MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES

THERMAL STRESSES
Prepared by:
ENGR. RANDY G. POLICARPIO
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒:
𝛼 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑦 𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑎𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛, 1 ℃ 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝐶𝑒𝑙𝑐𝑖𝑢𝑠
∆𝑇 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒
Example Problem: : Reference: Mechanics of Materials by Pytel and Kiusalaas

GIVEN:
𝐿 = 2.5 𝑚
𝐴 = 1200 𝑚𝑚2
𝛼 = 11.7𝑥10−6 ℃
𝐸 = 200 𝐺𝑃𝑎
REQUIRED:
𝑎. 𝜎 (𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 − 20℃
𝑖𝑓 𝑟𝑜𝑑 𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 − 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑎𝑡 20℃)
1. 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑠 𝑑𝑜 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑒
2. 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑠 𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑡𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑎 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 ∆= 0.5 𝑚𝑚
Solution:
1. Compatibility Equation
𝛿𝑃 = 𝛿𝑇
Apply Hooke’s Law
𝜎𝐿
𝛿𝑃 =
𝐸
and 𝛿𝑇 = 𝛼 ∆𝑇 𝐿
Substitute:
𝜎𝐿
= 𝛼 ∆𝑇 𝐿
𝐸
𝜎 = 𝛼 ∆𝑇 𝐸
11.7𝑥10−6
𝜎= 40℃ 200,000𝑀𝑃𝑎
℃
𝜎 = 93.60 MPa
2. Compatibility Equation
𝛿𝑇 = 𝛿𝑃 + ∆
Apply Hooke’s Law
𝜎𝐿
𝛿𝑃 =
𝐸
and 𝛿𝑇 = 𝛼 ∆𝑇 𝐿
Substitute:
𝜎𝐿
α ∆𝑇 𝐿 = +∆
𝐸
𝐸
𝜎 = 𝛼 ∆𝑇 𝐸 − ∆
𝐿
11.7𝑥10−6 200,000𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝜎= 40℃ 200,000𝑀𝑃𝑎 − 0.5𝑚𝑚
℃ 2.5 1000 𝑚𝑚

𝜎 = 53.60 MPa
Problem 266: Reference Strength of Materials by Singer and Pytel
Calculate the increase in stress for each segment of the compound bar as shown in the figure if the
temperature increases by 100 ℉. Assume that the supports are unyielding and that the bar is
suitably braced against buckling.
GIVEN:
𝐴𝑎𝑙 = 2.0 𝑖𝑛2
𝐸𝑎𝑙 = 10𝑥106 𝑝𝑠𝑖
𝛼𝑎𝑙 = 12.8𝑥10−6 ℉
𝐿𝑎𝑙 = 10 𝑖𝑛
𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 1.5 𝑖𝑛2
𝐸𝑠𝑡 = 29𝑥106 𝑝𝑠𝑖
𝛼𝑠𝑡 = 6.5𝑥10−6 ℉
𝐿𝑠𝑡 = 15 𝑖𝑛
∆𝑇 = 100℉
REQUIRED:
𝜎𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑚 𝑠𝑒𝑔𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝜎𝑠𝑡 (𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑠𝑒𝑔𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡)
SOLUTION:
𝑅1 𝑅2
1. Apply equilibrium condition:
𝐹𝑥 = 0 𝛿𝑇𝑎𝑙
+

𝑅1 = 𝑅2
𝑃𝑎𝑙 = 𝑃𝑠𝑡 = 𝑃
2. Compatibility equation: 𝛿𝑎𝑙
𝛿𝑎𝑙 + 𝛿𝑠𝑡 = 𝛿𝑇𝑎𝑙 + 𝛿𝑇𝑠𝑡 𝑅1 𝑃𝑎𝑙 = 𝑅1
3. Apply Hooke’s Law
𝑃𝑎𝑙 𝐿𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑠𝑡 𝐿𝑠𝑡
+ = 𝛼𝑎𝑙 ∆𝑇 𝐿𝑎𝑙 + 𝛼𝑠𝑡 ∆𝑇 𝐿𝑠𝑡
𝐴𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝐸𝑠𝑡
Replace 𝑃𝑎𝑙 = 𝑃𝑠𝑡 = 𝑃
𝛿𝑇𝑠𝑡
𝛼𝑎𝑙 ∆𝑇 𝐿𝑎𝑙 + 𝛼𝑠𝑡 ∆𝑇 𝐿𝑠𝑡
𝑃= 𝑃𝑠𝑡 = 𝑅2 𝑅2
𝐿𝑎𝑙 𝐿
+ 𝑠𝑡
𝐴𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝐸𝑠𝑡
𝛿𝑠𝑡
 12.8𝑥10−6 605𝑥10−6
℉
100℉ 10 𝑖𝑛 + ℉
100℉ 15 𝑖𝑛
𝑃= 10 𝑖𝑛 15 𝑖𝑛
𝑙𝑏 + 𝑙𝑏
2 𝑖𝑛2 10𝑥106 2 1.5 𝑖𝑛2 29𝑥106 2
𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑛
𝑃 = 26,691.84 𝑙𝑏
4. Solve for the stress in each segment of the compound bar
𝑃𝑎𝑙 𝑃 26691.84 𝑙𝑏
𝜎𝑎𝑙 = = =
𝐴𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑎𝑙 2 𝑖𝑛2

