Innovation Fundamentals.

New Technologies

Carles Gómara
@cgomara
cgomara
cgomara@hotmail.com

1
Monday 21st Feb Internet of Things (IoT) and Big Data

Thursday 24th Feb The new era of applications that will come with 5G. New Technology,
New interfaces (VR / AR / MR)
Monday 7th March Blockchain, beyond Bitcoin. Cybersecurity

Wednesday 9th March Artificial Intelligence (AI)

Thursday 10th March Robots, Drones and the Connected Vehicle

Wednesday 16th March Case Study Presentation Innovation Fundamentals

2
 March
Case Study Presentation Innovation Fundamentals 16th
Select one company (from 6 to 50) of the ranking: Most Innovative Companies 2021
https://www.bcg.com/en-es/publications/2021/most-innovative-companies-overview

1. Description of the company, purpose and last innovations (last 3 years).

2. Identify its key characteristics for being considered one of the most innovative companies.
3. Represent its main business model (business model canvas)
4. Explain how the company creates value for the customers/users (elements of value) and to the planet
(sustainable development goals).
5. What would you recommend the company to do in the next 3 years? Propose 3 actions and justifying
them.
6. Which technologies are involved in each of the 3 actions?

To consider:
• The CASE must be developed in groups of up to 4 people.
• The group will have 10 minutes to present the project to the class (a powerpoint document is mandatory,
and Word document too).
• All team members must present in public.
• After the presentation there will be 5 minutes for questions from the teacher or the rest of the students.
 IoT
IoT
Things
BIG
DATA
Cloud
Block
Computing
computing
Sensors

chain

5G
4G
4G Data
Data

4
BLOCK
CHAIN
 BLOCK
CHAIN
The objective of these sessions is:
1. Understand pros and cons of
BlockChain. Revise Use cases.
2. Main concepts of Cybersecurity

7
BLOCKCHAIN

BLOCK
CHAIN
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 SATOSHI NAKAMOTO

BLOCK
CHAIN

2008
Source:
 THE PROBLEM

BLOCK
Intermediaries CHAIN
Centralized control
Commissions

Commission Commission

Source:
 THE SOLUTION: FIRST USE CASE

BLOCK
CHAIN

Source:
 • Avoid centralized control
• Avoid Intermediaries THE SOLUTION

• Eliminate commissions BLOCK

• Create trust between players CHAIN
(Don’t Trust. Verify)

0 Commission 0 Commission

Data
Base
Cryptocurrency

Source:
 BlockChain is a DATABASE

BLOCK
SUPER Secure CHAIN
DataBase Database

TRUST
 Technology vs Use Case

BLOCK
SUPER Secure Technology CHAIN
Use Case
DataBase Data Base
BLOCK
CHAIN
 Why is Super-Secure?

BLOCK
SUPER-Secure CHAIN
DataBase • Encrypted
• Replicated
• Immutable
• Chained

Source:
 Why is Super-Secure?

BLOCK
SUPER-Secure CHAIN
DataBase • Encrypted
• Replicated
• Immutable
• Chained

Source:
 BLOCK
Encrypted CHAIN

Database
935f07fce94cf9a63
Carles has 2000 bitcoins HASH b0d07baae78cf592
de0810b3f6a41324
8f5f3ce8db8ec62

SHA-256 hash calculator http://www.xorbin.com/tools/sha256-hash-calculator

 Why is Super-Secure?

BLOCK
SUPER-Secure CHAIN
DataBase • Encrypted
• Replicated … (Distributed)
• Immutable
• Chained

Source:
 REPLICATED

BLOCK

TRUST CHAIN

Don’t Trust. VERIFY

 REPLICATED

BLOCK
Don’t Trust. Maria Maria
CHAIN
VERIFY

Anna Maria
Sergi Maria

Maria
Receipt

Carlos
Maria
Francesca

Maria
Mike
Source:
 Why is Super-Secure?

BLOCK
SUPER Secure CHAIN
DataBase • Encrypted
• Replicated CREATE
• Immutable READ
X
UPDATE
• Chained X
DELETE
 BANK BOOK

BLOCK
CHAIN

Source:
 Why is Super-Secure?

BLOCK
SUPER Secure CHAIN
DataBase • Encrypted
• Replicated
• Immutable
• Chained
• Open Source
 BLOCK
CHAIN

MARIA ANNA
Maria
Carlos
Anna
CARLOS
 BLOCK
CHAIN

MARIA ANNA
Maria
Carlos
Anna
Sergi SERGI
CARLOS
 Why is Super-Secure?

