Ekran Resmi 2022-03-21 - 08.53.10

B LEVEL WRITING PACK
GEBZE TECHNICAL
UNIVERSITY
FOREIGN LANGUAGES
DEPARTMENT
2021 2022 Spring Term
CONTENT
1. COMPARE/CONTRAST PARAGRAPH
2. ESSENTIALS OF ESSAY WRITING
3. CAUSE ESSAY
4. EFFECT ESSAY
5. COMPARE/CONTRAST ESSAY
6. PROCESS ESSAY
7. ARGUMENTATIVE ESSAY
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COMPARE/CONTRAST PARAGRAPH
A compare and/or contrast paragraph is required if you are asked to examine similarities
and/or differences. To compare is to focus on similarities. To contrast is to focus on
differences.
Exercise 1: Read each sentence. Does it compare or contrast? Underline the clue words
_________1. Ella made her hair in a style similar to mine.
_________2. That bike is the same color as our car.
_________3. I eat meat, whereas my parents are vegetarians.
_________4. Hank is six feet tall, although his brother is only five feet.
_________5. That story resembles the one I read a year ago.
_________6. Tim has a lot of opinions; Blake, on the contrary, never tells me
what he thinks
_________7. I got an A in math, and I am doing well in other classes, too.
Exercise 2: Brainstorm about the following topics.

1. What are the similarities between being a doctor and being a vet?
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2. What are the differences between education at school and online education?
How to Organize a Compare/Contrast Paragraph

There are two ways of organizing a compare/contrast paragraph: (i) the point-by-point
method and (ii) the block method.
When using the point-by-point method, arrange your paragraph according to the
main points, rather than by topic. The paragraph will discuss each of your main points but
include discussions of both topics as they relate to each of your points.
The block method, on the other hand, presents all the arguments related to topic X, and
then compares and/or contrasts them to all the arguments related to topic Y.
Point-by-point Method Block Method
Feature 1 - Describe X, describe Y Describe X - Features 1, 2 and 3

identify similarities and differences (Describe and discuss points of
similarity and/or difference.)
Feature 2 - Describe X, describe Y Describe Y - Features 1, 2 and 3
identify similarities and differences (Describe and discuss points of
similarity and/or difference.)
Feature 3 - Describe X, describe Y
identify similarities and differences
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EXAMPLE EXAMPLE
Point-by-point Method Block Method
Role - Describe Ankara, describe Istanbul Describe Ankara - Role, History, Style
History - Describe Ankara, describe Istanbul Describe Istanbul - Role, History, Style
Style Describe Ankara, describe Istanbul
Comparison Paragraph- Model 1

Spanish Football Giants
Real Madrid and FC Barcelona share a lot of similarities. First of all, both teams compete
extraordinarily successful in their home arena, so they often deserve to play in the UEFA
matches. The second similarity is about their budgets. Real Madrid is a very affluent team.
Likewise, FC Barcelona is also a very rich team. Real Madrid has a lot of world-class players
such as Sergio Ramos, Karim Mostafa Benzema, Gareth Bale, and James Rodriguez. Similarly,
FC Barcelona has a lot of classy footballers such as Andres Iniesta, Louis Alberto Suarez Diaz,
Neymar da Silva Santos Jr.,
are experts in their jobs: Keylor Navas does his best for Real Madrid and so does Marc-Andre
Ter Stegen for Barça. The last similarity between these two football clubs is their number one
strikers: Cristiano Ronaldo and Lionel Messi. Ronaldo is enthusiastically watched by all sports
fans and authorities. Messi is also clapped and adored by millions of football fans and
professionals. To cut a long story short, it is a great joy to watch these two world-class teams
play against each other.
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Exercise 3: Read the first model paragraph and answer the following questions.
1. In which method is this paragraph written, block or point-by-point method?
2. Identify the points of comparison.
Point 1:_______________________
Point 2:_______________________
Point 3:_______________________
3. Underline the signal words that show a comparison in the paragraph.
4. How does the writer conclude the paragraph? (offering advice, prediction, suggestion, etc.)
Model 2
Traditional and Online Courses
Contrary to popular belief, there are, in fact, many similarities between traditional and
online courses. First, when you take a traditional course, you are assigned a series of tasks ranging
from reading to writing. These tasks help you construct broader knowledge and improve your
skills in a variety of ways. In addition, you must use textbooks related to the subject of the course.
Textbooks guide you in the right direction for each lesson and provide you with a large number
of exercises in numerous formats. To assess your progress, exams are also held regularly. You
are tested on the materials you have studied to determine how much you have learned. As with
traditional courses, when you register for an online course, you must complete a set of
assignments. Students sometimes mistakenly believe that online courses are less demanding than
traditional ones. However, they often require the same degree of commitment. Although courses
can be taken online, textbooks are still required for acquiring relevant information, just as they
are in traditional courses. Whether the material you buy is an e-book or a hardcover book, you
must devote yourself to studying and absorbing the content being taught. Finally, to complete the
course successfully, you must also take exams, including midterms and finals. Despite the fact
exams are conducted in a virtual classroom setting, the types of questions are more or less similar
to those asked in face-to-face exams. In conclusion, both traditional and online courses have the
same goal in mind: to ensure that students develop themselves to their fullest potential.
Regardless of which way you choose, you will undoubtedly gain new insights and fresh
perspectives.
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Exercise 4: Read the second model paragraph and answer the following questions.
2. Identify the points of comparison.
Point 1:_______________________
Point 2:_______________________
Point 3:_______________________
3. How does the writer conclude the paragraph? (offering advice, prediction, suggestion, etc.)
4. Now that you have studied both methods, explain which one you prefer in writing a comparison
paragraph.
Topic Sentence Patterns for Comparison Paragraphs

1. Mel Gibson and Russell Crowe have several things in common.
2. Mel Gibson and Russell Crowe share a lot of similarities.
3. Mel Gibson is similar to Russell Crowe in a lot of ways.
4. The two actors Mel Gibson and Russell Crowe have a lot in common.
5. Mel Gibson and Russell Crowe are alike in several ways.
Exercise 5: Write comparison paragraph topic sentences about the following. Use a variety
of patterns.
1. Ata Demirer
_______________________________________________________________________.
2. learning a language learning how to play a musical instrument
________________________________________________________________________.
3. New York Paris
________________________________________________________________________.
4. Harry Potter books the Lord of the Rings books
________________________________________________________________________.
5. Turkish people Italian people
________________________________________________________________________.
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Comparison Words and Phrases
similarly likewise equally not only ... but also
both ... and too and also
the same as alike like/just like
similar to in the same way (as)
Example Sentences:
1. London is the financial heart of Great Britain. Similarly, Istanbul is the center of banking
and finance in Turkey.
2. The streets in Istanbul are similar to the ones in Athens.
3. There are some striking similarities between the two cities.
4. London is the cultural capital of Great Britain. Likewise, Istanbul is the center of music,
culture and art in Turkey.
5. Istanbul and Athens are equally noisy.
6. Not only Tokyoites but also New Yorkers dress fashionably.
7. Both New York and Tokyo have many international restaurants.
8. The two cities have both positive and negative features.
9. Tokyo is a center of fashion, and New York is, too.
10. London is the financial heart of Great Britain. Istanbul is also an important center of
banking.
11. The subway system in New York is the same as the one in Tokyo.
12. Hand soap and liquid soap both work in the same way.
13. The streets in Istanbul and Athens are alike.
14. Like Tokyo, New York is an important center of fashion.
15. An LCD TV is like / just like an LCD monitor.
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Exercise 6: Studying the sample sentences above, fill in the gaps with appropriate
comparison words and phrases from the box. Some questions may have more than one
possible answer.
similarly likewise not only ... but also

both ... and too in the same way (as)
the same as alike like / just like
similar to also
1. A dog park has a fence where people and their dogs can play together. ______________, a dog
run is a small fenced area that is often located within a park.
2. New York and Tokyo are ____________ each other in several aspects.
3. _________ PCs __________ Apple Macs can use Microsoft office.
4. London is the financial heart of Great Britain. Istanbul is an important center of banking
and finance, __________.
5. Olive oil works _________________ as some anti-inflammatory drugs.
6. My sister, _________ my cousin, wears glasses.
7. Tokyo is densely populated and noisy __________New York.
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HOMEWORK
COMPARISON PARAGRAPH
Brainstorm about the similarities between two social media tools (Facebook, Instagram, Twitter,
etc.) and write a well-organized COMPARISON paragraph about it including a topic sentence,
phrases.
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Contrast Paragraph-Model 1
Reading Books or Watching Films?
Reading a story in a book is often very different from seeing it as a film. When you read
a story, you need to use your imagination. A book usually gives a lot of descriptions about the
people, places, and things in the story so you can create pictures in your mind. In addition, the
conversations between people are always written with details that describe how the people look
characters in the story. However, when you see a film, it is a different experience. Unlike a book,
you all the details about the people, places, and things in the story. The conversations are spoken
out loud, so you just listen and watch. The feelings of the people come through their faces, body
movements, and voices. Although a book and a film might tell the same story, reading a book
and watching a film are very different experiences.
Exercise 7: Read the first model paragraph and answer the following questions.
2. Identify the points of contrast.
Point 1:____________________
Point 2:____________________
Point 3:____________________
3.Write an alternative topic sentence.
4.Write an alternative concluding sentence.
Contrast Paragraph
Model 2
While Istanbul and Ankara are the two biggest and most important cities in Turkey, they
are very different in many respects. First of all, the two cities' roles are different. Ankara is the
capital of Turkey and is home to the country's parliament, high court, and most of its government
buildings. Istanbul, on the other hand, is Turkey's cultural and financial centre. Most of the
country's biggest cultural events, such as conferences, concerts, and exhibitions are held here. It
is also the home of many national and international companies' Turkish headquarters. Secondly,
Istanbul and Ankara have also had very different histories. Before Ataturk designated it the
capital of the newly founded Turkish republic in 1923, Ankara was a small, dusty central
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Anatolian town of little significance. On the other hand, Istanbul was founded by Emperor
cities' styles are

also very different, and this difference is a direct result of their different roles and histories.
Ankara is green, leafy, quiet, organised, and will not hold a casual visitor's attention for very
long. In contrast, Istanbul is noisy, chaotic, an intriguing mix of the old and new. To sum up,
Istanbul differs from Ankara in many respects such as role, history, and style.
Exercise 8: Read the second model paragraph and answer the following questions.
1. Write an appropriate title for the paragraph.
3. Identify the points of contrast.
Point 1:____________________
Point 2:____________________
Point 3:____________________
4. Underline the signal words that show contrast.
Topic Sentence Patterns for Contrast Paragraphs

