Gian Jyoti Institute of Management and Technology,

Mohali

ASSIGNMENT NO- 1

Academic Session January-May 202

 Name - Isha Rani

 Class - BBA-2
 Roll no - 1922768
 Subject code - EVS102-18
 Subject Name - Environmental Studies
 ECOSYSTEM
DEFINATION
A group of organisms interacting among themselves and with
environment is known as ecosystem. Thus an ecosystem is a community
of different species interacting with one another and with their non
living environment and one another and with their non- living
environment exchanging energy and matter.
TYPES OF ECOSYSTEMS
1. Natural ecosystem
2. Artificial or Man-made ecosystem
TYPES OF NATURAL ECOSYSTEM
1.TERRESTIAL ECOSYSTEM-: • A terrestrial ecosystem is a land-based
community of organisms and the interactions of biotic and abiotic
components in a given area. The type of terrestrial ecosystem found in a
particular place is dependent on the temperature range, the average
amount of precipitation received, the soil type, and amount of light it
receives. • Examples of terrestrial ecosystems include the tundra, taigas,
temperate deciduous forests, tropical rainforests, grasslands, and deserts.
(a) Forest ecosystem: • A deciduous forest is a biome dominated by
deciduous trees which lose their leaves seasonally. The Earth has
temperate deciduous forests, and tropical and subtropical deciduous
forests, also known as dry forests.
• Tropical rainforests are rainforests that occur in areas of tropical
rainforest climate in which there is no dry season – all months have an
average precipitation of at least 60 mm – and may also be referred to as
lowland equatorial evergreen rainforest.
(b) Grassland ecosystem: A grassland is an area of land that mostly
contains grasses. There are wild grasses, and there may be some trees.
Several parts of the world have grasslands. Grasslands are found in
Africa, North America, Central Asia, South America, and near the coasts
of Australia. The largest grasslands are in East Africa.
(c) Desert ecosystem: • A desert is a barren area of landscape where
little precipitation occurs and, consequently, living conditions are hostile
for plant and animal life. The lack of vegetation exposes the unprotected
surface of the ground to the processes of denudation. About one-third of
the land surface of the world is arid or semi-arid.

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2.AQUATIC EC SYSTEM: (a) This ecosystem is related to water.
(b) It is classified into two types based on salt content.
• Fresh water ecosystem
1.Pond ecosystem- Ponds are artificial or natural body of water. Well
ecosystem is technical term of community of organisms. Pond
ecosystem refers to fresh water ecosystem on which different organisms
depend for their survival and to fulfill their nutritional needs as well.
Ponds are usually12-15 feet deep in which sun rays can fall so that
plants can grow down their.
2. Lake ecosystem- It include biotic plants, animals and micro-
organisms, as well as abiotic physical and chemical interactions. It is a
prime example of lentic ecosystem. It refers to stationary or relatively
still water, from the latin lentus, which means sluggish.
3. River ecosystem- It is flowing water that drains the landscape, and
include the biotic interactions among plants, animals and micro
organisms, as well as abiotic physical and chemical interactions of its
many parts . River ecosystem are part of largest watershed networks or
catchments. Where smaller headwater stream drain into mid-size
streams, which progressively drain into larger river networks.
4.Ocean or Marine ecosystem- Marine or ocean ecosystems are aquatic
ecosystems whose waters possess a high salt content. • Out of all of the
types of ecosystems on the planet, marine ecosystems are the most
prevalent. • They teem with life, providing nearly half of the Earth's
oxygen and a home for a wide array of species.
5.Estuarine ecosystem- It represents the transition between freshwater
and marine environments and are influenced by both aquatic realms.
Salinity levels are indicative of the position within the mixing zones of
an estuary. The upper limit of an estuary is referred to as its head,while
the lower limit is called the mouth of the estuary.

All the above mentioned ecosystem comes under biotic and abiotic
Components, where biotic means the living organisms (or) living
members in an ecosystem collectively form its community.
• Examples
1. Plants (producers),
2. Animals(consumers),
3. Microorganisms(decomposers).

Abiotic means the non-living components (physical and chemical) of

ecosystem collectively form a community called abiotic components (or)
abiotic community • Examples • Climate, soil, water , air, energy,
nutrients, etc.