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3336 Lect 1-Intro
3336 Lect 1-Intro
3336 Lect 1-Intro
INTRODUCTION TO CIRCUITS
& ELECTRONICS
Technology & Electrical Engineering
Introduction to Circuits & Electronics
Will this course make you an electronic
circuit design wiz?
May be, not necessarily (it takes in-depth
training and years of practice to be a circuit
designer)
Can this course make you a ―smart user‖
(informed user) of electronic circuits?
Yes, if you study hard
Is this course easy?
No
Is this course hard?
Not really
Introduction to Circuits & Electronics
It does
something
Input Output useful:
-information
-power
Remember this?
Transition from the first
industrial revolution to the
second industrial revolution
Source of water
Fetch water
Plumbing: control the
flow of water
molecules
Lecture Set #1
Voltage, Current, Energy and Power
Prof. Han Le
ECE Dept.
WHAT ARE CURRENT AND
VOLTAGE?
Overview
Charge, typically in
Coulombs [C]
dq
Current,
typically in i Time, typically in
Amperes [A]
dt seconds [s]
The Ampere
height ~ voltage
flow rate ~ current
V=g h
Flow mass
path
Polarities
a wire
i1 = 3[A]
i2 = -3[A]
These are all different ways to show the same thing, a
current of 3 [Coulombs] per [second] of positive charges
moving from left to right through this wire.
The arrow shows a reference polarity, and the sign of the
number that goes with that arrow shows the actual
polarity.
Polarities for Voltages
For voltage, the reference polarity is given by a + symbol
and a – symbol, at or near the two points involved.
The actual polarity is indicated by a value that is placed
between the + and - symbols.
In the diagram below, the voltages v1 and v2 are not defined
until the + and – symbols are shown.
Use lowercase variables for voltage. Uppercase subscripts
are preferred.
+ - + -
Device
v1(t) v2(t) 5[V] -5[V]
- + - +
Defining Voltages
For voltage, the reference polarity is given by a +
symbol and a – symbol, at or near the two points
involved.
The actual polarity is indicated by the sign of the
value that is placed between the + and - symbols.
In the diagram below, the voltages v1 and v2 are
not defined until the + and – symbols are shown.
In this case,
+ - + -
v1 = 5[V]
and
Device
v2 = -5[V]. v1(t) v2(t) 5[V] -5[V]
These four labels
all mean the same - + - +
thing.
Why bother with reference polarities?
Electrons energy
Air molecules Blades/turbine (electrical energy)
kinetic energy kinetic energy VxI
http://www.energy.gov/energysources/electricpower.htm
+ H2O molecules
kinetic energy
(hot steam)
coal CO2 molecules
kinetic energy
H2O molecules
Electrons energy
Blades/turbine kinetic (electrical energy)
kinetic energy
energy
(hot steam) VxI
http://www.energy.gov/energysources/electricpower.htm
Electric energy generation
Electric energy generation
Power
Power is the rate of change of the energy,
with time. It is the rate at which the energy is
absorbed or delivered.
Again, a key concern is this: Is power being
absorbed or delivered? We will show a way
to answer this question.
Mathematically, power is defined as:
Energy, typically in
Joules [J]
dw
p
Power,
typically in Time, typically in
Watts [W] dt seconds [s]
Watt Definition
A [Watt] is defined as a [Joule per
second].
We use a capital [W] for this unit.
Light bulbs are rated in [W]. Thus, a
100[W] light bulb is one that absorbs
100[Joules] every [second] that it is
turned on.
dw dw dq
p vi
dt dq dt
Capacitor discharge
Sign Conventions or Polarity Conventions
iX Circuit Circuit
+ -
vX vY
iY
- +
Passive Sign Convention – Discussion
of the Definition
iX Circuit Circuit
+ -
vX vY
iY
- +
Active Sign Convention – Definition
iW Circuit Circuit
- +
vW vZ
iZ
+ -
Active Sign Convention – Discussion of
the Definition
iW Circuit Circuit
- +
vW vZ
iZ
+ -
Using Sign Conventions for Power
Direction – Subscripts
We will use the sign conventions that we just
defined in several ways in circuit analysis. For
now, let‘s just concentrate on using it to determine
whether power is absorbed, or power is
delivered.
We might want to write an expression for power
absorbed by a device, circuit element, or other part
of a circuit. It is necessary for you to be clear about
what you are talking about. A good way to do this
is by using appropriate subscripts.
pABS .BY .DEVICE
Using Sign Conventions for Power
Direction – The Rules
We will use the sign conventions to
determine whether power is
absorbed, or power is delivered.
When we use the passive sign
convention to assign reference
polarities, vi gives the power
absorbed, and –vi gives the power
delivered.
When we use the active sign
convention to assign reference
polarities, vi gives the power
delivered, and –vi gives the power
absorbed.
Using Sign Conventions for Power
Direction – The Rules
We will use the sign conventions to determine whether power
is absorbed, or power is delivered.
When we use the passive sign convention to assign
reference polarities, vi gives the power absorbed, and –vi
gives the power delivered.
When we use the active sign convention to assign
reference polarities, vi gives the power delivered, and –vi
gives the
power Passive Active
absorbed. Convention Convention
Power
absorbed
pABS = vi pABS = -vi
Power
delivered
pDEL = -vi pDEL = vi
Example of Using the Power Direction
Table – Step 1
Passive Active
Sample
Convention Convention + Circuit
Power vS
pABS = vi pABS = -vi iS
absorbed -
Flow direction
Height
Flow direction
Height
Power Directions Assumption #1
So, a key assumption is that when we say power delivered, we
mean that there is power taken from someplace else, converted
and delivered to the electrical system. This is the how this
approach gives us direction.
For example, in a battery, this power comes from chemical power
in the battery, and is converted to electrical power.
Remember that energy is conserved, and therefore power will be
conserved as well.