𝜎𝑎𝑙 = 13,345.92 𝑝𝑠𝑖 = 13.35 𝑘𝑠𝑖

𝑃𝑠𝑡 𝑃 26691.84 𝑙𝑏
𝜎𝑠𝑡 = = =
𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝐴𝑠𝑡 1.5 𝑖𝑛2

𝜎𝑎𝑙 = 17,794.56 𝑝𝑠𝑖 = 17.79 𝑘𝑠𝑖

Problem 271: Reference Strength of Materials by Singer and Pytel
A rigid bar of negligible weight is supported as shown in the figure. If 𝑊 = 80 𝑘𝑁, compute the
temperature change that will cause the stress in the steel rod to be 55 𝑀𝑃𝑎. Assume 𝛼 =
11.7 𝜇𝑚 𝑚 ℃ for steel and 𝛼 = 18.9 𝜇𝑚 𝑚 ℃ for bronze.
GIVEN:
𝐴𝑏𝑟 = 1300 𝑚𝑚2
𝐸𝑏𝑟 = 83 𝐺𝑃𝑎
𝛼𝑏𝑟 = 18.9𝑥10−6 𝑚 𝑚 ℃
𝐿𝑏𝑟 = 3 𝑚
𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 320 𝑚𝑚2
𝐸𝑠𝑡 = 200 𝐺𝑃𝑎
𝛼𝑠𝑡 = 11.7𝑥10−6 𝑚 𝑚 ℃
𝐿𝑠𝑡 = 1.5 𝑚
𝜎𝑠𝑡 = 55 𝑀𝑃𝑎
REQUIRED:
∆𝑇 (𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒)
SOLUTION:
1. Apply equilibrium condition

+ 𝑀𝑝𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡 = 0

80,000𝑁 2.5𝑚 − 𝑃𝑠𝑡 1𝑚 − 𝑃𝑏𝑟 4𝑚 = 0

80,000𝑁 2.5𝑚 − 𝜎𝑠𝑡 𝐴𝑠𝑡 1𝑚 − 𝜎𝑏𝑟 𝐴𝑏𝑟 4𝑚 = 0
hence: 𝜎𝑠𝑡 = 55 𝑀𝑃𝑎
80,000𝑁 2.5𝑚 − 55 𝑁 𝑚𝑚2 320 𝑚𝑚2 1𝑚
𝜎𝑏𝑟 =
1300𝑚𝑚2 4𝑚
𝜎𝑏𝑟 = 35.08 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝑅𝑥 = 0

𝑅𝑦

𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑒 − 𝐵𝑜𝑑𝑦 𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚

 𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙)

𝛿𝑠𝑡
𝛿𝑇𝑠𝑡 𝛿𝑏𝑟
𝑏𝑎𝑟 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑)
𝛿𝑇𝑏𝑟
𝑏𝑎𝑟 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒)

𝑀𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚
2. Compatibility equation
Assume that there is an increase in temperature
using similarity of triangles:
𝛿𝑠𝑡 + 𝛿𝑇𝑠𝑡 𝛿𝑏𝑟 + 𝛿𝑇 𝑏𝑟
=
1 4
4 𝛿𝑠𝑡 + 𝛿𝑇𝑠𝑡 = 𝛿𝑏𝑟 + 𝛿𝑇 𝑏𝑟
𝜎𝑠𝑡 𝐿𝑠𝑡 𝜎𝑏𝑟 𝐿𝑏𝑟
4 + 𝛼𝑠𝑡 ∆𝑇𝐿𝑠𝑡 = + 𝛼𝑏𝑟 ∆𝑇𝐿𝑏𝑟
𝐸𝑠𝑡 𝐸𝑏𝑟
𝜎𝑏𝑟 𝐿𝑏𝑟 𝜎 𝐿𝑠𝑡
𝐸𝑏𝑟
−4( 𝑠𝑡
𝐸
)
𝑠𝑡
∆𝑇 =
4 𝛼𝑠𝑡 𝐿𝑠𝑡 −𝛼𝑏𝑟 𝐿𝑏𝑟
35.08 𝑀𝑃𝑎 3000 𝑚𝑚 4 55 𝑀𝑃𝑎 1500 𝑚𝑚
83000 𝑀𝑃𝑎
− 200000 𝑀𝑃𝑎
∆𝑇 =
4 11.7𝑥10−6 ℃ 1500 𝑚𝑚 − 18.9𝑥10−6 ℃ 3000 𝑚𝑚

∆𝑇 = −28.30 ℃

∆𝑇 = 28.30 ℃ (𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒)