JELORD M.

ACOSTA IV-MB

“Efficacy of Differentiated Instruction on

Photosynthesis and Cell Respiration using google classroom”

We all know that Cellular respiration and photosynthesis are biological processes in
which matter and energy flow through the biosphere. These two processes are
responsible for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between living organisms
and the environment. Photosynthesis converts carbon dioxide and water into oxygen
and glucose. Glucose is used as food by the plant and oxygen is a by-product. Cellular
respiration converts oxygen and glucose into water and carbon dioxide. Water and
carbon dioxide are byproducts and ATP is energy that is transformed from the process

Cellular respiration is a process that occurs in the mitochondria of all organisms. In this
process, both plants and animals break down simple sugars into carbon dioxide and
water and release energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). The ATP is used
for all the processes that occur within a cell that need energy.

And the importance of it is that Cellular respiration and photosynthesis are important
parts of the carbon cycle. The carbon cycle is the pathways through which carbon is
recycled in the biosphere. While cellular respiration releases carbon dioxide into the
environment, photosynthesis pulls carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere.
Photosynthesis makes the glucose that is used in cellular respiration to make ATP. The
glucose is then turned back into carbon dioxide, which is used in photosynthesis. While
water is broken down to form oxygen during photosynthesis, in cellular respiration
oxygen is combined with hydrogen to form water. While photosynthesis requires carbon
dioxide and releases oxygen, cellular respiration requires oxygen and releases carbon
dioxide. It is the released oxygen that is used by us and most other organisms for
cellular respiration. We breathe in that oxygen, which is carried through our blood to all
our cells. In our cells, oxygen allows cellular respiration to proceed. Cellular respiration
works best in the presence of oxygen. Without oxygen, much less ATP would be
produced.
JELORD M. ACOSTA IV-MB

“Fundamental of Gene Editing”

We all know that Genome editing is the technologies enable scientists to make
changes to DNA, leading to changes in physical traits, like eye color, and disease risk.
Scientists use different technologies to do this. These technologies act like scissors,
cutting the DNA at a specific spot. Then scientists can remove, add, or replace the DNA
where it was cut. And according to my research The first genome editing technologies
were developed in the late 1900s. More recently, a new genome editing tool called
CRISPR, invented in 2009, has made it easier than ever to edit DNA. CRISPR is
simpler, faster, cheaper, and more accurate than older genome editing methods. Many
scientists who perform genome editing now use CRISPR

What may be the significance of gene editing so it play an important role in determining
physical traits — how we look —and lots of other stuff about us. They carry information
that makes you who you are and what you look like: curly or straight hair, long or short
legs, even how you might smile or laugh. Genome editing has a great impact on our
society Genome editing is a powerful, scientific technology that can reshape medical
treatments and people's lives, but it can also harmfully reduce human diversity and
increase social inequality by editing out the kinds of people that medical science, and
the society it has shaped, categorize as diseased or genetically 

There is some beneficial aspect when of comes to the fundamental of gene editing
Potential benefits of human genome editing include faster and more accurate diagnosis,
more targeted treatments and prevention of genetic disorders. And it may be used for
our future generation Genome editing is predicted to help plant breeders develop crops
that can withstand the impacts of climate change, reduce agriculture's environmental
impact, support global food security, offer nutritional benefits and ensure that the
planet's expanding human and livestock population has enough to eat
JELORD M. ACOSTA IV-MB

“Immunoassays”

Immunoassays has a definition of a technique or test used to detect the presence or

quantity of a substance (such as a protein) based on its capacity to act as an antigen.
Immunoassay tests work by using antibodies to detect small biological substances in
the blood and other bodily fluids. The method follows the aspect that particular
antigens binds to specific newly introduced antibodies, thereby stimulating an
immune response. This refers to specificity, as antibodies are highly specific to
analytes such as hormones, nucleoproteins, and peptides, among others. Provided
the immunoassay used reagents are pure, detection of analytes becomes successful
through the formation of antigen-antibody complexes. A color change occurs, which
indicates the presence of the analyte in question. The observed color symbolizes the
amount of targeted molecule present in the test solution.