1. Jennifer Lopez and Rihanna have several differences.
2. Jennifer Lopez and Rihanna differ in significant ways.
3. Jennifer Lopez is different from Rihanna in a lot of ways.
4. Although / While Jennifer Lopez and Rihanna are both popular singers, they are different in
many ways.
5. There are a lot of differences between Jennifer Lopez and Rihanna.
6. Jennifer Lopez and Rihanna are unlike in several ways.
Exercise 9: Write topic sentences for possible contrast paragraphs.
1. Heathrow Airport Gaziantep Airport
______________________________________________________________________.
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2. attending a university abroad attending a university within the country
_______________________________________________________________________.
3. New York Paris
_______________________________________________________________________.
4. iPhone 6 Samsung Galaxy Edge
_______________________________________________________________________.
Contrast Words and Phrases

but yet however although
even though though unlike not like
not the same as dissimilar different from in contrast (to)
contrary to compared to / with in comparison while
whereas on the other hand
Example Sentences:
1. Dogs eat a mix of raw and cooked food, but cats mostly eat raw food.
2. Yet, Laos is actually a more
suitable location.
3. Rock music is often very fast; however, folk music is usually very slow.
4. Although/Even though/Though Havana is a city which is popular with tourists, Rio is

much more popular.
5. Flash discs have no moving parts unlike hard drives.
6. Facilities provided in prison hospitals are not like/not the same as those provided in regular
hospitals.
7. Eastern and Western students are dissimilar/different in their expectations of university.
8. Istanbul is completely different from Berlin.
9. There is a big difference between the applicants in terms of experience.
10. In contrast to/Contrary to John, who is a liberal, Bill is a conservative.
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11. London Heathrow airport is very busy compared to / with Berlin International.
12. In comparison with other European countries, house prices in the UK are very high.
13. He was a loud friendly man. In comparison, his brother was rather shy.
14. Some people like to exercise indoors, while / whereas others prefer to exercise outdoors.
15. In Rugby most injuries are related to the neck; on the other hand, football injuries are
most often related to the feet and legs.
Exercise 10: Studying the sample sentences above, fill in the gaps with appropriate
contrast words and phrases from the box. Some questions may have more than one
possible answer.
even though though unlike not like

not the same as dissimilar different from in contrast (to)
contrary to compared to / with in comparison while
whereas although
1. ________________________
physics and mathematics, women often graduate with higher grade point averages.
2. ________________________ the Pc and the Mac can both perform the same functions, the
Mac is much faster.
3. ____________ cats, dogs are social or group animals.
4. Facilities provided in state universities are _______________________________those

provided in private universities.
5. A laptop computer is ____________________________________ a desktop computer

because it is smaller and more compact.
6. Istanbul and Berlin are _____________________ in terms of population and location.
7. Microsoft Office costs about £100 _________________________ Open Office which is

free.
8. __________________________ popular belief, large dogs are less aggressive than small
dogs.
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9. A laser printer is cheap to run ________________________ an inkjet.
10. ________________________ going on holiday to a beach resort offers many opportunities

for relaxation and sport, a city break offers many cultural activities.
Compare & Contrast Translation Exercise (Optional)

Translate the sentences below from Turkish to English using the compare and contrast
words and phrases.
1.
____________________________________________________________________________
2.
____________________________________________________________________________
3.
____________________________________________________________________________
4.
____________________________________________________________________________
5.
____________________________________________________________________________
6. eler için ideal bir spordur.
____________________________________________________________________________
7.
____________________________________________________________________________
8.
____________________________________________________________________________
9. ir.
____________________________________________________________________________
10.
____________________________________________________________________________
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HOMEWORK
CONTRAST PARAGRAPH
Brainstorm about the differences between high school years and university years and write a
well-organized CONTRAST paragraph about it including a topic sentence, supporting sentences
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___________________________________________________________.
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ESSENTIALS OF ESSAY WRITING
What is an essay?
An essay is a specific argument which has a theme, logically expressed from start to
finish. It tests your knowledge and understanding of a topic, supported by research. An essay is
also an exercise to develop and handle relevant ideas, construct a clearly expressed argument
and refer to the arguments made by academics. An essay is a powerful learning tool that will
help to develop your understanding of a subject.
The ingredients for a good essay are as follows:
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FROM PARAGRAPH TO ESSAY
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Figure 1. A typical essay structure is as follows.
General Statement
INTRODUCTION A Thesis Statement
First Paragraph
Topic sentence
Supporting sentence
Detail
Supporting sentence
Detail
Second Paragraph
Topic Sentence
BODY Supporting Sentence
Detail
Supporting Sentence
Detail
Third Paragraph
Supporting Sentence
Detail
Supporting Sentence
Detail
CONCLUSION A summary sentence of the main topics in the body

paragraphs and a final Statement
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Exercise 1: Study the following essay and make an outline of it using the template on page
19.
Contribution of Genetic Engineering to the Future World
Manipulating the genetic forms of living things is called genetic engineering. While
there are some people who feel that the DNA of human beings or other organisms means
interfering with Mother Nature, others see it as a sign of progress and an opportunity to
make the world better. Genetic engineering poses some potential benefits for our future
world, such as developing effective drugs and improving agriculture.
The first beneficial contribution of genetic engineering is on drug development.
Scientists are able to make the existing drugs perform better. For example, there are already
improved versions of insulin for diabetics and human growth hormones on the market thanks
to genetic engineering. Moreover, genetic engineering could theoretically eliminate the
genes of humans will one day enable science to prevent people from developing chronic
diseases inherited from family.
Secondly, the field has positive effects on agricultural operations. Science has made
it possible to design plants that produce the biggest and the best fruits and vegetables by
replacing the genes Also, it is possible to grow up disease-resistant plants for bad climate
conditions. This leads to the availability of more and higher quality food.
To sum up, scientific developments in genetic engineering, which enable modifying
the DNA of living organisms, are able to pave the way for a healthier and more comfortable
life by eliminating chronic or fatal diseases and increasing the quality of food.
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Exercise 2: The following paragraphs are in disorder. Put the parts of the essay into order
and write the related parts below.
A) In the past, drivers did not know the fastest way to get to new places. They had to use a map,
and they stopped at stores to ask for directions. It was not easy; however, people learned a lot
about their cities because had to learn their way home.
B) Cell phone technology and the internet have changed life in many ways. In order to understand
these changes, it is helpful to compare life for drivers before and after the Global Positioning
System (GPS) was invented.
C) Now people put an address in their GPS, and they can choose a route. The GPS tells them
about traffic and the best way to go. The GPS shows them new streets, and they do not get lost.
Sometimes the GPS loses signal, or it gives wrong information; however, drivers with a GPS
usually feel more confident than drivers without one.
D) A GPS offers many benefits for drivers who plan to visit a new restaurant or city. They do
not have to worry about getting lost; in addition, they feel comfortable knowing the time and
distance of the trip. When the GPS does not work, they can still ask for directions. As a result,
GPS has given drivers a lot of freedom that they did not have before.
Introduction _________
Body Paragraph 1 __________
Body Paragraph 2 __________
Conclusion ___________
Planning for an Essay: Organization of Ideas

Good writers spend a lot of time on what to write. In order to do this, they brainstorm, classify,
list and organize ideas. There are several ways to generate and organize ideas before we start to
write an essay.
1. Brainstorming: You write every idea about your topic. Basically the topic is placed at the
center of a chart and a flow of ideas are drawn around it. The purpose here is to set the flow of
ideas about the topic. It is not important how good each one is. Also you should not worry about
spelling or grammar. Your initial goal is to create as many ideas as possible in a short time.
2. Clustering: Clustering is also called mind mapping or idea mapping. It is a strategy that allows
you to explore the relationships between ideas. If the idea is broad enough and several sub topics
can be included, then it can be used as a topic sentence. This needs to be planned carefully, since
the list of the ideas consists the outline of your essay.
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Exercise 3: Study the following chart. Notice how the topic and sub-topics are related with
each other and add two examples.
Topic: TV and Kids

a. Sub-topic: Violent
Example: Murders, fighting
b. Sub-topic: Shows poor role models
Example: Criminals are glorified
c. Sub-topic: TV watchers avoid exercise
Example: ______________________
d. Sub-topic: Replaces social interaction
Example: _______________________
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THE STRUCTURE OF AN ESSAY
1. INTRODUCTION
A. Opening Statement
usually starts with an opening (hook), a word, phrase, or
sentence that serves to catch the interest of the reader in the topic. It must attract the attention
and focus the reader on the content. There are several techniques that you can follow while
writing this part:
1. Give background or historical information about the topic
home and do the housework. Also, they were responsible for growing up children.
However, in our modern age women have the role of earning money, participating in
being a police officer.
2. Make a surprising statement by giving interesting facts or statistics related to the topic
Sugar was once considered a spice, not a sweetener. It was used as a medicine for
centuries. However, today sugar is a notorious nutrition for several reasons.
3. Ask a thought-provoking question about the topic
Can you live without your mobile phones for one week?
Young people love playing computer games, but have you ever thought about the harmful
effects of these games?
How many friends do you have in your life? Do you have a reliable friend?
4. Start your introduction from general to specific statements

It is widely known that people become less productive as they get older.
It is widely accepted that fast food is the main cause of obesity among teenagers.
5. Refer to a quotation
Computers themselves, and software yet to be developed,
way we learn.
6. Tell a story about the related topic

When I was a kid, I used to believe in the superheroes to overcome some fears. It is a
natural self-defense that our brain creates in case of a threatening challenge.
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Exercise 4: Read each of the following essay openings. Then identify what type of hook it
is.
1. The hummingbird is the only bird that can fly backwards!
a) Background b) Story c) Surprising d) Quote e) Question

Statement
2. What could be more exciting than a trip around the world?

Statement
3. African Americans have fought in every American war since they first came to these shores
in 1619.

Statement
4. Who invented the automatic dishwasher and why?

Statement
5. When I first met Margo, she told me that she was going to be famous one day, and I
believed her.
Statement
6. Age is

Statement
B. Thesis Statement
A thesis statement announces the main points in an essay. It indicates how the essay will be
structured (argument, cause and effect, classification, comparison and contrast, definition,
narration, problem/solution, or process analysis). It is the last sentence in the introduction
paragraph. It should give an idea that can be discussed and explained with supporting ideas.
Thesis statement is a complete sentence with a subject and a verb.
The destruction of rainforest trees is unacceptable
Thesis statement consists of two parts: topic and controlling sentence. Because the
thesis statement contains a controlling idea, the organization of the essay can be
understood by the readers very easily.
Technology has some destructive effects on mankind, on animals and on the environment.
Topic Controlling Idea
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Thesis statement contains a single topic. In the essay, only one main subject should
be discussed. In the example below, you can see two main subjects, and it is
impossible to develop these subjects in an essay-length paper.
Radioactive waste from nuclear power and burning of fossil fuel have destructive
Subject 1 Subject 2
effects on people, plants, and on our environment.
Thesis statement should not be too narrow or too general. It should be developed
well.
The Second World War had a very big effect all around the world. (too general)
Meat is the most important source of protein. (too narrow)
Thesis statement should not merely state a fact; on the contrary it should be
debatable.
Fact: Few women are elected to the Parliament
Debatable: Women are rarely elected to the Parliament because many voters feel that
women are biologically incapable of political reasoning.
DO NOT DO!!
Thesis statement should not be in the form of a question.

