, `mTxovara~, `gaigoneb
msjavrsa sulelisasa~, `suleli~ da `beRura~.
guram SaraZis gamokvlevaSi gamoyofilia qveTavi _ èrTi striqonis kvaldakval~, sadac
naCvenebia ilia WavWavaZis damokidebuleba g. derJavinisa da aleqsandre griboedovis
Semoqmedebis mimarT.
168
q. S.
z) saiubileo krebulebi
ilia WavWavaZe
saiubileo krebuli, Tb., 1939
aRniSnuli krebuli 1937 wels unda gamosuliyo, radgan ilia WavWavaZis dabadebidan 100
wlis iubiles mieZRvna, magram 1939 wels daibeWda. is sami ganyofilebisgan Sedgeba: werilebi,
mogonebebi da dokumentebi. pirvel ganyofilebaSi warmodgenilia gamoCenili qarTveli
mecnierebis: a. SaniZis, mix. zandukelis, sim. xundaZis, i. griSaSvilis, S. radianis, v. kakabaZis, g.
abzianiZis, g. TavziSvilis, n. tatiSvilis, p. guguSvilis, al. baramiZis, a. CxeiZis, n. uruSaZis da
ap. maxaraZis werilebi, romlebSic mimoxilulia ilias mravalmxrivi moRvaweoba, kerZod,
aRniSnulia misi Rvawli axali saliteraturo qarTulis damkvidrebaSi, ilia daxasiaTebulia
rogorc kritikosi, rogorc aRmzrdeli, satirikosi, rogorc nacionalur-revoluciuri
moZraobis lideri; ilias moRvaweoba Jurnal `ciskarsa~ da `saqarTvelos moambeSi~;
warmodgenilia poetis axali avtografebi, gavlebulia paraleli ilias Semoqmedebasa da
frangul literaturas Soris, aseve Sedarebulia iliasa da lermontovis, iliasa da vaJa-
fSavelas Semoqmedeba. sagangebo yuradReba eTmoba ilias damokidebulebas qarTuli Teatrisa
da Zveli mwerlobisadmi (kerZod, `visramianisadmi~)
poetTan urTierTobis epizodebs igoneben: a. axnazarovi, il. zurabiSvili, T. saxokia, ek.
gabaSvili, al. miqaberiZe.
`dokumentebSi~ warmodgenilia àCrdilis~ da piesa `maWankalis~ avtografebi. piesa
`kacia-adamianis?!~ mixedviTaa dawerili da i. griSaSvilis Sesavali da ganmarteba axlavs. amave
rubrikaSi ibeWdeba sxvadasxva pirebisadmi miZRvnili ilias epistoluri memkvidreoba.
krebuls axlavs ilias bibliografia (1861-1907 wlebi) da sakuTar saxelTa saZiebeli.
S. k.
ilia WavWavaZe
aRniSnuli krebuli ilia WavWavaZis dabadebidan 120 wlis iubiles mieZRvna. masSi
cnobili qarTveli mecnierebis narkvevebi da werilebia dabeWdili. wignSi Sesulia 16 statia:
daviT gamezardaSvilis werilSi ìlia WavWavaZe _axali qarTuli literaturis
fuZemdebeli~ ganxilulia ilias lirika, poemebi, proza. aleqsandre baramiZe narkvevSi ìlia
WavWavaZe da Zveli qarTuli mwerlobis sakiTxebi~ saubrobs ilias damokidebulebaze
istorizmis principebTan; ilias rolze Zveli qarTuli mwerlobis ZeglTa gamocemaSi; ilia
rusTavelis, sulxan-sabas, guramiSvilis, romantikosebis Sesaxeb.
akaki xinTibiZe satatiaSi ìlia WavWavaZis lirikis forma~, romelSic ganxilulia 80
leqsi, msjelobs qarTvel romantikosebTan ilias urTierTobis sakiTxze; ilias leqsebis
metrsa da ritmze; mis poetur ostatobaze.
qsenia sixaruliZem narkvevSi ìlia WavWavaZis poemebis xalxuri wyaroebi~ mimoixila
ilias folklorul-SemkreblobiTi muSaoba; ilias werilebi qarTuli folkloris Sesaxeb.
valerian iToniSvili Tavis statiaSi Seexo eTnografiuli masalebis gamoyenebis sakiTxs
ilia WavWavaZis mxatvrul nawerebSi.
ioseb griSaSvili vrclad msjelobs ilia WavWavaZis rolze qarTuli Teatris
ganviTarebis saqmeSi
ivane javaxiSvilis werilSi ìlia WavWavaZe da saqarTvelos istoria~ dadebiTadaa
Sefasebuli ilias msjeloba saistorio kvleva-Ziebis, SedarebiTi meTodis, lingvisturi
analiziTa da dakvirvebebiT mopovebuli daskvnebis Sesaxeb.
giorgi abzianiZe gvacnobs niko nikolaZis damokidebulebas ilia WavWavaZis
Semoqmedebisadmi. saubaria n. nikolaZis mier ganxilul ilias nawarmoebebze: `glaxis
naambobi~, `kako yaCaRi~, `mgzavris werilebi~; aseve _ poeziaze.
solomon xuciSvili exeba ilia WavWavaZis pirvel kritikosebs: niko berZeniSvils,
Rvimels (savaraudod, samson dvanaZe), dimitri janaSvils, anton furcelaZes;
ivane qavTaraZis werilSi ìlias qarTuli~ saubaria personaJTa metyvelebis zogierT
Taviseburebaze ilias prozaSi. vukol beriZe statiaSi ìlia WavWavaZe _ axali saliteraturo
enis fuZemdebeli da damcveli~ gvesaubreba ilias rolze saliteraturo enis normebis
dadgenaSi;
giorgi TavziSvilis narkvevSi ìlia WavWavaZe da qarTuli pedagogika~ mocemulia ilias
Sexedulebebi gonebrivi da zneobrivi aRzrda-ganviTarebis Sesaxeb.
169
mixeil zarqua Tavis werilSi exeba gaorebuli pirovnebis tragedias; mkvlevari cdilobs
warmogvidginos ilia WavWavaZis gandegilis fsiqologiuri portreti.
v. gagoZe msjelobs ilia WavWavaZis filosofiur Sexedulebebze. naSromSi mocemulia
cnobebi ilias rusuli da dasavleT evropis kulturiT dainteresebis Sesaxeb;
akaki kenWoSvili exeba tradiciisa da novatorobis sakiTxs ilia WavWavaZis
SemoqmedebaSi. amberki gaCeCilaZe ki gvTavazobs masalebs ilia WavWavaZis biografiisaTvis.
saubaria ilia WavWavaZis gvaris genealogiis axal versiaze.
z.c.
ilia WavWavaZe
krebuli, romelic mieZRvna mwerlis dabadebidan 140 da gardacvalebidan 70 wlisTavs,

