Biomedical research 

(or experimental medicine) encompasses a wide array of research, extending from

"basic research" (also called bench science or bench research),[1] – involving fundamental scientific principles
that may apply to a preclinical understanding – to clinical research, which involves studies of people who may be
subjects in clinical trials. Within this spectrum is applied research, or translational research, conducted to expand
knowledge in the field of medicine.

Both clinical and preclinical research phases exist in the pharmaceutical industry's drug development
pipelines, where the clinical phase is denoted by the term clinical trial. However, only part of the clinical or
preclinical research is oriented towards a specific pharmaceutical purpose. The need for fundamental and
mechanism-based understanding, diagnostics, medical devices, and non-pharmaceutical therapies means that
pharmaceutical research is only a small part of medical research.
The increased longevity of humans over the past century can be significantly attributed to advances resulting
from medical research. Among the major benefits of medical research have
been vaccines for measles and polio, insulin treatment for diabetes, classes of antibiotics for treating a host of
maladies, medication for high blood pressure, improved treatments for AIDS, statins and other treatments
for atherosclerosis, new surgical techniques such as microsurgery, and increasingly successful treatments
for cancer.[citation needed] New, beneficial tests and treatments are expected as a result of the Human Genome
Project. Many challenges remain, however, including the appearance of antibiotic resistance and the obesity
epidemic.
Most of the research in the field is pursued by biomedical scientists, but significant contributions are made by
other type of biologists. Medical research on humans, has to strictly follow the medical ethics sanctioned in
the Declaration of Helsinki and hospital review boardwhere the research is conducted. In all cases, research
ethics are expected.
33Researchers from Michigan State University College of Human Medicine and physicians from Spectrum
Health have identified for the first time in a human patient a genetic disorder only previously described in animal
models.

The disorder is caused by mutations in a gene known as ornithine decarboxylase 1 (ODC1) and is defined by a
number of clinical features including large birth weight, enlarged head size, hair loss, reduced muscle strength,
skin lesions, hearing loss and developmental delays. The disorder is, as of yet, unnamed, and its long-term
effects, which include impacts on the neurological system, are not completely known.

Their study is published in the American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A.

"This remarkable case represents the first human example of a disorder that was described by researchers in
a transgenic mouse model more than 20 years ago," said senior author André Bachmann, Ph.D., Michigan State
University professor and associate chair for pediatric research.

"The ODC1 gene plays an important role in a number of physiological and cell developmental processes
including embryo and organ development," said lead author Caleb Bupp, MD, Spectrum Health medical
geneticist. "The long-term impacts of this disorder are not completely known."

Researchers also theorize that the ODC inhibitor DFMO, a water soluble, FDA-approved drug, may serve as a
disease-modifying drug, and an early therapeutic trial in a new diagnosis may prevent some of the clinical
symptoms. DFMO has been used for many years in the treatment of trypanosomiasis, a tropical disease
transmitted by biting insects and more recently entered clinical trials for pediatric neuroblastoma and colon
cancer. DFMO prevented hair loss and also partially restored hair growth in mice and is considered a well-
tolerated drug.
The female patient was examined at Spectrum Health Helen DeVos Children's Hospital in Grand Rapids,
Michigan, at 11 months of age. Blood samples for testing were drawn at age 19 months and 32 months. Two
developmentally normal, age/gender matched patients that were being sedated for outpatient same-day
procedures served as controls. The parents of the patients provided written informed consent and the protocol
was approved by the institutional review board (IRB) of Spectrum Health.

Bachmann and Bupp were joined in the study by MSU research assistants Chad Schultz and Katie Uhl and
Helen DeVos Children's Hospital Medical Director of Research and critical care physician Surender Rajasekaran,
MD.

The original ODC1 mouse model was developed by the late Dr. Thomas G. O'Brien in 1995 at the Lankenau
Medical Research Center in Pennsylvania.
55555Infectious diseases are disorders caused by organisms — such as bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasites.
Many organisms live in and on our bodies. They're normally harmless or even helpful, but under certain
conditions, some organisms may cause disease.

