KTR Ud

SRM Institute of Science & Technology
(Deemed to be university u/s 3 of UGC Act, 1956)

School of Architecture & Interior Design
STUDY MATERIAL
B. Arch.
2019 - 2020
(EVEN SEMESTER)
16AR406 – URBAN DESIGN AND RENEWAL

4TH YEAR – 8TH SEMESTER
2016 REGULATIONS
Compiled by: Prof. DR. Neha Bansal

Professor
SAID SRM
16AR 406 URBAN DESIGN AND RENEWAL
OBJECTIVES:
 Students will understand the fundamental concepts and theories of urban design and apply them in their
design projects.
UNIT- 1 INTRODUCTION 5
Emergence of urban design as a discipline, need for urban design, Elements of urban design (buildings, streets,
public spaces, transports, other elements etc. Principles of urban design-creating form and spatial definition in
articulation of urban design expression.
UNIT- 2 STUDY AND ANALYSIS OF URBAN SPACES IN HISTORY AND MODERN CONCEPTS IN URBAN
DESIGN 15
A brief study and analysis of urban spaces in history-in the west(Greek, Roman, Medieval and Renaissance
towns)and the east(in India-Vedic towns, temple towns, medieval and Islamic towns). Modern concepts in urban
design. Study of Urban design theories of Gordon Cullen and Kevin Lynch. Relevance of historic concepts of
urban design in the present context-Critical analysis of Indian cities & understanding the urban design projects of
Singapore, China & United States.
UNIT- 3 BASIC PRINCIPLES & TECHNIQUES IN URBAN DESIGN 10

Components in urban design composition. Urban scale, mass and space, definition of urban fabric, visual surveys
and their influence for urban design, various methods of conducting a visual survey. Definition and purpose of
open spaces and their hierarchy in urban design-hierarchy of utility spaces for residential, commercial,
recreational and industrial use. Special focus on streets-Expressive quality of built forms, spaces in public
domain.
UNIT- 4 RENEWAL, RE-DEVELOPEMENT AND FORMULATING URBAN DESIGN 10

Definition and need for urban renewal and re-development, scope for urban renewal in India challenges and
implementation methods of urban renewal for Indian historic towns and cities, impact of public participation.
Analysis and formulation of urban design guidelines for new developments. National and international case
studies for urban renewal.
UNIT- 5 URBAN DESIGN SURVEY AND PRESENTATION 20

Conducting an urban design survey of Conservation of historic cities, open-spaces, development of market
spaces, transit oriented developments, water front development in India. Analysis of data. Formulating urban
design guidelines for an area-practical problem solving, understanding various presentation techniques for urban
design presentations.
TOTAL: 60 Hours
OUTCOME:
Students will understand the terminologies, elements, principles & concepts & components of urban design
techniques. It helps us to understand the evolution of urban development from past to present through various
examples.
REFERENCES:
1. The Concise townscape- Gordon Cullen,The Architectural press
2. Image of the city - Kevin Lynch
3. Architecture of town and cities - Paul D. Speriregon, The MIT press
4. Urban design – Ornament and decoration , Cliff Moughtin, Bath Press
5. Urban design – street and square, Cliff Moughtin, Bath Press
6. Town and square - Paul Zucker
7. The urban pattern - Arthur B Gallion, CBS publishers
8. Architecture and the urban experience - Raymond J Curran. Van Nostrand Reinhold Company
9. Indian city in the arid West - Kulbashan Jain , Aadi Centre
10. Indian mega city and economic reforms - A.K.Jain, Management publishing Company
SRM Institute of Science &Technology
16AR406
URBAN DESIGN & RENEWAL
16AR406 – URBAN DESIGN & RENEWAL – PRESENTED BY : DR. NEHA BANSAL 1
UNIT 1
INTRODUCTION
Emergence of urban design as a discipline, need for urban design

Elements of urban design(buildings, streets, public spaces, transports, other elements etc.)
Principles of urban design creating form and spatial definition in articulation of urban design expression
2
The art of creating and shaping cities and towns
Urban design involves the arrangement and design of buildings, public spaces, transport
systems, services, and amenities
amenities.. Urban design is the process of giving form, shape, and
character to groups of buildings, to whole neighborhoods, and the city.
Urban design is about makingg

connections between people and
places, movement and urban form,
nature and the built fabric. Urban design
draws together the many strands of
place-making, environmental
stewardship, social equity and economic
viability into the creation of places with
distinct
stinct beauty and identity.
3
4
Urban renewal is a program of land redevelopment often used to address urban decay in
cities. Urban renewal is the clearing out of blighted areas in inner cities to clear out slums
and create opportunities for higher class housing, businesses, and more.
Modern attempts at renewal began in the late 19th century in developed nations,
nations and
experienced an intense phase in the late 1940s under the rubric of reconstruction.
reconstruction The
process has had a major impact on many urban landscapes and has played an important
role in the history and demographics of cities around the world.
THE RENEWAL OF SEOUL CITY – BEFORE & AFTER
5
URBAN DEVELOPMENT
URBANISATION
URBAN DEVELOPMENT & RENEWAL
6
Emergence Of Urban Design As A Discipline
Urban design is about making connections between people and places,
places,
movement and urban form, nature and the built fabric. Urban design
draws together the many strands of place-making,
place making, environmental
stewardship, social equity and economic viability into the creation of
places with distinct beauty and identity
identity.. Urban design
design draws these and
other strands together, creating a vision for an area and then deploying
the resources and skills needed to bring the vision to life.
Urban design theory deals primarily with the design and management
of public space (i.e. the 'public en
environment',
vironment', 'public realm' or 'public
domain'), and the way public places are used and experienced.
Public space includes the totality of spaces used freely on a day

day-to-day
day
basis by the general public, such as streets, plazas, parks and public
infrastructure.
Some aspects of privately owned spaces, such as building facades or

domestic gardens, also contribute to public space and are therefore
also considered by urban design theory.
7
Important
ant writers on urban design theory include
• Christopher Alexander,
• Peter Calthorpe,
• Gordon Cullen,
• Andres Duany,
• Jane Jacobs,
• Mitchell Joachim,
• Jan Gehl,
• Allan B. Jacobs,
• Kevin Lynch,
• Aldo Rossi,
• Colin Rowe,
• Robert Venturi,
• William H. Whyte,
• Camillo Sitte,
• Bill Hillier (Space syntax) and
• Elizabeth Plater-Zyberk
Zyberk
8
What Is Urban Planning?
NEED FOR URBAN DESIGN
Urban planning is a new discipline whose need has
been arisen due to the rising health issues because
of overpopulation, poor sanitation, and pollution.
pollution HELPS THE CITIES TO GROW
The way the cities were designed earlier, it had
become tough for citizens to reside, walk or use
public transport. For the first time in the year 2010, IMPROVES QUALITY OF LIFE
over 50% of the world’s population was living in
cities. At that time, the UUnited
nited Nations predicted PREDICT DISASTERS
that by 2015, there will be 358 cities in the world
having more than 1 million population and 27
megacities with more than 10 million people. Much POSITIVE IMPACT ON ECONOMY
of this will be seen in developing countries. That’s
why the need for urban planning came into the SAFE AND HEALTHY LIFESTYLE FOR EVERYONE
picture. With this, let’s understand why urban
planning has become crucial in today’s world DEVELOP THE NATION
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PUBLIC PARTICIPATION
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Need for Urban Design
It is a means to bring about a difference; Planning helps make the most out of municipal budgets by
informing infrastructure and services investments, balancing demands for growth with the need to protect
the environment. It distributes economic development within a given territory to reach social objectives
and creates a framework for collaboration between local governments, the private sector and the public
at large
• A framework for growth

• A planned city is a well prepared city
• Planning improves impact
• An appropriate Urban form is very important
• Urban planning positively impacts urban economy
• A collectively held plan allows cities to build lasting relationships
• A broader territorial perspective helps cities attain economies of scale
• Continuity generates credibility
• Anticipating is more cost effective than reacting to problems
• A framework gives consistency to messages
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Planned cities in INDIA
The green city of Chandigarh is India’s one of
the early planned cities post independence
and governed directly by the Union
Government. The master plan of the city known
for its architecture and urban design, regarded
as perfect cities of the world to live in.
CHANDIGARH
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Navi Mumbai is a new urban township of Mumbai
city, which includes the area from Kharghar to
Uran. The city is home to various educational
institutions,restaurants and luxury hotels, malls,IT
companies and will have own international airport
NAVI MUMBAI
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Noida is one of the systematically planned Indian
city and has the highest per capita income in NCR
region. The city is also considered to be India’s one
of greenest city and ranked best city to live in Uttar
Pradesh and the best city in Housing in all of India
NOIDA
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Gandhinagar city is a well planned city like
Chandigarh,lies on the west bank of the Sabarmati
River. The new capital city was planned by
Mewada and Apte and was developed in four
distinct phases.
GANDHINAGAR
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Elements of urban design
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16AR406
16AR406 – URBAN DESIGN & RENEWAL – PRESENTED BY : N.PRAVEEN , M.Arch 1
UNIT 2
URBAN SPACES IN HISTORY AND MODERN CONCEPTS IN URBAN DESIGN
A brief study and analysis of urban spaces in history-in

history
the west(Greek, Roman, Medieval and Renaissance towns)and
The east (in India
India-Vedic
Vedic towns, temple towns, medieval and Islamic towns).
Modern concepts in urban design.
Study of Urban design theories of Gordon Cullen and Kevin Lynch
Relevance of historic concepts of urban design in the present context
context-Critical analysis
sis of Indian cities
Understanding the urban design projects of Singapore, China & United States.
2
A BRIEF STUDY AND ANALYSIS OF URBAN SPACES IN HISTORY
PRE-CLASSICAL & CLASSICAL
Urban planning, a technical and political process
concerned with the use of land and design of the urban
Fixed Plans - Though Many Tended To
environment, including air, water, and the infrastructure
Develop Organically.
passing into and out of urban areas such as transportation
and distribution networks.
The streets of many of these early cities
were paved and laid out at right angles in
The history of urban planning runs parallel to the history of
a grid pattern, with a hierarchy of streets
the city, as planning is in evidence at some of the earliest
from major boulevards to residential alleys.
known urban sites.
3
THE WEST (GREEK TOWNS)
GREECE
4
THE WEST (GREEK TOWNS) GRECO-ROMAN EMPIRES
• Traditionally, the Greek philosopher Hippodamus (5th century BC) is cultural history between the 8th
regarded as the first town planner and ‘inventor’ of the orthogonal century BC and the 6th century
urban layout. AD centered on the
• Aristotle called him "the father of city planning", Mediterranean Sea, comprising
• The Hippodamian plan that was called after him, is an orthogonal the interlocking civilizations of
urban layout with more or less square street blocks. ancient Greece and
• Rational town planning, with straight streets intersecting to form ancient Rome known as
quadrilateral city blocks the Greco-Roman
Roman world
The Greeks were the first to use

solar architecture They oriented
their houses to make use of the
sun during winter, while
obscuring its rays during
summer and entire cities were
built this way as early as 400 BC.
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6
7
8
9
10
THE WEST (GREEK, ROMAN, MEDIEVAL AND RENAISSANCE TOWNS)
ROME
11
THE WEST (ROMAN TOWNS)
The Romans used a consolidated scheme for city planning,

developed for civil convenience. The basic plan consisted of a
central forum with city services, surrounded by a compact,
rectilinear grid of streets
streets.. Hundreds of towns and cities were built by
the Romans throughout their empire.
12
THE WEST (ROMAN TOWNS)
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THE WEST (GREEK, ROMAN, MEDIEVAL AND RENAISSANCE TOWNS)
MEDIEVAL
14
THE WEST (MEDIEVAL TOWNS)
PLANNING
The time span between fall of the Roman empire
till the start of renaissance is termed as DARK 1. Early medieval town was dominated by church or
AGES as no great construction or development monastry & castle of lords.
was carried out during this period. 2. For protective measures, towns were sited in
Economy was rooted in agriculture and the irregular terrain, occupying hill tops or islands. Towns
feudal system was the new order. assumed informal & irregular character.
Merchants & craftsmen formed guilds to 3. Church plaza became a market place.
strengthen their social & economic position. 4.Roads generally radiated from church plaza&
Wars among the rival feudal lords were frequent market plaza to gates with secondary lateral
roadways connecting them.
CITIES IN TWELTH & THERTINTH CENTURY
5. Castle was surrounded by wall & moat as a
protective elements.
The city of middle ages grew within the confines
6. Streets were used for pedestrian while wheels were
of the walls. While the population was small,
restricted to main roads.
there was space in the town, but when it
increased the buildings were packed more
Irregular pattern in planning was devised to confuse
closely and the open spaces filled. Result was
enemies; as enemies unfamiliar with town.
intolerable congestion, lack of hygiene and
Open spaces, streets, plazas developed as an
pestilence.
integral part of site.
15
THE WEST (RENAISSANCE TOWNS)
Factors shaping renaissance cities:
1. Modernization of warfare and the rise
of the nation-state.
nation
2. Colonial exploration, exploitation, and
expanding networks of trade.
trade
3. Dangers of rapid urbanization.
urbanization
4. Political and geographical divisions
within Christianity.
16
THE WEST (RENAISSANCE TOWNS)
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THE EAST (IN INDIA-VEDIC
VEDIC TOWNS).
CHANAKYAS
ARTHASHASTHRA
Vedic approach considers the orientation, symmetry,

proportions and the system of doors and windows,
helping in the harmonization of energy fields in a
given architectural space
space,, to be in consonance with
wi
the minds, material and bodies of dwellers.
18
UNIT- 2 STUDY AND ANALYSIS OF URBAN SPACES IN
HISTORY AND MODERN CONCEPTS IN URBAN DESIGN
HISTORIC REVIEW AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE DISCIPLINE AND

PRINCIPLES
16AR406 – URBAN DESIGN & RENEWAL – PRESENTED BY :N.PRAVEEN , M.ARCH

THE FIRST CITY
•Cities began to emerge in Mesopotamia (modern Iraq) around 4500 years ago. Ur, the capital
of ancient Sumeria, was the world’s first city. It supported a complex and sophisticated
society.
THE FIRST CITY
THE FIRST CITY
THE FIRST CITY
THE FIRST CITY
•Mohen ja daro and Harappa also dating to 4500 BC and during their peak were accomadating
45000 people within the city in 2500 BC
• The streets which divided the city into neat rectangular
or square blocks, varied in width but always intersected
each other at right angles.
•The city had an elaborate drainage system consisting of
horizontal and vertical drains, street drains and so on.
• The architecture of the buildings was clearly intended
to be functional and minimalist, and certainly not to
please the aesthete.
THE FIRST CITY
THE FIRST CITY
THE FIRST CITY
THE CLASSICAL ERA
THE ATHENS AND ROME
•The ancient ‘ideal city’ –
typified by Athens in the 5th
century BC and imperial Rome
(c100 BC – c400 AD) – was not
planned.
•Athens grew from its focal
point, the acropolis, which
became the ceremonial centre
of the city-state, decked with
temples including the
Parthenon.
•These temples, and other civic
buildings of the ancient Greek
world, defined the architectural
style known as ‘classical’.
•Below the acropolis was the
agora or central market and
community space for the
citizens of Athens.
THE FIRST CITY
THE ATHENS AND ROME
THE ATHENS AND ROME
THE ATHENS AND ROME
•Ancient Rome grew from a settlement founded around 700 BC on seven hills near the Tiber
river.
•Its Capitol had a similar function to the Athenian acropolis. And its forums, with temples,
baths, basilicas and colonnades were places for business and recreation.
•Many of these buildings were in the classical style copied from Greece.
•Unlike Rome itself, many cities and towns of the Roman Empire were planned, but mainly as
military camps.
•They featured a grid with a forum at the center with baths, basilicas, amphitheatres and
markets.
THE ATHENS AND ROME
HIPPODAMUS OF MILETUS - 498 BC TO 408 BC
•Hippodamus lived in the fifth century B.C.
•Aristotle’s important work, Politics.
•In Greek, “politics” literally means “things concerning the
polis” or “city-state,” not just the workings of government.
•Introduced order and regularity in planning Cities.
•Ideal city may have ten-thousand governing citizens
divided into artisans, farmers, and soldiers. Overall
population including the correspondent women, children
and slaves would reach 50,000 people.
POLITICS – The activities
• Land divided into three parts: public, private, and sacred. concerned with governing a
• Hippodamus designed ancient MILETUS AND country or an area (OXFORD
PIRAEUS two port cities around rectangular grids – English dictionary)
streets intersecting at right angles.
• He studied the functional problems of cities and linked
them to the state administration system.
•He arranged the buildings and the streets of Miletus
around 450 BC such that the winds from the mountains and
the sea close to Miletus could flow optimal through the city
and provide a cooling during the hot summer
HIPPODAMUS OF MILETUS
HIPPODAMUS OF MILETUS
VITRUVIUS – 80 BC TO 15 BC
The different factors to be considered for a city
design and planning according to Vitruvius are
•THE SITE OF A CITY