amomwuravad warmogvidgens mis Semoqmedebas. wignSi Tavmoyrilia werilebi, romlebic Seexeba
ilias calkeul nawarmoebTa SemoqmedebiT istorias, aseve misi mwerlobis, rogorc
mTlianobis Tematur-msoflmxedvelobriv niuansebs. gadmocemulia ilias damokidebuleba
iseT sakiTxebTan, rogoricaa Targmanis Teoria, publicistika, samarTalmcodneoba da sxva
sferoebi, romelTa ganviTarebaSic ilias mniSvnelovani wvlili miuZRvis. krebuli sxvadasxva
rakursiT safuZvlianad warmogviCens ilias, rogorc mweralsa da moazrovnes.
krebulSi Sesulia giorgi jiblaZis _ ìlia WavWavaZis msoflmxedvelobis zogierTi
sakiTxi~, lado minaSvilis — ìlia WavWavaZis àCrdilis~ SemoqmedebiTi istoriisTvis~.
solomon xuciSvilis _ ìlia WavWavaZis sityvebi da gamosvlebi~, qeTevan burjanaZis _ ìlia
WavWavaZe da mxatvruli Targmani~, gulnara kalandariSvilis — `Tavdadebis idea ilia
WavWavaZis SemoqmedebaSi~, SoTa gagoSiZis — ìlia WavWavaZe presis rolis Sesaxeb
sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi~, nodar tabiZis — ìlia WavWavaZis polemikuri ostatobis Sesaxeb~,
akaki surgulaZis — èrovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis didi medroSe~, valerian
metrevelis — `lia WavWavaZe samarTlisa da marTlmsajulebis Sesaxeb~, levan menabdis _
`Zveli qarTuli mwerlobis sakiTxebi i. WavWavaZis ìveriaSi~, vaxtang imnaiSvilis — ìlia
WavWavaZis ucnobi werili~, romelic ilia WavWavaZisa da avstrieli enaTmecnieris, hugo
SuxarTis urTierTobas exeba.
q. n.
ilia WavWavaZe
saiubileo krebuli 150, Tb., 1987
krebuli mieZRvna ilias dabadebidan 150 da gardacvalebidan 80 wlisTavs. masSi
warmodgenil werilebSi mwerlis Semoqmedeba sxvadasxva aspeqtSia ganxiluli.
besarion jorbenaZis statiaSi `qarTuli enis didi moamage~, saubaria axali qarTuli
saliteraturo enis ganviTarebis saqmeSi ilias mier gaweul Rvawlze. nodar tabiZe Tavis
naSromSi yuradRebas amaxvilebs detalis gamoyenebis iliaseul ostatobaze. levan menabdis
narkvevSi ìlia WavWavaZe da daviT guramiSvili~ naCvenebia, rom iliasaTvis STagonebis erT-
erTi wyaro swored `daviTiani~ iyo, romlis aRiarebisa da popularizaciis saqmesac man didi
amagi dasdo. v. Saduri statiaSi ìlia WavWavaZe da yazbegi~ ganixilavs SemoqmedebiT kavSirebs
ilias, aleqsandre yazbegsa da mis biZaSvilebs _ giorgisa da dimitris Soris.
krebulSi agreTve Setanilia Semdegi naSromebi: T. sanikiZis ìlia WavWavaZis leqsikis
Sesaxeb~; a. xinTibiZis ìlias natvra da imedi~; v. vaxanias `ramdenime SeniSvna ilia WavWavaZis
170
`kacia adamianis?!~ Sesaxeb~; l. gorgilaZis ìlia WavWavaZis msoflmxedvelobis adgilisaTvis
qarTuli sazogadoebrivi azris ganviTarebis istoriaSi~. m. ZaZamiasa da l. SatberaSvilis
ìlia WavWavaZe da Tanamedrove qarTul prozis zogierTi aspeqti~; m. gafrindaSvilis ìlia
WavWavaZe da Tanamedroveoba~, gr. Toduas ìlia WavWavaZe da politikuri ekonomikis
aqtualuri sakiTxebi~, t. sarTanias ìlia WavWavaZe saqarTvelos ekonomikuri ganviTarebis
gzebis Sesaxeb~, l. goderiZis ìlia WavWavaZe da qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis
gamavrcelebeli sazogadoeba~, s. xuciSvilis ìlia WavWavaZis àxlobelni da Soreulni~, l.
feraZis `samzadisi ilias pirveli iubilesTvis~, u. obolaZis ìlia WavWavaZe da
axalgazrdobis aRzrdis sakiTxi~, o. baqaniZis ìlia WavWavaZe da ukraina~ da m. surgulaZis
ìlia WavWavaZe da da-Zma uordropebi~..
q. S.
T) Tematuri krebulebi
ilia emigrantTa TvaliT