BLOCK
CHAIN

• Encrypted
• Replicated … (Distributed)
• Immutable
• Chained More Uses
Not only for
• Open Source Cryptocurrencies
 Why is Super-Secure?

BLOCK
More Uses CHAIN
Not only for
Cryptocurrencies
 Why is Super-Secure?

BLOCK

ORIGINAL CHAIN

Blockchain

MODIFIED
 ETHEREUM

BLOCK
CHAIN

Source: https://www.bitcoiners.news/vitalik-buterin-la-historia-del-programador-ruso-cocreador-e-inventor-ethereum/
 ETHEREUM

BLOCK
CHAIN

Source: https://www.ethereum.org/
https://blockgeeks.com/guides/ethereum/
Technology BLOCK
Use Case CHAIN
Data Base

Ether

Smart Contracts
 Smarts contracts

BLOCK
CHAIN

Smart Contracts are

computer codes
running natively inside
a blockchain

Source:
 Smart Contracts

BLOCK
CHAIN

Source: Video Smart Contracts https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZE2HxTmxfrI 4 min

 THE ONLY THING YOU NEED TO KNOW

BLOCK
SUPER
CHAIN
Secure • Immutable
DataBase
• Trust between players
Don’t TRUST. Verify
No Intermediaries
• Smart Contracts
• Slow writing
Open Source
More Uses
Not only for
Cryptocurrencies
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 Blockchain

BLOCK
CHAIN

DATA 1 DATA 3

DATA 2
 Blockchain

BLOCK
CHAIN

Slow
BLOCK
DATA
TimeStamp

https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Block
Current block count https://blockexplorer.com/api/status?q=getBlockCount
Block hashing algorithm https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Block_hashing_algorithm
 Why is Super-Secure?

BLOCK
CHAIN

10 Minutes
per BLOCK
Transactions per day
• VISA: 150 million
• BlockChain: 400.000

SitePoint.com https://www.sitepoint.com/proof-of-stake-vs-proof-of-work/
https://towardsdatascience.com/the-blockchain-scalability-problem-the-race-for-visa-like-transaction-speed-
5cce48f9d44#:~:text=The%20current%20Bitcoin%20block%20generation,only%204.6%20transactions%20per%20second.
 Blockchain

BLOCK
CHAIN

DATA 1 DATA 3

DATA 2 DATA N
Blockchain

BLOCK
CHAIN
 Blockchain

BLOCK
CHAIN

DATA 1 DATA 3

DATA 2 DATA N
 Blockchain

BLOCK
CHAIN

DATA 1 DATA 3

DATA X DATA N
 Blockchain

BLOCK
CHAIN

DATA 1 DATA 3

DATA X DATA N
Blockchain

BLOCK
CHAIN
 BlockChain

DATA 1 DATA 3

DATA 2 DATA N

Very sloooow
 Blockchain

BLOCK
CHAIN

Veeeeery Slooooow
 Bitcoin’s Network

BLOCK
CHAIN

15.254
Nodes by March 2022

Source: https://bitnodes.earn.com/ March 2022

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 HASH FUNCTION

BLOCK
CHAIN

ID block is created with a

HASH function
 HASH function

BLOCK
CHAIN

BLOCK
DATA
TimeStamp

https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Block
Current block count https://blockexplorer.com/api/status?q=getBlockCount
Block hashing algorithm https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Block_hashing_algorithm
HASH function

BLOCK
CHAIN
 HASH function

BLOCK
CHAIN
A hash function is any
function that can be used
to map data of arbitrary
size to data of a fixed size.

The values returned by

a hash function are
called hash values,
hashcode, digests, or
simply hashes.

SOURCE: Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hash_function

 HASH function

BLOCK
CHAIN

SOURCE: A Technical Explanation of Bitcoin for Everyone http://billybitco.in/

 HASH, for example SCRABBLE

BLOCK
CHAIN
HASH

W
O NUMBER
R
D

SOURCE: A Technical Explanation of Bitcoin for Everyone http://billybitco.in/

 HASH, for example SCRABBLE

BLOCK
CHAIN
HASH

SOURCE: A Technical Explanation of Bitcoin for Everyone http://billybitco.in/

 HASH, for example SCRABBLE

BLOCK
CHAIN
HASH

15

SOURCE: A Technical Explanation of Bitcoin for Everyone http://billybitco.in/

SHA - 256
 BlockChain uses ‘SHA-256’ hashing function

BLOCK
CHAIN

DATA

SHA-256
TimeStamp

Secure Hash Algorithm

SOURCE: wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA-2

SHA-256 hash calculator http://www.xorbin.com/tools/sha256-hash-calculator
 HASHING: SHA-256

BLOCK
SHA-256
CHAIN

1000110110100101010110100011110010
0110111000100001100000000000000000
0000000000000000000000000000000000
0000000000000000000000000000000000
0000000000000000000000000000000000
Carles 0000000000000000000000000000000000
0000000000000000000000000000000000
0000000000000000

64 characters in BASE 16
are 256 in binary

Ea7304be3b482e244325c6f8aa485
fe47b80c1302ccdc8690e02720c10
864d1b

SOURCE: SHA-256 hash calculator http://www.xorbin.com/tools/sha256-hash-calculator

 HASHING SH-265: an Example
HAMLET
To be, or not to be, that is the question:
Whether 'tis nobler in the mind to suffer
The slings and arrows of outrageous
fortune,
Or to take Arms against a Sea of troubles,
And by opposing end them: to die, to sleep
No more; and by a sleep, to say we end the
heart-ache, and the thousand natural
shocks
that Flesh is heir to? 'Tis a consummation
devoutly to be wished.
Author: Shakespeare
ec353c08cbca2c3f2382b19debffcb3bd
71741aeab8dba74489afdf488f92783
SOURCE: SHA-256 hash calculator http://www.xorbin.com/tools/sha256-hash-calculator
BLOCK
HAMLET CHAIN
To be, or not to be, that is the question:
Whether 'tis nobler in the mind to suffer
The slings and arrows of outrageous
fortune,
Or to take Arms against a Sea of troubles,
And by opposing end them: to die, to sleep
No more; and by a sleep, to say we end the
heart-ache, and the thousand natural
shocks
that Flesh is heir to? 'Tis a consummation
devoutly to be wished
missing the end point
fbc7c4941d5fcd901a06a7afb94c71530
fb289e97cfd7a760ee03118c3c49dd5
 Back to the BlockChain

BLOCK
One way Calculation
(SHA-256) CHAIN

DATA
TimeStamp
ID BLOCK
• ID previous block Ea7304be3b482e24
• Timestamp 4325c6f8aa485fe47
• DATA b80c1302ccdc8690e
02720c10864d1b

(256 binary
64 Hexadecimal)

SOURCE:
How Bitcoin Mining Works https://www.coindesk.com/information/how-bitcoin-mining-works/
SHA-256 hash calculator http://www.xorbin.com/tools/sha256-hash-calculator
 SHA - 256

BLOCK
CHAIN

DATA
TimeStamp

SOURCE:
SHA-256 hash calculator http://www.xorbin.com/tools/sha256-hash-calculator
We need to be SLOW

BLOCK
CHAIN
 QUIZ !!!!!!

BLOCK
CHAIN

Say, names of
Animals
 QUIZ !!!!!!

BLOCK
CHAIN

Say, names of
Animals
beginning with
the letter: W
 QUIZ !!!!!!

BLOCK
CHAIN

Say, names of
Animals
beginning with
the letter: J
 HASH function

BLOCK
CHAIN

00..00XXXX
Difficulty
BLOCK Level

DATA
TimeStamp

https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Block
Current block count https://blockexplorer.com/api/status?q=getBlockCount
Block hashing algorithm https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Block_hashing_algorithm
 HASH function

BLOCK
CHAIN
HASH

SOURCE: A Technical Explanation of Bitcoin for Everyone http://billybitco.in/

 BACK TO THE BLOCKCHAIN

BLOCK
One way Calculation
(SHA-256) CHAIN
• Guessed
BLOCK

DATA
Number TimeStamp

NONCE*
• ID previous block
ID BLOCK
• Timestamp Number
• DATA (256 binary)
Difficulty Level
00..00 XXXXXX
Difficulty
* NONCE = Number used ONCE Level

SOURCE:
How Bitcoin Mining Works https://www.coindesk.com/information/how-bitcoin-mining-works/
SHA-256 hash calculator http://www.xorbin.com/tools/sha256-hash-calculator
Example
 One example of ‘Difficult Target’

BLOCK
CHAIN
10672cb3457840cd94be313e91691ce3017095
Make America Great Again
c4eb917a111f537943ec2624c9
6f29b70c30d2d63d7e8e66b194b325b764cd87
1Make America Great Again 7a18be7820f846528fc9f794c3

20Make America Great Again

078423e6bd6b3fd42f8331cd2dcdb4715f9ac38
8beb2ea8c2e210cd755573575

120Make America Great Again

0019f2e6ca6d807c8f05cc0ae3f7fd5998e0535
008a1856cc33ffa685eee06b0

0000e095ffaaec18cfe399d18a2e226e71378
NONCE 69817Make America Great Again 096d9132106edd84370a06cdda7