•THE CITY WALLS
•THE DIRECTIONS OF THE STREETS
WITH REMARKS ON THE WINDS
•THE SITES FOR PUBLIC BUILDINGS
•COLONNADES AND WALKS
•THE PALAESTRA FOR ATHLETES
HISTORIC DEVELOPMENT IN MEDIVAL PERIOD
•Professional planning as it is
known today, in which experts
design the city on paper and in
models, to build and deliver it later
complete to the clients, has its
historical origins in the Renaissance.
• Planning and planners did exist in
some earlier periods, as evidenced
by a number of Greek and Roman
cities,
• but with the exception of a small
group of planned late-medieval
colonial cities
• the cities that grew up in the period PRESENT
DAY
from around AD 500 to AD 1500 GOOGLE
were not planned in the true sense. IMAGE OF
•They developed where there was a MARTINA
FRANCA
need for them, shaped by the
ITALY
residents of the city in a direct city-
building process.
MARTINA FRANCA ITALY
•It is important to note that
the medieval cities did not
develop based on plans but
rather evolved through a
process that often took many
hundreds of years.
•Because this slow process
permitted continual
adjustment and adaptation of
the physical environment to
the city functions.
•The city was not a goal in
itself, but a tool formed by
use.
•The result of this process,
which was based on a PRESENT DAY
multitude of collected GOOGLE
experiences, was urban IMAGE OF
ROTHENBURG
spaces that even today offer OB DER
extremely good conditions TAUBER IN
for life between buildings. GERMANY
ROTHENBURG OB DER TAUBER IN GERMANY
• These cities and city spaces have built-in PRESENT
DAY
qualities GOOGLE
•The streets and squares arranged with concern IMAGE OF
for people moving about and staying outdoors. SIENA ,
ITALY
•Piazza del Campo in Siena. With its enclosed
spatial design, its orientation with regard to
sun and climate, its bowl-formed section, and
its meticulously placed fountains and bollards,
it is ideally arranged to function as a meeting
place and public living room for its citizens,
both then and now.
PIAzzA DEL CAMPO, SIENA , ITALY
•In cities throughout Europe, medieval urban
spaces are exceptionally well suited to urban
outdoor activities by virtue of their spatial
qualities and ample dimensioning.
•Urban spaces from later periods are much less
successful in this respect, generally tending to be
too large, too wide, and too straight.
•The differences between the spontaneously
derived and the planned areas are evident.
•The intimate knowledge of human scale that
characterizes medieval cities cannot be found in
the newer, professionally planned urban areas.
HISTORIC DEVELOPMENT IN RENAISSANCE PERIOD
•Since the Middle Ages the basis for city
planning has been changed radically, twice.
•The first radical change took place during
the Renaissance and has direct relation to the
transition from freely evolved to planned
cities.
•A special group of professional planners
assumed the work of building cities and
developed theories and ideas about how
cities ought to be.
•The city was no longer merely a tool but
became to a greater degree a work of art,
conceived, perceived, and executed as a
whole.
•No longer were the areas between buildings
and the functions to be contained in them the
major points of interest, but rather the spatial
PRESENT DAY GOOGLE
effects, the buildings, and the artists who had IMAGE OF PALMANOVA
shaped them took precedence. ITALY
PALMANOVA ITALY
PALMANOVA ITALY
PALMANOVA ITALY
PALMANOVA ITALY
PALMANOVA ITALY
PALMANOVA ITALY
•In this period it was primarily the
appearance of the city and its buildings -
the visual aspects - that were developed
and transformed into criteria for good
architecture and urban design.
•Concurrently, certain functional aspects
were examined, in particular the
problems involved with defense,
transportation, and formalized social
functions such as parades and
processions.
•The most important development in the
basis for planning, however, concerned
the visual expression of cities and
buildings.
THE IDEAL CITY BY UNKNOWN ARTIST SECOND PART OF THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY
•In the Renaissance (15th century), rulers of city-states aimed to
achieve grand effects, with bold geometry and large public areas.
•Rome had fallen into decay, and the Church needed to restore
the faith of the people in its mission.
•From the 1470s, several popes began to remodel Rome. They
aimed to glorify the Church and the papacy, and enable pilgrims to
move more easily within the city. They adopted straight axial
streets terminating in vistas marked by columns, obelisks,
fountains, and views of grand buildings.
•The most ambitious pope was Sixtus V (1585–90). His plan was
to cover Rome with a network of straight streets and mark their
intersections by obelisks. His legacy to Rome is a classic example
of Baroque planning.
•The architect Leon Battista Alberti (1404–72) redesigned Rome’s
water supply. By 1600 it was the best of any city in Europe. The
Baroque remodelling of Rome culminated in the colonnade for St
Peter’s Basilica by Giovanni Lorenzo Bernini (1598–1680).
•Among the countless artists and architects who served the papal
court, Bramante, Michelangelo, Raphael and Domenico Fontana
were the chief creators of Rome as it is today.
•The architect Giorgio Vasari (1511–74) remodelled Central Florence. He created a
dramatic vista towards the Uffizi Palace, and placed statues at the end of axial streets.
UFFIzI PALACE, FLORENCE
FLORENCE CATHEDRAL
•VERSAILLES is widely regarded as
the ultimate manifestation of royal power
and authority.
•The size and the axis and cross axes
organization of the palace and gardens were
meant to show off the power of Louis the
XIV. The main axis is designed to give the
illusion that it extends to eternity.
•Also, the gardens have many pieces of
sculpture depicting Apollo the sun King
who Lois associated himself with.
•The palace and the gardens are both
seminal examples of Baroque design which
includes features such as parterres,
buildings on axes, focal points within
gardens and integration with the
surrounding landscape.
•Versailles consists of a central axis with a
series of cross axes which creates the
framework for the layout of the highly
organized palace and garden
FLORENCE CATHEDRAL
FLORENCE CATHEDRAL
FLORENCE CATHEDRAL
•The palace creates one of the cross axes off of
the central axis. The other cross axes created the
framework for geometric designs within the
landscape most of which had a focal point or
central feature.
•The central east-west axis consisted of gravel,
grass and water as it reached up into the horizon.
•The axis was meant to appear to extend into the
landscape for eternity. The axis transitions
through materials, levels and dimensions.
FLORENCE CATHEDRAL
•Baroque Rome inspired John Evelyn and Christopher Wren in their plans for a new urban
form for London after the Great Fire in 1666.
•A combination of Renaissance planning
and large-scale French garden design,
the plan's central streets connect public
squares and landmarks, while a narrower
street grid fills the residual space.
•Wren's design, inspired by the Gardens
of Versailles, imagined a well-ordered
London with vistas and wide, straight
streets.
•His grand plan was not implemented
largely because rebuilding was financed
by private enterprise and the desire was
to rebuild quickly.
•Without heavy government involvement
to carve new roads across existing
building plots and ancient routes, the
possibility of organizing building on such
an enormous scale proved to be
unfeasible.
•Much of the ancient layout of the City
remained, but rebuilt in brick and stone.
LONDON, ENGLAND
LONDON, ENGLAND
LONDON, ENGLAND
•Baron Haussmann reordered Paris
between 1853 and 1869, he also looked back
to Versailles for inspiration.
•By 1870, Paris was the ‘wonder
wonder of the
world’. Haussmann drove a network of
boulevards through the city, straightened
other roads, created public squares, vistas
and sites for important public buildings,, and
also made the Bois de Boulogne and Bois de
Vincennes into public parks.
•Cholera Took 45000 lives
•A new water supply a gigantic system of
sewers
•New bridges
•The opera, and other public buildings
•the inclusion of outlying districts.
PARIS, FRANCE
PARIS, FRANCE
PARIS, FRANCE
PARIS, FRANCE
•With 1,500 architects and 60,000 workers, Paris became the largest construction site in the
world in the fall of 1853. It would remain that way for almost two decades. We speak of a
"Haussmann Revolution" because under an emperor's impetus, a single man had the global
vision and the willpower to systematically modernize and embellish a city. Of course, this
transformation brought about its share of criticism, since it required the demolition of
historic buildings, entire neighborhoods, several hundreds of houses, and with all that
painful expropriations that drove workers to the suburbs. But it is Haussmann’s mission
accomplished that allows the entire world -- Parisians and tourists alike -- to enjoy PARIS,
THE CITY OF LIGHT!
•Today's Washington, D.C. owes much of
its unique design to Pierre Charles L'Enfant, who
came to America from France .
•L'Enfant designed the city from scratch,
envisioning a grand capital of wide avenues, public
squares and inspiring buildings in what was then a
district of hills, forests, marshes and plantations.
•His design was based on European models
translated to American ideals. "The entire city was
built around the idea that every citizen was equally
important," Berg says. "The Mall was designed as
open to all comers, which would have been unheard
of in France.“
•L'Enfant placed Congress on a high point with a
commanding view of the Potomac, instead of
reserving the grandest spot for the leader's palace
as was customary in Europe.
•Capitol Hill became the center of the city from
which diagonal avenues named after the states
radiated, cutting across a grid street system.
•These wide boulevards allowed for easy
transportation across town and offered views of
important buildings and common squares from great
distances. Public squares and parks were evenly
dispersed at intersections.
•L'Enfant specified in notes accompanying the plan
that these avenues were to be wide, grand, lined with
trees, and situated in a manner that would visually
connect ideal topographical sites throughout the city,
where important structures, monuments, and
fountains were to be erected.
•On paper, L'Enfant shaded and numbered 15 large
open spaces at the intersections of these avenues and
indicated that they would be divided among the
states.
•He specified that each reservation would feature
statues and memorials to honor worthy citizens. The
open spaces were as integral to the capital as the
buildings to be erected around them.
THEORIES DEVELOPED IN THE 20TH CENTURY
CITY BEAUTIFUL MOVEMENT

•The City Beautiful Movement was a reform philosophy concerning North
American architecture and urban planning that flourished during the 1890s and 1900s with the
intent of using beautification and monumental grandeur in cities.
•The movement, promoted beauty not only for its own sake, but also to create moral and civic
virtue among urban populations.
•Advocates of the philosophy believed that such beautification could thus promote a
harmonious social order that would increase the quality of life.
•The movement began in the United States in response to crowding in tenement districts, a
consequence of high birth rates, increased immigration and consolidation of rural populations
into cities.
•The movement flourished for several decades, and in addition to the construction of
monuments, it also achieved great influence in urban planning that endured throughout the
20th century, in particular in regard to the later creation of housing projects in the United
States.
•The "Garden City" movement in Britain influenced the contemporary planning of some newer
suburbs of London, and there was cross-influence between the two aesthetics, one based in
formal garden plans and urbanization schemes and the other, with its "semi-detached villas"
evoking a more rural atmosphere.
GARDEN CITY MOVEMENT – EBENZER HOWARD / RAYMOND

UNWIN / BARRY PARKER
•The garden city movement is a method of urban planning that was initiated in 1898 by
Sir Ebenezer Howard in the United kingdom.
•Garden cities were intended to be planned, self-contained communities surrounded by
“green belts" (parks), containing proportionate areas of residences, industry and agriculture.
•Howard published his book To-morrow: a Peaceful Path to Real Reform in 1898 (which was
reissued in 1902 as Garden Cities of tomorrow).
•His idealized garden city would house 32,000 people on a site of 6,000 acres (2,400 ha),
planned on a concentric pattern with open spaces, public parks and six radial boulevards,
120 ft (37 m) wide, extending from the centre.
•The garden city would be self-sufficient and when it reached full population, another garden
city would be developed nearby.
•Howard envisaged a cluster of several garden cities as satellites of a central city of 50,000
people, linked by road and rail.
THEORIES DEVELOPED IN THE 20TH C ENTURY
GARDEN CITY MOVEMENT –

LETCHWORTH CITY BY UNWIN & PARKER
•Unwin and Parker planned the town in the centre of the
Letchworth estate with Howard’s large agricultural
greenbelt surrounding the town, and they shared
Howard’s notion that the working class deserved better
and more affordable housing.
•However, the architects ignored Howard’s symmetric
design, instead replacing it with a more ‘organic’
design.
GARDEN CITY MOVEMENT

– IN AMERICA – RADBURN
•In the early 1920's, American architects Clarence
Stein and Henry Wright, inspired by Howard's
ideas and the success of Letchworth and Welwyn,
created the city of Radburn, New Jersey.
•Conceived as a community which would be safe
for children, Radburn was intentionally designed
so that the residents would not require
automobiles.
•Several urban planning designs were pioneered
at Radburn that would influence later planned
communities, including the separation of
pedestrian and vehicle traffic, and the use of
"superblocks," each of which shared 23 acres of
commonly held parkland.
•is credited with incorporating some of the
earliest culs-de-sac in the United States
TONY GARNIER – AN
INDUSTRIAL CITY
•Shared the concern about social questions

and the idea that the design of cities as a
whole should be approached rational and
that industry had to be separated from
living quarters.
• On the other hand he showed great
sensibility to the symbolic meaning of
buildings and the quality of urban space,
something the modernists lacked.
•He also considered the city to be a
'rhizome' where citizens could circulate
freely, whereas the modernists advocated
strict hierarchical road networks and
separation of types of traffic.
•Approximately 35000 inhabitants
The grid patterns are not 'stamped' all
over the city. The design of the civic
centre is based on a disposition of
buildings around a central axle. This
shows elements of classic design. On
the other hand all buildings are free
standing and the open spaces are
enormous. In the whole of the plan
there are few squares, let alone enclosed
squares.
•The living quarters show an innovative new type of building block with free standing houses
and 'urban villas' (although using this word in this respect is an anachronism) on an 'island'
between streets.
•The result is that there are no enclosed streets.
•Trees form very much part of the design. Indicating the more important streets and loosely
planted within the blocks.
•Garnier has a lot of drawings showing public space in living quarters, indicating that he cared
about everyday living conditions. For the civic centre he only shows the buildings. This suggests
that he did not consider ed the design of public space around public buildings to be a very
important matter.
•The car had only just been invented. In 1904 there were hardly any cars on the road, but even
at that time it has its appeal, in particular of course in a futuristic design.
•Garnier was criticized by the staff of the Ecole des Beuax arts for his 'clumsy and not precise
•drawings'.
Daniel Burnham & Edward Bennet Plan of Chicago, 1909

•This plan is an expression of the 'City
beautiful movement‘, The Commercial
Club of Chicago, wanted there town that
had exploded in size within a few decades
to be more representative.
•It can be seen as an effort to reconcile
modern city development with the qualities
of classical public space.
•A lot of attention is devoted to economics
and transport. Baroque diagonals are
introduced with the double intention of
improving traffic and making boulevards.
•In the centre of the city there is a big civic
centre with a gigantic dome, about 200
meters high.
•It foresee much higher buildings than where
common at the start of the 20th century (16 stories
in the central area), but even at the moment the
plan was compiled they were overtaken by the
reality of a booming town that would become the
birth place of the modern sky scraper.
•An unrealistic aspect is also the idea that Chicago
would ever see uniform building fronts over large
areas, as the design drawings show. However this
could also be interpreted as an ideal image.
•The text shows that Burnham and Bennet were
well aware of the legal and financial difficulties of
their proposals in a liberal country.
•The 'Plan of Chicago' has often be portrayed as a
'dinosaur' in an unfolding modern age, but that is
only based on the aesthetics.
•The survey and research are modern. In stead of
throwing away all old knowledge on urban design,
as the modernists did, it tries to incorporate their
virtues in a modern plan.
Raymond Unwin 'Town Planning in Practice' 1909
•Despite its title it is above all a book on design.
•Unwins work gained its reputation because it contains the basis ideas of the garden suburbs of
the period between the two world wars. This is why many people associate this type of design
with the book 'garden cities of tomorrow' by Ebenezer Howard, although Howard did not
provide any clue about the concrete design of these cities, his book only contains a schematic
diagram of the lay out of a complex of garden cities.
•Unwins approach to design is picturesque. He builds upon the ideas of classic urban design
and the work of Stübben and Sitte, but takes it a step further. Wheras the former theories
concentrated on an enclosed urban environment and the image of the traditional city, Unwin
takes the English village as a model with its more open character and rural parcellation.
•He also takes functional aspects in account like the sunlight in streets houses.
•Public space plays a central role in his book. It is not without reason that the first chapter of his
book is titled 'Civic art as the expression of civic life'.
•Unwins book is still interesting for students of urban design today because it contains many
clear drawings and suggestions.
The sun dial diagram is a means of determining how many ours a day the sun will be able to
shine into a the living room of a house in a plan. It is meant to be a tool in determining the
orientation of streets in a plan in such a way that all houses receive a fair amount of sunlight.
Cover of the Scientific
American, 1913
"Elevated sidewalks: How it will

solve City Transport Problems. If
the real capacity of power-propelled
machinery is to be gained in city
transportation, foot and vehicular
traffic must be segregated. Each
type of transport will be free to
develop itself along its own lines"
FUTURISM – ANTONIO SANT ELIA 1914 & VIRGILIO
MARCHI 1919
•Antonio Sant'Elia a builder by training, he opened
a design office in Milan in 1912 and became involved with
the Futurist movement. Between 1912 and 1914, influenced by
industrial cities of the United States and
the Viennese architects Otto Wagner and Adolf Loos, he began a
series of design drawings for a futurist Città Nuova ("New
City“).
•Many of these drawings were displayed at the only exhibition
of the Nuove Tendenze group (of which he was a member)
exhibition in May/June 1914.
• His vision was for a highly industrialized and mechanized city
of the future, which he saw not as a mass of individual buildings
but a vast, multi-level, interconnected and integrated
urban conurbation designed around the "life" of the city.
•His extremely influential designs featured vast monolithic
skyscraper buildings with terraces, bridges and aerial walkways
that embodied the sheer excitement of modern architecture and
technology.
•Even in this excitement for technology and modernity, in
Sant'Elia's monumentalism, however, can be found elements
of Art Nouveau architect Giuseppe Sommaruga.
Le Corbusier ‘Une ville
contemporaire’ 1922
Le Corbusier's plan has almost no flexibility.
It is a technocratic vision of the future,
worse: a eshtetisized technocratic vision by
a technical amateur. Symbolism,
experiencing the environment, attachment to
a place, etc play no role at all. The
theoretical inhabitants are design by Le
Corbusier as well, as a matter of speaking.
Le Corbusier ‘La ville radieuse’ 1933,
The Radiant City
“The present idea of the street must be abandoned: KILL

THE STREET!”
The Radiant City
Why 'Kill the street? Reason 1: Leisure
•Le Corbusier assumes that in future we will only work 5 or 6 hours a day as a result
of mechanization. "This is one of the most disturbing problems facing modern
sociology.
•The necessity for transforming this still vague notion of "leisure time" as quickly as
possible into a disciplined function is therefore immediately evident.
•We cannot leave millions of men, woman and young people to spend seven or eight
hours a day in the streets“ So we have to make living quarters that not only contain
people but also keep them in the quarter.
•This means: facilities in the vicinity of the homes, the most important sports
facilities.
•These must be directly near the houses and that means open space..
The Radiant City
Reason 2: safety for the pedestrian
Cross section of roads in The Radiant City
Le Corbusier reasons that now the age of the car has
come. We must build cities that are tailored to the car.
The past poses obstructs the making of the city in the
age of the car.
He suggest to separate the different types of traffic, in
his eyes a logical evolution from the side walks of the
19th century.
Safety for the pedestrians is the main argument for the
separation.
He is against exiling the pedestrian to the sky as
Hilberseimer and others suggest. The roads for cars
must be elevated to 5 meters above ground level.
The space under the roads can be used for tramways.
Le Corbusier
‘La ville
radieuse’
1933, The
Radiant City
Le Corbusier ‘La ville radieuse’ 1933, The Radiant City
•To ensure safety for cars level crossings and intersections must be avoided. In the city of
tomorrow there should only be orthogonal crossings. Combined with the demand that there
should not be to many crossings le Corbusier arrives at an orthogonal grid with an 400 meter
interval. The paths on the ground however can be designed according to the principle of the
shortest distance. By making them slightly sinuous they can acquire a certain charm.
•Le Corbusier makes a lyrical description of the park that will form the ground floor.
According to him the elevated roads will have the effect of the fences of traditional parks
with now and then a car that passes without noise because the roads will have a rubber
substrate.
•To complete the idea of a continuous green park the buildings as well as the roads will be
on columns. Looking at the design one doubts if Le Corbusier ever tested the way his design
would be experienced on a ground level.
•Later examples of comparable situations show that the effect of a park is seriously
compromised by the buildings. Only the dense planting of trees can give the illusion that it is
a park. The columns under buildings have to be spaced wide apart to achieve the illusion of
a space that flows under it. Le Corbusiers own apartment buildings have very heavy
columns that do not allow for much looking through.
Frank Lloyd Wright ‘Broadacre City’
1934
Frank Lloyd Wright ‘Broadacre City’ 1934
•Broadacre City was the antithesis of a city and the apotheosis of the newly born suburbia,
shaped through Wright's particular vision.
•It was both a planning statement and a socio-political scheme by which each U.S. family
would be given a one acre (4,000 m²) plot of land from the federal lands reserves, and a
Wright-conceived community would be built anew from this. In a sense it was the exact
opposite of transit-oriented development.
•There is a train station and a few office and apartment buildings in Broadacre City, but the
apartment dwellers are expected to be a small minority.
•All important transport is done by automobile and the pedestrian can exist safely only
within the confines of the one acre (4,000 m²) plots where most of the population dwells.
•Some of the earlier garden city ideas of the landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted and
the urban planner Ebenezer Howard had much in common with Broadacre City, save for the
absence of the automobile, born much later.
•More recently, the development of the Edge city is like an unplanned, incomplete version of
Broadacre city.
Oscar Newman, 'Defensible space', 1972
This book signifies the end of innocence as regards public space, the idealistic idea of public
space as a joyful communal space where decent law obeying citizens would meet and would
show the model behavior that designers with their middle or upper class background
fantasized about.
In public space in large cities there have always been dangerous places (such as London East
end in the 19th century), often related to dork alleys and derelict area's, but in the United
Stated in the 1960's things are getting out of hand. In large areas of big cities public space is
becoming derelict and outright unsafe, most notably in living quarters built to modernistic
principles. These designs were supposed to provide the opposite of the 'dark damp and
sinful city': large green spaces, light and air, modern buildings that would make a better
'new' man.
The program studied numerous different types of recently built estates taking all kind of
factors that could be of importance into account. The main conclusion was that the failure of
these estates could be conclusively linked to the modernistic architecture and urban design.
Newman then develops ideas about how the environment could be improved to have safe
urban spacer again. His work is not restricted to research and theory, he also had the
opportunity to test his ideas in practice as a kind of 1:1 scale experiment.
Traditional situation
A clear demarcation of the private realm. In
this example with a stoop and a fence.
Social control. In this example: the living
room with big windows directly looking out
over the street, a confined public space that
can be clearly overviewed.
Problem with modernistic living quarters:

empty space
Big open spaces that do not appear to belong
to anybody. The largest part is a parking
space.
The visual and physical distance between
houses and public space is much too large.
Common spaces in apartment buildings
Without somebody being clear responsible.
The design did not induce use and the
planned social contacts never materialized.
Upper: a common space on the drawing of

the architects
Lower: the space in reality
The advocates of new contemporary cities

did not realize that the transformation of the
city would also transform human behavior.
They also did not realized that the traditional
urban design and architecture they detested
implicitly contained knowledge and was not
just about aesthetics.
Research
Newman's research shows
that there is a clear relation
between the form of public
space and criminality.
In this example he compares
two adjacent living quarters
with an almost identical
population, type of houses
and density. The difference in
urban design remains the
only feasible explanation for
the difference in crime rate.
Unit 2
KEVIN LYNCH
THE IMAGE OF
THE CITY
16AR406 – URBAN DESIGN &

RENEWAL – PRESENTED BY
:N.PRAVEEN , M.ARCH
CITYSCAPE
• IDENTITY
• STRUCTURE
• MEANING
IDENTITY
STRUCTURE
MEANING
ELEMENTS AS CARRIERS OF
CITYSCAPE
• Routes
• Boundaries or edges
• Areas or districts
• Nodes
• Signature or landmarks
REDUCTIE
REDUCTIE Rome Giambattista Nolli 1748
TOEVOEGING
DEMONTAGE
DEMONTAGE
BEZONNING LENTE ZOMER HERFST WINTER
16AR406
16AR406 – URBAN DESIGN & RENEWAL – PRESENTED BY :N.PRAVEEN , M.ARCH 1
UNIT 3
BASIC PRINCIPLES & TECHNIQUES IN URBAN DESIGN
Components in urban design composition. Urban scale, mass and space, definition of urban fabric, visual surveys
and their influence for urban
rban design, various methods of conducting a visual survey. Definition and purpose of
open spaces and their hierarchy in urban design-hierarchy
design hierarchy of utility spaces for residential, commercial,
recreational and industrial use. Special focus on streets-Expressive
streets quality of built forms, spaces in public domain
2
UNIT- 3 BASIC PRINCIPLES & TECHNIQUES IN
URBAN DESIGN

Urban Design involves the design and coordination of all that
makes up cities and towns:
1. Buildings
2. Public Space - Parks, Squares...
3. Streets – Path, Road, lanes...
4. Transport - Bus, Metro, Tram...
5. Landscape - Street trees, urban parks, Boulevards...

Buildings
Buildings are the most pronounced
COMMERZ BANK Building - elements of urban design - they
Frankfurt, Germany shape and articulate space by
forming the street walls of the
city. Well designed buildings and
groups of buildings work together to
create a sense of place.
GODOWN STREET - Chennai
Public Space
Great public spaces are the living
MARINA BEACH - Chennai
room of the city - the place where
people come together to enjoy the city
and each other. Public spaces make
high quality life in the city possible -
they form the stage and backdrop to
the drama of life. Public spaces range
from grand central plazas and
squares, to small, local neighbourhood
parks.
PLAZA MAYOR - Salamanca, Spain
SHOPPING STREET - Copenhagen,

Denmark
Streets
Streets are the connections between
ANNA SALAI- Chennai spaces and places, as well as being
spaces themselves. They are defined
by their physical dimension and
character as well as the size, scale,
and character of the buildings that line
them. Streets range from grand
avenues such as the Champs-Elysees
in Paris to small, intimate pedestrian
streets. The pattern of the street
network is part of what defines a city
and what makes each city unique.
RANGANATHAN STREET - Chennai

Streets - Champs-Élysées, Paris, France
Transport
Transport systems connect the parts
ANNA SALAI- Chennai
of cities and help shape them, and
enable movement throughout the
city. They include road, rail, bicycle,
and pedestrian networks, and together
form the total movement system of a
city. The balance of these various
transport systems is what helps define
the quality and character of cities, and
makes them either friendly or hostile
to pedestrians. The best cities are the
ones that elevate the experience of
the pedestrian while minimizing the
dominance of the private automobile.
Landscape
The landscape is the green part of the city that weaves throughout - in the
form of urban parks, street trees, plants, flowers, and water in many forms.
The landscape helps define the character and beauty of a city and creates
soft, contrasting spaces and elements. Green spaces in cities range from
grand parks such as Central Park in New York City and the Washington DC
Mall, to small intimate pocket parks.
ADYAR CREEK - Chennai
SCALE OF URBAN DESIGN
Urban design operates at 3 scales:
1. The region - City & Town (eg: Chandigarh)
2. The neighbourhood - District and corridor (eg: T. Nagar)
3. The block - street and building
Urban Design weaves together the 5 elements into a

coherent organized design structure at various scales
ARTRIBUTES OF URBAN DESIGN
CITIES ARE 3-DIMENSIONAL ENTITIES
1. They spread 2-dimensionally,
2. Concentrate vertically, and
3. Every city like an organism has a Birth, Growth and Decay –
leading to its death!
URBAN DESIGN IS A PUBLIC ART – It gives form or image to a city
and how people relate to it and live within it. Therefore urban design as
a practise involves the consideration these artistic principles as an
integral part of creating form and spatial definition:
•Order
•Unity
•Balance
•Proportion
•Scale
•Hierarchy
•Symmetry
•Rhythm
•Contrast
•Context
•Detail
•Texture
•Harmon
•Beauty
EVOLUTION OF URBAN DESIGN –
WESTERN WORLD
PLANNING VISUAL
•Patrick Geddes •Camillo Sitte
•Ebenezer Howard PERCEPTION
•Lewis Mumford •Kevin Lynch
•C A Perry SURVEY
•Doxiadis •Paul d Speirigien
MODELS
•Landuse Model
•Concentric zone Theory
•Sector Theory
URBAN DESIGN - VISUAL
Camillo Sitte (1843- 1903)
1. City Building According to Artistic
Principles Written in 1889, Camillo
Sitte
2. Through decades of travelling across

Italy, Germany and other central
European countries he discovered
what he understood to be the epitome
of city planning.
3. Italian cities with Roman and Medieval

influences portrayed Sittes‟s ideology,
an ideology that looked at the personal
experience of individuals within the
spaces of the city, not of the city as a
machine.
IDEAL CITY AMERSFOORT - The Netherlands
AMERSFOORT - The Netherlands
ROTHENBURG - Germany
ROTHENBURG - Germany
Piazza Della Signoria
Piazza Della Signoria in Firenze,
Italy, displays a crucial element of
piazza design
1. Michelangelo statue of David
2. Instead of positioning it in the
centre for all to experience,
Michelangelo insisted for it to
sit adjacent to the palazzo
entrance.
3. By sitting the statue away from
the central axis it removes any
interference with circulation,
and views to the entrances and
buildings
1. The squares width must be greater
than that of the focal building‟s
height, but not be anymore than
twice its size in order to create a
welcoming space.
2. He emphasises the natural growth
of such squares, and the passing of
time as a fundamental key to
generating the ideal plaza. A
natural selection, whereupon cities
develop and through time the
failing are removed and the
successful remain.
1. Sitte believes that churches within a square should sit not in isolation, rather on the
contrary, as part of the perimeter.
2. pedestrians experience as the true factor of success, Sitte states how the design of
streets in successful precedents always revolves around that of the experience
MAIN PROBLEM OF MODERN CITIES
1. To him the key shift in modern city
planning was from an Artistic led
ideology to that of a Service led,
technocratic thought of mind
2. A city designed for machines, not for
human beings.
3. The „grid‟ is a service orientated
approach. It concentrates on plumbing,
hygiene, and the vehicle as the
important elements
4. The public are seen more of a
secondary if not tertiary component of
the city.
5. The „grid‟ behaves in plan, but not
section. It does not deal too well with
difficult topography and land formation.
6. The open spaces should be around the
activity, as in medieval squares, next to
public buildings / markets / theatres.
7. People flock to activity, the „grid‟
eliminates activity.
8. It is the parceling of plots, purely for
economical considerations, that has
become a problem in modern society
and city planning
PROPOSED SOLUTION
Votive Church, Vienna
1. The Votive Church in Vienna sits

isolated on it‟s own, a characteristic
deemed unsuccessful.
He chooses to populate the plaza that
envelops this extraordinary building as an
urban design solution.
URBAN DESIGN - PERCEPTION
Kevin Lynch (1918- 1984)
1. “The image of the city” Written in
1960, by Kevin Lynch
2. Empirical research on city planning,

studying how individuals perceive and
navigate the urban landscape.
3. “There seems to be a public image of

any given city which is the overlap of
many individual images”
4. An environmental image may be

identified into three components
a. Identity
b. Structure
c. Meaning
• Identity - A workable image always requires the identification of
the object, which implies its distinction from other things, its
recognition as a separate entity.
• Structure - The image must include the spatial or pattern relation
of the object to the observer to the other objects
• Meaning - It is also a relation but quite a different from spatial or
pattern relation.
WASHINGTON D.C.
TAJ MAHAL
TAJ MAHAL
• LEGIBILITY: The apparent clarity or legibility of the cityscape means
the ease with which its parts can be recognized and can be
organised into a coherent pattern. A Legible city is one whose
districts or landmarks or pathways are easily identifiable and are
easily grouped into an overall pattern.
• IMAGEABILITY: That quality in a physical object which gives it a

high probability of evoking a strong image in any given observer.
• It is that shape, color, or arrangement which facilitates the making of

vividly identified, powerfully structured, highly useful mental images
of the environment.
• Imageability in purpose is simply to consider the need for identity

and structure in our perceptual world, and to illustrate the special
relevance of this quality to the particular case of the complex,
shifting urban environment
• 4 definite elements of urban planning:
a. Path – the channel of the observer
b. Landmark – external references
c. Edge – breaking in continuity with the surrounding areas
d. Node – strategic points
e. District – 2 dimensional elements within which we spot a

common character
Path
• Paths are the channels along which the observer
customarily, occasionally or potentially moves.
• They may be streets, walkways, transit lines, canals, rail
roads.
• For many people, these are the predominant elements
in their image.
• People observe the city while moving through it, and
along these paths the environmental elements are
arranged and related
Edge
• Edges are linear elements not

used or considered as a path by
the observer, they are the
boundaries between two phases,
linear breaks in continuity.
• Shores, railroad cuts edges of

development, walls
• They are lateral reference rather

than coordinate axes
• Such edges may be barriers,

more or less penetrable, which
close one region off from the
other
• The edge not so dominant

element for the people as that of
path, used only to divide areas.
District
• Districts are medium to large

sections of city, conceived as of
having two dimensional extent,
which the observer mentally
enters “inside of”, and which are
recognizable as having some
common identifying character
• Always identifiable from inside

they are also used for exterior
reference if visible from outside
• Most people tend to structure the

city in this way, with individual
differences as to weather paths
or districts are the dominant
elements
• It also seem to not only depend

upon the individuals but also
upon the city
Nodes
• Nodes are points, the strategic

spots in a city into which an
observer can enter and from
which he is travelling
• They may be primarily junctions,

places of a break in
transportation, a crossing or
convergence of paths, moments
of shifts from one structure to
another
• Nodes are linked to both paths

and districts, in paths they are
the area of transfer from one
mode or route to other and in
districts they for the main area as
a core or a hangout space.
• In any case, some nodal points

are to be found in almost every
image, and in certain cases they
may be dominant feature.
Landmark
• Landmarks are another type of

point-reference, but in this case
the observer does not enter
within them, they are external
• They are usually a rather simply

defined physical object: a
building, sign, store or mountain
• Some landmarks are distant

ones, they may be within the city
or outside but for all practical
purpose they symbolize a
constant direction
• Such are isolated towers, tall

buildings, domes.
• There are also smaller landmarks

identified by the public in their
image
• Lynch‟s aim is to understand the relation between environmental
images and urban life, at the basis of urban design principles;
Analysis of BOSTON, JERSEY CITY & LOS ANGELES
• Urban analysis
1. Phase 1: Office-based interviews, where the sample citizens
were also required to draw up a map in order to make a rapid
description of the city.
2. Phase 2: Systematic examination of the environmental image
evoked by trained observers in the field.
• Common themes
1. Interest for panoramas, and smaller landscape features, noted
with care and attention
2. Shapeless places which, although not pleasant, seem to be
remarkable and striking
3. identification of places with the social-classes that occupy or use
them
4. the presence or lack of historical marks
• The whole interview and in-field approach has been the one aimed
at discovering the social experience of a town, which does not just
outline how a urban system works but also how it is perceived by
people.
• From the field-research, what evidently arises is that each individual

image constitutes a connection between urban forms and what is,
on a more global extent, the public image. Each of those images is
constructed and relying on the 5 elements already mentioned
• Structuring and identifying the environment is a vital ability among all

mobile animals.
• The observer himself should play an active role in perceiving the

world and have a creative part in developing his image. He should
have the power to change that image to fit his changing needs.
• Urban Derelict space, affect the IMAGEABILITY of a city.
• They create a negative impact!

URBAN DESIGN – PLANNING
EKISTICS
Konstantinos Apostolos Doxiadis (1914 – 1975)
1. The term Ekistics (coined by

Konstantinos Apostolos Doxiadis in
1942) applies to the science of
human settlements. It includes
regional, city, community planning and
dwelling design.
2. He was the one who framed the term

Ecumenopolis – which litreally means
one whole city formed on Earth. It
represent the idea that in the future
urban areas and megalopoleis would
eventually fuse and there would be a
single continuous worldwide city
3. A Greek architect and town planner. He

became known as the lead architect of
Islamabad, the new capital of Pakistan,
and later as the father of Ekistics –
“the art of place making place”
• February 24th, 1960 the
New Capital of Pakistan the
named ISLAMABAD (the
City of Islam).
• Designed by Doxiadis
• Based on the grid formed

out of Ekistic analysis.
• The city sits right next to

Rawalpindi, an old Pakistan
city known for its industries.
• Islamabad would become

the capital of the country
housing all the government
offices.
• Based on the principles of EKISTICS which revolves around scaling urban
environment from a single HUMAN BEING to that of the size of a ECUMENOPOLIS!
• He also proposed the EKISTIC model of design combined all aspects of human
settlement – Economy / Culture / Technical innovations / Society / Politics &
Administration of urban areas.
• He used this system to derive the grid for design of ISLAMBAD.

• Islamabad is purely a city
designed and created.
• "A City of the Future“
• The greater area of the capital,

the metropolitan area, has been
planned for a future population
of about 2,500,000 inhabitants
within a period of two
generations.
• The nearby existing city of

Rawalpindi would offer
Islamabad considerable aid in
facilities and initial housing
needs. The Chaklala airport of
Rawalpindi will help air
transportations, the Rawal dam
will secure water supply, the
existing railroad and highway
connections will serve
communication needs.
• The backbone of the Islamabad
Metropolitan Area Master Plan is
formed by two highways
• This divides the city into 3 parts

• the area of Islamabad
proper.
• the area of Rawalpindi, the
centre of which is the city of
Rawalpindi.
• the National Park area
• The cities of Islamabad and

Rawalpindi will develop as twin
cities serving each other in
complementary ways.
• Islamabad will be the capital of

the nation and will serve mainly
administrative and cultural
functions. Rawalpindi will remain
the regional centre serving
industrial and commercial
functions.
• It has been designed on
the basis of the ideal city
of the future and to form a
“Dyna-metropolis”
• A principle adopted in
designing the Islamabad-
Master Plan was UNITY
OF SCALE
• A scale measurement was

determined to govern the
elements composing the
city, such as plots, streets,
open spaces, squares,
roads, etc.
• Study of the scale of the

city made by the chief
consultant, volume,
heights, densities, and
floor indices of the
buildings were specified
for each particular sector.
• Islamabad is sub-divided into sectors
1. Class V - 20,000-40,000 people –
self contained and self-supported
with respect to everyday life.
2. Class IV – Each Class V sector
three or four smaller Communities
by income groups of occupants.
Amenities such as Secondary
schools, each per community
3. Class III - Each Class IV
Community is subdivided into
several Communities Class III.
Amenities such as Primary
schools per Community
4. Class II - kindergarten or
children's playground in each
Class II Community
• The same hierarchical planning of

spaces of several sizes is provided for
functions such as health, recreation,
sports activities, etc. This arrangement
best serves the inhabitants of each
sector and with the least time required
for the approach
• The Black areas in
the image are
existing natural
green land form
which were
preserved during city
design.
• This natural
landscape has been
fully respected when
designing the layout
of each sector, and
green spaces
created by this
physical feature have
been fully exploited
by locating such
functions as schools,
gardens, parks, and
playgrounds next to
them.
URBAN DESIGN – LANDUSE MODEL
CONCENTRIC GROWTH CONCEPT
E W BURGESS; EARLY 1925
Zone I: Central Business District (CBD) where most of the tertiary
employment is located and where the urban transport
infrastructure is converging, making this zone the most
accessible.
Zone II: Immediately adjacent to the CBD a zone where many
industrial activities locate to take advantage of nearby labor and
markets. Further, most transport terminals, namely port sites
and railyards, are located adjacent to the central area.
Zone III: This zone is gradually been reconverted to other uses by
expanding manufacturing / industrial activities. It contains the
poorest segment of the urban population, notably first
generation immigrants living, in the lowest housing conditions.
Zone IV: Residential zone dominated by the working class and those
who were able to move away from the previous zone (often
second generation immigrants). This zone has the advantage of
being located near the major zones of employment (I and II) and
thus represents a low cost location for the working class.
Zone V: Represents higher quality housing linked with longer
commuting costs.
Zone Va: Mainly high class and expensive housing in a rural,
suburbanized, setting. The commuting costs are the highest.
Prior to mass diffusion of the automobile (1930s), most of these
settlements were located next to rail stations.
ASSUMPTIONS
• Landuse patterns and socio-spatial structure made very simple
• Reflects an annular expansion of urban areas via a progressive

movement outwards.
• Growth as colonization of outer rings

CRITICISM
• Assumes only one functional centre within urban areas. This has
greatest validity for small towns and is less valid as the urban areas
grow larger.
• Cities don‟t grow equally in all directions.
• Urban expansion does not proceed smoothly by the conversion of

agricultural to residential land
• This model lack Universality - Concentric zone landuse patterns are

not found in all cities throughout history.
• It would not be possible to find definite parcels of land that are

homogeneous with respect to use.
• It neglects natural and man-made topography

SECTORAL MODEL
HOMER HOYT; 1939
Major transport routes

There are three explanations for these land use patterns.
1 Historical
The urban area expanded outwards from the original site which is
where the city centre is found today.
2 Economic
Rents and rates in the CBD became too expensive for people. In
the suburbs there was more land and it was cheaper. Only
businesses could afford to stay in the CBD, but even they needed
to make the most of expensive land by building upwards.
3 Concentrations of similar land uses
One part of the urban area may have all the advantages for
industrial location so that a lot of factories want to locate there;
but few people want to live next door to a factory, so the
residential areas are located elsewhere. Planners also prefer this
segregation of land uses into definite zones.
ASSUMPTIONS
• City is conceived as an AERIAL DEVELOPMENT PATTERN
• Growth takes place along established transport routes forming roughly

star shaped community
• The city is considered as a circle with various sectors radiating out from
the centre of the circle.
• Similar type of Landuse, originating near the city centre (CBD) move out
towards periphery but largely in the same direction and in the same
grouping.
CRITICISM
• Hoyts visualization that high status area were not only the key
determinants of urban structure (residential) at any point of time but a
central agent of change over time. This has been questioned.
• It lacks Universality
• Its structure as only one focal centre has also been questioned.S
MULTIPLE NUCLEI CONCEPT
HARRIS & ULLMAN; 1945
• The areas of the city that they recognise are similar to the ones noted by
Hoyt and Burgess but the location of these areas will be different in
different cities.
• The central business district will often be found near the original retail
area of the city.
• Warehousing and light industrial areas will develop adjacent to the CBD
and along transport links such as railways and roads.
• Heavy industry will locate on the outskirts of towns or where the

outskirts were when the development took place, since growth of the
urban area may have overrun this area by now.
• Residential areas will be found in the remaining space, with high-class

housing situated in the better areas with good drainage, often on high
ground and away from nuisances such as noise and poor air quality.
• Lower quality housing will be forced to occupy the less attractive areas
of the city.
ARTISTIC ELEMENTS
SCALE AND PROPORTION
SYMMETRY
TEXTURE
LIGHT AND SHADE
DOMINANCE AND HEIGHT
HARMONY
SCALE and proportion
•People will often say something is “large scale”, but we really have
no idea how large “it” is without dealing with proportion.
•Cannot have one without the other. Scale refers to the size
and proportion refers to the relative size.
•Using the relative size of elements against each other can attract
attention to a focal point.
•When elements are designed larger than life, scale is being used to
show drama
•Scale and proportion principles help the viewer organize an image
and they can be used to create or minimize points of emphasis.
•If an object is out-of-scale or oddly proportioned, then it will create a
point of emphasis.
•Also, large scale objects create obvious visual weight. We
automatically perceive larger objects as closer and more important
than smaller objects.
•For instance, government buildings, theaters and churches are often
built to impress and dwarf the viewer, while the proportions in a
private home are usually more according to human measure.
SYMMETRY
•When there is correspondence in size or shape of parts on either side
of a bisected whole we say it is symmetrical.
•A good starting point for understanding symmetry might be to look
in the mirror and imagine a line drawn down the center of your body.
• You are fairly symmetrical with correspondence between your eyes,
ears, arms and legs, A symmetrical building has the same shapes on
either side of an imaginary line drawn down the middle of its façade.
• Buildings can be asymmetrical as well when different shapes are
placed on either side of a bisecting line.
TEXTURE
•Texture is the apparent look or feel of the surface of an subject..
•We can interpret a texture with our eyes and can tell visually how it
might feel.
•Texture can also be suggested by the rich layering of shapes and
forms on a building.
•It helps in identifying the open space and covered area in an area.
LIGHT AND SHADE
•Light and dark are relative perceptions of light.
• Architects use the concept of light and dark as they
create visual interest on a building by choosing
shapes that create a sensation of depth.
•When some shapes stick out, they leave others in
shadow.
•Narrow openings often appear dark, as in a tunnel,
and broad, flat spaces look light.
•Materials can be used to vary the light quality of a
building.
•For instance, a band of tinted windows gives the
illusion of a dark space wrapping around a building.
DOMINANCE AND HEIGHT
•The principle of dominance plays a major role in
where emphasis occurs in a design.
•Repeated elements without some form of dominance
can create monotony and confusion.
•Without a dominating size, the arrangement of
elements in this photograph is not as interesting as it
could be. The eye has a confusing path to follow
around the photograph
•To have a dominant element requires subordinate
elements. Sometimes the subordinate element attracts
more attention by way of contrast.
HARMONY AND CONTRAST
•Harmony is the visually satisfying effect of combining similar
or related elements. Adjacent colors-Similar shapes-Related
textures
•Harmony in a painting or design helps bring about unity. All
harmony and no contrast, however, can become monotonous. A
balance must be struck between areas of harmony and areas of
contrast.
•The principles of harmony and contrast seem completely
contradictory, but it is the balance between these two that is
vital to the success of any work.
•Contrast exists when two adjacent parts are very different
from one another.
•In architecture, we speak about such things as materials that
have contrasting colors and textures. We may also mean the
relationship of highlights and shadows.
•When contrasting materials are placed together, one seems to
move to the front of your line of vision.
•Architects use contrast to add visual variety to their designs.
THEORIES - SOLID (MASSES) AND
VOIDS – FIGURE GROUND THEORY
•The figure-ground theory is founded on the
study of the relative land coverage of
•Solid masses - (“figure”) (buildings)
•Open void - (”ground”) (parks, streets,
squares)
•A predominant “field” of solids and voids
creates the urban fabric.
•The figure-ground approach to spatial design
is an attempt to manipulate the solid-void
relationships by adding to, subtracting from, or
changing the physical geometry of the pattern.
•The figure-ground drawing is a graphic tool
for illustrating mass-void relationships; a two-
dimensional abstraction in plan view that
clarifies the structure and order of urban
spaces.
•Its only two dimensional
THEORIES – LINKAGE THEORY
•Linkage theory is derived from “lines”
connecting one element to another.
•These lines are formed by streets, pedestrian
ways, linear open spaces, or other linking
elements that psychically connect the parts of a
city.
•The designer applying the linkage theory tries
to organize a system of connections, or a
network, that establishes a structure for
ordering spaces.
•Emphasis is placed on circulation diagram
rather than the spatial diagram of the figure-
ground theory.
•Movement systems and the efficiency of
infrastructure take precedence over patterns of
defined outdoor space
THEORIES – PLACE THEORY
•The place theory adds the components of
human needs and cultural, historical, and
natural contexts.
•Advocates of the place theory give physical
space additional richness by incorporating
unique forms and details indigenous to its
setting.
•In place theory social and cultural values,
visual perceptions, of users and an individual’s
control over public environment are as
important as principles of enclosure and
linkage.
THEORIES -
A review of precedents reveals 3 important components of
successful hard urban space:
1.) Three-dimensional frame; defines the edges of space, the

degree of enclosure, and the characteristics of the spatial wall.
Transparency, opacity, openings, and surface ornament have
significant impact on the character of space, as does the vertical
mass to horizontal space. The scale and the way this frame meets
the ground plane are also major factors.
2.) The two-dimensional pattern; refers to the treatment and

articulation of the ground plane- it’s materials, texture, and
composition.
3.) Objects in space; are those elements such as sculpture, water

features, and trees that provide accents or focal points and make
the space memorable. Objects can be used to anchor the centre
and to give vitality to spaces. The most vital elements of all are
the human actors who use the space, giving it life.
Urban open Spaces

Urban open spaces are:
All types of spaces between buildings in the town which include paths-
squares- gardens – parks …………. .
Functional importance:
• They give form and shape to the city.
Functional importance:
• They provide space needed for recreation.
Social importance:
• They Create chances for interaction between people.
Aesthetic importance:
• They Preserve natural beauty .
Economic importance:
• They provide places for economic activities.
There are many types of open spaces such as:
Water ways parks Green areas
Playing field playground

There are many types of open spaces such as:
plaza square Streets

Water ways:
include both natural lacks, rivers and streams which represent rich wildlife
habitats and offer recreational value.
Water ways:
include manmade lacks and canals that offer recreational value
Water ways can also be used as movement paths.

The Park :
“Is a natural preserved area available for recreation .”
The park
The landscape:
• Its landscape shall consist of meadows, waterbodies, woodlands,

and open shelters.
meadows waterbodies woodlands open shelters

The park :
• The Surroundings:
• The park is Surrounded by the city from one side and open to
the natural lands from other sides
CITY Natural lands
• The size:
• The minimum size of

the park is 8 acres
The Green
“Is an open space available for recreation”
The Green
The Surroundings:
• The green is Surrounded by the city elements from all sides.
The city The city

The Green
The landscape:
• its landscape shall consist of lawn and trees
trees
lawn
The Green
• The green can be naturalistically or formally disposed.
• The size:
• The minimum size shall be 0.5 acre and the maximum size shall be 8
acres
Naturalistically disposed formally ordered

The Playing fields
Are open space dedicated for playing sports such as football,
basket ball, golf courses……
• The size:
• Depends upon the type of sport

The playground
“Is an open space which is designed and equipped for the children.”
The Playground
• The Surroundings:
• The playground should be fenced and located near residential

areas
• Playgrounds may be included within parks and greens
Residential areas
The playground
The landscape:
• Its landscape shall

consist of lawn,
trees, sand and
playing equipment.
The Plaza
“An open space available for civic purposes and commercial
activities”
The Plaza
The Surroundings:
• Is defined by buildings frontages and usually attached to important

building.
The plaza
The landscape:
Its landscape shall consist primarily of pavement, Trees are optional
The size:
The minimum size shall be 0.5 acre and the maximum size shall be 2
acres
The Square
“Is an open space available for civic purposes”
The Square
The Surroundings:
• Is defined by buildings frontages and is located at the
intersections of important thoroughfares.
Buildings frontages
The Square
• The landscape:
Its landscape shall consist of, lawns and trees

And shall be formally disposed.
• The size:
The minimum size shall be 0.5 acre and the maximum size shall be
5 acres
The streets
“Are
Are the connections between spaces and places , and they are
considered as spaces themselves.”
themselves.
• Types of streets
There are many types of streets differs in scale, characters, types of

buildings that line them such as main streets or pedestrian paths.
1. Distinctiveness:
• Means that the spaces reflect the local character of the area and
have a variety of uses, built form, features, colors and materials that
give the spaces and buildings their own identity within the overall
character of the surrounding urban environment.
AL Azhar park which

locates in the heart of
Islamic Cairo, its details
reflect the local
character of the area
2. Accessibility:
• Means that Good connections lead to open spaces and good

connection from open spaces to other parts of the city.
3. Safety:
• People use urban spaces without fear of tripping or falling, or being

attacked.
Safe urban spaces have buildings Safe urban spaces have separate
facing onto them bicycle lanes and wide, well-lit
paths
4. Comfort:
• comfort include:
• environmental factors (shading from sun, wind, etc).
• physical comfort (comfortable and sufficient seating, etc).
• social and psychological comfort (privacy, etc)
Shading Comfortable
seats
5. provision of passive and active engagement:
• passive engagement:
• “Means people stay calm and watch” passive engagement are

provided in urban spaces by fountains, views, public art, and so
forth.
Active engagement:
• Means more contact with others in urban spaces.
• Design of the urban space can create opportunities for contact
• the arrangement of urban elements such as benches, fountains, can

encourage the social contact.
6. Enjoyable:
• Representing variety of pleasant events. Such as concerts, art

exhibitions, festivals, and other social events.
• What’s the type of this space?
• What’s the type of two open spaces?
• What’s the type of two open spaces?
1. Distinctiveness:
2. Accessibility:
3. Safety:
4. Comfort:
5.provision of passive
and active engagement:
6. Enjoyable:
THANK YOU
16AR406
UNIT 4
RENEWAL, RE-DEVELOPEMENT
DEVELOPEMENT AND FORMULATING URBAN DESIGN
Definition and need for urban renewal and re--development, scope for urban renewal in India challenges and
implementation methods of urban renewal for Indian historic towns and cities, impact of public participation. Analysis
and formulation of urban design guidelines for new developments. National and international case studies for urban
renewal.
2
An Overview of Urban Renewal
I. URBAN RENEWAL SUMMARY
A. What Is Urban Renewal?
The purpose of urban renewal is to improve specific areas of a city that are poorly
developed or underdeveloped. These areas can have old deteriorated buildings
and bad streets and utilities or the areas can lack streets and utilities altogether.
Urban renewal provides the following tools:
 First it allows for the use of tax increment financing (explained below) to
finance improvement projects.
 Second, it allows for special powers to buy and assemble sites for
development or redevelopment, if that is desired.
 And third, it allows for special flexibility in working with private parties to
complete development projects.
For a municipality to use urban renewal, it must establish an urban renewal

agency and it must adopt an urban renewal plan.
B. What is an Urban Renewal Agency?
Urban renewal agencies are created by state law (ORS Chapter 457) but are
specifically “activated’” by the governing body. The agencies are separate legal
bodies from the governing body, but in most cases the urban renewal agency
board is composed of members of the governing body.
C. What are Urban Renewal Plans?
To undertake urban renewal projects with tax increment financing, the projects
must be authorized in an Urban Renewal Plan. The plan applies to a specific
geographic area of the city, which is called the Urban Renewal Area.
D. What Can Happen Under An Urban Renewal Plan?
Urban renewal agencies can do certain projects or activities under an adopted

urban renewal plan. These activities include:
1. Construction or improvement of streets, utilities and other public
uses.
The most common type of urban renewal project is infrastructure
development, including streets and utilities. Urban renewal also
commonly funds parks, plazas and pedestrian facilities. These urban
renewal projects are aimed at making areas attractive and ready for private
investment.
Tashman Johnson LLC 1 April, 2005

2. Rehabilitation or conservation of existing buildings

An urban renewal agency can assist in rehab projects of any type
(residential, commercial, industrial), typically through loans and grants to
private property owners.
3. Acquisition and improvement of property (The Committee has
recommended that the Agency have no condemnation authority)
An urban renewal agency can acquire property, typically for re-sale for
private or a combination of public/private development. The agency has
the power of eminent domain (condemnation) for redevelopment
purposes. The agency must identify properties to be acquired in the urban
renewal plan. Properties must be acquired at fair market value. Once
acquired, urban renewal agencies can clear and improve the properties
prior to resale or lease. Any persons or businesses displaced by agency
property acquisition are entitled to relocation assistance, which makes the
process more fair and acceptable to the community.
4. Re-sale or lease of property
An urban renewal agency can sell or lease property it owns for
redevelopment. The agency can legally sell for less than fair market
value. Property can be sold for its “fair re-use value” which is the value
for a specified use required in the urban renewal plan. This allows
property to be reduced in price to make particularly desirable development
projects financially feasible.
E. How are Urban Renewal Plans (Post Measure 50) Financed?
Urban renewal is unique in that it can be funded by tax increment revenues. Tax
increment revenues are the amount of property taxes generated by the increase in
total assessed values in the urban renewal area from the time the urban renewal
area is first established. The assessed value of an urban renewal area at the time
the plan is adopted is called the “frozen base”. Growth above the base is called
the “increment.”
The diagram below shows how this works for urban renewal plans adopted after
Measure 50.

Urban Renewal Division of Taxes
Total X Assessed Value in Tax Revenues

= Received by
Tax Rate Urban Renewal Area
Incremental Tax Increment `

Urban Renewal
`
“Billing Rate” Assessed Value Revenues Agency
=
Permanent
Rates
Bond, Local
Option Rates City
approved prior Taxing District County
`
to 11/01. Frozen Base Taxes Other Taxing
Districts
Though the amount of tax increment revenue is determined by the growth inside the
urban renewal area, for the purpose of complying with Measure 5 property tax limits, the
taxes are actually raised from all property within the city. The normal taxes paid by each
property owner in the city are divided, so that taxing districts and the urban renewal
agency get their proper share.
Over time the urban renewal plan helps create growth in assessed values. After the plan
is completed, the taxing districts revenues are higher than they would have been without
an urban renewal plan. This is shown in the diagram below:

Start of Urban During Urban After Urban

Renewal Plan Renewal Plan Renewal Plan
Taxes on Taxes on
Growth to Total
Urban Assessed
Renewal Value to
Taxing
Taxes on Assessed
Districts
Value at Start of
Taxes on Base
Urban Renewal Plan
to Taxing
(Base) Districts
II. ARE THERE STATUTORY LIMITATIONS ON URBAN RENEWAL?
Existing statutes limit the scope and size of urban renewal plans and require a thorough
public process for adopting or making major changes to urban renewal plans.
 For cities with over 50,000 people, urban renewal areas cannot include more than
15% the land area or 15% of the assessed value of the municipality.
 For cities with less than 50,000 people the limits are 25% of land area and
assessed value.
 Adoption or major changes of an urban renewal plan require that the city “consult
and confer” with affected taxing districts, present the plan or amendment to the
planning commission and adopt the plan or change by non emergency ordinance.
Notice of the hearing on adoption of the plan or amendment must sent to each
individual household within the city.
 Once adopted an urban renewal plan area cannot be increased by more than 20%
of the original size. Expanding the area by more than 1% involves the same
public process as the original adoption of the plan.
 Every urban renewal plan has a limit on the amount of tax increment debt used to
finance the plan. Increasing this “maximum indebtedness” also involves the same
public process as the original adoption of the plan.
III. HOW ARE URBAN RENEWAL PROGRAMS BEGUN?

Urban renewal programs are established when a local government adopts an urban
renewal plan.
A. What’s Contained in an Urban Renewal Plan and Report?
1. Urban Renewal Plan Contents

An urban renewal plan is required to contain, among other things:
 A description of each urban renewal project to be undertaken

 A map and legal description of the urban renewal area.
 An explanation of how the plan relates to local objectives, such as
relevant objectives of the comprehensive plan, target area plans and
other public policy statements.
 If the plan calls for the use of tax increment financing, a limit on the
maximum amount of indebtedness to be issued to carry out the plan.
 A description of what types of changes to the plan are to be considered
substantial amendments. Substantial amendments must be adopted
using the same process as the adoption of the original plan. The
following amendments must be considered substantial: (1) expanding
the urban renewal area by more than one percent; and (2) increasing
the maximum amount of indebtedness that may be issued.
2. Urban Renewal Report Contents
The urban renewal report must contain detailed information on conditions
within the urban renewal area, the schedule for urban renewal projects,
and the impacts on affected taxing districts.
B. Procedural Requirements for Adoption of an Urban Renewal Plan
There are various procedural requirements that relate to adopting an urban

renewal plan. In addition the Agency must provide for public involvement
in all stages of the development of the plan.
1. Planning Commission Review
If the municipality has a planning commission, the plan and report must be
presented to the commission for its recommendation before the plan may
be presented to the city governing body or county commission for
adoption.
2. Consultation with Affected Taxing Districts
Typically, the city will discuss with affected taxing districts the purpose of
the urban renewal plan, the potential impacts on their revenues, the plan‘s
expected time frame and the rationale for the projects proposed. This
consultation commonly begins at the very beginning of the urban renewal
planning process.

By law, the plan and report must be sent to the governing body of any
taxing district that is affected by the plan. Any written recommendations
of these taxing districts must be specifically accepted, rejected or modified
by Governing body in adopting the plan.
3. Presentation to County
A City proposing to adopt an urban renewal plan must present the
proposed Plan to the County Board of Commissioners for their comment.
No action is required of the County Commission.
4. Approval of the Plan
To take effect, the plan (not including the report) must be approved by the
city council by non-emergency ordinance.
5. Notice Requirements
Direct notice of the public hearing on the ordinance adopting the plan
must be mailed to each household in the city and any portion of the urban
renewal area that extends beyond the city.
6. Public Hearing
At the public hearing on the ordinance, the governing body will take
public testimony and consider the recommendations, if any, of the
planning commission and of affected taxing districts. Any written rec-
ommendations of the affected taxing districts must be formally accepted,
rejected, or modified.
7. Ordinance Requirements
The ordinance must be a non-emergency ordinance and it must incorporate
the plan (not the report) by reference. During the period between the
adoption of the ordinance and its effective date, the adoption ordinance
can be referred to voters for their approval.