Tbilisis ilia WavWavaZis literaturul-
memorialuri muzeumi, Tb., t.I, `lomisi~, 1996
wignSi, ZiriTadad, Tavmoyrilia 1920-1990-iani wlebis qarTuli emigrantuli Jurnal-

gazeTebidan da qarTveli emigrantebis mier gamoqveynebuli wignebidan amokrebili is
werilebi, mogonebebi da leqsebi, romlebic miZRvnilia ilia WavWavaZisadmi. gansakuTrebiT
sayuradReboa qarTvel emigrantTa pirveli Taobis warmomadgenelTa — mweralTa, mecnierTa
da politikur moRvaweTa (grigol robaqiZis, viqtor nozaZis, mixeil wereTlis, revaz
gabaSvilis, spiridon kedias, noe Jordanias, giorgi Jurulis, simon bereJianis, giorgi
yifianis, Salva amirejibis, vlasa mgelaZis, aleqsandre asaTianis, Tamar papavas, grigol
urataZis, giorgi kereseliZis, grigol diasamiZis, daviT vaCnaZis, givi kobaxiZis, giorgi
gamyreliZis, mixeil wereTlis, kalistrate salias, aleqsandre manveliSvilis, Salva
kalandaZis, ilia kuWuxiZis (mindia laSuri), ivane zurabiSvilis, daviT vaSaZis, ruben yifianis,
pavle sarjvelaZis da sxv.) werilebi da mogonebebi. maTSi vxvdebiT araerT mniSvnelovan
cnobas, romlebic mxolod da mxolod am werilebma da mogonebebma Semogvinaxa.
wigns axlavs SeniSvnebi, sadac aRniSnulia sad da rodis daibeWda mocemuli statia.
S k.
ilia emigrantTa TvaliT

Tbilisis ilia WavWavaZis literaturul-
memorialuri muzeumi, Tb., t.II, `lomisi~, 1996
krebuli moicavs qarTvel emigrant mweralTa, mecnierTa da sazogado moRvaweTa