Some infectious diseases can be passed from person to person. Some are transmitted by bites from insects or
animals. And others are acquired by ingesting contaminated food or water or being exposed to organisms in the
environment.

Signs and symptoms vary depending on the organism causing the infection, but often include fever and fatigue.
Mild infections may respond to rest and home remedies, while some life-threatening infections may require
hospitalization.

Many infectious diseases, such as measles and chickenpox, can be prevented by vaccines. Frequent and
thorough hand-washing also helps protect you from most infectious diseases.

Symptoms

Each infectious disease has its own specific signs and symptoms. General signs and symptoms common to a
number of infectious diseases include:

 Fever
 Diarrhea
  Fatigue
 Muscle aches
 Coughing
When to see a doctor

Seek medical attention if you:

 Have been bitten by an animal

 Are having trouble breathing
 Have been coughing for more than a week
 Have severe headache with fever
 Experience a rash or swelling
 Have unexplained or prolonged fever
 Have sudden vision problems
Request an Appointment at Mayo Clinic
Causes

Infectious diseases can be caused by:

  Bacteria. These one-cell organisms are responsible for illnesses such as strep throat, urinary tract infections
and tuberculosis.
 Viruses. Even smaller than bacteria, viruses cause a multitude of diseases — ranging from the common
cold to AIDS.
 Fungi. Many skin diseases, such as ringworm and athlete's foot, are caused by fungi. Other types of fungi
can infect your lungs or nervous system.
 Parasites. Malaria is caused by a tiny parasite that is transmitted by a mosquito bite. Other parasites may
be transmitted to humans from animal feces.
Direct contact

An easy way to catch most infectious diseases is by coming in contact with a person or animal who has the
infection. Three ways infectious diseases can be spread through direct contact are:

 Person to person. A common way for infectious diseases to spread is through the direct transfer of
bacteria, viruses or other germs from one person to another. This can occur when an individual with the
bacterium or virus touches, kisses, or coughs or sneezes on someone who isn't infected.
These germs can also spread through the exchange of body fluids from sexual contact. The person who
passes the germ may have no symptoms of the disease, but may simply be a carrier.

 Animal to person. Being bitten or scratched by an infected animal — even a pet — can make you sick and,
in extreme circumstances, can be fatal. Handling animal waste can be hazardous, too. For example, you can
acquire a toxoplasmosis infection by scooping your cat's litter box.
  Mother to unborn child. A pregnant woman may pass germs that cause infectious diseases to her unborn
baby. Some germs can pass through the placenta. Germs in the vagina can be transmitted to the baby
during birth.
Indirect contact

Disease-causing organisms also can be passed by indirect contact. Many germs can linger on an inanimate
object, such as a tabletop, doorknob or faucet handle.

When you touch a doorknob handled by someone ill with the flu or a cold, for example, you can pick up the
germs he or she left behind. If you then touch your eyes, mouth or nose before washing your hands, you may
become infected.

Insect bites

Some germs rely on insect carriers — such as mosquitoes, fleas, lice or ticks — to move from host to host.
These carriers are known as vectors. Mosquitoes can carry the malaria parasite or West Nile virus, and deer
ticks may carry the bacterium that causes Lyme disease.

Food contamination

Another way disease-causing germs can infect you is through contaminated food and water. This mechanism of
transmission allows germs to be spread to many people through a single source. E. coli, for example, is a
bacterium present in or on certain foods — such as undercooked hamburger or unpasteurized fruit juice.
Risk factors

While anyone can catch infectious diseases, you may be more likely to get sick if your immune system isn't
working properly. This may occur if:

 You're taking steroids or other medications that suppress your immune system, such as anti-rejection drugs
for a transplanted organ
 You have HIV or AIDS
 You have certain types of cancer or other disorders that affect your immune system
In addition, certain other medical conditions may predispose you to infection, including implanted medical
devices, malnutrition and extremes of age, among others.

