Professional Documents
Culture Documents
DFD
DFD
Contents
2. LEARNING UNIT 1
Developing Data Flow Diagrams(DFD)
a) What are DFDs?
b) Symbols used in DFD
c) Rules of data flow
d) Good style in drawing DFD
3. LEARNING UNIT 2
Describing systems with DFD & Levelling DFDs
4. LEARNING UNIT 3
Logical & Physical DFDs
5. References
DATA FLOW DIAGRAMS
MOTIVATION
LEARNING GOALS
At the end of this module you will know
DFDs models the system by depicting external entities from which the data
flows and where results terminate, processes which transform data flows,
data stores from which the data are read or into which data are written by the
processes.
PROCESS
Stores demand
note 1.
STORES
Issue Advice
Delivery slip
Invoice
Order
VENDOR Customer
Bill
DATA STORES
Use meaningful names for data flows, processes and data stores.
Use top down development starting from context diagram and
successively levelling DFD
Only previously stored data can be read
A process can only transfer input to output.It cannot create new data
Data stores cannot create new data
LEARNING UNIT 2
Extras Note
Students Vendors
Requisitions
Payments
Payments Supplies
Mess
Bills Manage Mess
ment Daily rate Secretary
Menu
Perishable
Items Item needed
Each day Overdue Bills
Mess manager Overdue Chief warden
Payments
LEVELLING DFD
If a DFD is too detailed it will have too many data flows and will be large
and difficult to understand. Therefore start from a broad overview. Expand
the details - Idea similar to using procedures and linking these with a main
program. Each DFD must deal with one aspect of a big system
1
Itemized bills at end Items used each day
Billing
of month
Extras/Rebates
Student billing
Expenses Information + bills
Items to be issued
2 (today +2) Mess
Vendor supplies Manager
Stores issue
Vendors and
Order non- Control Items used
perishable system today
Menu
(today +2)
Vendor data
Stores
inventory Order data
Mess
Secretary
Perishable order
3
Perishable Vegetables and perishable
ordering requisition
Orders
(perishable) Vendor data
(perishable)
LEVELLING RULES
If process p is expanded, the process at the next level are labeled as p.1,p.2
etc.
All data flow entering or leaving p must also enter or leave its expanded
version.
Compare
Get students
extra/rebates Calculate
record Bill
Ask for next record
Extra/rebate store
LEVELLING EXAMPLES
Ext B
Ext A 1 2 4
F1 F4
3
Process 1 Process 2
F1
1.3
LEARNING UNIT 3
F4
Cash
Token
Clerk Cashier
Verify A/C Verify Token
Signature Take
Update Signature
Balance
Cheque
Customer Cheque with
Token number
Token
Customer
Accounts
Token Slip
Cheque store
Or cheque
With token no.
Cheque Customer
accounts
Search Update
Customer & match Daily
token cash
Cheque with book
token
Token Slip
Day book
Cash
REFERENCES