werilebs, mogonebebs, leqsebs, moZRvnils ilia WavWavaZisadmi. wignSi gamokveTilia ucxoeTSi
moRvawe qarTvelTa damokidebuleba ilias pirovnebis, misi Semoqmedebisa da moRvaweobisadmi.
krebulSi Sesulia iseTi gamorCeuli moazrovneebis werilebi da mogonebebi, rogorebic arian:
viqtor nozaZe, mixeil wereTeli, grigol robaqiZe, revaz gabaSvili, spiridon kedia,
aleqsandre manveliSvili, grigol diasamiZe da sxvebi.
krebulSi moTavsebulia g. wereTlis 4 werili: ìlia da saqarTvelos ukvdavi suli~,
`Tergis daleva~, `vin mohkla ilia?~, `noe Jordania _ 120 wlisTavi~. am werilTagan
171
gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa ukanaskneli, romelSic avtori msjelobs iliasa da noe
Jordanias urTierTobebze politikur SexedulebebTan dakavSirebiT.
grigol robaqiZis werilSi _ `qarTuli prozisTvis~ _ aRniSnulia, rom XIX s.-Si
qarTuli prozis gamarTva ilia WavWavaZes daawva tvirTad. missave werilSi ìlia WavWavaZe da
saqarTvelos tragedia~, naTqvamia, rom ilias mravalmxrivi Rvawlis mTavari muxli mSobeli
eris tragikuli siyvaruli da SemoqmedebiTi tanjvaa.
ilia WavWavaZeze mogonebebis avtorebi arian: vlasa mgelaZe, elene afxazi, aleqsandre
sulxaniSvili, irakli oTxmezuri, giorgi togoniZe da sxva.
wignSi dabeWdilia simon bereJianis, givi kobaxiZis, daviT saRiraSvilis, giorgi yifianis,
irakli oTxmezuris leqsebi ilia WavWavaZisadmi.
krebulis bolo gverdebze mocemulia cnobebi avtorTa Sesaxeb, darTulia SeniSvnebi.
z.c.
ilias samreklo
Tb., 1987
ilia WavWavaZis dabadebidan 150 wlis saiubileo krebuli moicavs or nawils: pirvel
nawilSi, romlis saxelwodebaa `Seni saqmeebi da Rvawli TavisTavad RaRadeben~, warmodgenilia
qarTveli mwerlebisa da sazogado moRvaweebis werilebi ilia WavWavaZis Sesaxeb XIX saukunis
60-ianelebidan wignis gamocemis periodis moRvaweTa CaTvliT. krebuli warmoadgens mwerals
sxvadasxva kuTxiT. masSi Tavmoyrilia sxvadasxva Tematikis werilebi: ilias sazogadoebriv
saqmianobaze, mis pirovnul Taviseburebebze, mis Rvawlze qarTuli Teatris ganviTarebis
saqmeSi, mis damokidebulebebze enobrivi sakiTxebis mimarT. am nakveTSi warmodgenilia
werilebi, narkvevebi Tu amonaridebi Semdeg cnobil mweralTa da mecnierTa Txzulebebidan:
ak. wereTeli, i. nikolaZe, n. nikolaZe, vaJa-fSavela, s. mgalobliSvili, gr. yifSiZe, kal.
cincaZe, k. abaSiZe, e. TayaiSvili, iv. javaxiSvili, ak. SaniZe, mix. javaxiSvili, T. saxokia, n.
lorTqifaniZe, v. barnovi, s. SanSiaSvili, g. tabiZe, i. griSaSvili, g. qiqoZe, k. gamsaxurdia, d.
uznaZe, t. tabiZe, i. imedaSvili, h. abaSiZe, vax. kotetiSvili, arn. Ciqobava, k. nadiraZe, n.
kandelaki, gr. kiknaZe, g. leoniZe, s. Ciqovani, v. gabeskiria, a. gawerelia, k. WiWinaZe, l. asaTiani,
n. dumbaZe, g. asaTiani, a. laisti.
meore nawilSi warmodgenilia mwerlis mkvlelobasa da dakrZalvasTan dakavSirebuli
dokumenturi masala: ilias mkvlelobis Sesaxeb gancxadebebi, mis dakrZalvaze warmoTqmuli
sityvebi, misi gardacvalebisadmi miZRvnili leqsebi. amasve erTvis samgloviaro werilebisa
da depeSebis teqstebi da sxva dokumentebi. masala amoRebulia 1907 wels baqos qarTvelTa
amxanagobis mier dabeWdili krebulidan ìlia WavWavaZis sikvdili da dasaflaveba~.
q.n.
172
mogonebebi gardasul dReTa
ilia
Tb., `merani~, 1987
krebuli ilias dabadebis 150 wlis iubiles mieZRvna. Semdgenlebma miznad daisaxes, erT
wignSi moeyaraT Tavi calkeul krebulebsa Tu sxvadasxva avtorebis TxzulebaTa gamocemebSi
gabneuli mogonebebis erTi nawilisaTvis. masala warmodgenili SerCeviT da Seicavs
sagulisxmo cnobebs ilias pirovnul Tvisebebsa da moRvaweobis dabrkolebebiT aRsavse gzaze.
mogonebebs win uZRvis ramdenime sityva da werili, agreTve biografiuli narkvevi,
romelTa epoqaluri mniSvneloba kargadaa cnobili, kerZod: akaki wereTlis gamosaTxovari
sityva (1907), vaJa-fSavelas `ver mohkles~ (1907), iakob gogebaSvilis `Suris Zieba istoriisa...~
(Txz., t. 5, 1955), grigol yifSiZis ìlia WavWavaZe (biografia), 1914 w., kita abaSiZis ìlia
WavWavaZe (kritikuli mimoxilva), 1914 w. da ivane javaxiSvilis ìlia WavaWavaZe da saqarTvelos
istoria~ (1956).
krebulSi dabeWdilia koxta afxazis, olRa aglaZis, artem axnazarovis, vasil barnovis,
ivane buquraulis, ekaterine gabaSvilis, revaz gabaSvilis, Salva dadianis, ilia zurabiSvilis,
eqvTime TayaiSvilis, ioseb imedaSvilis, daviT kasraZis, artur laistis, giorgi lasxiSvilis,
salome lolaZis, iakob mansvetaSvilis, daniel maslovis, barbare mayaSvilis, sofrom
mgalobliSvilis, iona meunargias, elisabed saginaSvilis, saguramoeli glexebis, Tedo
saxokias, nino yifianis, gigo xeCuaSvilis, mixeil javaxiSvilis, niko jandieris, noSrevan
jafariZis, arCil jajanaSvilis mogonebebi.
wignis popularuli xasiaTis gamo SeniSvnebSi miTiTebulia mxolod gamoyenebuli
wyaroebi. ucvlelia mogonebaTa enobrivi Taviseburebebi. gamocemas axlavs saxelTa
saZiebeli.
q. S.
i. bocvaZe
ilia WavWavaZe revoluciamdel qarTul kritikaSi

