DOS - Steel Bridge - 3

Course Title
CE-422 DESIGN OF STRUCTURES

(Steel Part)
1
CE 422 Design of Structures (DOS)
8th Semester B.Sc. CE
Design of Steel Bridge

Lecture # 3
2
Distribution of live load
• The truck loads on the bridge deck are moving at
different locations along the width and length of
the slab.
• When these loads occupy certain critical
positions, maximum forces occur in the members.
• For approximate design of the deck, usually one-
dimensional analysis is carried out considering
only the girder.
• In such cases, it becomes very important to find
the effect of loads along the lateral direction of
the member.
3
Design of Steel Bridge 8th Semester B.Sc. CE
Distribution of live load (cont….)
• Estimating contribution of the transversely placed

loads (with respect to direction of traffic movement)
over the centerline of a particular member, spanning
along the length of the bridge, is called lateral
distribution of loads.
• Thus, by the lateral distribution, equivalent loads are
obtained at the members.
• These equivalent loads are then placed along the
length of the member according to the criteria of
maximum forces in case of moving loads.
• Maximum force effects are then obtained from this
longitudinal distribution of the loads.
4
Design of Steel Bridge 8th Semester B.Sc. CE
MAIN SUPPORTING MEMBER
STRINGER
STRINGER
FLOOR BEAM
FLOOR BEAM
STRINGER
STRINGER
MAIN SUPPORTING MEMBER
5
• However, for beams or slab strips placed transverse

to the traffic direction, longitudinal distribution of
loads is to be performed first to get the equivalent
loads.
• These equivalent loads are then placed transversely
at suitable locations to get extreme forces.
• This method of performing manual 1-D analysis is
called Approximate Method of Analysis.
6
Conditions For Approximate Method
• Spacing of beams, S, should be between1.1 and 4.9
m.
• Thickness of deck slab, ts, should be between 110 and
300 mm.
• Length of beam should be between 6.0 and 73.0 m.
• Number of longitudinal beams in the cross-section, Nb,
should be greater than or equal to 4.
• The deck cross-section should be one of the standard
types given in the AASHTO Specification.
• The width of deck should be constant.
7
Conditions For Approximate Method (cont…..)
• Beams should be parallel and should have

approximately the same stiffness.
• The roadway part of the overhang, de, does not
exceed 910 mm.
• The given expressions are only applicable to concrete
deck on steel or concrete beams.
8
Notation Used
g = distribution factor
S = spacing of beams or webs (mm)
L = span of beam (mm)
n = modular ratio between beam and deck materials, n = EB/ED
Nb = number of beams, stringers or girders
ts = depth of concrete slab (mm)
I = moment of inertia of beam (mm4)
eg= distance between the centers of the beam and deck (mm),
considered zero for non-composite beams
A = area of stringer, beam or girder
9
Notation Used (cont…..)
Kg =n(I+Aeg2), longitudinal stiffness parameter (moment of

inertia of one beam modified to equivalent concrete
section and transferred to a point at the center of the slab)
Kg/Lts3= a parameter proportional to the ratio of beam

stiffness to total slab stiffness in transverse direction at
the level of the slab centerline
de = distance between the center of exterior beam and

the interior edge of curb or traffic barrier (mm). It shall be
taken positive if the exterior web is within the roadway
inside the curb and negative when it is outside the
roadway.
10
Notation Used (cont…..)
11
Lateral Distribution Factors For
Interior Beams
One design lane loaded
0.1
 Kg 
0.4 0.3
 S  S  3 
For Moment: g  0.06     
 4300   L   L ts 
 S 
For Shear: g  0.36   
 7600 
when 4 x 109  Kg  3 x 1012
12
Interior Beams
Two or more design lanes loaded
0.1
 S   S   K g 
0.6 0.2
For Moment: g  0.075       3
 2900   L   L t s 
2.0
 S   S 
For Shear: g  0.2    
 3600   10700 
when 4 x 109  Kg  3 x 1012
13
Exterior Beams
• The distance, de, shall be taken as positive if
the exterior web is within the roadway and
negative if it is outside the roadway.
• The expressions given below are applicable
for concrete deck on steel or concrete
beams.
Limitations:  300  de  910
14
Exterior Beams
One design lane loaded
For Moment: Use lever rule
For Shear: Use lever rule
Two or more design lanes loaded
For Moment: g = e ginterior
de
where e  0.77   1.0
2800
For Shear: g = e ginterior
de
where e  0.6 
3000
15
Distribution Factors For Transverse
Floor Beams
• If the transverse floor beams are directly
supporting the deck slab, the distribution
factors are given in AASHTO Specification.
• However, if the floor beams are taking load
only from longitudinally placed stringers
then lever rule may be used to get the
distribution factors.
16
Deflection Check
The deflection check in bridges is optional
but shall always be performed for the live
load alone.
The larger deflection out of the following
cases is considered:
• Deflection due to design truck alone but
including the dynamic load allowance.
• One-fourth of the above deflection plus
deflection due to design lane load.
17
Deflection Check
The maximum allowable live load deflection
may be as under:
• Only vehicular load on the roadway -span / 800.
• Pedestrian load is present with or without other
loads - span / 1000.
• Vehicular load on cantilever arms - span / 300.
• Pedestrian load on cantilever arms - span / 375.
18
Deflection Check
In place of checking the actual live load
deflections, following optional criteria for span-to-
depth ratios may be utilized:
Let,
S = the slab length (mm)
L = the span length of beams (mm)
Reinforced Concrete Slabs

1.2 S  3000
Simple spans:
30
S  3000  165 mm
Continuous spans:
30
19
Deflection Check
Depth of I-Beam Portion of Composite I-
Beam
Simple spans: 0.033 L
Continuous spans: 0.027 L
Trusses: 0.1 L
20

DOS - Steel Bridge - 3

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Course Title

CE-422 DESIGN OF STRUCTURES

Design of Steel Bridge

Design of Steel Bridge 8th Semester B.Sc. CE

Distribution of live load (cont….)

• Estimating contribution of the transversely placed

Design of Steel Bridge 8th Semester B.Sc. CE

Distribution of live load (cont….)

MAIN SUPPORTING MEMBER

MAIN SUPPORTING MEMBER

• However, for beams or slab strips placed transverse

• Beams should be parallel and should have

Kg =n(I+Aeg2), longitudinal stiffness parameter (moment of

Kg/Lts3= a parameter proportional to the ratio of beam

de = distance between the center of exterior beam and

when 4 x 109  Kg  3 x 1012

Reinforced Concrete Slabs

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