The development of

post production,
CGI, and deep fakes
With the advancement of technology within the

post production field, it is getting easier for regular

citizens to create dangerously realistic videos.

CGI dates back to the 1950s, when

1958
mechanical computers were repurposed

to make patterns on animation cels, which

were subsequently incorporated into a film

(Maland, C. 1993). Alfred Hitchcock's

Vertigo, released in 1958, which was the

first film to use CGI. (Maland, C. 1993)

CGI was only employed rarely until the

late 1990s (Kolker, R. 2015). Many

revolutionary films, such as Terminator II,

1995
Judgment Day , Toy Story , Star Wars

Special Editions, and The Matrix, were

released during this decade (Kolker, R.

2015). Toy Story became the first full-

length CG film. Woody, Buzz Lightyear,

and many other characters were brought

to life by a crew of animators.

Christoph Bregler, Michele Covell, and Malcolm Slaney

published a paper in 1997 that built an original, totally

1997
unique software (deep fakes) that effectively

automated what certain movie companies were

achieving (Bregler et al., 1997). From an audio output,

the Video Rewrite Program created new facial

animations (Bregler et al., 1997). They were the first to

put all of this together and animate it realistically,

building on previous work that translated faces,

synthesized sounds from text, and modeled lips in 3D

space. The findings of this 1997 article are brief yet

very persuasive (Bregler et al., 1997).

When artificial intelligence-manipulated

pornography was published to the discussion website

Reddit in 2017, the term "deep fakes" became

2017
popular (Maddocks, S. 2020). Thousands of users have

followed suit and published their own 'deep fake'

pornography on the site within a month (Maddocks, S.

2020). Other online communities exist, such as non-

pornographic Reddit forums in which people share

deep fakes showing celebrities, politicians, and others

in non-pornographic circumstances. (Maddocks, S.

2020) On other platforms other communities have

not restricted deep fake pornography, other online

groups continue to distribute pornography

(Maddocks, S. 2020).

In 2018 a video surfaced of former

President, Barack Obama. This video was

2018
shortly discovered to be a deep fake,
which is what caused it's few seconds of

fame on the internet (Whittaker et al.,

2020). In the video "Former President

Obama" talks about the dangers of

technology in the world then says

something Obama would never say to

prove it (Whittaker et al., 2020).

It is becoming concerningly easy to access

2019
deep fakes as companies are being

created for the sole purpose creating

deep fakes (Bode et al., 2021) . Chris Ume,

the user who went viral for doing Tom

Cruise deep fakes on Tik Tok, co-founded

a company based around AI content.

(Bode et al., 2021)

Recently, there have been efforts around

2021
the world to enforce programs that are

able to detect deep fakes (Masood et al.,

2021). These types of issues have sparked

interest of the US Army, along with Korean

government.

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