Tsu gamomcemloba, t. I, 1957
173
wignSi mimoxilulia XIX saukunis II naxevarsa da XX saukunis pirvel aTeul wlebSi
qarTuli presis furclebze gamoqveynebuli lit. kritikuli werilebi, romlebSic mocemulia
ilia WavWavaZis Semoqmedebis Sefaseba.
naSromis Sinaarsi amgvaria: avtoriseuli winaTqma, 60-iani wlebSi gamoqveynebuli
kritikuli xasiaTis naSromebi; 70-iani wlebis masala; werilebi `gandegilis~ Sesaxeb,
òTaraanT qvrivi~ qarTul saliteraturo kritikaSi, 90-iani wlebis mimoxilva; 900-iani
wlebis literaturul-kritikuli werilebi.
1861 wlidan `ciskarsa~ da `saqarTvelos moambeSi~ ibeWdeba mravali kritikuli werili
iliaze, maT Soris beqa qerelis (anton furcelaZe) da dim. janaSvilis.
70-ian wlebSi sayuradRebo iyo aleqsandre cagarlis werili `Cveni ubeduri mwignobroba
am saukuneSi~; ilias mxardasaWerad daiwera kirile lorTqifaniZis, giorgi wereTlis, akaki
wereTlisa da sxvaTa werilebi.
`glaxis naambobs~ aRfrTovanebiT Seexo niko nikolaZe. ilia WavWavaZisa da ivane maCablis
mier originalidan gadmoqarTulebul `mefe lirs~ da, zogadad, ilias Semoqmedebasac exeboda
giorgi TumaniSvili. daibeWda aleqsandre sarajiSvilis, silovan xundaZis werilebi.
ilias `gandegilTan~ dakavSirebiT, wignSi saubaria iona meunargias, daviT soslanis,
egnate boslevelis werilebze. aRniSnulia, rom ilia WavWavaZis am ukvdav poemaze `savsebiT
swor pasuxs iZleva kita abaSiZe~. ilias `gandegilis~ Sesaxeb azri aqvs gamoTqmuli kritikos
silovan xundaZesac.
òTaraanT qvrivTan~ dakavSirebiT saubaria niko nikolaZis mosazrebaze (iakob
mansvetaSvilis gadmocemiT), Sio daviTaSvilis wignze, daviT soslanis (kezelis) broSuraze,
mixeil xelTufliSvilisa da stefane WrelaSvilis (sano) werilebze; òTaraanT qvrivis~
safuZvlian Semfaseblad miCneulia kita abaSiZe; saubaria aleqsandre xaxanaSvilis, mixeil
wulukiZis, silovan xundaZis, ar. j-Svilisa da artur laistis iliasadmi miZRvnil werilebze.
90-iani wlebSi ilia WavWavaZis Semoqmedebis Sesaxeb iwereba silovan xundaZis, mixeil
nasiZis, filipe maxaraZis werilebi; gamodis zaqaria WiWinaZis broSura (1897 w.); ilia
WavWavaZis Semoqmedebis SewavlisaTvis udidesi mniSvneloba hqonda kita abaSiZis ètiudebs~
da im kritikul werilebs, romlebSic man ilias literaturuli memkvidreoba ganixila.
900-iani wlebis monakveTSi ganxilulia ivane gomarTelis werilebi da giorgi
javaxiSvilis gamokvleva ilia WavWavaZis Semoqmedebis Sesaxeb; aleqsandre xaxanaSvilis
Sexedulebebi ilia WavWavaZis `gandegilisa~ da sxva nawarmoebebis Taobaze; geronti qiqoZis
werilebi àCrdilisa~ da `gandegilis~ Sesaxeb da misive `poezia da sinamdvile~ (1914 weli).
1914 wels gamocemuli m. t-Zis (malaqia toroSeliZis) patara wignaki ìlia WavWavaZis
Semoqmedeba da misis nawerebis saerTo xasiaTis Sesaxeb~.
z. c.
i. bocvaZe
ilia WavWavaZe revoluciamdel qarTul kritikaSi

Tsu gamomcemloba, t. II, 1958
krebuli 1957 wels gamocemuli I tomis gagrZelebaa. masSi Setanilia ilia WavWavaZis
Semoqmedebisadmi miZRvnili literaturul-kritikuli werilebi 1907 wlidan 1920 wlamde.
warmodgenili masala dalagebulia qronologiurad, rac mkiTxvels saSualebas miscems
warmoidginos didi mwerlis Semoqmedebis Sesaxeb literaturul-kritikuli azris
TandaTanobiTi ganviTareba. gamoqveynebuli masalis nawili SemoklebiT ibeWdeba da daculia
avtorTa marTlwera da stili.
krebulSi moTavsebul werilebs arsebiTad istoriuli mniSvneloba aqvs da
mkiTxvelisagan kritikul damokidebulebas moiTxovs, radgan zogierTi avtoris mier sworad
ar aris gagebuli ilia WavWavaZis Semoqmedeba. misi calkeuli nawarmoebi Tu istoriul-
literaturuli, Teoriuli, socialuri da erovnuli sakiTxi.
werilebis erT nawilSi mkiTxveli ilia WavWavaZis Semoqmedebis zogad mimoxilvas
gaecnoba. avtorebi aseve exebian `gandegilis~ problematikasa da `xidCatexilobis~ sakiTxs.
mocemulia ilias lirikis bunebis Seswavlis cda, gaanalizebulia misi nawerebis
moqalaqeobrivi paTosi.
krebulSi warmodgenili arian Semdegi avtorebi: s. qvariani, i. fancxava, k. abaSiZe, g.
javaxiSvili, vl. baqraZe, g-ka, f. ruSaveli, m. wulukiZe, ar. j-Svili, al. xaxanaSvili, g. qiqoZe,
m. t-Ze, r. fancxava (xomleli), g. Wubabria, sil. xundaZe da anonimi avtoris `vin iyo ilia
WavWavaZe~. es werilebi dabeWdili yofila Jurnal-gazeTebSi: `niSaduri~, ìsari~, `miwa~, `Cveni
gazeTi~, `mnaTobi~- `Temi~, `saxalxo gazeTi~, `saxalxo furceli~, `ganTiadi~, `cxovreba~ an
gamocemula calkeul broSurebad.
S. k.
174
pirTa saZiebeli
abaSeli al. bodleri S.