Complications

Most infectious diseases have only minor complications. But some infections — such as pneumonia, AIDS and
meningitis — can become life-threatening. A few types of infections have been linked to a long-term increased
risk of cancer:

 Human papillomavirus is linked to cervical cancer

 Helicobacter pylori is linked to stomach cancer and peptic ulcers
 Hepatitis B and C have been linked to liver cancer
In addition, some infectious diseases may become silent, only to appear again in the future — sometimes even
decades later. For example, someone who's had a chickenpox infection may develop shingles much later in life

1. Atheist: ateo
2. Anemic: anémico
3. Atypical: atípico
4. Asymetrical: asimétrico

A- An-: signfiicado: transformar en / hacia

5. Abase: degradar
6. Aside: a un lado
7. Aback: hacia atrás

Ab- Abs-: significado: completamente

8. Abashed: avergonzado

Ad- a- ac- af- ag- al- an- ap- at- as- significado: hacia / convertirse en / aumentar

9. Advance: avanzar
10. Adultérate: adulterar
11. Ascend: ascender
12. Affiliate: asociarse
13. Affirm: afirmar, sostener
 14. Aggravate: agravar
15. Alleviate: aliviar
16. Apprehend: atrapar
17. Arrive: llegar
18. Assemble: ensamblar / reunir / congregar
19. Attend: asistir

Ante-: signficado: antes de

20. Antecedent: antecedente / precedente

Anti- significado: opuesto

21. Antibiotic: antibiótico

22. Antartic: antártico
23. Anticlímax: anticlímax
24. Antihero: antihéroe

Auto: significado: a sí mismo

25. Automobile: automóvil

26. Autobiography: autobiografía

Be- significado: completamente, por todas partes

27. Bespatter: salpicar

28. Bewitch: cautivar
29. Bejewelled: enjoyado

Bi- significado: dos
 30. Biceps: bíceps
31. Bicycle: bicicleta

Com- co- col- con- Significado: con, conjuntamente, completamente

32. Codependent: codependiente

33. Collide: chocar
34. Collude: conspirar
35. Combat: combate
36. Compassion: compasión
37. Conjoin: unir

De- Significado: lejos / separado / deshacer

38. Descend: descender

39. Despair: desesperación
40. Decamp: levantar campamento
41. Defect: defecto

Dis- Significado: negación / quitar / explusión

42. Disadvantage: desventaja

43. Dismount: desmontar
44. Disintegrate: desintegrar

En- Significado: llevar a la condición de / intensificar / poner dentro de

45. Engulf: envolver / sepultar

46. Enlighten: iluminar
47. Entangle: enredar
 48. Enfurecer
49. Enlarge: ampliar

Extra- Significado: más / fuera

50. Extracurricular: extracurricular

51. Extraordinary: extraordinario

Hemi- Significado: medio

52. Hemisphere: hemisferio

Il- im- in- ir- Significado: sin / no / contrario

53. Infertile: infértil

54. Inappropiate: inapropiado
55. Imposible: imposible
56. Incurable: incurable
57. Illiterate: analfabeto
58. Impotente: impotente
59. Irregular: irregular

In- Im- Singnificado: dentro de, en

60. Invest: invertir

61. Influence: influencia
62. Imbibe: beber / absorber

Inter- Significado: entre
 63. Interact: interactuar
64. Interchange: intercambiar