And we all know that Immunoassays have been widely used in many important areas
of pharmaceutical analysis such as diagnosis of diseases, therapeutic drug monitoring,
clinical pharmacokinetic and bioequivalence studies in drug discovery and
pharmaceutical industries. The importance and widespread of immunoassay methods in
pharmaceutical analysis are attributed to their inherent specificity, high-throughput, and
high sensitivity for the analysis of wide range of analytes in biological samples.

The principle behind the Immunoassay test is the use of an antibody that will specifically
bind to the antigen of interest. The antibodies used in the Immunoassay must have a
high affinity for the antigen. The antibodies used in the Immunoassay can either be
monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies.

By the use of Immunoassays are biochemical tests used to detect the presence or
concentration of a specific chemical, such as a toxin or hormone, in a solution using
antibody-antigen reactions.
JELORD M. ACOSTA IV-MB

“Is there gold in Golden rice?

Addressing a deficiency through biofortification”

So a brief background of what is being meant by this webinars is that Golden Rice is a
variety of rice produced through genetic engineering to biosynthesize beta-carotene, a
precursor of vitamin A, in the edible parts of rice. It is intended to produce a fortified
food to be grown and consumed in areas with a shortage of dietary vitamin A. Although
golden rice has met significant opposition from environmental and anti-
globalisation activists, more than 100 Nobel laureates in 2016 encouraged use of
genetically modified golden rice which can produce up to 23 times as much beta-
carotene as the original golden rice.

The research that led to Golden Rice was conducted with the goal of helping children
who suffer from vitamin A deficiency (VAD). Estimates show that around 1.02 billion
people are severely affected by micronutrient deficiencies globally, with vitamin A to be
the most deficient nutrient in the body.In 2012, the World Health Organization reported
that about 250 million preschool children are affected by VAD, and that providing those
children with vitamin A could prevent about a third of all under-five deaths, which
amounts to up to 2.7 million children that could be saved from dying unnecessarily.The
World Health Organization has classified vitamin A deficiency as a public health
problem affecting about one third of children aged 6 to 59 months in 2013, with the
highest rates in sub-Saharan Africa (48 per cent) and South Asia (44 per cent).

Golden rice is a good example for biofortification. Why? it is because Golden Rice is a
good example of a biofortified crop. In this specific case biofortification was obtained by
genetic modification of the rice plant to produce and accumulate provitamin A (β-
carotene) in the grain, something that doesn't happen in naturally occurring rice plants.

And also Golden Rice may be as useful as a source of preformed vitamin A from
vitamin A capsules, eggs or milk to overcome VAD in rice-consuming populations'
because golden rice contain Golden Rice is a bioengineered crop with yellow-colored
endosperm that contains β-carotene (provitamin A)
JELORD M. ACOSTA IV-MB

“Multi-faceted complexity of COVID-19 Dynamics”

COVID-19 has severely impacted the society not only in terms of health but also in
terms of economic survival of individuals. Unless adequate support is provided, the
pandemic will have long-lasting effects, especially on the lives of the most vulnerable,
often working in the informal sector. In this article, we present a case study drawing on
systems thinking and complexity theory, outlining how the city of Mumbai has
responded to COVID-19.

Many people suffer from covid19 . one of this is the workers who has a responsibility to
fed for their families. The economic and social disruption caused by the pandemic is
devastating: tens of millions of people are at risk of falling into extreme poverty, while
the number of undernourished people, currently estimated at nearly 690 million, could
increase by up to 132 million by the end of the year

Corona virus also affect our health by means of as the coronavirus pandemic rapidly
sweeps across the world, it is inducing a considerable degree of fear, worry and
concern in the population at large and among certain groups in particular, such as older
adults, care providers and people with underlying health conditions.