abaSiZe h. bodriari J.
abaSiZe k. bosleveli
abaSiZe m. bocvaZe i.
abaSmaZe v. braiti j.
abzianiZe g. buberi m.
abxazi k. burkerti
aglaZe iv. burjanaZe b.
aglaZe olRa buqurauli iv.
aTanase didi
akaki gabaSvili
alasania g. gabaSvili ek.
aleqsandre II gabaSvili g.
aleqsandre III gabaSvili r.
aleqsi- mesxiSvili s. gabeskeria v.
aleqsiev-mesxievi gabriel episkoposi (qiqoZe gabriel)
amirejibi S. gabunia g.
andesoni p. gadameri
andronikaSvili z. gagoSiZe S.
anTiasi galaktioni
anton pirveli gali ludvig
arakCeevi gamezardaSvili (daviT)
areopageli dionise gamsaxurdia k.
armstrongi gamyreliZe m.
arCili garibaldi j.
asaTiani g. gafrindaSvili m.
asaTiani i. gawerelia akaki
asaTiani iov. gaZgini
asaTiani l. gedevaniSvili mix.
asmani i. genoni r.
afxazi el. georg hans
afxazi k. gerceni
aRmaSenebeli daviT ginzburgi k.
aRmsarebeli maqsime giorgi merCule
axnazarovi a. goderiZe l.
goeTe
baba h. gogebaSvili i.
babunaSvili gogiCaiSvili f.
badriZe gogoli n.
bagrationi n. gomarTeli iv.
bagrationi d. gonCarovi
baironi gorgasali vaxtang
bazil lidel-harti gorgaZe i.
baramiZe al. gorgilaZe l.
baraTaSvili g. griboedovi al.
baraTaSvili m. grigol xanZTeli
baraTaSvili n. grigoroviCi
bardaveliZe b. griSaSvili i.
barnovi v. guguSvili p.
barti r. gulaberisZe n.
baqaniZe o. gunia v.
baqraZe ak. guramiSvili d.
baqraZe vl. guramiSvili T.
baSaZe d. guramiSvili o.
baxtini m. gurgeniZe n.
bezvinski
beburiSvili m. dadiani e.
belinski dadiani S.
bereJiani s. dante
besiki darCaSvili
bize darvini
biligi daviT laSas Ze
bismarki daviTaSvili i.
bloki m. daviTaSvili S.
bobrobi daviTaSvili z.
175
dekanoziSvili g. kavuri
dementievi kavelini
demetre II Tavdadebuli kaTalikosi anton
depretisi agostino kakabaZe v.
derida J. kalandariSvili m.
derJavini g. kalandaZe S.
diasamiZe gr. kandelaki z.
dikensi kankava g.
dimitri kantoroviCi
dobrolubovi n. karamzini
doiaSvili T. kasireri e.
dostoevski f. kasraZe d.
draizeri kaSia j.
duduCava m. kedia sp.
dumbaZe n. kekeliZe k.
kereseliZe gr.
edgar po kereseliZe iv.
evgeniZe i. kesarieli basili
evtuSevski kvercxiSvili z.
ekaterine kikaCeiSvili T.
eliade m. kiknaZe gr.
elioti t. kiknaZe z.
elcini b. kisinjeri
emanueli v. klauziusi
entoni d. kobaxiZe g.
erekle II koeni h.
erisTavi d. kozlovi
erisTavi g. koni
erisTavi m. koperniki
erisTavi r. korZaia n.
kotetiSvili v.
vagneri kuWuxiZe i.
vaJa-fSavela
vaCnaZe d. labartyava o.
vaxania v. labauri T.
vaxuSti laisti ar.
veberi m. lakani J.
veidebaumi laplanSi J.
verni J. lasxiSvili m
virgili (usi) laSqaraZe d.
volteri laxmani r.
leideni
zandukeli m. leidermani
zoili leini
zola lekiSvili
zosime ioane leoniZe g.
zubalaSvili a. lermontovi m.
zurabiSvili il. lesingi
zurabiSvili iv. loeviTi k.
lolaZe s.
Tamari lorTqifaniZe k.
Tamaris istorikosi lorTqifaniZe n.
TavziSvili g. lotmani i.
TayaiSvili eq. luarsab mefe
Todua gr. luTeri b.
TumaniSvili m. luTeri m.
Tumanovi g. lukreci (usi)
iakobsoni maTosiani
iaspers karl makedoneli al.
izleri ivan mamardaSvili m.
izeri mamacaSvili z.