SOURCE: Decoding the enigma of Bitcoin Mining — Part I : Mechanism

https://medium.com/all-things-ledger/decoding-the-enigma-of-bitcoin-mining-f8b2697bc4e2
69817 10 minutes
 BLOCK
CHAIN

10 Minutes
per BLOCK

SitePoint.com https://www.sitepoint.com/proof-of-stake-vs-proof-of-work/
 CONSENSUS ALGORITHM

BLOCK
CHAIN

Proof of Work (PoW)

SitePoint.com https://www.sitepoint.com/proof-of-stake-vs-proof-of-work/
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 MINERS

BLOCK
CHAIN
Only for
Bitcoin

Source. CryptoSolarTech construirá la granja de minería de criptomonedas con energías renovables más grande de España
http://www.expansion.com/mercados/divisas/2018/04/17/5ad64824e5fdea50158b461f.html
¿Qué es Minar Bitcoins? https://blog.bit2me.com/es/que-es-minar-bitcoins/
network
 MEMPOOL

BLOCK
CHAIN
MEMPOOL
Maite envia
2,5 bitcoins
Maria envia 1 Joan envia
a Carles
bitcoin a Pere 0.5 bitcoins
a Carlos
Anna envia 2
bitcoins a Jordi Xavier
envia 3
bitcoins a
Tomàs

SOURCE: A Technical Explanation of Bitcoin for Everyone http://billybitco.in/

Bitcoin Mining Pools https://www.buybitcoinworldwide.com/mining/pools/

Start guesing NONCE

 DIFFICULT TARGET: ‘0000’

BLOCK
CHAIN

HASH

BLOCK X
0ff7633a900e
dd8b2ce11 ...

Maria envia 1 bitcoin a Pere

Joan envia 0.5 bitcoins a Carlos
Anna envia 2 bitcoins a Jordi DIFFICULT
Y LEVEL:
NONCE: 1345 ‘0000’

SOURCE: A Technical Explanation of Bitcoin for Everyone http://billybitco.in/

 DIFFICULT TARGET: ‘0000’

BLOCK
CHAIN

HASH

BLOCK X
10000aa34cd
d211ccfe445
...
Maria envia 1 bitcoin a Pere
Joan envia 0.5 bitcoins a Carlos
Anna envia 2 bitcoins a Jordi DIFFICULT
Y LEVEL:
NONCE: 3055 ‘0000’

SOURCE: A Technical Explanation of Bitcoin for Everyone http://billybitco.in/

 DIFFICULT TARGET: ‘0000’

BLOCK
CHAIN

HASH

BLOCK X
a3344ab908b
bbcf88 ...

Maria envia 1 bitcoin a Pere

Joan envia 0.5 bitcoins a Carlos
Anna envia 2 bitcoins a Jordi DIFFICULT
Y LEVEL:
NONCE: 5611 ‘0000’

SOURCE: A Technical Explanation of Bitcoin for Everyone http://billybitco.in/

 DIFFICULT TARGET: ‘0000’

BLOCK
CHAIN

HASH

BLOCK X
003bdd6672a
bdc765f00 ...

Maria envia 1 bitcoin a Pere

Joan envia 0.5 bitcoins a Carlos
Anna envia 2 bitcoins a Jordi DIFFICULT
Y LEVEL:
NONCE: 1611 ‘0000’

SOURCE: A Technical Explanation of Bitcoin for Everyone http://billybitco.in/

 DIFFICULT TARGET: ‘0000’

BLOCK
CHAIN

HASH

BLOCK X
000fd9193776
2c7a9936d ...

Maria envia 1 bitcoin a Pere

Joan envia 0.5 bitcoins a Carlos
Anna envia 2 bitcoins a Jordi DIFFICULT
Y LEVEL:
NONCE: 9011 ‘0000’

SOURCE: A Technical Explanation of Bitcoin for Everyone http://billybitco.in/

 DIFFICULT TARGET: ‘0000’

BLOCK
CHAIN

HASH
0000accc4f467
BLOCK 4fac28a2b2 ...

Maria envia 1 bitcoin a Pere

Joan envia 0.5 bitcoins a Carlos
Anna envia 2 bitcoins a Jordi DIFFICULT
Y LEVEL:
NONCE: 4544 ‘0000’

SOURCE: A Technical Explanation of Bitcoin for Everyone http://billybitco.in/

 Block VALIDATION

BLOCK
CHAIN

The others nodes in the

Network validate BOTH
the Nonce and the
Transaction
 BLOCK
CHAIN

DATA 1 DATA 3

DATA 2 DATA N
 REWARD

BLOCK

Only for
12,5 Bitcoins CHAIN

Bitcoin (42.000 euros)

The Bitcoin block mining

reward halves every
210,000 blocks (aprox. 4
years), the coin reward
decreased from 12.5 to
6.25 coins in 2021.