Brief background of how COVID19 may be transmitted COVID-19 transmits when

people breathe in air contaminated by droplets and small airborne particles containing
the virus. The risk of breathing these in is highest when people are in close proximity,
but they can be inhaled over longer distances, particularly indoors. Transmission can
also occur if splashed or sprayed with contaminated fluids in the eyes, nose or mouth,
and, rarely, via contaminated surfaces

Now that we are facing alert level 1 and it feels like it will be normal again. There are a
lot of learnings that we cope up for the last 2 years. It’s hard to think that many people
took their lives in covid19 so be grateful if you are still alive doing what you want.
JELORD M. ACOSTA IV-MB

“Revealing the presence of potentially

zoonotic viruses from the Philippine bat”
An increasingly asked question is 'can we confidently link bats with emerging viruses?'.
No, or not yet, is the qualified answer based on the evidence available. Although more
than 200 viruses - some of them deadly zoonotic viruses - have been isolated from or
otherwise detected in bats, the supposed connections between bats, bat viruses and
human diseases have been raised more on speculation than on evidence supporting
their direct or indirect roles in the epidemiology of diseases (except for rabies).
However, we are convinced that the evidence points in that direction and that at some
point it will be proved that bats are competent hosts for at least a few zoonotic viruses.
In this review, we cover aspects of bat biology, ecology and evolution that might be
relevant in medical investigations and we provide a historical synthesis of some disease
outbreaks causally linked to bats. We provide evolutionary-based hypotheses to
tentatively explain the viral transmission route through mammalian intermediate hosts
and to explain the geographic concentration of most outbreaks, but both are no more
than speculations that still require formal assessment.

Although many bat viruses have been associated with human, livestock and wild animal
diseases, the sudden appearance of newly recognized viruses causing dreadful
diseases has been surprising, sometimes shocking to the scientific and medical
communities. Humans have responded to these diseases in rapid and often unprepared
and disorganized ways. In part, this has occurred because bat biologists have been in
denial regarding their favorite mammals due to the fear of further damage to the illogical
and false reputation of bats as vampires and as carriers of rabies virus. This has been a
disservice to both our understanding of the biology of bats and to the various medical
and research communities and their patrons. False images of bats engendered by
entertaining, but preposterous motion pictures

The primary zoonotic diseases associated with North American bats are rabies,
histoplasmosis, salmonellosis, yersiniosis and external parasites.
JELORD M. ACOSTA IV-MB

“Virus Host Cell Interaction”

Virus host cell interaction is focusing on Virus–host interactions are exemplifying by lytic
virus multiplication: One or more virions infect a host cell, which is then converted into a
factory for the synthesis of new viruses. Virions accumulate in the cell, which eventually
disintegrates and scatters its contents.

One of the first interactions of a virus with its host cell is during the entry process, which
is generally facilitated by the interaction of a virus surface protein with a cellular
receptor, and sometimes by additional interactions with cellular attachment factors, in
order to facilitate virus up take The topic of virus–host cell interactions spans all of
virology and provides some of the most important insights into this field. Since viruses
are intracellular parasites, they rely on their host cells for the energy, macromolecular
synthesis machinery and the work benches for genome replication and particle
assembly. A virus attaches to a specific receptor site on the host cell membrane through
attachment proteins in the capsid or via glycoproteins embedded in the viral envelope.
The specificity of this interaction determines the host—and the cells within the host—
that can be infected by a particular virus.

A host cell is a cell that harbors foreign molecules, viruses, or microorganisms. It may

also be a cell that has been introduced with DNA, such as a bacterial cell acting as a
host cell for the DNA isolated from a bacteriophage Viruses are not made out of cells,
they can't keep themselves in a stable state, they don't grow, and they can't make their
own energy. Even though they definitely replicate and adapt to their environment,
viruses are more like androids than real living organisms.

And the importance of Virus-host interactions is that it evolved to enable viruses to

resist or avoid host antiviral responses. Viral infection usually produces pathogen-
associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) during viral replication that are easily
recognized by immune cells.