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Physical Pharmacy: Different Types of Solutions
Physical Pharmacy: Different Types of Solutions
Physical Pharmacy: Different Types of Solutions
ΔTf
=
iKfm
ΔTf
=
Lisom
-‐ hemolysis
3)
Hypertonic
Class
II
-‐ conc.
of
sol’n
<
conc.
of
cell
A.
White-‐Vincent
Method
2.0
%
0.9%
F
(dynes/cm2)
-‐
shearing
stress;
force
applied
per
unit
area
to
apply
&
produce
shear
II. Multi-‐point
viscometers
-‐
operate
at
various
rate
F
=
F’
=
ma
=
dynes
of
shear
A
cm2
cm2
A. Cup
and
bob
viscometer
-‐
provide
absolute
− reciprocal
of
η
*if
no
kv
value,
remove
from
formula
!
− φ
=
!
Factors
affecting
viscosity:
Gases
-‐
éT
=
éη
(independent
of
pressure)
Liquids
-‐
éT
=
êη,
éφ
êMW
=
êη
+
electrolytes
=
êη
+
organic
substances
=
éη
(G)
(F)
2.
Plastic
-‐
Associated
with
flocculated
éF
=
éG
-‐
semi-‐solids
(Non-‐ particles
*F
starts
at
-‐
Bingham
bodies
newtonian)
-‐
Starts
when
yield
value
is
yield
value
-‐
ointment
(η)
(G)
exceeded
éG
=
êη
-‐
paste
-‐
cream
(G)
(F)
Yield
stress
/
Yield
value
(f)
-‐
F
-‐
cerate
exceeded
before
substance
flows
-‐
cataplasm
1. Rheogram
does
not
start
at
like
liquid
-‐
butter
zero
-‐
F
value
if
G
=
0;
pt.
of
-‐
margarine
intersection
Elastic
material
-‐
at
stress
below
yield
-‐
Once
exceeded
value
à
η
constant
Free-‐flowing
liquid
-‐
“
”
above
yield
value
*Non-‐Newtonian
-‐éG
=change
η
Advantage:
ointments
&
butter
not
drip
from
finger
&
spatula
3.
-‐
Shear
thinning
behavior
éG
=
êη
-‐
polymers
in
Pseudoplastic
-‐
materials
more
fluid
when
stirred
éF
=
éG
solution
(Non-‐ faster
-‐
Natural
&
(η)
(G)
newtonian)
synthetic
gums
*At
rest:
-‐
liquid
dispersion
7
MICROMERITICS
-‐
the
science
and
technology
of
small
particles.
2. Packing
arrangement
-‐ most
powders
have
porosity
bet.
30
–
50%
Methods
of
Determining
Particle
Size
a.
closest/rhombohedral
–
low
porosity
-‐
26%
1. Optical
Microscopy
or
Microscopic
Method
–
b.
open/cubic
–
loosest
–
highest
porosity
-‐
48%
most
accurate
-‐ microscope
eyepiece
fitted
with
micrometer
by
3. Density
which
the
size
of
particles
may
be
estimated
a.
True
density
(ρ
=
W/Vp)
–
density
of
actual
-‐ Unit
of
particle
size
–
micrometer
or
micron
solid,
exclusive
of
voids
&
intraparticle
pores
(μm
or
μ)
-‐ 1
μm
or
μ
=
10-‐6
m,
10-‐4
cm,
10-‐3 mm
b.
Bulk/apparent
density
(ρ
=
W/Vb)
–
from
-‐ 1
millimicron
(mμ)
=
1
nanometer
(nm)
=
10-‐9 m
bulk
volume
&
weight
of
dry
powder
in
a
graduated
cylinder
2. Sieving
(U.S.P.
Method)
–
simplest
*Bulkiness
–
reciprocal
of
apparent
density
-‐ utilizes
a
series
of
standard
sieves
calibrated
by
the
National
Bureau
of
Standards
c.
Granule
density
–
by
displacement
of
-‐ involves
size
classification
followed
by
mercury,
which
does
not
penetrate
at
ordinary
determination
of
weight
of
each
fraction
pressure
into
pores
smaller
than
about
10μm
3. Particle
Volume
Measurement
When
solid
is
non-‐porous,
true
density
=
granule
-‐ use
coulter
counter
in
determining
particle
density
Based
on
bulk
density,
powder
may
be:
volume
distribution
of
material
suspended
in
a.
Light
–
low
apparent
or
bulk
density,
large
electrolyte-‐containing
solution
bulk
volume
and
high
porosity
b.
Heavy
–
high
apparent
density,
small
bulk
4. Sedimentation
Method
volume
and
low
porosity
-‐ Andreasen
apparatus
-‐ employs
settling
of
particles
in
liquid
of
a
4. Flow
properties
relatively
low
density
under
the
influence
of
-‐ Powders
may
be
free-‐flowing
or
cohesive
gravitational/centrifugal
field
depending
on:
a.
Particle
size
–
as
the
particle
size
increases,
STOKE’S
LAW
-‐
expresses
rate
of
settling
flow
is
facilitated
-‐ not
applicable
for
particles
which
aggregate
or
b.
Shape
clump
together.
c.
Porosity
Δx h d! (ρ! − ρ! )
d.
Density
=V= =
Δt t 18 η
Elongated
or
flat
particles
–
loosely
packed
–
high
where:
porosity
–
low
density
–
does
not
flow
freely
v
–
rate
of
settling
or
velocity
of
sedimentation
(cm/s)
h
–
distance
of
fall
in
time
t;
ht.
of
liquid
above
sampling
Nearly
spherical
particles
–
closely
packed
–
low
tube
orifice
porosity
–
high
density
–
free
flowing
d
–
diameter
of
particle
(cm)
ρs
–
density
of
particle
in
dispersed
phase
(g/cc)
COARSE
DISPERSIONS
ρo
–
density
of
the
dispersion
medium
(g/cc)
-‐
mean
size
of
dispersed
particle
is
0.5
μm
to
10
μm
g
–
acceleration
due
to
gravity
(980.7
cm/s2)
1.
Suspensions
η
–
viscosity
of
the
dispersion
medium
(poise)
2.
Emulsions
3.
Semisolids
DERIVED
PROPERTIES
OF
POWDERS
1. Porosity
or
voids
(Є)
void volume V! − V!
𝛜= x100 = 𝑥100
bulk volume V!