imedaSvili i. manveliSvili al.
imnaiSvili v. mani T.
ingoroyva p. mansvetaSvili i.
ioseliani pl. mari n.
iustiniaie mark tveni
markesi
176
iyalToeli arsen pordire
markovi e. prokle
maslovi d. pumpianski l.
maqsimiliani putini
mayaSvili b. puSkini
maCabeli iv.
maxaraZe ap. Jeneti J.
maxaraZe f. Jirmunski
mgalobliSvili s. Jordania n.
mgelaZe v. Juruli g.
menabde l.
merCule g. rable f.
metreveli v. radiani S.
meunargia i. ramiSvili n.
meunargia i. raseli b.
mizandari al. ratiani i.
minaSvili l. reviSvili S.
mindaZe iv. renani e.
miqaberiZe al. riuferti
miCeli robaqiZe gr.
mixailovi rozleni r.
moiswrafiSvili roterdameli er.
molieri rusTaveli S.
monro
mopasani saakaSvili m.
morfili sabinini
mroveli l. saginaSvili b.
muni saginaSvili e.
muri T. salia kal.
musxeliSvili d. sanikiZe T.
mcire ef. sarajiSvili al.
sarajiSvili d.
nadiraZe g. sarTania t.
naTaZe n. sarjvelaZe p.
nairni saRiraSvili d.
nakaSiZe T. saxokia T.
nakaSiZe p. sebastati mx.
napoleon I sederblomi n.
napoleon III serebriakovi i.
netari avgustine sefaSvili n.
nekrasovi siraZe r.
nikolaZe n. siuciuani h.
nikolaZe i. smiTi
nikoloz I sokrate
ninoSvili e. soslani
noseli gr. spasoviCi
nozaZe v. stalini
staroselski d.
obolaZe u. stasuleviCi
oTxmezuri ir. suaresi
orbeliani gr. sulxaniSvili al.
orbeliani v. surgulaZe ak.
orbeliani p. surgulaZe m.
orbeliani s.-s.
orueli j. tabiZe g.
oto r. tabiZe n.
tabiZe t.
papava T. taipinezi
paskali tarasovi
pasos dos tarnasi
patariZe l. tatiSvili n.
petre didi ter-asaturovi
petriwi ioane tilixi p.
pio IX tiutCevi f.
pisarevi todorovi cv.
pipini togoniZe g.
pius IX toinbi a.
platoni tolstoi l.
177
poltoracki iv. CxeiZe a.
toporovi CerniSevski
toroSeliZe m.
turgenevi iv cagareli al.
caiSvili s.
uaitmeni cvaigi S.
uznaZe d. cimbursi
uordropi m. cincaZe i.
uraTaZe gr. cincaZe kal.
uruSaZe n.
ZaZamia m.
fancxava i.
fancxava r. wereTeli a.
farnavazi wereTeli g.
faRava y. wereTeli m.
felte vitorino de winamZRvriSvili i.
feraZe l. wminda nino
firaliSvili wulukiZe m.
fircxalava s.
fiSkini WavWavaZe al.
floberi gus. WavWavaZe gr.
folkneri WavWavaZe ek.
froidi z. WavWavaZe i.
furcelaZe an. WavWavaZe m.
WavWavaZe o.
qvariani s. WavWavaZe sol.
qiqoZe a. WiWinaZe k.
qiqoZe g. WrelaSvili l.
qorqaZe ar. WrelaSvili s.
Wubabria m.
Rvinjilia j. WumburiZe z.
RoRoberiZe b. WumburiZe j.
RoRoberiZe n.
xaxanaSvili al.
yazbegi al. xelaZe eq.
yazbegi g. xeCuaSvili g.
yazbegi d. xviTaSvili z.
yifiani d. xinTibiZe a.
yifiani m. xinTibiZe e.
yifiani n. xoneli il.
yifiani r. xoruJi
yifSiZe gr. xundaZe s.
yubaneiSvili sol. xundaZe sim.
xuciSvili sol.
Saduri v.
SavTeli i. jabadari n.
SaTiriSvili z. javaxiSvili iv.
SalamberiZe g. javaxiSvili m.
SaniZe a. janaSvili dim.
Santali jandieri n.
SanSiaSvili s. jafariZe n.
SaraZe g. jaSi d.
SatberaSvili l. jajanaSvili ar.
Seleri m. jiblaZe g.
Seli jimSeriZe
Senie a. jilberto o.
Seqspiri joisi j.
Sileri jorbenaZe
Sklovski jorjaZe a.
Smiti jorjaZe b.
Suxardti h. juRaSvili i.
Caikovski al. haine