SOURCE: Bitcoin Block Reward Halving Countdown https://www.bitcoinblockhalf.com/

 MINERS

BLOCK
CHAIN
15.254
Nodes by March 2022
 MORE POWERFUL MINERS ...

BLOCK
CHAIN

Source imatge: http://flatwhitesfreeweights.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/massiveDelts.gif

 MINERS

BLOCK
CHAIN
15.254
Nodes by March 2022
 MINERS

BLOCK
CHAIN
100.000
Nodes by XXXXX 2XXX
... WILL BE FASTER finding the ID BLOCK

BLOCK
CHAIN
We need to be SLOW

BLOCK
CHAIN
 Back to the BlockChain

BLOCK
One way Calculation
(SHA-256) CHAIN

• Guessed LARGER
Difficulty
Number Level

NONCE*
• ID previous block 0000 XXXXXX
000000
• Timestamp ID BLOCK
• DATA

* NONCE = Number used ONCE

SOURCE:
How Bitcoin Mining Works https://www.coindesk.com/information/how-bitcoin-mining-works/
SHA-256 hash calculator http://www.xorbin.com/tools/sha256-hash-calculator
 DIFFICULTY

BLOCK
CHAIN

Blockchain Mining Difficulty http://blog.geveo.com/Blockchain-Mining-Difficulty

 DIFFICULTY

BLOCK

The Difficulty value is CHAIN

revised every 2 weeks

(2.016 blocks)

2009: 8 leading zeros

2018: 17 leading zeros

Blockchain Mining Difficulty http://blog.geveo.com/Blockchain-Mining-Difficulty

 MINING: Is it PROFITABLE ?

BLOCK
CHAIN

Mining
Pools
• Price of electricity.
• Price of the Hardware
• Staff
• Hash rate that we can get.
• Monetary value of the cryptocurrency.

Hemos calculado la rentabilidad de minar bitcoins y ethereums en 2018 para romper tus sueños de hacerte rico
https://www.xataka.com/especiales/hemos-calculado-la-rentabilidad-de-minar-bitcoins-y-ethereums-en-2017-para-romper-tus-
suenos-de-hacerte-rico
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 IS IT FREE ?

BLOCK
CHAIN

Only for
Bitcoin
 MEMPOOL

BLOCK
CHAIN
MEMPOOL
Maite envia
2,5 bitcoins
Maria envia 1 Joan envia
a Carles
bitcoin a Pere 0.5 bitcoins
a Carlos
Anna envia 2
bitcoins a Jordi Xavier
envia 3
bitcoins a
Tomàs

SOURCE: A Technical Explanation of Bitcoin for Everyone http://billybitco.in/

Bitcoin Mining Pools https://www.buybitcoinworldwide.com/mining/pools/

Start guesing NONCE

 Transaction’s PRIORITY and COMMISSIONS

BLOCK
CHAIN
Amount of Age of
Only for
coins sent X the coins
Bitcoin Transaction’s

Transactions size
= PRIORITY

If Transaction’s PRIORITY < 0,576

Then is needed a FEE
(1) If transaction is bigger than 10Kbytes then 0,0001 XBT plus

Transaction fees: your most common questions https://blog.blockchain.com/2017/01/19/transaction-fees-your-most-common-questions/

Bitcoin Fees Explained http://bitcoinfees.com/
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Thank you
Carles Gómara
@cgomara
cgomara
cgomara@hotmail.com
 BLOCKCHAIN EXAMPLES

• Sharing Economy (smart contracts)

• Internet of Things (IoT)
• Financial Services
• Manufacturing and industrial
• Government
• Retail
• Transport and Tourism
• Healthcare
• Electronic Pooling
• Cibersecurity
• .....

Casos d’aplicació: https://fin-tech.es/2016/10/aplicaciones-de-la-tecnologia-blockchain.html

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SSo_EIwHSd4
https://www.forbes.com/sites/bernardmarr/2018/01/22/35-amazing-real-world-examples-of-how-blockchain-is-changing-our-world/3/#e9665682e6be
 BLOCKCHAIN EXAMPLES

✓ Cryptocurrencies
✓ Notary
✓ Certification of authenticity
✓ Tracing
✓ Smart contracts
✓ Paperless
✓ No Intermediaries
✓ Token / Coupon
✓ ICO