Dhi Qar University

College of engineering
Department of Oil and Gas

Report: Oil and Gas Systems

Supervision: Dr. Hossam

Student's name:
Ahmad Abdul Razzaq Kazem

Date:
2022/4/15
 Contents

-What is the pipeline?

-How do pipelines work?
-Methods of manufacturing carbon steel pipes.
-What are valves?
 What is the pipeline
Pipeline A pipeline is a system of pipes that transport some types of
materials over long distances. Pipelines play an important role in
the business and economy of modern societies. The pipeline carries
most of the water used in homes and industrial works, and the
transportation of natural gas, oil, and petroleum products such as
petroleum, paraffin and diesel fuel. The pipeline is used to carry
waste, waste water, coal granules, iron ore and limestone, all of
which are used for industrial purposes. Many pipelines consist of a
group of steel tubes connected together by welding. However, many
gas and water pipelines are made of plastic materials, such as
polyethylene and polyvinyl chloride, and pipelines are also made of
aluminum, concrete, iron, or a combination of asbestos and cement.
Water pipelines are often built in the form of parts connected
together by special joints installed with margins that prevent water
leakage, or seals that prevent water and gas leakage. The pipeline
may be more than 4,800 km long. The diameters of the pipelines
range from five centimeters to 5 metres. The pipelines are buried
below the surface of the earth at a distance of about a meter, while
others are cast on the surface of the earth or placed on stilts fixed
above the surface. Some pipelines extend under water or across
deserts, over mountains or under rivers and lakes. Pipelines are
considered one of the most efficient means of transportation, as they
transport large quantities of materials with a continuous direct flow
from the source to the consumer. And can A pipeline of 1,000 km in
length and 100 cm in diameter can transport about one million
barrels of oil per day. Despite the high costs of constructing
pipelines, they are considered relatively inexpensive to operate and
maintain. Pipelines are used in the distribution of fuels for energy
production, mainly oil and its products, and natural gas more than
any other means.
 How do pipelines work
Pipelines use very high pressure to transport materials carried
through them. This pressure usually ranges between 3 and 140 atm
at the beginning of the pipeline. The high pressure moves natural
gas at a speed of about 24 km per hour, while the velocity of liquids
and thin mixtures reaches about 3 to 8 km per hour. When the
material moves through the pipeline, the pressure that pushes it
decreases due to the friction of the material with the walls of the
pipe, and for this The transported material needs to be
strengthened every 50 to 250 km approximately every 50 to 250 km
to help propel along the pipe. It obtains this energy from the
pumping stations of pipelines transporting liquids and mixtures.
The flow of materials through the pipeline is also regulated by
control valves along the path of the pipeline extension

Methods of manufacturing carbon steel pipes

Carbon steel pipes are manufactured in several

different technical ways, and each method of
manufacturing pipes results in pipes that have
specific characteristics and these characteristics
include:
• Strength
• Wall Thickness
 • Corrosion Resistance
• The temperature and pressure that the pipe
metal can withstand
# Pipes that have the same wall thickness, the
strength and the bearing pressure change
according to the method of manufacturing the
pipe. # There are 3 ways to manufacture pipes,
which are:
1- Rolling with a hole, resulting in seamless pipes,
as shown in Figure (4), and the durability factor
for these pipes is equal to 100% = Strength Factor,
which includes

2- Rolling with longitudinal welding (Seam weld)

and produces It has welded pipes, butt-welded
pipe or rolled pipe, as shown in Figure (5), and the
durability factor of these pipes is equal to 85% =
Strength Factor and includes, for example, the
:following types
3- Rolling and bending with spiral welding (spiral-
weld), which results in spiral-welded pipes, as
shown in Figure (6), and the durability factor for
these pipes is equal to 60% = Strength Factor, and
the use of these pipes is limited to low pressure
lines systems Pressure Piping Systems to reduce
:the thickness of the pipes, including the type
 What are valves
Valves are used to control the flow of fluid in the
pipe, ie to open and close pipelines. There are
many and many types of valves. The process of
selecting the appropriate valve depends on the
type of inhibitor in the network (oil, water..) and
the fluid pressure and temperature according to
use. It is important to take into account, locating
the valves in the network and thus the possibility
of access to them to carry out maintenance work.
The valves are made of either steel, wrought iron,
brass, or stainless steel. We show the following
types of valves. The valves can be classified in
terms of control of inhibitor flow into two
categories:
First: ON / OFF valves,
second: Modulating valves,
examples The first type
1- Ball valves: This type is characterized by the
speed of stopping and passing the fluid in the tube
through the control of this valve, which is done in
a quarter of a cycle, and it has several types, and is
used in pumps and others. It is common and
widely used, and it is widely used in the
applications of central heating networks due to its
low resistance to preventer flow. Examples of the
second type
Second: Modulating valves: This type can control
the fluid flow rate in the pipe thanks to its
distinctive designs. But it causes. A significant
decrease in the pressure of the inhibitor flowing
through it (high resistance to flow. It includes
several types.
1- Globe valves: Globe valves are considered one
of the good types for controlling the amount of
inhibitor flow because the valve disc closes the
valve opening well, as the inhibitor changes its
direction twice on.. Letter S
2- Angle valves Similar in structure
valve, but when the fluid flows through it, it
deviates at an angle of 90
3- Relatively speaking, as it needs a limited space,
it is considered the most common and used in
different fields. Different types of valves perform
different functions, among them:
1 - Non-return valves: Check valves where the
barrier is allowed to pass in one direction only and
.closed in the other direction