Thesis statement should not be an announcement of what you will do. Expressions such as
Exercise 5: Using the guidelines above, decide if the following sentence and phrases are
thesis statements. Try to rewrite those that are incorrect by chancing them into thesis
statements.
1. The U.S. has the highest crime rate among the industrialized nations. Correct &
incorrect
___________________________________________________________________
2. I would like to tell you about my experience with video games. Correct & incorrect
___________________________________________________________________
3. The campus bookstore is the worst place in town to buy textbooks because of the
unreasonable prices, the lack of qualified employees and the constant book shortages.
Correct & incorrect
___________________________________________________________________
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4. Why do I want to be a lawyer? Correct & incorrect
___________________________________________________________________
5. There are lots of reasons for criminal behaviors. Correct & incorrect
___________________________________________________________________
6. The writing center at our university is a good place to go. Correct & incorrect
___________________________________________________________________
2. BODY
The body of an essay is formed based on the ideas presented in a thesis statement. For
example,
Thesis statement: Students benefit from art in two main ways, such as developing a creative and
peaceful mind.
1st Body Paragraph: A creative mind (topic sentence)
Supporting idea: integrating different materials into a form of art
Detail: collage, painting, sculpture
2nd Body paragraph: A peaceful mind (Topic sentence)
Supporting idea: release stress
Detail: forget about daily problems
Each body paragraph develops one main point which supports the thesis statement.
The topic sentence should present an idea that can be developed in one paragraph, and it
should support the thesis of the essay.
You do not have to add a concluding sentence after the body paragraphs. All the paragraphs
are summarized in the conclusion part.
Logical Division of Ideas

One way to organize an essay is to divide the ideas into logical structure. Depending on
the topic, a logical division might be by reason, advantage, disadvantage, cause, effect,
problem, or solution.
Body paragraphs divide the thesis statement into equal sub-topics that support the thesis.
These sub-topics appear in a logical order; for example, most to least important, general
to specific, familiar to unknown, or simple to complex. Use transition signals to connect
sentences within the paragraph and to connect the paragraphs to each other.
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Transition Signals for a Logical Division of Ideas
Sentence Connectors First, first of all, second, third, next, last,
finally, also, in addition, moreover,
furthermore
Coordination And,
Other Phrases One, another, the first cause, reason, factor,
problem, advantage, result, difference,
similarity
Coherence
Coherence is related to organization. Creating an outline helps make a well-organized essay.
When organizing your ideas, think about what type of organization is best for your essay. Here
are some examples of essay types and ways to organize them.
Type of Writing Type of Organization
Chronology Order by time or order of events/ steps
Comparison/contrast Organize in point by point / block style
Argumentation/cause/effect Order from most important to least important

Description Order by position, size, and shape of things
Exercise 6: Read the paragraphs below and cross out the irrelevant sentence in each group.
A) (I) I love the location of my new house for many reasons. (II) First, it is a very safe
neighbourhood, and there is almost no crime (III)
Second, there are many stores, schools, restaurants, a library, a health and fitness centre and a
movie theatre nearby. (IV) Third, I really dislike the people in the neighbourhood because they
are unfriendly and have different life styles. (V) Some people say location is very important when
you are looking for an apartment and I agree.
B) (I) Stress can be put into one of two categories: mental or physical. (II) Mental stress is
characterized by such thi
or losing a job. (III) Physical stress reasons include lack of sleep, poor diet or the effects of an
illness. (IV) If you are experiencing both of these types, you really need help. (V) Therefore,
third category is believed to be the most dangerous one.
C) (I) Africa is a very interesting and natural continent. (II) My favourite animal is the cheetah.
(III) It is truly an amazing creature and it can run at a top speed of 60 mph! (IV) I have always
wanted to go to Africa to see the cheetah in action. (V) I think it will be a wonderful experience
looking at those cheetahs when they are running.
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3. CONCLUSION
The conclusion is the final paragraph of an essay. A good concluding paragraph:
Restates the thesis (using different words).
Summarizes the main point and sub-points.
Gives a suggestion.
Example:
Thesis Statement: Supermarkets are the best places to buy food because of their convenience
and lower prices.
Conclusion: The fact that larger supermarkets offer cheap prices and a large selection of products
make supermarkets the best place for shoppers.
Exercise 7: Match each of these thesis statements with its relevant version of conclusion.
1. Travelling abroad is a valuable a. People can learn many things by
learning experience. travelling to other countries.
2. Learning to play a musical b. Despite the challenges, being an

instrument is very beneficial for entrepreneur can offer more
children. benefits than other types of
employment.
3. Creating and owning a business c. more houses should be transformed
offers more advantages than working into using solar energy due to its
as an employee in a company. being natural and sustainable.
4. More houses should be adapted to d. When children are exposed to music

use solar energy because it is clean and are thought to play instruments,
and renewable. such as the piano or violin, there are
many positive effects.
Exercise 8: Which can be the concluding sentence of the paragraphs below?

1. California is the most wonderful place to visit because of its weather and its beautiful
nature. Visitors to California can find the weather they like; cool temperatures in the
summer and warm weather in the winter. They can also find the nature they like. They can
see high mountains and green lands. Visitors can enjoy a huge forest and a beautiful coast
at the same time. _________________.
a)
b) So, you can do different activities in the winter in California.
c) So, the high mountains and forests affect the weather of California a lot.
d) So, the warm weather and beautiful coasts in California help you have the best summer
holiday.
28
2. In my opinion, travelling by plane cannot be compared with any other type of
transportation. To start with, there is no faster way to travel. You can go from one country
to another in a few hours. Also, you always feel well looked after on a plane. You are served
drinks and meals and offered newspapers and blankets, which will make the journey more
comfortable. However, air travel can be expensive and there are often long delays in
turbulence, so they think travelling by plane is unsafe. _________________.

a) To sum up, although it has some negative points, air travel will always remain popular because
of its speed and comfort.
b) In conclusion, air travel has always been a second or third choice for people because of its
many disadvantages.
c) All things considered, different types of transportation have both good and bad points.
d) In conclusion, few people will continue to prefer air travel because of its cost and turbulence.
3. New York City is a great place because there is a lot to do there. It is the cultural center
of the USA, so it attracts many foreign and local tourists. In fact, there are many museums
and buildings to visit in New York. One of them is Metropolitan Museum, and people can
find the works of many famous artists there. In New York visitors can spend a wonderful
time at the restaurants and bars. They offer different food from all over the world.
__________________.
a) In short, New York is a cultural and historical city.
b) In short, New York is famous for its museums and parks.
c) In short, New York is a great city with a variety of activities.
d) In short, New York is a great place if you like trying different kinds of food.
29
CAUSE ESSAY
A cause essay informs the readers on possible reasons for why something has been changing,
getting worse or better. In this type of essay, the purpose is to explain causes of something rather
than the effects.
Model 1
Read the essay below and answer the questions that follow.
Anger
Anger is a completely normal, usually healthy, human emotion. We have all felt anger;
perhaps as a brief annoyance or as a developed rage. But when it gets out pf control and turns
destructive, it can lead to problems; problems at work, in your personal relations and in the
overall quality of your life. There are three fundamental causes of chronic anger, and these are
genetics, early childhood experiences, and observational learning.
Firstly, scientists report children can inherit a tendency toward anger and aggression
through aggressive genes. This stimulates a teen to show anger, violence, and depression; it is
very likely that the child could pass the gene on to his children. Children are the genetic and
environmental products of their parents. Researchers have found that people born with a variation
of a gene have smaller brain regions that make fear and anger. This suggests that they have less
ability to control the feelings.
Along with this, chronic anger may have some roots in early childhood experiences.
According to psychologists, victims of chronic anger may not have had their emotional needs
met in infancy and toddlerhood. This led them to suffer from an underlying condition called basic
anxiety, the unverbalized impression that the world is unsafe and threatening. Therefore,
psychologists consider chronic anger as a defense against emotional insecurity.
If a child grows up in a family that allows itself frequent irrational outbursts of anger,
then observational learning can play a role in a tendency toward chronic anger. The adult may be
imitating the behavior of parents or older siblings. It is possible that the angry adult was a verbal
or physical bully as a child or adolescent. Such behavior often intimidates others and may bring
short-term psychological effects. If so, the behavior is reinforced and tends to became a trait of
personality.
For some people, anger is not a problem; they get angry, sort it out relatively quickly and
then return to their normal state of viewing the world. Anger becomes problematic when it is too
why, chronic anger, which is the consequence of genetics, early childhood experiences, and
observational learning, should be thought as a serious problem facing almost every society in the
world.
30
1. Write the thesis statement here.
_________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
2. Write your alternative thesis statement here.
_________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
3. What is the topic sentence of the first supporting paragraph?
_________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
4. What specific details support it?
_________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
5. Can you write an alternative conclusion for this essay?
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________
31
Model 2 (for further study/optional)
Use the questions on page 31 to analyze the essay below.
Why are Cities Becoming Overcrowded?
getting more and more crowded is well-known. Cities

such as Tokyo, Sao Paolo, Bombay, and Shanghai -
their enormous size and huge populations. There are two main reasons why these and other cities
are becoming so crowded; one economic and the other social-cultural.
First, the primary cause of cities becoming so crowded is economic. As a country

develops, its cities become the engines of development, thus jobs are available in these areas.
ay and Sao Paolo are all the economic centres of their countries. For
as a result, its population increased rapidly. People moved to Tokyo because they could find
employment and establish economic security for themselves and their families there.
The second reason for the huge increase in urban populations is socio-cultural factors.
Thousands of people migrate to the cities not only for jobs but also for educational and personal
reasons. The better universities are always located in big cities and this attracts thousands of
students every year and these students stay on and work in the city after they graduate. Moreover,
young people will move to the city as the villages and rural areas are more custom and tradition
oriented. Therefore, young people believe this is an obstacle to their personal freedom.
In conclusion, economic and cultural factors are the major causes of huge urban
population. People will always move to the areas which provide them opportunities and give
them the freedom they desire.
32
1. Introduction
Before stating the thesis statement, you need to present background information about the
situation. Also, you can write about the importance of the issue.
Another way to start a cause essay can be writing about the effects of the situation.
After a short introduction, you need to connect the topic with the thesis statement.
Explanation
Introduction Ankara, the capital city of The first sentence presents the situation
Turkey, attracts more related to Ankara.
population from all over
the country.
There are two main Thesis statement explains the reasons

Thesis reasons why Ankara is behind this situation.
becoming overpopulated.
Explanation
Introduction Scientists warn people on In this type of introduction, the writer
the issue of climate change. mentions about the significance of the
Compared to previous changing situation by giving an example.
years, the rate of fatalities
caused by climate change
has been increasing.
Thesis The two reasons behind the Thesis statement indicates two reasons for
climate change are climate change.
industrialization and
deforestation.
Explanation
Introduction People with obesity face The introduction starts with the effects of
both health and social obesity on health and social life.
problems. They do not feel
well due to physical
problems, and this results in
depression. Having an idea
about possible causes of
obesity may help to prevent
the disease.
Thesis People tend to become Thesis statement mentions two main

obese for two main reasons. reasons, but it does not state them.
33
Useful Structures for Thesis Statement
for several /some/two reasons Younger generations prefer to live in

big cities for two main reasons.
Smokers have difficulty in quitting

cigarettes for several reasons.
two major/ fundamental/ basic/ Job and education opportunities are

underlying causes of two fundamental causes of living in
big cities.
Higher education and job
opportunities are two underlying
causes of living in big cities.
several/ some/ two/ important reasons There are two reasons why English
why + sentence is a popular language.
There are several reasons why big

cities suffer from traffic problems.
Two factors/reasons can explain why+ Two factors can explain why online
sentence shopping is the best way of purchase.
Two reasons can explain why big

cities suffer from traffic problems.
Exercise 1: Write a thesis statement for the following topics.

1. What are the reasons for the fragile economy in Turkey?
____________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
2.
____________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
3. Why is English a popular language around the world?
____________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
34
2. Body Paragraphs
Each body paragraph explains one of the causes of the topic. An effective way to start the topic
sentence is to refer to the topic by using signal words. In the outline given below, the topic
sentences of each paragraph begins with signal words.
Causes of Internet Addiction
1st Body Paragraph: The first cause of internet addiction is depression.
Supporting Sentence: The feeling of loneliness causes depression which may lead to
internet addiction.
2nd Body Paragraph: Another factor behind internet addiction is weak social relations.
Supporting Sentence: Internet addicts have no real friends.
Exercise 2: Write a thesis statement for each essay topic and write two topic sentences for
each paragraph by using the phrases in the parenthesis. The first one is done for you.
Essay Topic: Causes of unemployment
Thesis: Political conflict and inadequate education opportunities are two causes of
unemployment.
1st Body Paragraph The first reason behind unemployment is political conflict.
2nd Body Paragraph: The second cause of unemployment is inadequate education

opportunities.
Essay Topic: Factors behind success

Thesis: _____________________________________________________________________
1st Body Paragraph (To be well-organized)
The first cause________________________________________________________________
2nd Body Paragraph (Good communication skills)
Another reason_______________________________________________________________
35
Essay Topic: Reasons for loose family ties
Thesis: _____________________________________________________________________
1st Body Paragraph (Busy life)
___________________________________________________________________________
2nd Body Paragraph (Changing traditional family structures)
___________________________________________________________________________
3. Conclusion
This is the ending paragraph of a cause essay. In this part, all the main points in the body
paragraphs need to be summarized. It should not be too long and repetitive. You need to
paraphrase the points by using synonyms.
Exercise 3: Write supporting details for each body paragraph and add a suitable
conclusion to the essay.
Love Doing Nothing?
I have been having the feeling of being in a rut so often recently. I know I have been doing the
same things repeatedly, but in fact, I cannot accomplish much. I have been showing a streak of
laziness for a while and I think a lot of people feel the way I do. There are three main causes of
laziness: low energy, loss of motivation, and thinking the try is not worth the effort.
Low energy is the first cause of laziness. __________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________.
The second reason for laziness is related to motivation.