Caikovski s. haTCinsoni
CaxruxaZe hegeli
CaxruxaZe heminguei
Ciqobava arn. hodmani
178
Ciqovani s. hovardi
CxartiSvili
homerosi
horacio
hroCi m.
huqsoni
179

Ilia 170

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Ilia 170

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SoTa rusTavelis qarTuli literaturis instituti

Shota Rustaveli Institute of Georgian Literature

© SoTa rusTavelis qarTuli literaturis instituti, 2007

mas aqeT, raki Sendami vcan me siyvaruli,

sad movasveno sawyalman Tavi,

gaxsovs, turfav, Cvens did baRSi

_ da mTavrdeba gulnatkeni Wabukis mtkicebiT, rom satrfos pirveli kocna geslad

samSoblos mTebo, Tqveni Svili Tavsa ganebeb,

es pirveli variantia leqsisa, 1857 wlis 16 apriliT daTariRebuli. is striqonebi,

samSoblos mTebo Tqveni Svili ganebebT Tavsa,

ukve xandazmulma poetma Caaswora.

Cveno aragvo! ra-rig miyvarxar!

mkrTali naTeli savse mTvarisa

imave suliskveTebiT iyo damuxtuli gamoZaxili italiis ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis

mesmis, mesmis sanatreli

ramdenime wlis Semdeg, Tavis JurnalSi, `saqarTvelos moambeSi~, iliam gamoaqveyna

Cemo kalamo, Cemo kargo, rad gvinda taSi?

me misi var, is ki ar aris Cemi,

me ca mniSnavs da eri mzrdis,

kargi rama xar, Cemo qveyanav,

wiwamurSi rom mohkles ilia,

`ara mxolod tkbil xmaTaTvis~...

qarTul poetur tradiciaSi, iliamdec da ilias Semdgomac, udavo WeSmaritebad

sadac didebuls mTasa myinvarsa

belti beltzeda gadavawvinoT

Cemo kalamo, rad gvinda taSi...

TiTqos arc araferi. miuxedavad amisa, gadamwyveti mniSvneloba am CasworebaSi, ara

sakvirveli xmebi, romlebic zustad `mogviTxroben~ TavianT warmomavlobas, mxolod

didi RmerTis sakurTxevlis

leoniZe 1959: leoniZe g. leqsebi. Tb.: gamomcemloba `sablitgami~, 1959.

`bednieri eri~: struqtura da sazrisi

ilia WavWavaZis `bednieri eris~ struqtura arasodes gamxdara specialuri dakvirvebis

sivrcobrivad araTanadi ortaepedis xazgasmuli avtonomiuroba Ria signalia

mZime yalniT, lamaz falniT morTuli da mSvenieri;

Tamar wynari, Sesawynari, xma-narnari, pir-mcinari,

damowmebuli strofi imiTac iqcevs yuradRebas, rom aq aramarto savaldebulo

Caxruxais Ze _ ucxo piitikosi;

vaJkac igia, vinc marTals

cdomilebaTa uaryofa, naklis mxileba, rogorc gza gamosworebisa, kritika, rogorc

sxva saqarTvelo sad aris, romeli kuTxe qveynisa?

`bednieri eri~ erTgvari mxatvruli antiTezaa `sadRegrZelos~ mgznebare paTosisa _

gonieri, mecnieri, bednieri, kadnieri,

petres ganmadidebel am strofSi, `Tamarianis~ msgavsad mijriT gariTmuli epiTetebis

masalebi ilia WavWavaZis qalaquri teqstisTvis

anda imave moTxrobis meore variantSi:

`hm, _ Caicina aficerma, _ peterburgidam. kargia, gRirsebiaT peterburgis

rogor xvdeba qalaqi Camosulebs? am mxriv ilia namdvilad ar iSurebs sityvas da

`oroTaxiani saxli hqonda mtkvris piras. me rom mivaTval-movaTvaliere

iliasTan, gansakuTrebuli SemTxvevebis garda, qalaqs arc ekarebian personaJebi.

luarsabsa da darejansac mkiTxavis gamo axsendebaT qalaqi. viRacisgan Seityoben, rom

`roca an mezobeli, an naTesavi etyoda xolme: `Svils nu aubedurebo, gagzavne

samagierod didi sixaruliTa da zar-zeimiT elodebian qalaqidan Camomaval

`teracuebi~ anu arakoreqtuli ilia

`1701 w. turnefori swerso: tfilisSi TiTqmis 20 000 mkvidria, amaTSi 14 000

`TvaladobiT aRasi perangovi warmogidgendaT sruls sitlanqes qvemouris

aseT somexTa saxlebs yovelTvis xazgasmiT groteskulad xatavs xolme ilia, an

gaucnaurebis qalaqi _ Teoriuli intermeco

`vTqvaT, kacebi CemsaviT TamaSad mosulano, am dedakacebs raRa RmerTi

erTi sityviT, gadawyvets petre, rom mTeli es ambavi tyuili da TvalTmaqcobaa

Sklovskis pirvel etapze ZiriTadad tolstois prozidan mohyavda `gaucnaurebis~

gabaSvili 1990: gabaSvili r. mogonebebi // dabruneba. t. 3, Tb.: 1990.

ilia WavWavaZis simboluri azrovnebisTvis

ilia WavWavaZis SemoqmedebaSi, mis poetur azrovnebaSi _ `yvarlis mTebidan~ (1857)