 Smart Cities
 Swachh Bharat Mission
 AMRUT
 HRIDAY
 Metro Rails
Urban Renewal
What Is Urban Renewal?
• The purpose of urban renewal is to improve specific areas of a city that
are poorly developed or underdeveloped.
• These areas can have old deteriorated buildings and bad streets and
utilities or the areas can lack streets and utilities altogether.
• Urban renewal provides the following tools:
I. First it allows for the use of tax increment financing (explained below) to
finance improvement projects.
II. Second, it allows for special powers to buy and assemble sites for
development or redevelopment, if that is desired.
III. And third, it allows for special flexibility in working with private parties
to complete development projects.
• For a municipality to use urban renewal, it must establish an urban
renewal agency and it must adopt an urban renewal plan.
Urban Renewal Plans
• Urban renewal agencies can do certain projects or activities under an
adopted urban renewal plan. These activities include:
• Construction or improvement of streets, utilities and other public uses.
• The most common type of urban renewal project is infrastructure development, including streets and utilities. Urban
renewal also commonly funds parks, plazas and pedestrian facilities. T
• hese urban renewal projects are aimed at making areas attractive and ready for private investment. An Overview of
Urban Renewal Tashman Johnson LLC April, 2005 2
• Rehabilitation or conservation of existing buildings
An urban renewal agency can assist in rehab projects of any type (residential, commercial, industrial), typically
through loans and grants to private property owners.
• 3. Acquisition and improvement of property
• (The Committee has recommended that the Agency have no condemnation authority)
• An urban renewal agency can acquire property, typically for re-sale for private or a combination of public/private
development. The agency has the power of eminent domain (condemnation) for redevelopment purposes.
• The agency must identify properties to be acquired in the urban renewal plan. Properties must be acquired at fair
market value. Once acquired, urban renewal agencies can clear and improve the properties prior to resale or lease.
Any persons or businesses displaced by agency property acquisition are entitled to relocation assistance, which
makes the process more fair and acceptable to the community.
• 4. Re-sale or lease of property
• An urban renewal agency can sell or lease property it owns for redevelopment. The agency can legally sell for less
than fair market value. Property can be sold for its “fair re-use value” which is the value for a specified use required
in the urban renewal plan. This allows property to be reduced in price to make particularly desirable development
projects financially feasible.
• Urban Renewal projects come in many shapes and
sizes
• Some reclaim land alongside a waterway and turn it
into public outdoor space
• Some create new urban landscapes out of virtual
wastelands Before After
• Some revitalise entire cities
Population in Maharastra
• Mumbai (Municipal Corporation) 124.78
• Pune (Municipal Corporation) 31.15
• Nagpur (Municipal Corporation) 24.05
• Thane (Municipal Corporation) 18.18
• Pimpri and Chinchwad (Municipal Corporation) 17.29
• Nashik (Municipal Corporation) 14.86
• Kalyan and Dombivali (Municipal Corporation) 12.46
• Vasai Virar (Municipal Corporation) 12.21
• Aurangabad (Municipal Corporation) 11.71
• Navi Mumbai (Municipal Corporation) 11.19
• Maharashtra is the only State with 10 cities having
population million+
• Government of Maharashtra is addressing
urbanisation as a progressive and desirable
development.
• To achieve this goal, the State Government
has been adopting different policies with the
help of statutory provisions of the Acts.
Urban renewal
• Urban renewal involves the relocation of

businesses, the demolition of structures, the
relocation of people, and the use of eminent
domain (government purchase of property for
public purpose) as a legal instrument to take
private property for city-initiated
development projects
URBAN RENEWAL – definition
Urban renewal is a program of
land redevelopment .
Urban renewal involves the relocation of

businesses, the demolition of structures, the
relocation of people, and the use of eminent
domain (government purchase of property for
public purpose) as a legal instrument to take
private property for city-initiated
development projects.
Over time, it has evolved into a policy based

less on destruction and more on renovation
and investment
UNDERSTANDING URBAN RENEWAL
The term Urban renewal means rebirth or

regeneration of a city or a part of it which has
been plagued by the ills of urbanization
• The planning concept originated in England and
America.
• Decayed parts of the city were demolished and
rebuilt.
• These programs were thrust upon the city and its
people and were criticized and halted on opposition by
organized community movements.
• The urban renewal programs taken up later, involved
greater participation of the communities
• Key aspects -sustainability and inclusiveness
INDIAN CONTEXT
• Indian cities have a history that dates back to centuries

• In the last century cities faced a major unprecedented
force of urbanization which ripped them
• They have grown exponentially
• Their administration has not been able cope up with
rapid urbanization
• The age old infrastructure is weakened and decayed
leading to degeneration of the core areas in the city.
• Cities which have survived centuries are now at critical
stage.
• Concept of Urban Renewal – To provide life to the dying
city.
WHY URBAN RENEWAL?
The triggers:-
 Effective functioning of Administrative towns

( state HQ, District HQ)
 To accommodate an event of magnitude.
(Asian games, Common Wealth Games in Delhi, Tri Centenary
Celebrations of consecration of the Guru Granth Sahib at Nanded)
 Necessity due to natural /man-made calamity
(Earthquake in Bhuj, Plague in Surat)
 Obsolescence of land uses
(Shifting of manufacturing industries )
 Market driven change of land use
(Commercialization of Girgaum,Parel areas of Mumbai)
 To conserve historic monuments/ environment.
( Areas around theTaj mahal precinct )
WHERE URBAN RENEWAL IS REQUIRED?
Urban renewal is required for
• Dilapidating, ageing parts of the city, not

providing the city its full potential and
becoming a health hazard
• In built form it consists of old area of the city,
congested area around transit points, illegal
settlements needing redevelopment
• In terms of infrastructure - measures for
efficient and smooth movement of traffic,
improvement of transportation network,
provision /improvement of utilities.
JNNURM
• In India the need to infuse vibrancy and rejuvenate

cites was recognized in 2005 and the Central
Government launched the Jawaharlal Nehru National
Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM)
• Launched to encourage cities to initiate steps for
bringing phased improvements in their civic service
levels
• Initiative to redevelop towns and cities by developing
infrastructure, carrying out municipal reforms and
providing aid to the state governments and the urban
local bodies (ULBs)
EXISTING PROVISIONS AIMED AT URBAN RENEWAL
The Maharashtra Regional & Town Planning (M.R.&.T.P.)

Act, 1966 has provisions to take up urban renewal /
redevelopment in an area of the city under the
 Comprehensive Area Development Scheme
 Town Planning Schemes
Other area specific tools
 Slum Redevelopment & Rehabilitation (SRA) Act,
 Special provisions for cluster development.
SCENARIO IN MUMBAI
 REDEVELOPMENT ON FREE HOLD LAND IN

MUMBAI
 REDEVELOPMENT OF MHADA’s HOUSING
SCHEMES
 CLUSTER DEVELOPMENT
 BULK LANDS
 TOD – TRANSIT ORIENTED DEVELOPMENT

DENSIFICATION VERSUS DECONGESTION
DENSIFICATION
Optimize high value land redevelopment, promote higher
FSI and hence densification
DECONGESTION
A diametrically opposite view - decongesting the area.
• shifting the residents to other locations and re-designating
land
• A change in use /zone will make this location most prime,
resulting in land use transformation
•Gentrification is part of natural process of city development
• A forced relocation is one alternative. In small parts and
scale the same is achieved through SRA
EFFECT OF CHANGE OF LAND USE
Thane experience
The city had an economic base in the industrial estate
and industries along its periphery. However with passing
years there is a decline in the manufacturing sector and
shift towards service sector. Thus of industrial land was
converted to residential
Mulund experience
A change of land use was witnessed in 90s along LBS
Road in the area between Mulund and Thane. Most of
these industries shifted out and land was converted to
residential. The new development consists of shopping
malls and high end residential apartments. T.Nagar,
Chennai experience
The redevelopment project of the Tyagraj Nagar
area covering 6.86 sq.km. was conceived by the Chennai
Corporation for development area into a world class
shopping destination
Stakeholders questioned the same
CLUSTER DEVELOPMENT IN
– A RAY OF HOPE
The Bhendi Bazar cluster redevelopment
project is arguably one of the most ambitious
urban renewal schemes Mumbai has seen.
It aims to turn one of the city's most
congested and ramshackle neighbourhoods,
into a swank, new green precinct.
The proposal was to work with 3,200 homes

and 1,200 shops located in 250 buildings and
convert these into eight clusters of 40-storey
buildings, all of them green.
THE WAY FORWARD
The recipe for success -

 Formulation of aims and objectives for the entire city
 Identification of areas/ sectors requiring attention
 Strategizing to implement the objectives
 Having action plans and tasks well defined for the focus
areas/ sectors
Thus a holistic approach would go a long way in fulfilling the

objective of urban renewal
16AR406
UNIT 5
URBAN DESIGN SURVEY AND PRESENTATION

Conducting an urban design survey of Conservation of historic cities, open
open-spaces,
spaces, development of market spaces,
transit oriented developments, water front development in India. Analysis of data. Formulating urban design
desig guidelines
for an area-practical
practical problem solving, understanding various presentation techniques for urban design presentations.
2
UNIT 5
URBAN DESIGN SURVEY & PRESENTATION
TOWN PLANNING SURVEYS
GENERAL
The surveys establish ultimately the present state of the town and
indicate the measures for its improvements. It may be mentioned that
the surveys do not necessarily mean the work carried out usually by a
land surveyor. The chief objects of surveys for the town planning are as
follows:
I. The people, their interests and occupations and how they follow
them,
II. The land and buildings and how they serve their interests.
The data collected in surveys are properly analyzed in relation to the

area under consideration and they are recorded on maps, charts,
schedules and models. The planning survey does not start just of its own,
it has to be organized with meticulous care from beginning to end and
various processes concerned with such survey are suitably collected,
processed, arranged and interpreted. Thus, the essential ingredient of a
purposeful town planning survey is to arrange the facts of investigation in
the best possible scientific manner.
NECESSITY
The two main advantages of fully documented and
vividly illustrated survey are as follows:
1. The survey draws attention to the inter-relation
between various complicated activities of a town life.
2. The survey stresses the local requirements and
appropriate treatment to be given socially,
conveniently and artistically.
Thus, the role played by survey in the town planning is as
follows:
1. To evaluate the effects of development,
2. To present detailed reasoned reports,
3. To provide the necessary understanding before
decisions for development are made,
4. To study the situation objective and factually.
COLLECTION OF DATA
Following four surveys are carried out to collect data and other relevant
information, required in the process of town planning:
1. Functional survey: The functional aspects of a town life are studied under
this survey. The type of information collected in the functional survey can be
enlisted as follows:
· Roads including history of roads, traffic survey, details of width of roads
and tree planting,
· Railways with positions of level-crossings, passenger stations and goods
sheds,
· Airports and seaports,
· Waterways and canals,
· Routes of bus, tram, ferry, suburban railways,
· Local industries, their classification and location,
· Availability of raw materials and type of labour employed,
· Mines and their location,
· Conditions of commercial activity,
· Probable cost of planning scheme and sources of raising funds
2. Social survey: The social aspects of a town life are studied under this
survey. This type of information collected in the social survey can be
enlisted as given below:
· Ancient ruins,
· Architectural character of the locality,
· History of growth from the study of old maps,
· Conditions favourable for preservation of wild life,
· Preservation of natural beauty,
· Birth rates, death rates and charts of diseases,
· Residential areas, types of buildings, slums and suburban
development,
· Historical buildings and public buildings, their location and
classification,
· Parks and playgrounds, their size,
· Public services comprising of water supply, sewerage, drainage,
electricity, telephone, street lighting, cemeteries and fire protection.
3. Territorial survey: The physical aspects of territory are studied under this
survey. The type of information collected in the territorial survey can be
enlisted as follows:
· Geological features showing rocks and method responsible for
formation of topography,
· Contours of the land surface showing actual heights and variations of
surface,
· Rivers, oceans, streams and lakes,
· Climatic conditions including temperature range, rainfall and
direction and intensity of winds,
· Types of soil including areas of first class agricultural soil,
· Forests and other natural vegetation.
4. Vital survey: The population aspects of the town under consideration

are studied under this survey. This type of information collected in the vital
survey can be enlisted as follows:
· History of past growth of population,
· Characteristics of present population,
· Density of population,
· Factors which may influence the future rate of growth of the town
such as migration, development of local industries, etc.
TYPES OF SURVEYS
The various surveys conducted for town planning schemes can broadly be
divided into the following four types:
1. Preliminary survey: The data collected in the preliminary survey are of
fairly general nature and it is the usual practice to conduct preliminary survey
before conducting national, regional or civic surveys. The main objective of
the preliminary survey is to decide approximate boundary of area to be
planned. The topics which are usually covered in the preliminary survey are
as follows,
· Electric power: Source and distribution of power and location of supply
units.
· Water supply and sewerage: The existing facilities as well as the future
requirements.
· General amenities: Study of civic arts, parks and playgrounds, etc.
· Highways: Conditions of existing roads with respect to their construction
and maintenance problem.
· Railway: The existing routes and volume of goods traffic.
· Waterways: Highest water level, yearly, seasonal variations, etc.
· Housing: Study of existing housing conditions with respect to lighting,
ventilation, sanitation, etc.
· Industries: Arrangement and classification of various industries, location
and distribution of the manufacturing units, etc.
· Land use: The density and character of structures, divisions and uses of
land, etc. are studied.
. National survey: The study of national resource gives a broad
vision for the requirements of town planning schemes. The policy and
procedure adopted by nation as a whole affect considerably the
proposals of town planning schemes. The topics that are usually covered
are as follows:
· Administration: The aspects of land ownership and general
administration of the country are considered.
· Agriculture: It includes the study of types of agricultural soil, crops,
and number of crops per year.
· Communication facilities: The existing modes of transport such as
roads, railways, waterways and air routes are studied.
· Economic development: The overall situation of economic
conditions of the nation including availability, etc. are considered.
· Geography: The geological conditions, the extent of sea coast, etc.
are considered.
· Natural resources: The availability of natural resources in the form of
oil, minerals, gas, water, etc. are studied.
· Urban settlement: It includes the study of distribution and density of
population.
Civic survey: The civic or town survey is conducted with special
reference to the conditions prevailing in and around the town to be planned
the topics covered in civic survey are as follows:
· Communication amenities: The means of communication such as
roads, railways, airways, and waterways are studied together with their inter-
relationship.
· Contour: The study of contour of the area helps in deciding the
gradients of roads, location of waterworks and sewage plants, etc.
· Land uses and land values: It includes the study of agricultural lands,
residential and commercial areas, parks, open spaces, location of airports,
etc. The study of land values is useful to get an idea of the compensation
required to be paid to private owners for the acquisition of land for public
purposes.
· Historical background: It includes the study of general historical
development of town, present policy of administration, physical and social
aspects of the area, etc.
Housing: The characteristics of houses, distribution and relation of
people to houses, etc. are studied.
· Industries: The character, distribution, types, and special requirement
of the local industries are studied.
· Population: It includes the study of present and future population to
be served by the town planning scheme, family structure, density of
population, migration tendencies, etc.
· Natural features: The building, open spaces and spots of natural
beauty, which are to be preserved, are considered.
· Public health: A study is made of general health of inhabitants, death
rates, causes of special diseases, etc.
· Topography: The topography of the area is studied with reference to
climatic conditions, locations of rivers and streams, etc.
REGIONAL SURVEY: It is conducted on a slightly bigger scale as

compared to the civic survey. The purpose of regional survey and civic
survey is the same, namely, to investigate the economical, physical, and
social conditions of the area to be covered under the town planning
schemes. The investigations made under regional survey are of general
nature and as same as those of civic survey.
USES OF SURVEYS
The data and information collected during the survey work are useful in
the following respects:
· To give the town planner some basis for his thinking and working.
· To provide the relevant information regarding the community to be
served by the town planning scheme.
· To suggest the means of developing public opinion and
appreciation.
METHODS ADOPTED TO COLLECT DATA
The methods adopted to collect data for the surveys can be summarized as
follows:
1. A questionnaire form may be prepared and information may be
collected by house to house investigation.
2. The interview may be arranged with individuals or organizations having
special knowledge in specific fields.
3. The specialist maybe employed in some cases to supply the
information on topics related to their work.
4. The records and reports maintained by the government offices, police
department, municipal offices, revenue department, etc. can be studied
and analysed.
5. The town planner himself carries out the surveys and collect the
necessary information on spot examination with the help of the staff.
PREPARATION OF MAPS AND DRAWINGS
After the collection of data, maps and drawings are prepared in standard
scales and represented in different colours and symbols. The following
drawings are generally prepared:
· Contours map
· Land use map showing broad features of the town such as open space
and built-up areas, etc.
· Population density map
· Town map showing proposals of different zones
· Programme map of town showing development in first five years.
Based on the maps and drawings, a detailed report is prepared, sometimes
models are also prepared to convey the ideas. The representation of
drawing helps in following two ways:
1. The task of town planner becomes easy.
2. The representation of town planning proposals on drawings assists in
easy understanding of the ideas by general public and authorities in
particular.
2 - Urban Design
Analysis
Conservation &
Townscape Elements
Despite being somewhat remote from the station
the High Street remains the heart of the town and
the Brentwood Town Conservation Area was
designated in 2000 (amalgamated out of the
Middleton Hall Lane