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
36
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________.
The most important factor leading to laziness is thinking the task is not worth the effort.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________.
To conclude, _________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________.
(adapted from The Writing Journey)
37
HOMEWORK
Writing a Cause Essay
Why do people commit crimes?

1. Financial problems
1.1 cannot afford to buy basic needs
1.2 to be in debt
2. Lack of education
2.1 poor moral values
2.2 disobey social rules
3. Negative personality traits
3.1 to be aggressive
3.2 lack of empathy
Considering the outline above, write a cause essay about why people commit crimes. You
may add different causes. Do not forget to add an introduction paragraph with a general
statement and a thesis statement, 3 body paragraphs and a conclusion paragraph.
__________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________.
38
EFFECT ESSAY
It gives information about the effects or results of a problem or situation. One way of starting
your essay can be talking about how the situation happened or what caused it to happen. There
is a sample effect essay below, study it and notice the information flow.
Model 1
Read the essay below and answer the questions that follow.
What Effects have Computers had on our Lives?
The twenty-first century is already turning out to be the century of the computer. The
computer revolution that started after the Second World War is now developing exponentially
and computers are beginning to influence and take over nearly every aspect of our lives.
Computers are clearly changing and affecting society in many ways. The two main areas in which
computers have brought about a profound change in our lives are the economic field and the field
of communications.
First, the computer has led to immense changes in economic and business life. Businesses
now have to be computerized or they risk failure. Every big corporation bases its operations on
computing, regardless of which sector they are in. For example, Coca-
market sell different products and services, yet they all share one basic property- without
computers, their operations would collapse. Second, computing is an economic dynamo. Japan,
China, India, and many other countries have large IT sectors which drive their economies
upwards. Furthermore, the developed world is moving from an industrial-based economy to an
IT-based one.
It is not just in business that computers have affected us so profoundly; communication

has been revolutionized totally. In past, people wrote letters, which would often take weeks to
reach their destinations, or speak on the phone, which was terribly expensive. However, in our
present world, they simply send an e-mail, which is more efficient. For instance, we can read it
instantly. Also, many people use computers to communicate with people all around the world
using chat rooms and chat programs. In this way, people are able to shorten distances.
In conclusion, computers have had a profound effect on our lives in many ways and it is
in business and communication that they have had the greatest influence. In the future, if
computers continue evolving at such speed, our business practices and methods of
communication will undergo even more radical changes.
39
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
3. What is the topic sentence of the second supporting paragraph?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
4. What specific details support it?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
5. Can you add one more point to the thesis statement and write a third body
paragraph for this essay?
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________.
40
Model 2 (for further study/optional)
Use the questions that follow to study the essay below.
Dangerous Increase
Fast-foods are quick, reasonably priced, and readily available alternatives to home
cooking. Most people today have less time to select, prepare and eat food than their
grandparents did. Fast-food is everywhere. It is available from main shopping centers to gas
service stations. While convenient and inexpensive for a busy lifestyle, there are serious
detrimental effects of the increase in fast-food consumption.
The first negative effect of increasing fast-food consumption is that people who eat fast-
foods, which are high in calories, fat, saturated fat, sugar, and salt, frequently are more likely
to gain weight and develop insulin resistance, and such an eating habit may increase the risk of
obesity, heart disease, diabetes, and cancer. As a result of these serious health problems, people
will require more intensive healthcare, lose their productivity in their workplaces, and die at
younger ages.
Secondly, it is difficult to maintain a balanced diet if fast foods are consumed on regular
basis. Fast foods usually do not include fruits, vegetables, or whole-grain products, and at the
same time, these foods are traditionally high in calories and low in vitamins, minerals, and fiber
that are needed for a healthy body. If the purpose is to lead a long and healthy life, it is not
possible to reach this aim by only consuming fast-foods in a diet.
Finally, the increase in fast food consumption can cause the
skills of cooking have been handed down from one generation to another, most traditionally
from mother to daughter. If people become dependent upon ready-made meals from the freezer,
or upon takeaway meals, there is a danger that these skills will be lost. This is the cultural aspect
to the increase in fast-food consumption, and its importance should not be underestimated.
All in all, fast-foods may be convenient when in a rush, but it is a bad idea to eat them
too much and too often. Though fast food may differ, depending on the culture and nationality,
fast food problems are usually the same in all countries. The most important fast-food problems
are that fast-food leads to some serious diseases, hinders maintaining a balanced diet, and
passing food culture on to the new generations to come.
41
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
3. ______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
4. What is the topic sentence of the first supporting paragraph?
5. ______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
6. What specific details supports it?
7. ______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
8. Can you write an alternative introduction for this essay?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
42
1. Introduction
Give background information about the topic.
State the importance of the topic.
Write about how the situation occurs.
Explanation
Introduction Children have amazing The introduction mentions about how children
imaginary thinking. You tend to engage with art thanks to their
can observe it in their imaginary thinking. The topic is connected to
games and paintings. For the thesis sentence by possible contribution of
this reason, art education is art on children. Also an example of art
a perfect source for their education is given.
creative mind. Our
education system also
supports integration of art.
Especially in primary
schools, it is integrated into
lesson programs and in-
class activities.
There are several positive This part informs the reader about the results
Thesis effects of art on primary of art on students.
school students.
Explanation
Introduction Changing weather condition
is one of the environmental A definition of the problem is given as a
problems. Every year, the background information. The importance of
records of temperature are the situation is given with an example. Finally
broken. Incidents of severe the thesis statement is connected.
storms are being seen quite
often in areas where such
events used to be seen
rarely.
Thesis Famine and increasing sea Two results of climate change are given in the
levels are two critical effects thesis statement.
of climate change.
Explanation
Introduction University education is a It starts with the importance of the topic on
significant experience on academic and social life.
are grown up both

academically and socially.
43
Thesis Receiving university The thesis statement includes positive effects
education affects students in of receiving university education and they are
two beneficial ways such as stated clearly.
developing intellectual
thinking and building a
good career for future.
Writing a Thesis Statement

The following common structures can be helpful in forming a thesis statement.
1. There are several/ some/ a few/ two, There are two basic effects of doing
three + adjective+ effects of + controlling sport on physical health.
idea+ on + topic. There are several beneficial effects of
doing exercise on health.
2. effect 1+ effect 2+ are two impacts Getting into shape and reducing stress
/effects of+ controlling idea+ on topic are two effects of doing exercise on
health.
3. affects /influences + Topic+ in two ways Doing exercise affects our health in
two ways.
Exercise 1: Write a thesis statement for each topic.

1. What are the influences of having a pet in childhood?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
2. What are the results of social media on our lives?

______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
2. Body Paragraphs
A well-organized outline is fundamental for an essay. After planning about your topic, you can
begin your essay. You need to be careful about the flow of information through the body
paragraphs. In order to achieve this, you must use transition signals between paragraphs. In the
following example outlines the transition signals are written in bold.
44
Effects of Stress
Thesis Statement: Being under stress affects our health and behavior.
1st Body Paragraph: The first effect of stress is on our physical health.
Supporting Sentence: You feel fatigue constantly.
Supporting Sentence: Your heart-beat speeds up when you are overstressed.
2nd Body Paragraph: Another result of stress is on our behaviors.
Supporting Sentence: Aggressive behaviors show up in social relations.
Supporting Sentence: Your level of productivity decreases.
Exercise 2: Write a thesis statement for each essay topic and write two topic sentences for
each paragraph by using the phrases in the parenthesis. The first one is done for you.
Essay Topic: Effects of learning a foreign language
Thesis: Meeting with new people and having a better job are two positive effects of learning a
foreign language.
1st Body Paragraph The first contribution of learning a foreign language is the opportunity of
meeting new people.
2nd Body Paragraph: The second benefit of learning a foreign language is having a good job.
Essay Topic: Effects of a healthy diet
Thesis:
__________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
1st Body Paragraph (feeling energetic)

The first effect______________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
2ndBody Paragraph (looking fit)

The next result______________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
45
Essay Topic: Effects of love
Thesis:
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1st Body Paragraph (Having positive thoughts)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2ndBody Paragraph (Ignoring daily jobs)

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3. Conclusion
This is the ending paragraph of an effect essay. In this part, all the main points in the body
paragraphs need to be summarized. It should not be too long and repetitive. You need to
paraphrase the points by using synonyms. You can end this part with personal comments as
well.
Exercise 3: Write a concluding paragraph considering the following outline about the
influences of movies.
Influence of Movies
Introduction:
Watching movies are a popular free time activity especially after a busy day. If you break up
with your boyfriend or girlfriend, you probably prefer a romantic movie, or if you seek for
excitement, a science fiction or horror movie will please you. On the other hand, this past-
time activity is changing our habits compared to the lifestyle we lead before they were
popular. Watching movies may affect our lives in two negative ways.
1st Body Paragraph: The most important influence of watching a movie is that it destroys
Supporting Sentence: Violent images is not appropriate for younger people
46
Supporting sentence: They may cause a temptation for unsafe situations
2nd Body Paragraph: and viewpoint.
Supporting Sentence: It causes eating habits to change.
Supporting sentence: Movies can manipulate historical facts.
Conclusion:
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
47
HOMEWORK
Writing an Effect Essay
What are the effects of having a bad job?