Macro- Significado: grande

65. Macroeconomics: macroeconomía

66. Macrobiotic: macrobiótica

Micro- Significado: pequeño

67. Microscope: microscopio

68. Microcosm: microcosmos
69. Microbe: microbio

Mis- significado: mal / incorrecto

70. Misunderstanding: malentendido

71. Mistake: error
72. Mislead: confundir

Mono- Significado: uno

73. Monolingual: monolingüe

74. Monogamy: monogamia
75. Monopoly: monopolio

Non- Significado: no / sin

76. Nonexistent: inexistente

77. Nonsense: tonterías
Post-: Significado: después

78. Postscript: postdata

79. Postpone: posponer

Pre- pro- Significado: antes

80. Prehistoric: prehistórico

81. Prelude: preludio
82. Prepare: preparar

Re- Significado: nuevamente / otra vez

83. Reuse: reutilizar

84. Repaint: repintar

Sub- suc- suf- sug- sup- sur- sus- Significado: por debajo / inferior

85. Sub-lieutenant: subteniente

86. Submarine: submarino
87. Subsoil: subsuelo
88. Subway: subterráneo

Trans- Significado: a través de

89. Transport: transporte

90. Translate: traducir
91. Transnational: transnacional
92. Transatlanctic: transatlántico
Tri- Significado: tres

93. Tricycle: triciclo

94. Triangle: triángulo

Un- Significado: no / deshacer / contrario

95. Unhelpful: inútil

96. Unnecessary: innecesario
97. Unacceptable: inaceptable
98. Unreal: irreal
99. Unhappy: infeliz

Under- Significado: por debajo

100. Underage: menor de edad

101. Underdevelopment: subdesarrollo

Ejemplos de sufijos en inglés

Los sufijos se clasifican dependiendo si se utilizan para formar sustantivos, verbos o adjetivos

Sufijos que construyen sustantivos

–ac –ic significado: como / referente a

102. Cardiac: cardíaco

103. Aquatic: acuático
-al Significado: acto / proceso

104. Proposal: propuesta

105. Rehearsal: ensayo

-ance –ence. Significado: estado / cualidad de

106. Appearance: apariencia

107. Penance: penitencia

-dom. Significado: lugar / estado

108. Freedom: libertad

109. Boredom: aburrimiento

-er –or Significado: persona que cumple la función del la raíz

110. Teacher: profesor

111. Lawer: abogado
112. Actor: actor
113. Director: director

-ism Significado: doctrina / creencia / ideología

114. Nationalism: nacionalismo

115. Buddhism: budismo
116. Communism: comunismo

-ist: alguien que sostiene la posición expresada en la raíz

 117. Nationalist: nacionalista
118. Buddhist: budista
119. Communist: comunista

-ity –ty: Significado: calidad de / estado de

120. Complicity: complicidad

121. Sagacity: sagacidad

-ment. Significado: condición de

122. Treatment: tratamiento

-ship: construye sustantivos abstractos

123. Censorship: censura

124. Hardship: privación
125. Friendship: amistad

-sion / -tion: construye sustantivos diversos

126. Cohesion: cohesión

127. Comprehension: comprensión
128. Depression: depresión

Sufijos que construyen verbos

-ate. Significado: hacer
 129. Compensate: compensar
130. Mitigate: mitigar
131. Comunicate: comunicar

-en. Significado: convertir en

132. Harden: endurecer

133. Suavizar
134. Enlighten: iluminar

-ify. Significado: realizar una actividad

135. Terrify: aterrorizar

136. Quantify: contar
137. Magnify: aumentar

-ize, -ise. Significado: convertir en

138. Harmonize: armonizar

139. Capitalize: capitalizar

Sufijos que forman adjetivos

-able –ible. Significado: capaz de

140. Portable: portable

141. Legible: legible
142. admissible: admisible
143. Collectible: coleccionable
-acious –icious. Significado: lleno de

144. Audacious: audaz

145. Avaricios: avaro

-ful Foma adjetivos a partir de sustantivos

146. Careful: cuidadoso

147. Stressful: estresante

-ic –ical Significado: relativo a

148. Classical: clásico

149. Magical: mágico
150. Scientific: científico

-ious –ous significado: caracterizado por

151. Ambiguous: ambiguo

152. Ambitious: ambicioso

-ish Convierte un sustantivo en una calidad

153. Bluish: azulado

154. Childish: infantil

-ive Convierte un verbo o un sustantivo en una calidad

155. Administrative: administrativo

156. Affirmative: afirmativo
-less Significado: sin

157. Hopeless: desesperanzado

158. Shameless: desvergonzado

-y –ly Significado: caracterizado por

159. Funny: divertido

160. Lazy: perezoso
161. Elderly: anciano

Adverbios
Muchos adverbios se construyen a través de un adjetivo y el sufijo ly

162. Extremely: extremadamente

163. Slowly: lentamente
164. Softly: suavemente
165. Happily: felizmente

Fuente: https://www.ejemplos.co/100-ejemplos-de-prefijos-y-sufijos-en-ingles/#ixzz5jKbck2Pi