Wilson’s Corner, Chapel and Hart Street
Conservation Areas).
Within and adjacent to the Conservation Area are
a significant number of statutory listed buildings
and protected trees. The local authority has
identified a number of other buildings with
significant townscape interest and which are
being considered for local listing.
Key views have been identified in the
Conservation Area Statement. The opportunity to
improve and utilise these views for wayfinding and
to improve the setting of the listed buildings and
the character and appearance of the
Shenfield
Conservation Area, forms part of the design Common
analysis.
Key
Listed building
Identified Conservation Area
Protected trees
Axial alignment
Building fronts defining positive public space
Vertical architectural features
Alleyways
Urban gateway
Green gateway
Brentwood
Green open space contributing to gateway space Station
18
2 - Urban Design Analysis
Conservation &
Townscape Elements
1 Building acting as a focal element
(axial alignment) where routes
diverge or converge (e.g. Queens &
Coptfold Roads)
2 Building mass and interfaces
help to structure positive public
spaces (e.g. High Street)
1 2 3
3-4 Street spaces perpendicular to the
High Street are downscaled to
accommodate and encourage
pedestrian activity (e.g. Crown
Street)
5 Chapel Ruins area (including the
Scheduled Ancient Monument) is
located at the heart of the High
Street
6 Existing alleyways add to the
townscape character of the historic
core and allow for permeable
pedestrian movement
4 5 6
7-8 Vertical architectural features of the
historic buildings contribute to the
character of the town; acting as
orientation elements
9 Shenfield Common is a green
gateway into the town, where a
series of historic routes meet
Source:
Photo 1 - Google Street View

Photos 2 - 8 taken by Levitt Bernstein on site visit to
Brentwood (16 October 2016)
Photo 9 - Bing Maps
7 8 9
Design Plan & Feasibility Study | N

November 2017 19
2 - Urban Design
Analysis
Open Space
Regionally, the landscape character of the area is 3
characterised by a system of elevated undulating

hills, mixture of arable and pasture farmlands,
pockets of pasture and commons, blocks of
mature mixed and deciduous woodlands, and 4
Middleton Hall Lane

tree-lined narrow lanes.
At the town scale, there are very few open green
spaces within the Town Centre. The most notable
spaces of strategic value are the park space 6
forming part of the eastern gateway (no. 4) and

the Shenfield Common in the south-east (no. 8). 1
There are some pocket green areas within the

Town Centre like St Thomas’ cemetery which has
a well used pedestrian path that connects the
High Street with Coptfold Rd.
The majority of the larger green spaces are
located towards the periphery of the Town Centre
(i.e. Weald Wooded Farmland, Doddinghurst
Wooded Farmland & Heybridge Wooded
Farmland). 7
The school and sports grounds are privately

5 8
owned and controlled (no.5 and 6).
Key
Brentwood
Open space Station
20
2 - Urban Design Analysis
Open Space
1 North-west
west green ‘wedge’ including
St Faith’s country park (part of
the Weald Wooded Farmland)
2 Base Brentwood Green
3 Park space, North Road
4 Park space forming part of the
eastern gateway on approach to the
eastern end of the High Street 1 2 3
5 Brentwood Ursuline Convent High
School grounds
6 Brentwood School grounds and
Club sports grounds - dominant
green space between Brentwood
and Shenfield
7-8 Shenfield Common as green
gateway space for the south-east
(part of Little Warley Wooded
Farmland landscape character)
4 5 6
Source:
Photo 1, 4 - 7 - Bing Maps

Photos 2 - 3 - Google Street View
7 8

November 2017 21
2 - Urban Design
Analysis
Land Ownership
Some of the potential developable sites which
have been identified are owned by Brentwood
Council and fall close or within the Town Centre
domain.
The most notable sites are the William Hunter
Middleton Hall Lane

Way parking site, the Westbury Way car park and
the Chatham Way car park. The reasons are
two-fold:
- Since they are council owned, they have the
potential to be quick win projects.
- They can be spatially integrated into the
existing Town Centre and contribute to the
overall character of the Town Centre.
With the arrival of Crossrrail in 2017, and the
emergence of development and public realm
improvement opportunities north of the railway
station, it is worth exploring options for the
Network Rail car park west of the station (near
Kings Road).
Key
Potential developable sites
Brentwood Borough Council owned

Brentwood
Network Rail owned Station
22
2 - Urban Design
Analysis
Heights
The building heights across the Town Centre are
predominantly between 2 ,3 and 4 storeys, which
is an appropriate scale for the historic High Street
and surrounding areas.
Some of the historic buildings have vertical
Middleton Hall Lane

architectural features that act as orientation and
legibility elements (as indicated on the
Conservation & Townscape Elements diagram).
The tallest built structures are located around the
Baytree Centre shopping area, along Kings Road
(near the train station) and the modernist tower
(telephone exchange building) block near the
eastern gateway of the High Street.
Key
10+ storeys
Kings Rd
8-9 storeys
5-7 storeys
3-4 storeys
2 storeys
Brentwood
Vertical architectural feature Station
Design Plan & Feasibility Study | November 2017 23

2 - Urban Design
Analysis
Land Use
The diagram shows the variety of groundfloor
uses in the Town Centre.
The majority of the non-residential uses are
located along the High Street, Kings Road and
Ongar Road.
Middleton Hall Lane

Along Queens and Ingrave Road, institutions and
public facilities dominate i.e. churches, schools
and council offices.
Employment uses (B-class such as offices) and
residential uses (C-class) are not shown as this
map is predominantly identifying ground floor
shop uses, such as retail, restaurant and other
uses.
Key
A1 - Shops
A2 - Financial and professional services
A3 - Restaurants & cafés
A4 - Drinking establishments
A5 - Hot food & take away
C - Hotels
D1 - Non-residential institutions
D2 - Assembly & leisure
Sui Generis - A use on its own to which any

change of use will require planning
permission
Vacant
* The information used on this drawing is based on

analysis received- 2016. The areas indicated in grey Brentwood
were not specified. Station
24
2 - Urban Design
Analysis
Public Realm Network
The dominant public realm feature is the High
Street. Leading off this space are a series of
alleyways that contribute to pedestrian
movement on both sides of the High Street.
Kings Road plays an important role in connecting
Middleton Hall Lane

the train station with the High Street, however, it is
currently lacking in spatial character in
comparison to the High Street.
The downscaling of certain streets e.g. Crown and
Hart Street, has contributed to them becoming
secondary public realm elements that
compliment the High Street.
The gateways to the High Street and entrance
space north of the Brentwood train station are
important but currently lack place-making, they
are spatially poorly defined and car-dominated.
Key
Key Gateways
Brentwood
Public realm Station

2 - Urban Design
Analysis
Pedestrian Movement
The dominant pedestrian routes are along the
High Street and Kings Road, due to the movement
between the Town Centre and the train station
and also the range of activities that are located
along the High Street.
Middleton Hall Lane

During school terms, in the morning and
afternoon peak times, there are higher levels of
pedestrian movement to and from schools
located in the south-eastern
eastern and north-eastern
parts of the town.
This information is based on the transport and
movement analysis, undertaken during the design
process.
Key
High levels of pedestrian movement
Mid levels of pedestrian movement

Brentwood
Low levels of pedestrian movement Station
26
2 - Urban Design
Analysis
Vehicular Movement,
Parking & Public Transport
The current system of main routes provides a
permeable condition with choice to move around
or through the town with ease.
The majority of the council parking areas are
strategically located in relation to the Town
Middleton Hall Lane

Centre, making walking an attractive option. 1
The majority of the bus stops are located along

the main routes and are well connected to and
from Brentwood station.
The arrival of Crossrail will potentially increase
demands and improvements to the local bus
services for the borough itself.
Parking Bay Numbers 4 3
2
1. William Hunter Way Car Park - 372 (29
disabled)
2. Coptfold Road Multi Storey - 559 (18 disabled)
3. Chatham Way - 113 (3 disbaled)
4. Westbury Road - 95
5. Brentwood Station Car Park - 398 (16 disabled)
Source: Brentwood Parking Strattegy, 2016 (JMP)
Key
Council owned parking sites
Network Rail parking sites
Private parking sites
Vehicular movement routes
National Rail
5
Crossrail
Brentwood
Bus Stops Station

November 2017 27
2 - Transport Analysis
Parking Site Assessment
A series of existing parking sites are identified and 5
assessed according to how they contribute to

future parking demands in Brentwood Town
Centre.
The criteria are two-fold:
fold: 6
Middleton Hall Lane

First, it is based on the suitability of sites based on
distance that has been calculated using the
Institution of Highways and Transportation (2000)
‘Providing for Journeys oon Foot’, which outlines
firstly that parking should desirably be within
200m of a Town Centre, but that 400m should be
acceptable. 800m is defined as the desired
maximum, but this is considered too far for the 3
majority of users.
Secondly, to outline that acceptable maximum 2
walking distances for car

car-borne shoppers are 1
dependent on the amount of time spent shopping.

Under this approach:
30mins – 100m 1 hour – 200m
2 hours – 400m 4 hours – 800m
8 hours – 1000m
It is assumed that shoppers will stay in Brentwood
between 30mins and 2 hours regularly, and that
car parks less than 400m away are suitable for
shoppers. Car parks further away than this but
still on semi-direct routes may still be suitable for
mixed use or longer-term
term parking for commuters
or Town Centre employees. 7
Sites no. 1 – 2 were recommended for further

investigation. Despite the large size of site no. 4,
the railway car park is too far from the Town 4
Centre to be used significantly by shoppers
without a supporting transport system (e.g. Park Brentwood
Station
and Ride).
28
C
Road Accidents
Road accident clusters have been identified using
Essex County Council data from August 2013 – P
August 2016. These indicate a number of P
locations where vehicles, and/or vehicles and
vulnerable users, including ‘Vehicle’ Conflict
Locations:
P
• High Street (A1023) / Kings Road / Weald
Road junction
P PP
• The Queen’s Road (B186) / Crown Street
P P
roundabout
P
• ‘Vehicle / Vulnerable User’ Conflict Locations PPP
• The Kings Road / Primrose Hill junction P P

• The High Street (A1023) near Barclays Bank
• Ingrave Road (A128)
P
• Ongar Road
Redevelopment to promote safety in these
locations will be critical to eliminating these
hotspots for conflict and for promoting safe
movement by all users.
PP
C
Legend:
P
Fatal accidents
Accidents resulting in
serious injury
Accidents resulting in
slight injury
P
P Pedestrian Injury
C Cyclist Injury

Traffic Modelling Diagrams
Current situation:
Current Situation
Situation- AM (peak time)
AM PEAK
The LinSig / Arcady models has revealed that
most of the junctions / mini roundabouts operate
below capacity with the exception of the Ongar
Road / Shenfield Road / High Street / Ingrave
Road double mini-roundabout,
roundabout, the Kings Road /
Queen’s Road and Ingrave Road / Queen’s Road
mini-roundabouts.
The base model results suggest that all four
approaching lanes of the Ongar Road / Shenfield
Road / High Street / Ingrave Road two mini-
roundabouts are currently operating above the
RFC threshold of 0.85 during the AM peak period.
Similarly the northbound Ingrave Road arm of the
Ingrave Road / Queen’s Road mini-roundabout is
currently operating above capacity during the AM
peak period.
Legend:
Junctions / mini
roundabouts operating
below capacity
Junctions / mini
above capacity
No models provided
Arms operating above

capacity
30
Traffic Modelling Diagrams
Current situation:
Current Situation- PM (peak time) PM PEAK
The base model suggests Ingrave Road and High
Street are operating above capacity in the PM
peak.
The southbound Kings Road approach to the
Kings Road / Queen’s Road mini-roundabout
experiences delays during the PM peak periods.
Legend:
Junctions / mini
below capacity
Junctions / mini
above capacity
v No models provided
Arms operating above

capacity

2 - Market Demand & Analysis
Town Centre Activity
The commercial offer of the Town Centre is Office employment and activity has tended to The scale and accessibility of this provision will be also ongoing housing pressures and costs in
principally concentrated along the High Street locate around the periphery of the Town Centre a key influence on the potential for Brentwood to London, which is causing a range of professional
and the immediate ‘feeder’ routes. with clusters located close to Ongar Road and attract new retail and leisure activities at scale. and non-professional workers to live outside the
Brentwood Station. Much of the larger stock on However, as the retail sector evolves in light of city.
Retail activity is largely oriented along the High
King Road is subject to redevelopment proposals. increased online shopping, increasing demand for
Street and within the Baytree Centre, with the Changes to the population will also support a
smaller, more dispersed stores, and a new,
core offer and main ‘circuit’ focused in the area growth and diversification of the offer, as the
smaller, higher quality range of leisure operators
immediately surrounding the square and then population ages there will be a new demand for a
are growing their market share, there remain
east along the High Street as far as the Ongar
Road junction. To the west of the square towards
Competitive Position opportunities for Brentwood to expand its offer.
range of different leisure and other services. The
increasing young professional residents will also
the King Street junction the strength of retail underpin demand for existing and new offers.
fades and is dominated by lower order shops, The Town Centre currently provides a mixed offer Both audiences have increasing levels of
food and beverage and takeaways. that is broadly in line with the scale and nature of
its catchment. The offer is also significantly
Drivers of Change disposable income which can be captured within
the TownCentre.
The retail offer serves two distinct markets with
the Town Centre accommodating retailers at both influenced by the town’s location and the scale of Whilst opportunities exist to grow the Brentwood
the retail offer in other, larger locations. The current Town Centre offer is relatively
the ‘budget’ end of the retail spectrum (such as offer it will need to be carefully managed to
Wilko) and the high value boutique end. This successful, functioning well and meeting a range ensure it complements the existing activity,
There are two major shopping destinations within
reflects the nature of the catchment which is of needs from its catchment. There remains providing new uses and unit types capable of
close proximity to Brentwood, both of which are
similarly polarised. The retail offer is a mix of both demand for further space, however there are attracting different occupiers.
accessible by car within 30 minutes of
local independent activities and national chains limited opportunities to accommodate this and
Brentwood.
and focused on comparison goods, with only the potential new occupiers interested in the town
Sainsbury’s and Iceland providing a food store To the south lies the major regional retail centre at tend to repeat the current offer, rather than
offer alongside an M&S Foodhall. Lakeside in Thurrock, which provides one of the expand or upgrade it.
largest concentrations of retail floorspace in the
Health and beauty activities are well represented However, beyond general trends in the retail and
Howe
country and is a destination for the majority of
within the Town Centre mix, with a particularly leisure sector, there are a range of factors which
comparison goods retail spend in Essex. Tothe
high level of beauty salons as well as nail bars and will support the ongoing evolution of the Town
north lies Chelmsford, whose City Centre
hair salons. This cluster is further enhanced by Centre.
continues to attract a large number of major
the presence of a number of fashion boutiques. retailers. Growth will be driven in part by new development
The food and beverage and wider commercial opportunities which will increase the resident
Both locations also provide a range of dining and
leisure offer is relatively limited, focused on catchment within the immediate Town Centre
leisure activities which, alongside Festival Park in
generally mid-range
range dining (Prezzo, Chimichanga, area, providing new footfall for Town Centre
Basildon, draws further activity from Brentwood
Nando’s) and a range of bars and pubs. There is retailers. Demand for residential space will in turn
in terms of cinema, bowling and a wider range of
little other provision beyond a Better Gym. be driven by the introduction of Crossrail (which
dining, nightclubs and performance venues.
will provide a greater choice for commuters) and
32
2 - Market Demand & Analysis
Town Centre Activities
1 Retail activity along the High Street
2 Entrance forecourt of Baytree
Centre shopping centre
3 Claire’s, Baytree Centre
4 Wilko, Baytree Centre
5 Sainsbury’s
6 Chloe’s Beauty Bar, High Street 1 2 3
7 Lucy’s Boutique, Ongar Road
8 Chimichanga, High Street
9 Nando’s, High Street
Source:
Photo 1 - taken by Levitt Bernstein on site visit to