1. Physical problems
1.1 lack of sleep
1.2 increasing risk of illness
2. Suffering from stress
2.1 become aggressive
2.2 save less time with family and friends
3. Feeling depressed
3.1 losing joy of life
3.2 complain all the time
Considering the outline above, write an effect essay about the effects of having a bad job.
You can include different effects in your essay. Do not forget to add an introductory
paragraph with a general statement and a thesis statement, 3 body paragraphs and a
concluding paragraph.
___________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________.
48
COMPARE / CONTRAST ESSAY
To compare is to examine how things are similar, while to contrast is to see how they differ. A
compare and/or contrast essay, therefore, looks at the similarities and/or differences of at least
two objects, places, or people any items that are related in some way.
You can focus on:

1. the similarities between items
2. the differences between items
3. both the similarities and differences between items
See the examples below:
Compare and contrast Newton's ideas of gravity with those proposed by Einstein
('compare and contrast' essay)
Examine how the economies of Spain and China are similar ('compare' only essay)
Explain the differences between Greek and Roman Empires ('contrast' only essay)
Compare/contrast or comparison writing requires a number of English language skills.
1. A student must understand the language for comparing, including:
the comparative and superlative forms of adjectives

expressions used when comparing with nouns
and transitions for compare/contrast essays
2. Finally, an essay writing student must understand the different format options for a compare &
contrast essay.
1. THESIS STATEMENT PATTERNS
To be able to write a well-developed compare/contrast essay, you should write a catchy

introduction paragraph. After general statements about the topic, the thesis statement of the
introduction paragraph is also a significant point to take into consideration. There are some thesis
statement examples that can be used for essays where you are instructed to compare and contrast.
Study the following examples:
- The differences between college and high school are striking, and they deserve thorough
investigation.
- The similarities between Jupiter and Saturn are marked, and they merit rigorous scrutiny.
- Although they bear some superficial similarities, the differences between Ph.D and
Degree are clear.
- Despite bearing some minor similarities, the differences between Pele and Ronaldinho are
noticeable.
49
- While some differences between high school and college are evident, the similarities are striking.
Choose a topic of your interest and write your own thesis statements. Make sure
that you compare/contrast two things.
1.________________________________________________________________
2.________________________________________________________________
3.________________________________________________________________
2. ORGANIZATION
There are two main ways to structure a compare/contrast essay, namely using
a block or a point-by-point arrangement.
Block Arrangement
Block
In a block arrangement, the body
paragraphs are organised according to Introduction
the objects. The block arrangement Object 1 - Point 1
discusses one of the objects in the Object 1 - Point 2
first body paragraph and the other Object 1 - Point 3
object in the second. Transition sentence/paragraph
All the ideas provided in the first Object 2 - Point 1
paragraph are also provided in the Object 2 - Point 2
second paragraph in the same order. Object 2 - Point 3
Conclusion
There are a couple of common problems that students run into using this method:
A lot of students end up simply listing everything about A and then everything about B
without actually making connections between them.
Students may include the connections in one paragraph towards the end of the essay.
!!! To avoid these problems with this structure, make sure to include lots of transitional
reader to remember information about A, and to understand how A and B are related to each
other.
50
Point-by-Point Arrangement Point-by-Point
In a point-by-point arrangement, the
Introduction
body paragraphs are organized
according to the ideas. Point 1
Object 1 Object 2
The point-by-point arrangement Point 2
discusses a particular point about the Object 1 Object 2
first object and then immediately Point 3
discusses the same point about the Object 1 Object 2
second object.
Conclusion
!!! Both types of structure have their merits. The former is easier to write, while the
latter is generally clearer as it ensures that the similarities/differences are more explicit.
The following examples show:
1. A block arrangement contrast essay

2. A point-by-point arrangement compare essay
Block Arrangement Point-by-Point Arrangement

Thesis Statement: There are two main Thesis Statement: American and Turkish fast
differences between backpacking and foods are similar to each other in two main
staying in hotels: cost and safety ways. They are both unhealthy and they are
both convenient.
1st Body: Backpacking 1st Body: They are unhealthy

1. Cost 1. American Fast Food
2. Safety 2. Turkish Fast Food
2nd Body: Staying in a Hotel 2nd Body: They are convenient

1. Cost 1. American Fast Food
2. Safety 2. Turkish Fast Food
51
The sample shows essay
organization
-Words highlighted in yellow show

essay connectors
-Words highlighted in green show

specific vocabulary
(Point-by-Point Arrangement/Comparison Essay)

American Fast Food vs. Turkish Fast Food
General
In recent years more and more people are eating more of their food outside
statements
of the home. Due to changing work and social lifestyles, many people
spend a lot more time in restaurants and cafes. There are many choices of
food to eat, but in this country two of the most common are American fast
food and Turkish fast food. American and Turkish fast foods are similar to Thesis
each other in two main ways, they are both unhealthy and they are both statement
convenient.
Topic Firstly, both American and Turkish fast food can be harmful to our health.
Sentence Both are high in fat, in sugar and in calorie content. Because of this, they
can be addictive, often leading to an increase in body weight and in some
cases obesity. Moreover, both American and Turkish fast foods are created in
factories and are made to have a long shelf life. They both contain many
preservatives and chemical additives which have unforeseen effects on
bodily health. Topic
Secondly, American and Turkish fast foods are both similar in that they are Sentence
convenient. To begin with, both are inexpensive. These foods, which will
easily fill your stomach, can be bought for the same price as a bowl of soup. In
addition
social schedules, many people need to eat quickly and often whilst
walking, using public transport or driving. Therefore, not only American but
also Turkish fast foods are conveniently quick and easy to eat.
Concluding In summary, American and Turkish fast food are alike in that they are both
Sentence damaging to health and that they are both convenient. In the 21st century
fast food is very common and very popular; we must consider the negative
impact of these foods on our future as individuals and as a society. Final
thoughts
52
organization

essay connectors

specific vocabulary
(Block Arrangement/Contrast Essay)

Backpacking or Staying in Hotels
General
Traveling is a hobby which many people now enjoy. It is a hobby which is
statements
becoming more and more popular as opportunities for travel become greater.
These days there are several ways to travel around the world; two of the most
common are backpacking and staying in hotels. There are two main
differences between backpacking and staying in hotels; cost and safety. Thesis
statement
Topic
Sentence First, backpacking is quite different from staying in hotels regarding costs and
safety. To begin with, backpacking has been popular for many years with
young people who do not have a lot of money to spend on traveling. By
backpacking people can save a lot of money and see many more places than
if they spent the same money staying in a hotel. Furthermore, as backpackers
will need to sleep in a hostel or outside in a tent while backpacking, there
will always be an issue of safety and security because backpackers sleep in
the same area as other people, many of whom they do not know.
Topic
Second, staying in hotels, on the other hand, differs from backpacking in terms of
Sentence
cost and safety. Unlike backpacking, staying in hotels requires a lot more
money. Hotels are one of the most comfortable ways of traveling, but only if
you have enough money. By staying at a hotel people will spend much more
money than they would spend in a hostel. In addition, a hotel provides a
higher level of security to the traveler. Hotels require specific security details
such as flight, credit cards or passport numbers to ensure the correct
identification of their customers.
Concluding
Sentence In brief, there are differences in cost and safety between backpacking and
staying in hotels. The world is a much smaller place than it used to be, many
people have the opportunity to travel and they have many ways in which to
travel. People should consider their budget and take responsibility for their Final
own safety and go out and see the world. thoughts
53
organization

essay connectors

specific vocabulary
(Point-by-Point Arrangement/Compare and Contrast Essay)

Avatar vs. Tarkan
General Cinema, the seventh art, has been playing an incredibly important role in all societies in the world
statements since it was introduced. Every country is doing its best to develop its cinema industry because it
is the most effective way to advertise its culture and language. Hollywood is known to be the
most popular cinema sector in the world while Turkish cinema sector has recently started to
become known. Even though there are some similarities between Hollywood and Turkish films,
there are also some differences. Thesis
statement
Topic To begin with, it is clear that there are some similarities between Turkish and Hollywood
Sentence
films. First of all, both types of films, more or less, have similar themes. For example, in
Hollywood films romance and action are the best-selling themes. Similarly, in Turkish films we
see that romance and action are the most common themes. Another similarity is that for both types
of films similar advertising campaigns are carried out. To illustrate, in Turkey advertisements can
been seen on newspapers, magazines and billboards as well as buses and metro. Likewise,
Hollywood films are advertised on the same places and the same ways. In short, themes and
advertising are two of the similarities between Turkish and Hollywood films.
Topic
Despite similarities, there are also several differences between Turkish and Hollywood
Sentence
films. The primary difference is budget, of course. Turkish producers cannot afford to invest
as much as their American counterparts. For instance, Hollywood films are known to cost around
$200-300 million whereas Turkish films hardly cost more than $50 million. The second difference
is the use of technology. As the United States extensively benefit from technology in every field
of business, cinema sector is no exception. The films Star Wars, Matrix and Avatar are only some
of the examples in which incredibly high technology was used. However, Turkish films can
only benefit from limited computer tricks. In brief, budget and use of technology seem to be
two of the differences between Turkish and Hollywood films.
Concluding
All in all, there are not only similarities but also differences between Turkish and Hollywood
Sentence
(restatement films. I am of the opinion that Turkish cinema sector is on the rise and it will be able to compete
of the thesis)
with the rest of the world soon.
54
Exercise 1: For each thesis statement, add additional relevant points of comparison or
contrast.
1. It may seem that learning in a classroom and learning online are vastly different, but
after taking an online class, I realized that they share several basic features.
a. The syllabus tells you what is expected.
b. It is important to keep up with the reading and assignments.
c. Class participation matters.
d. _________________________________________________________________________
2. It is true that driving a car offers a lot of personal freedom, but since I sold my car, I
have found that public transportation offers me many advantages.
a. Helps me to keep to a schedule
b. Is less stressful
c. __________________________________________________________________________
d. __________________________________________________________________________
3. While many of the subjects covered in high school and college are the same, the
expectations of how students must study are very different.
a. Amount of required reading
b.___________________________________________________________________________
c.___________________________________________________________________________
d.___________________________________________________________________________
Exercise 2: Below is an example of a compare/contrast essay.

1. What method of organization does the writer use - point-by-point or block?
_____________________
2. Highlight the different structural aspects in this essay, i.e. similarities, differences,
and structure words.
Topic: There have been many advances in technology over the past fifty years. These have revolutionised the
way we communicate with people who are far away. Compare and contrast methods of communication used
today with those which were used in the past.
55
Methods of Communication
Before the advent of computers and modern

technology, people communicating over long
distances used traditional means such as
letters and the telephone. Nowadays we have
a vast array of communication tools which
can complete this task, ranging from email to
instant messaging and video calls. While the
present and previous means of
communication are similar in their general
form, they differ in regard to their speed and the range of tools available.
One similarity between current and previous methods of communication relates to the form of
communication. In the past, both written forms such as letters were frequently used, in
addition to oral forms such as telephone calls. Similarly, people nowadays use both of these
forms. Just as in the past, written forms of communication are prevalent, for example via email
and text messaging. In addition, oral forms are still used, including the telephone, mobile
phone, and voice messages via instant messaging services.
However, there are clearly many differences in the way we communicate over long distances,
the most notable of which is speed. This is most evident in relation to written forms of
communication. In the past, letters would take days to arrive at their destination. In contrast, an
email arrives almost instantaneously and can be read seconds after it was sent. In the past, if it
was necessary to send a short message, for example at work, a memo could be passed around
the office, which would take some time to circulate. This is different from the current
situation, in which a text message can be sent immediately.
Another significant difference is the range of communication methods. Fifty years ago, the
tools available for communicating over long distances were primarily the telephone and the
letter. By comparison, there are a vast array of communication methods available today. These
include not only the telephone, letter, email and text messages already mentioned, but also
video conferences via software such as Skype or mobile phone apps such as WeChat, and
social media such as Facebook and Twitter.
In conclusion, methods of communication have greatly advanced over the past fifty years.
While there are some similarities, such as the forms of communication, there are significant
differences, chiefly in relation to the speed of communication and the range of communication
tools available. There is no doubt that technology will continue to progress in future, and the
advanced tools which we use today may one day also become outdated.
https://www.eapfoundation.com/writing/essays/candc/
56
Exercise 3: This essay compares some features of Brazil and the United States. Discuss the
questions below. Then read the comparison essay and answer the questions that follow.
1. How many different countries hav

to you? Which countries were very different from your own?
2. What does the word individualism mean to you?
Not as Different as One Would Think

1 All countries are unique. Obviously, countries are
different from one another in location, size, language,
government, climate, and lifestyle. Some countries,
however, shar e some surprising similarities. In this case,
Brazil and the United States come to mind. Some may think
that these two nations have very little in common because
they are in different *hemispheres. On the contrary, the two
countries share many similarities.
2 One important similarity between Brazil and the
United States is their massive size. Both Brazil and the United States are extremely large
countries. Brazil covers almost half of the South American continent. It has a land mass of nearly
3.3 million square miles (8.5 million square kilometers) and is home to *cosmopolitan centers
such as Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo. Due to its size, few Brazilians can say that they have
significant portion of its continent (North America). It extends from the Atlantic Ocean to the
Pacific Ocean and has a land mass of 3.1 million square miles (8 million square kilometers), not
including Alaska, Hawaii, and other territories. It is home to world-famous cities such as Los
Angeles and New York. As a result of its size, it is fair to say that many people in the United
States have not visited much of their country.
3 Another similarity between Brazil and the United States is the diversity of the population.
Brazil was *colonized by Europeans, and its culture has been greatly influenced by this fact.
United States also has a diversity of ethnic groups, from the Native American population and
early colonists from northern Europe to slave groups from Africa. Later immigrants from the
Mediterranean, Asia, and South America added to the diversity of its citizens. The mixture of
cultures and customs has worked to form ethnically rich cultures in both countries.
4 Finally, both countries share an important value: individualism. Brazil works hard to
defend the concept of freedom of choice. Citizens believe that they have the right to do and be
whatever they desire as long as they do not hurt others. This attitude was introduced in the 1930s
and 1940s by Brazilian President Getúlio Vargas. He was responsible for establishing an
individualistic government that helped modernize and industrialize the country. Individualism is
also at the core of the culture in the United States, dating back to the Declaration of Independence
57
believe that the desire for individual expression is disruptive and can make a country weak.
However, the ability of people to be whatever they want is an asset to both countries.
5 Although Brazil and the United States have many differences, they also have remarkable
similarities in their size, ethnic diversity, and core values. Some people believe that their culture
and country are without equal. However, as with these two countries, a closer inspection shows
that cultures everywhere have more in common than not.
*hemisphere: half of the earth * cosmopolitan: international *colonized: settled *indigenous:
native
1. What is the main purpose of this essay? Begin with The purpose is...
2. Which three things (points of development) about Brazil and the United States does this essay
compare?
3. What method of organization does the writer use point-by-point or block?
4. Underline the thesis statement. Is the thesis restated in the conclusion? If yes, underline the
sentence that restates the thesis.
5. In Paragraph 2, the author describes the size of Brazil and the United States. List the supporting
information the writer uses.
6. Reread the concluding paragraph of the essay. Does the writer offer a suggestion, an opinion, a
question, or a prediction?
58
Exercie 4 : The essay below includes an introduction, three topic sentences, and a conclusion.
It follows the point-by-point organizational pattern.
1. Develop each body paragraph with supporting information. You may write on a separate
piece of paper.
2. After you finish, compare your supporting information with that of other students.
Smartphone Choices
1 Some years ago, people were intimidated by shopping for a smartphone. For one,
smartphone technology was so new that many people were afraid of it. It was also extremely
expensive, and many consumers were not sure if these phones would soon be replaced by another
new technology. History, of course, has shown that smartphones are here to stay. Not only that,
need to know
what their two main options are. Although the technology is no longer new, it can still be
intimidating to shop for a smartphone. Consumers can eliminate some of this fear by doing their
homework first. One of the biggest considerations for a smartphone purchase is iOS or Android.
To reach a decision, a buyer can compare these two operating systems in terms of their overall
cost, convenience, and style.
2 iOS and Android devices can differ in their cost. _________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
3 Another thing to consider is the convenience factor, such as the availability of certain
apps. ________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
4 Finally, there is the subject of style. __________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
5 Choosing between these two types of smartphones is a personal decision for the consumer.
This decision can be made more easily by looking at cost, convenience, and style preferences.
While it can seem like an overwhelming task now, it certainly will not get any easier as more and
more advanced smartphones come on the market.
59
IN CLASS WRITING
Write a well-organized compare and contrast essay on the following topic. You can benefit from the
ideas given in the Venn diagram
Eating at home vs. Eating in a restaurant
EATING AT EATING IN A
HOME RESTAURANT
- atmosphere - atmosphere
always the same varies depending
on restaurant
- less expensive
- more expensive
- limited food
options-you eat - can choose from
what's been a variety of food
prepared from the menu
- food can be cooked in different ways

- eat with family members
For this assignment, use the point-by-point method. Include a short introduction with a thesis
250 words. Use a separate piece of paper. You can refer to the example on page 54 .
better idea.
Title:_____________________________________
I. INTRODUCTION (Paragraph 1)
A. General Statements
B. Connecting Information
C. Thesis Statement
II. BODY
A. Paragraph 2 (Difference 1)
Topic sentence ________________________________________________________
Supporting Details _____________________________________________________
B. Paragraph 3 (Difference 2)
Topic Sentence ________________________________________________________
C. Paragraph 4 (Similarities )
Topic Sentence________________________________________________________
III. CONCLUSION (Paragraph 5)

A. Restated Thesis / Summary of main ideas
B. Concluding remarks, suggestions, predictions or opinion
60
HOMEWORK
Choose one of the topics and write a well-organized compare/contrast essay.
1.
2. Medicines vs. Natural Remedies
3.
Here are the instructions for the homework:
For this assignment, use the block method. Include a short introduction with a thesis statement,
Firstly, brainstorm a detailed plan for your comparison or contrast essay and create your
outline in class. Use this page for your outline.
a separate piece of paper for your essay.
61
PROCESS ESSAY
(Adapted from National Geographic Great Writing 3 From Great Paragraphs to Great Essays by Keith S. Folse et al.)
What is a process essay?

A process essay explains in detail how a certain objective is carried out, and it is a kind
of set of instructions to make it clear what the most effective means to achieve something are.
process and whether that knowledge is enough to understand your process essay.
How is a process essay organized?
The most common way of organizing a process essay is chronologically. In the

chronological order you explain step by step all the details in order. This is especially useful to
teach a person a new skill, such as how to repair a flat tyre or how to install a new software. In
addition, the same method can be used to tell the sequence of events in a natural happening
such as how a land slide occurs or how a butterfly is created. However, for some topics, order
of importance can also be used.
e.g.
how to reset a computer - chronological order
how to save the environment -order of importance
A simple process, such as how to cook pasta may only have a few steps; however,
manufacturing a helicopter will have more complicated steps. A good way to organize a
process essay is to write a paragraph for each step, but this is only good for steps that need
extended explanation or supporting information. For example, if your essay explains the steps
in evaluating the quality of a restaurant, you might group the steps into two bigger categories
like before visit and after visit. Such an essay could look like this:
Hook
INTRODUCTION PARAGRAPH Connecting Information (State what the process is and why it
1 is important)
Thesis Statement
Before you visit a restaurant
BODY PARAGRAPH
2 Step 2: Analyse its location
Step 3: Compare its prices with a competing restaurant.
After you visit the restaurant
PARAGRAPH Step 4: Write about the atmosphere of the restaurant.
3 Step 5: Describe the food.
Step 6: Analyse the strengths and weaknesses of it.
Restate the thesis statement
CONCLUSION PARAGRAPH Summarize the main points without the details
4 Suggestion/Opinion/Prediction
NB: The number of body paragraphs can vary depending on your purpose and the topic.
62
Topics for Process Essays
Topics for process essays can range from a simple task, such as how to access a web
site about the geography of a country, to a complex one like the production of electricity. Here
are some general topics which exemplify process essays for a goal or for a complex process;
For a Goal For a Complex Process
how to train a pet to do a trick explaining a lunar eclipse
explain the steps in a lab report about an describing how a helicopter can fly
experiment you carried out
creating a great Prezi presentation describing how storms form
Exercise 1: Read the eight topics below and tick the four topics which are suitable for a
process essay.
1. The steps to applying for mortgage.
2. Dubai versus Caracas as vacation destination.
3. How to get a visa quickly.
4. Steps to persuade people to vote for a candidate in an election
5. An analysis of unwritten rules in a society.
6. Why someone should quit smoking.
7. An argument against global warming.
8. How a bicycle is manufactured.
Please add two more topics that could be perfect for a process essay.
9.________________________________________________________________________
10._______________________________________________________________________
Exercise 2: Brainstorming Steps in a Process Essay
Choose one of the topics below and brainstorm the essential steps to carry out this process in
the given space. Make a list for each step and then explain the details as if you are telling
someone who does not have any knowledge about that topic.
1. Making your favourite dinner 2. Washing the dirty dishes
3. Giving someone directions to a building in the city. 4. Taking care of your pet
Topic:
Steps:
63
How to Survive in a Job Interview
While most people want to get jobs, just a few of them look forward to interviewing for
them. Job interviews are stressful situations for even the most qualified candidates because
applicants have only an opportunity to demonstrate that they will succeed and will do better
than the other applicants in the position they are seeking. To approach a job interview
successfully, applicants should prepare well so that their interviewers will clearly perceive
their assets as a candidate, as one capable of contributing effectively to the company.
First, applicants should research the company and learn as much about it as possible.
They should not focus exclusively on the specific department that will hire them but on the
company as a whole and how they can contribute to its mission. Interviewers usually tend to
effectively, even more

effectively than fellow candidates, applicants must have done sufficient research to understand
the needs of the company.
In addition, an applicant must bear in mind that the interviewer is repeating the same
questions to different candidates over an interval of several days, or even several weeks.
Therefore, applicants should consider ways to make their answers unique so that they will
stand out. Their goal should be to make a unique impression on the interviewer by giving a
good answer that the interviewer has never heard. Applicants can expect certain questions
about their training and skill sets as well, but rather than simply answering them and then
moving onto the next question, they should use this opportunity to give specific examples and
anecdotes about their experiences that make them ideal candidates for the job. Of course, they
should not talk too much about how wonderful they are, but answers that are too brief are a
wasted opportunity to illustrate specific strengths. Applicants must recognize that the
interviewer wants to learn about them, so they should give full, detailed, and unique answers to
the questions.
As an interview proceeds, applicants should be careful about their nonverbal
communication. They should consider the importance of nonverbal communications because
gestures, expressions and actions can speak a great deal louder than any words. They should
also pay attention to their body language, facial expressions and posture and to be aware of the
ways in which their nonverbal communications contribute to or undermine their verbal
answers. If an applicant gives an eloquent answer while glancing at his or her watch or cell
phone, the interviewer will likely feel that this person is insufficiently interested in the position.
Thus, applicants should display their motivation to succeed.
Finally, applicants should recognize that frequently their interviewers will be older than
they are, which means that there might be a generation gap. While this is not always the case,
most interviewers have worked with the company long enough to rise through its hierarchy to
now be in charge of hiring. Therefore, applicants should be careful not to use slang that the
interviewer might not understand. At the same time, they should not assume that their
interviewers will understand references to television shows, movies or other aspects of popular
culture. Communicating in a job interview requires applicants to consider the challenging
situation of speaking effectively about themselves to a person or group of people they have
only just met. Ultimately, the goal for applicants is to phrase their answers so they are sure to
be understood.
64
prospects by
promoting opportunities for employment and future advancement. Although an applicant can
never anticipate precisely how an interview will unfold, careful planning, detailed answers,
attention to nonverbal communication, and appropriate word choice will make the process of
applying for a job less stressful more likely to be successful. Throughout every interview,
whether during the preliminary round or in the final meeting, candidates must present a sharp,
professional image, one that reveals their strengths while implicitly shielding their weaknesses,
if they are to win the jobs they seek.
to perceive: to feel, to believe, to think

an asset: a useful and valuable thing or quality
fellow: one who is in a similar group
to bear in mind: to keep in mind, remember
to stand out: to be different from other members of the group an anecdote: a personal story
to proceed: to continue
posture: the position of your body
to undermine: to weaken
eloquent: using clear and powerful language
hierarchy: the order or sequence ranked by importance or power
a prospect: future possibility
to unfold: to develop, to reveal itself
preliminary: something that comes first to prepare for something else
Exercise 3: Study the essay above and answer the following questions.
1. What is the topic of the essay?
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
3. What are the four steps that the writer offers for a successful job interview?
a. ________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
b.________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
c.________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
d.________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
4. In your opinion, which of these steps is the most important? Why?
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
65
5. Underline the topic sentence for each body paragraph.
6. Underline the connectors and transitions.
7. How does the writer conclude the essay?
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
8. Can you think of any information that the writer could have included to make the message of
the essay stronger?
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
Thesis Statement Patterns