Photo 2 - http://www.cortexpartners.co.uk/wp-content/
uploads/2015/08/Baytree-Centre-for-website.jpg
Photo 3 - https://www.yell.com/biz/claire-s-
brentwood-5366857/
Photo 4 - http://www.bmstores.co.uk/images/dmImage/ 4 5 6
StandardImage/20%20Brentwood%20Store%20
Opening%20Front.jpg
Photo 5 - http://www.propertymall.com/press/
images/34225pk.jpg
Photo 6 - http://scarlettlondon.com/wp-content/
uploads/2011/11/article-2066227-0EF0AFAC00000578-
596_468x362.jpg
Photo 7 - http://s3.amazonaws.com/ldc/
large/2288/22883132.jpg
Photo 8 - http://www.chimichanga.co.uk/globalassets/
images/restaurants/brentwood/chimichanga.brentwood-
380-by-380-1.jpg
Photo 9 - http://statics.192.com/estreet/original/
large/2253/22532535.jpg
7 8 9

2 - Some Key Findings
The Setting Current Conditions Problem Statement
Although the quality of the Town Centre has Gateways: A Delicate Mix of Activity: Looking Forward:
eroded in certain parts, Brentwood offers unique
• Favours the car rather than pedestrian. • The physical form of the town allows it to meet • Inform the vision and incorporate the
conditions, making it a potential place for
the needs of a reasonably polarised opportunities to the Town Centre Design Plan.
revitalisation and improvements: • Little activity and signage to indicate you are
catchment without a detrimental impact on
entering the Town Centre. • Movement needs to be addressed; Improving
• The Town Centre is located at a higher the overall perception of the town.
the High Street pedestrian experience.
altitude to its surrounding setting. The • The route to the station is poor; the shops in
• However, the retail circuit is reduced by the
buildings and streets create a comfortable Kings Road could benefit from public realm • Attract and support independent retailers.
quality of place in some locations and lack of
experience at human scale. improvements. Improve east-west gateways and north-south
north
anchors to the west.
routes.
• Despite the distance and topography, the • The gateways to the town are currently
• Core retail activity should continue to be
location of the station and railway line relatively inactive, providing little animation • Improve links and routes with the station.
concentrated on the High Street and Baytree
alignment has done minimal infrastructural and signalling that visitors are entering a
Centre, new development should provide • Opportunity to expand the commercial offer
damage to the Town Centre. vibrant High Street. Future uses should seek
complementary not competing space. to meet the needs of a wider range of
to create active frontages at these junctions.
• There is no risk of flooding. residents – particularly older and younger
• The Baytree Centre is critical to the Town
• Many of the junctions are vehicle oriented and residents.
• There are many schools in close proximity to Centre. It accommodates many of the large
inhibit pedestrian movement.
the Town Centre. A vibrant Town Centre can retail units which are difficult to locate along • Public realm, transport and uses need to work
only benefit from the large school population the High Street frontage. together to create and enhance quality of
on foot. environment and shopping/leisure experience
• The leisure offer caters to a limited audience,
to increase circulation and dwell time.
• The existing permeable system of vehicular a key issue given the scale and growth in older
movement routes provide choice for the town residents. • An approach that builds on the unique
with quick access to the existing parking ‘aspirational’ health and beauty offer already
areas. within the town provides opportunities to raise
Potential to:
quality and attract new leisure operators.
• With the arrival of Crossrail at Brentwood
• Create a framework supporting appropriate
and Shenfield, the impact it might have is • The High Street and Baytree Centre should
development to enhance the environment
uncertain, but creates an exciting prospect be the focus to grow the mix of independent
and encourage pedestrian movement.
for the town to grow and add value. and multiple retail occupiers, but will require
• Improve Town Centre connectivity with the effective promotion and management.
Station.
• Key Council-owned sites could be the focus of
• Address the current ‘drop off’ experienced by early delivery. If developed appropriately they
pedestrians reaching each end of the High could set a precedent for future
Street. developments.
34
Feasibility Assessment & Strategy
The Town Centre functions well given the wider Where development comes forward it should
competitive context, with identified requirements complement not compete with the High Street by
from new retail and leisure activities seeking to providing high quality residential and mixed use
come to the town and new drivers of residential development that enhance the leisure offer.
demand being delivered. It therefore has the Given the limited opportunity for larger footprint
fundamentals in place to evolve and grow. retail units these developments could provide
new locations for an urban food store, however
However, to achieve the quality and mix of
comparison retail should be encouraged onto the
development and activity that truly enhances the
High Street.
offer will require ongoing coordination,
intervention and investment from the Council and Integrating new developments and enhancing
its partners. existing parts of the Town Centre will require
interventions that enhance the retail circuit, of
The key to Brentwood realising its full potential
particular focus should be the western end of the
will be to demonstrate the potential. The Council
High Street, where the pedestrian and, in turn,
should start by focusing on locations where it has
trading environment is weaker and fewer anchor
most direct control and influence. This will
tenants are located.
establish the market opportunity and provide a
best practice example to private landowners.
In bringing forward new opportunities it is vital to
work with ‘new’ drivers for the Town Centre which
will underpin additional demand. A critical
element will be the ability to increase the
immediate Town Centre catchment by
accommodating new residential development,
which will itself be supported by the arrival of
Crossrail.
Early public realm improvements should be a
pre-cursor to development, better integrating the
station into the town through a range of
enhancements on key walking and cycling routes.
Critically this should seek to provide route choice,
encouraging walking and cycling by separating it
from busy traffic on King Road. Key arrival points
and gateways should also be enhanced and
animated.

Some Positives
1-2 The human scale of the buildings in
High Street is defined by a diverse
range of activities (the ‘heart’ of the
town)
1-2 Surface treatment implemented to
eastern part of the High Street
enhances the historic feel of the
Town Centre
3 Chapel Ruins is located at the 1 2 3
heart of the High Street
4-6 Street spaces perpendicular to the
High Street are downscaled to
accommodate and encourage
pedestrian activities
7 Existing alleyways contribute to the
townscape character of the historic
core and allow for permeable
pedestrian movement
8-9 Vertical architectural features of the
historic buildings contribute to the
character of the town; acting as
4 5 6
orientation elements
Source:

Brentwood (16 October 2016))
7 8 9
36
Some Negatives
10 Service yards are embedded within
the historic core
11 Certain existing alleyways have poor
street interfaces
12-13 Clutter of landscape features on
strategic land parcels, create spaces
with poor legibility, obstruct
pedestrian movement, and lead
to a lack of human surveillance of 10 11 12
streets and public spaces
14-15 William Hunter Way site forms a
barrier between the historic core
and the northern parts of
Brentwood Town Centre. The
emphasis is on mobility with poor
pedestrian crossings
16-17 Buildings and parking zones have
poor street interfaces and
relationships with their immediate
surroundings
18 Poorly defined gateways into the
13 14 15
High Street; clutter of traffic
elements, restricted pedestrian
movement at these critical
intersections
Source:

16 17 18

Transport Opportunities
Barriers to access and movement across the
Town Centre, from the railway station and the
surrounding area have been identified as part of
this commission.
Foremost amongst these barriers are oversized
junctions and mini-roundabouts
roundabouts which strongly
favour vehicular access. Several of these have
been identified for potential modification with
focus on removing existing barriers, altering traffic
flows and providing clearer pedestrian and cycle
routes to facilitate this movement.
Legend:
Council Owned Parking
Sites
Network Rail Parking Sites
Private Parking Sites
Existing Roads
Routes for Pedestrian

enhancement
Routes for Cycling

enhancement
Junctions Enhancement –
pedestrian access focus
Junction Enhancement –
Increasing traffic flow /
reducing congestion focus
Junction Enhancement –
reducing traffic flow / speed
Junction Enhancement -
Increasing traffic flow but
not into the High Street
Vehicle Accessibility
Improvements
Gateway to public realm
Public Realm Enhancement

areas
38
Wayfinding improvements are also a key issue for
this masterplan, particularly between the Town
Centre and the station, so as to create a sense of
place, increase streetscape legibility and
encourage pedestrian flow.
New public realm opportunities and possible
locations for gateways to these spaces have also
been identified and tied into this strategy,
highlighting where pedestrian movement could
take priority and generate new destinations.
Specific locations to focus on include:
Connections between William Hunter Way and
High Street;
Crown Street adjacent to the Bay Tree Centre car
park. Car flow in this location could be reduced by
closing the existing Coptfold Road car park exit.
A focus on servicing is also essential given the
existing functions of William Hunter Way,Hart
Street and Alfred Road. In particular, service
vehicle access issues pertaining to the Iceland
car park on Alfred Road must be considered in
order to ensure safe access and prevent damage
to the streetscape.

Constraints
The identified constraints are located within the

core of the Town Centre.
There is an obvious lack of north
north-south
permeability across the High Street and this is
exacerbated by the car dominated routes (i.e.
Middleton Hall Lane

William Hunter Way)
Poor way-finding between the station and the P

Town Centre, combined with car car-dominated
junctions places greater emphasis on the car user
and less on pedestrian movement.
Key
P
P P
Buildings/areas with poor relationship to its
surroundings
Car dominated junctions

?
Poor sense of arrival at Brentwood Station ? ?
Car dominated route with emphasis on servicing
and mobility
Poor interface with the High Street
Existing alleyways - need to improve the

experience and interfaces
P Car parks with potential to redevelop but

important to re-provide
provide the number of places
Sainsbury’s site makes poor spatial and urban

contributions to the Town Centre
Conservation area
Lack of way-finding
finding between Town Centre and
the station Brentwood
Station
40
Schools to
the north
Opportunities
The identified opportunity areas implies a
condition to explore more north-south
south desire links
to integrate the Town Centre with the surrounding
schools and the train station. Car-dominated
junctions and roads can be explored to be more
Middleton Hall Lane

pedestrian oriented and less car
car-dominant.
P
Key
Identified areas of potential development Brentwood

School
Heart of the Town Centre - potential to improve
the public realm
Improve the alleyway experience between

William Hunter Way and High Street P
P P
Improve the permeability of the Town Centre to
and from the High street towards north and
south
Potential to change the character of William

Hunter Way into a more pedestrian friendly Brentwood Ursuline
Convent High
street School for Girls
Key areas with potential public realm

improvements
Gateway to the Town Centre from the station.

Opportunity to improve way
way-finding and public
realm
Need to create a sense of arrival in the

Brentwood Station
Spatial integration between the Town Centre

and the station
Crossrail
Existing schools Brentwood

Station

November 2017 41

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SRM Institute of Science & Technology

(Deemed to be university u/s 3 of UGC Act, 1956)

16AR406 – URBAN DESIGN AND RENEWAL

Compiled by: Prof. DR. Neha Bansal

UNIT- 3 BASIC PRINCIPLES & TECHNIQUES IN URBAN DESIGN 10

UNIT- 4 RENEWAL, RE-DEVELOPEMENT AND FORMULATING URBAN DESIGN 10

UNIT- 5 URBAN DESIGN SURVEY AND PRESENTATION 20

Emergence of urban design as a discipline, need for urban design

Urban design is about makingg

THE RENEWAL OF SEOUL CITY – BEFORE & AFTER

URBAN DEVELOPMENT & RENEWAL

Public space includes the totality of spaces used freely on a day

Some aspects of privately owned spaces, such as building facades or

• A framework for growth

A brief study and analysis of urban spaces in history-in

The Greeks were the first to use

The Romans used a consolidated scheme for city planning,

Vedic approach considers the orientation, symmetry,

HISTORIC REVIEW AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE DISCIPLINE AND

16AR406 – URBAN DESIGN & RENEWAL – PRESENTED BY :N.PRAVEEN , M.ARCH

•THE SITE OF A CITY

CITY BEAUTIFUL MOVEMENT

GARDEN CITY MOVEMENT – EBENZER HOWARD / RAYMOND

GARDEN CITY MOVEMENT –

GARDEN CITY MOVEMENT

•Shared the concern about social questions

Daniel Burnham & Edward Bennet Plan of Chicago, 1909

"Elevated sidewalks: How it will

“The present idea of the street must be abandoned: KILL

Problem with modernistic living quarters:

Upper: a common space on the drawing of

The advocates of new contemporary cities

16AR406 – URBAN DESIGN &

16AR406 – URBAN DESIGN & RENEWAL – PRESENTED BY :N.PRAVEEN , M.ARCH

2. Public Space - Parks, Squares...

3. Streets – Path, Road, lanes...

4. Transport - Bus, Metro, Tram...

5. Landscape - Street trees, urban parks, Boulevards...

SHOPPING STREET - Copenhagen,

RANGANATHAN STREET - Chennai

1. The region - City & Town (eg: Chandigarh)

2. The neighbourhood - District and corridor (eg: T. Nagar)

3. The block - street and building

Urban Design weaves together the 5 elements into a

2. Through decades of travelling across

3. Italian cities with Roman and Medieval

1. The Votive Church in Vienna sits

2. Empirical research on city planning,

3. “There seems to be a public image of

4. An environmental image may be

• IMAGEABILITY: That quality in a physical object which gives it a

• It is that shape, color, or arrangement which facilitates the making of

• Imageability in purpose is simply to consider the need for identity

a. Path – the channel of the observer

b. Landmark – external references

c. Edge – breaking in continuity with the surrounding areas

d. Node – strategic points

e. District – 2 dimensional elements within which we spot a

• Edges are linear elements not

• Shores, railroad cuts edges of

• They are lateral reference rather

• Such edges may be barriers,