A better thesis statement often tells the reader that you are going to explain how to do
something or how something happens. Basic ones often directly say the number of steps
involved in the process. Other thesis statements merely imply the existence of the steps, and do
not mention the number. It can even be more interesting or more intriguing if you include some
information that expresses a condition or judgement. The thesis statement may use hedging
(limiting) words such as may, might, seem, appear, or some, or a condition with if, provided
that, unless, or a similar word.
Type of Thesis Example Thesis Statements
Thesis with the number of steps Children go through four stages in learning to speak.
Buying almost anything online involves/requires three

distinct steps/stages.
There are some basic steps involved in setting up a

bookcase.
Thesis without the number of steps Adapting to a new culture can be incredibly difficult
unless you know what to expect.
Playing chess may appear to be complicated, but it is

actually an essay game if you understand the basic
rules.
It is easy to assemble IKEA furniture if you have the

right equipment.
66
Exercise 4: Write a thesis statement for each topic.
1. how to kick a bad habit
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
2. how to post to a discussion in an online course
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
3. how to avoid insomnia
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
4. how to lose weight without losing your mind
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
Transitions and Connectors
In each body paragraph of a process essay, you should state one major stage of the process.
While describing each stage, using transitions and connectors is extremely important because
they help the reader visualise the order of steps more clearly. A careful use of transitions can
help the reader know when a step is over and the next one is coming.
Transitions and Connectors Often Used at the Beginning of the Process
as you start (the) first initially
at first (the) first step to begin with
first in the beginning when you begin
Transitions and Connectors Often Used in the Middle of the Process

after before this meanwhile soon
afterward continuing with next subsequently
after a few hours during (the) next then
after that eventually (the) next step is third
as immediately before (or previously until
following)
as you continue in addition second when
at the same time in the mean time simultaneously when this step is finished
before later since while
Transitions and Connectors Often Used at the End of the Process

as you finish finally last later
at last in the end (the) last step toward the end
eventually in the future lastly ultimately
67
Exercise 5: Circle the correct transition words or phrases.
How a Caterpillar Becomes a Butterfly
1 (When / Soon) famed author Vladimir Nobakov (2000) was a child, he
everything I felt in connection with a rectangle of framed sunlight was

dominated by a single passion. If my first glance of the morning was for
delicate, very few animals inspire such delight and wonder as butterflies.
The process of how the much less beautiful caterpillar transforms into a butterfly, which is truly
one of the miracles of nature, requires four discrete stages for complete metamorphosis.
2 In (first / the first) s mature butterfly lays eggs. 3
(After / In addition) these eggs mature, the caterpillar, or larva, emerges. Larvae (plural of
larva) are immature insects that have not yet developed fully; they are often wingless or
worml sole purpose, one may think,
of the larva or caterpillar is to eat. This certainly appears to be true, for the larva will eat so fast
that it has to discard its non-elastic skin four or five times
stage lasts from two weeks to two months.
4
chrysalis. The term pupa denotes this life stage for all insects, whereas chrysalis denotes this
stage specifically for the life cycle of butterflies. 5 (Until / During) this stage, the insect
apparently lies dormant; however, 6 (at the same time / afterward) within its protective
cocoon, much activity is taking place. Its cell structures is breaking down, and the organism is
undergoing its transformation into a butterfly. The chrysalis stage typically takes from one
thing to one month.
7 (Finally / As you finish), the insect transitions from a chrysalis into a butterfly 8 (since /
when)
9
(previously / immediately following), it must spend the first half hour after leaving its cocoon
expanding them. During this stage of the life cycle, reproduction can begin again, 10 (as /
before) adult butterflies mate and lay eggs to produce the next generation; hence, the life cycle
of a new generation begins as well.
as whole is one of the wonders of the creator. Few people truly appreciate the delightful appeal
of caterpillars, but butterflies prove that the inspiring beauty of them has surprising roots. The
life cycle of the butterfly, from egg to larva to chrysalis to adult, provides a vivid example of
the complexity of nature and the remarkable power of metamorphosis.
____________________________________________________________________________
discrete: separate
a metamorphosis: a great change in appearance and in condition
mature: fully grown or developed
to denote: to show; to indicate
a cocoon: a protective covering that insects produce during certain stages of their life cycle
to mate: to copulate for the purpose of producing of offspring
dormant: inactive; sleeping
68
Exercise 6: Read the essay below and fill in the gaps by choosing a suitable sentence from
the box.
A. They think of it as an addictive game in which they compete with the salesperson to save their
own money.
B. Looking for bargains takes time and energy as buyers must compile a good deal of
information about the product.
C. Although prices are sometimes inflexible, buyers should always attempt to bargain with the
seller by using different strategies.
D. For example, if the buyer learns that the seller has offered discounts to other customers in the
past, he or she can request a similar price.
E. Buyers should begin by asking the salesperson whether any sales or discounts will soon be
advertised.
F. However, sometimes simply by waiting two weeks or even two months, the buyer will save a
considerate amount of money.
G. Buyers should also consider the bargaining range of the purchase.
Getting the Best Deal
Bargaining is a difficult process. The buyer wants to purchase a product at its minimal
price; the seller wants to maximize the potential for profit and revenue. The desires of the buyer
and the seller oppose each other, and thus it is in the best interest of buyers to strategize exactly
how they will convince sellers to lower their prices.
(1)___________________________________.
First, buyers should assume that the price tag represents the starting point of
negotiations, not the final word on the matter. Assuming that the price tag indicates the final
price of an item is the single worst mistake that a buyer can make in the bargaining process.
(2)__________________. If customers do not request a special deal, the salesperson probably
will not volunteer to give one of them. Salespeople often work on commission, so it is
frequently to their advantage to hide this information from their customers.
(3)_____________________________. The bargaining range can be described as the distance
agreements
ranging from the advantageous to disadvantageous. Both buyer and seller should determine at
what price their willingness to finish the deal.
Second, buyers must be prepared to walk away from an item when they are bargaining,
even if they really want it. Negotiators need to find out whether the seller has lowered prices in
the past and, if so, by how much. (4) ________________________________. This step in the
bargaining process requires perseverance, but it can pay off financially. Also, it is important
that buyers never let sellers know that they need their products because the seller then has less
of an incentive to lower the price.
69
Finally, buyers must be patient. (5)____________________________. Sometimes
buyers might need to purchase a product at a more expensive price simply because they do not
have the time necessary to shop further
worth spending extra money if he or she needs the item immediately.
(6)__________________________. Under these circumstances, it can be worthwhile to wait.
To conclude, many people enjoy shopping for bargains. (7)_____________________.
Practitioners of the art of bargaining often improve in their subsequent negotiations and earn
more money to bargain with the next time they go shopping.
bargaining: the act of a buyer and a seller arriving at a sales price

a price tag: a small piece of paper with a price written on it.
a negotiation: a discuss between two parties to reach an agreement
to pay off: to result in
a commission: an amount of money earned by a salesperson on a sale
a range: a variation between a low point and a high point
perseverance: continuing to attempt something despite difficulties
an incentive: a reward that causes someone to try harder
70
HOMEWORK
Choose one of the topics below and write a well-developed process essay:
How to succeed in a certain career

How to plan a perfect party
How to learn a new foreign language
PROCESS ESSAY OUTLINE
I.INTRODUCTION
1. Background Information
a. Start with an essay hook to
b. Dive deeper into the background information
2. State your thesis statement

a. Briefly describe the process. State the number of steps, its difficulty, total time of the process.
b. Explain the purpose of describing this process
II. BODY PARAGRAPHS

1. First Paragraph
a. Write the topic sentence: the first step
b. Describe the first step of the process
2. Second Paragraph
a. Use the transition from the first paragraph
b. Write the topic sentence: the second step
c. Describe the second step of the process
3. Third Paragraph
a. Use the transition from the second paragraph
b. Write the topic sentence: the third step
c. Describe the third step of the process
III. CONCLUSION
a. Restate your thesis statement
b. Summarize the description of the object
71
ARGUMENTATIVE ESSAY
(Adapted from National Geographic Learning Great Writing, Great Essays 4 by Keith S. Folse et al.)
In an argumentative essay, your job is to make the reader agree with your opinion about a
controversial topic. You have to (1) state your opinion, (2) give reasons to support your opinion,
and (3) argue against the opposite opinion. Overall, you must convince the audience that your
side of the argument is correct. To convince the audience, your essay must be balanced it must
include your viewpoint and the opposing viewpoint, or counterargument.
Even though you are arguing only one side of an issue, you must think about what the other side
would say about your opinion. After you give the counterargument, you must refute it by
showing that it is wrong. If your essay is balanced, a reader is more likely to agree with you.
Organization
The most common type of argumentative essay has six paragraphs. Like all essays, it begins
with an introduction and ends with a conclusion. In between are the body paragraphs where you
must do three things: support your opinion, present the opposing point of view, and tell why
that viewpoint is wrong.
72
Identifying Topics for Argumentative Essays
What is a great topic for an argumentative essay? Obviously, it should be an issue that you feel
strongly about, know something about, and would like to share your opinion about. What is
your opinion, why do you feel this way? Can you think of some reasons why people might
disagree with you?
When you choose a topic, consider these two questions:
Does the topic have two sides?

How much do you know about the topic?
Look at the list of argumentative topics below. What is your opinion about each topic? Are they
two sides of each topic?
Topics for Argument

Banning cigarettes
Requiring school uniforms
Mandating military service
Lowering the drinking age to 18
Getting rid of zoos
Banning violent video games
Using animals for medical research
Banning cell phones in schools
Exercise 1: Read these eight topics. Put a check mark next to the ones that could be good
topics for argument essays.
_________1. The first time I flew in a plane.

_________2. University education should be free.
_________3. How and why birds fly south for the winter.
_________4. High school teachers need a higher salary.
_________6. Increasing tax on imported food.

_________7. How to become a karate master.
Can you think of two additional topics that would be excellent for an argumentative
essay?
1.
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
2.
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
73
74
Exercise 2: Read the essay above carefully and answer the following questions.
1. The topic of the essay is school uniforms. What is the hook in the first paragraph?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
2. What is the thesis statement?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
3. Paragraphs 2,3, and 4 each give a reason for requiring school uniforms. These reasons
can be found in the topic sentence of each paragraph. What are the reasons?
Paragraph 2: __________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Paragraph 3: __________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Paragraph 4: __________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
4. In Paragraph 4, what supporting information does the writer give to show that uniforms
make students equal?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
5. Which paragraph presents a counterargument-an argument that is contrary to, or the
unterargument?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
6. The writer gives a refutation of the counterargument by showing that it is invalid.
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
7. Write the sentence from the concluding paragraph that restates the thesis.
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
8.
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
75
Writing a Thesis Statement
An argumentative piece of writing must have a debatable thesis or claim. In other words, the
thesis must be something that people could reasonably have differing opinions on. If your
thesis is something that is generally agreed upon or accepted as a fact, then there is no reason to
try to persuade people. Statements of fact or areas of general agreement cannot be
argumentative theses because few people disagree about them:
Penguins live in Antarctica. (a fact. It does not take a specific position)
Penguins should not be kept in zoos because captivity affects their psychological
and physical well-being.
Our country needs to support organic farms better. (too broad)
In order to provide consumers with healthier food options, the government needs
to provide the same kind of subsidies to small, organic farms that it offers to large,
factory farms.
Cheating exists in online courses. (not a debatable thesis. Many people would agree
that cheating exists in online courses)
Because cheating is prevalent in online courses, universities should require

students to take midterms and finals in face-to-face, proctored environments.
Remember! Include a thesis statement in your introduction that is
1. debatable
2. specific
3. clear and concise
Exercise 3: Read the following list of topics for argument essays. For each topic, write a
pro (for) thesis statement and a con (against) thesis statement related to the topic. The
first one has been done for you.
1. Topic: Women in the military

Pro thesis statement: In a society where women are chief executive officers of
companies, leaders of nations, and family breadwinners, there is no reason why they
should not play an active role in the military.
Con thesis statement: Women should not be allowed to fight in the military because
they do not have the strength or endurance required in combat.
76
1. Topic: Using animals in disease research
Pro thesis statement:
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
Con thesis statement:

______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
2.
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
3. Topic: Space exploration

______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
4. Topic: Internet privacy

______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
77
Useful Words and Phrases
To list arguments in the main body: In the first place, First of all, To start with, To begin
with, Firstly, Secondly, Thirdly, Finally, Last but not least
Presenting arguments for: The main/first/most important advantage of ..., One major
advantage of ..., A further advantage ..., One/Another/An additional advantage of ..., One point
of view in favour of ..., It is often suggested/believed/argued that ..., Some/Many people
suggest/feel/argue that ..., Some/Many people are in favor of/are convinced that ...,
Presenting arguments against: One major disadvantage of ..., The main/most important
disadvantage/drawback of ..., One/Another/An additional disadvantage of ..., One
point/argument against ..., Some/Many people are against ...,
To make contrasting points: on the other hand, however, despite/in spite of (the fact), while,
nevertheless, even though, although, it can be argued that, one can argue that, etc.
To introduce conflicting viewpoints: people argue that, opponents of this view maintain that,
there are people who oppose, those who are against these ideas assert that, etc.
To express opinion: I believe, In my opinion, I think, In my view, I strongly believe, etc.
Presenting examples, causes and results: for example/instance, such as, like, in particular,
therefore, for this reason, because, as, since, as a result,
To add more points to the same topic: what is more, furthermore, also, in addition to,
besides, apart from this/that, not to mention the fact that, etc.
To add more points: what is more, also, furthermore, moreover, in addition to, besides, apart
from this, not to mention the fact that, etc.
To conclude: to conclude/sum up, all in all, all things considered, in conclusion, on the whole,
taking everything into account, taking all this into account/consideration, above all, as was
previously stated, etc.
Adding Supporting Information

Adding supporting information is the most important step in developing your argument. You
must investigate your topic thoroughly and find adequate evidence to support your idea and
refute others effectively. In order to convince the reader, you can make use of statistics, facts,
scientific views, analogies, expert opinions, or anecdotes.
In the refutation part, you should consider and explain differing points of view regarding the
topic. Rather than explaining how these differing opinions are wrong, you should note how
opinions that do not align with your thesis might not be well informed or how they might be out
of date.
78
Exercise 4: In this essay, the writer argues about celebrity lifestyles and privacy. Discuss
the Preview Questions with a classmate. Then read and study the example essay and fill in
the missing supporting information in the spaces provided.
Preview Questions
1. Would you like to live the life of a celebrity? What are some of the advantages
2. List a few famous people who have had difficulty dealing with their celebrity
status and lifestyles. Why do you think they had these problems?
Privacy for Celebrities
The year 1997 will always be remembered as the year of celebrity tragedy. It was the year
when Diana, Princess of Wales was killed in a horrific car accident. For weeks, reporters
discussed who was at fault. Yes, her chauffeur was driving at an extremely high speed, but the
car was being chased by the paparazzi. Many people decided that Princess Diana was a victim
of these overly aggressive photographers. Was she? Or was it understood that celebrity status
came with the compromise of little or no privacy? The debate on celebrity privacy continues,
and it seems that almost everyone has an opinion. For many, the concept is simple; privacy
ends when celebrity status is achieved. The stars know this, and they need to stop complaining
about it.
Being followed and harassed should not be a surprise as it is an expected part of being a
celebrity._____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________.
stardom._____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Celebrities are often role models

times. _____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________.
79
Some people say that even the most famous people need their privacy, especially in tragic
situations. However, celebrity status does not come with the option of choosing the best time to
be photographed or followed. Stars knew about the effects of stardom, such as lack of privacy,
before they became famous, so they must take the good with the bad. ___________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________.
Once an actor, singer, or athlete becomes famous, the notion of being a reluctant star does not
make sense. In essence, celebrities give up their privacy the minute they achieve stardom. As
responsible members of society, they need to embrace this part of their celebrity status in the
same way that they embrace fame, fortune, and adoration from their fans.
Counterargument and Refutation
The key technique to persuading the reader that your viewpoint is valid is to support it in every
paragraph. While this is not a problem in the first few paragraphs of your essay the
counterargument goes against your thesis statement. Consequently, every counterargument
that you include in your essay needs a refutation. A refutation is a response to the
counterargument that disproves it.
For example, imagine that you are having an argument with a friend about your topic. She
disagrees with your opinion. What do you think will be her strongest argument against your
point of view? How will you respond to this counterargument? You answer is your refutation.
Look at the following excerpts from two argument essays in this unit. The counterarguments
are in italics and the refutations are underlined.
Essay 1: Opponents of mandatory uniforms say that students who wear school uniforms
cannot express their individuality. This point has some merit on the surface. However,
as stated previously school is a place to learn, not to flaunt wealth and fashion.
Essay 2: Some people say that even the most famous people need their privacy,
especially in tragic situations. However, celebrity status does not come with the option
of choosing the best time to be photographed or followed. Stars knew about the effects
of stardom, for example, lack of privacy, before they became famous, so they must take
the good with the bad.
As you can see, what begins as a counterargument ends up as another reason in support of your
opinion.
80
Exercise 5: Read each counterargument. Then write a one-line refutation. Try to use a
contrasting connection word to begin your refutation.
1. Parents of extremely young beauty pageant contestants believe that these
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
2. A majority of health insurance companies do not provide financial coverage for

preventive wellness activities like nutrition management classes or gym
memberships, stating that they are too costly to manage.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
3. Opponents of the fast-food ban in high schools insist that students should have the
freedom to eat whatever they wish.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
Exercise 6: The following outline, which is designed for an argument essay, is missing
some supporting information. Use your imagination, knowledge of the topic, and
understanding of essay organization to complete this outline.
Topic: Mandatory Physical education in school
I. INTRODUCTION (Paragraph 1)
Thesis statement: Physical education classes should be required for all public
school students in all grades.
II. BODY
A. Paragraph 2 (Pro argument 1) topic sentence: Physical education courses
SUPPORT
1. Researchers have proved that exercise has maximum benefit if done
regularly.
2. _____________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
3. Students should learn the importance of physical fitness at an early age.
81
B. Paragraph 3 (Pro argument 2) topic sentence: Physical education teaches
children transferable life skills.
SUPPORT
1. Kids learn about teamwork while playing team sports.
2. Kids learn about the benefits of healthy competition.
3. _____________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
C. Paragraph 4 (Pro argument 3) topic sentence:________________________

_______________________________________________________________.
SUPPORT
1. Trained physical education teachers can teach more effectively than parents.
2. Physical education teachers can usually point students toward new and
interesting sports.
3. Schools generally have the appropriate facilities and equipment.
D. Paragraph 5 (counterargument and refutation)

SUPPORT
1. Counterargument: Some parents might disagree and claim that only
academic subjects should be taught in school.
2. Refutation:____________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________.
III. CONCLUSION (Paragraph 6) (restated thesis):

___________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
Physical education has often been downplayed as a minor part of daily school life. If
its benefits are taken into account and if schools adopt a 12-year fitness plan, the
positive results will foster a new awareness of not only physical fitness but also
communication skills.
82
HOMEWORK
Write a convincing argumentative essay on the following topic. Follow the steps below to
develop ideas for your essay.
TOPIC: What should happen to students who are caught cheating on an exam?
Why?
1. Specify your thesis:_________________________________________________
2. Remember that the topic must have more than one point of view to qualify as an
argument.
3. Now brainstorm ideas about your topic. Fill out the Pro & Con T-Chart with as
many ideas as you can.
PROs CONs
1. 1.
2. 2.
3. 3.
4. 4.
5. 5.
4. Look at your Pro & Con T-chart again. Choose three reasons from your PRO list
that support your thesis most effectively and circle them. You now know what your
major supporting information will be.
5. Now give attention to opposing points of view. In the box below, choose two
counterarguments from your CON list and write a refutation for each.
Counterargument (from CON list) Refutation (ATTACK - Why is it wrong?)
1.
2.
83
6. Now, try to complete the following outline before you begin writing your essay.
You may use more supporting sentences if you need. And try to use complete
sentences when it is possible.
84

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B LEVEL WRITING PACK

2. ESSENTIALS OF ESSAY WRITING

Exercise 2: Brainstorm about the following topics.

How to Organize a Compare/Contrast Paragraph

Feature 1 - Describe X, describe Y Describe X - Features 1, 2 and 3

Style Describe Ankara, describe Istanbul

Comparison Paragraph- Model 1

1. In which method is this paragraph written, block or point-by-point method?

2. Identify the points of comparison.

3. Underline the signal words that show a comparison in the paragraph.

1. In which method is this paragraph written, block or point-by-point method?

2. Identify the points of comparison.

Topic Sentence Patterns for Comparison Paragraphs

2. The streets in Istanbul are similar to the ones in Athens.

3. There are some striking similarities between the two cities.

6. Not only Tokyoites but also New Yorkers dress fashionably.

7. Both New York and Tokyo have many international restaurants.

8. The two cities have both positive and negative features.

9. Tokyo is a center of fashion, and New York is, too.

13. The streets in Istanbul and Athens are alike.

14. Like Tokyo, New York is an important center of fashion.

15. An LCD TV is like / just like an LCD monitor.

similarly likewise not only ... but also

3. _________ PCs __________ Apple Macs can use Microsoft office.

5. Olive oil works _________________ as some anti-inflammatory drugs.

6. My sister, _________ my cousin, wears glasses.

7. Tokyo is densely populated and noisy __________New York.

1. In which method is this paragraph written, block or point-by-point method?

2. Identify the points of contrast.

3.Write an alternative topic sentence.

4.Write an alternative concluding sentence.

cities' styles are

1. Write an appropriate title for the paragraph.

2. In which method is this paragraph written, block or point-by-point method?

3. Identify the points of contrast.

4. Underline the signal words that show contrast.

Topic Sentence Patterns for Contrast Paragraphs

2. Jennifer Lopez and Rihanna differ in significant ways.

3. Jennifer Lopez is different from Rihanna in a lot of ways.

5. There are a lot of differences between Jennifer Lopez and Rihanna.

6. Jennifer Lopez and Rihanna are unlike in several ways.

Exercise 9: Write topic sentences for possible contrast paragraphs.

1. Heathrow Airport Gaziantep Airport

3. New York Paris

4. iPhone 6 Samsung Galaxy Edge

Contrast Words and Phrases

2. Yet, Laos is actually a more

4. Although/Even though/Though Havana is a city which is popular with tourists, Rio is

5. Flash discs have no moving parts unlike hard drives.

7. Eastern and Western students are dissimilar/different in their expectations of university.

8. Istanbul is completely different from Berlin.

9. There is a big difference between the applicants in terms of experience.

10. In contrast to/Contrary to John, who is a liberal, Bill is a conservative.

even though though unlike not like

3. ____________ cats, dogs are social or group animals.

4. Facilities provided in state universities are _______________________________those

5. A laptop computer is ____________________________________ a desktop computer

6. Istanbul and Berlin are _____________________ in terms of population and location.

7. Microsoft Office costs about £100 _________________________ Open Office which is

10. ________________________ going on holiday to a beach resort offers many opportunities

Compare & Contrast Translation Exercise (Optional)

CONCLUSION A summary sentence of the main topics in the body

Contribution of Genetic Engineering to the Future World

3. _ PCs __ Apple Macs can use Microsoft office.