Vocab by Topic

#law #economics
#politics
#social
#psychology
#media
Vocabulary
by topic
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2014
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Smart - My opinions on thinking
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BY TOPIC
NOTE
BY TOPIC
L O O K A T T H I S . . .
In compliance with (1) Imminent (2) Litigation (3) Patent
infringement (4) Copyright violation (5) Fines (6) Damages (7)
Settlements (8) Common law (9) Statutory law (10) Constitution (11)
Supreme (12) Government agencies (13) Legislative (14) Executive
(15) Judicial (16) Justices (17) Nitty-gritty (18) Executive orders (19)
Dismantling (20) Overturn (21) Amend the law (22) Rights and
obligations (23) Tort law (24) Municipal law (25) Succession law (26)
Tenant (27) Deter (28) Compensate (29) Complainant (30) Accused
(31) Plaintiff (32) Defendant (33) Liable (34) Burden of proof (35)
Conviction (36) Wrong conviction (37) Crown attorney (38) Prosecute
(39) Court of appeal (40) Appeal (41) Settled (42) Damages (43) Class
action (44) Award remedies (45) Remedy (46) Pecuniary damages (47)
Non – pecuniary damages (48) Aggravated damages (49) Punitive
damages (50) Nominal damages (51) Catastrophic injury (52)
Humiliation (53) Emotional distress (54 ) Obnoxious (55) Injunction
(56) Anton–Piller order (57) Search warrant (58) Premises (59) Torts
(60) Intentional tort (61) Unintentional tort (62) False imprisonment
(630 Malicious prosecution (64) Trespass (65) Trespass to good (66)
Conversion (67) Assault (69) Battery (70) Intrusion upon seclusion
(71) Defamation (72) Injurious falsehood (73) Deceit (74) Passing- off
(75) Inducing (76) Breach of contract (77) Misuse or breach of
confidentiality (78) Confining (79) Will (80) Suspect (81)
Merchandises (82) Shoplifting (83) Escort (83) Infuriated (84)
Allegation (85) Tried (86) Malicious prosecution (87) Cuffed (88)
Culprit (89) Provocation (90) Mitigate (91) Frivolous (92) Slander
(93) Libel (93) Negligence (94) Incurred (95) The duty of care (96) A
fiduciary duty (97) Malpractice (98) Misdemeanor (99) Infraction
(100) Felony (101) Tax evasion (102) Evade (103) Arson (104)
Homicide (105) Treason (106) Petty theft (107) Prostitution (108)
Vandalism (109) Drug trafficking (110) Human trafficking (111)
Smuggling (112) White – collar crime (113)
. . . B U T D O N ' T B E
S C A R E D
Intoxication (114) Infancy (115) Duress (116) Criminal liability (117)
Diminished responsibility (118) Broadcast (119) Transmission (120)
Disseminated (121) Collaborative journalism (122) Investigative
journalism (123) Immersion journalism (124) Relay (125) Transcend
(126) Analytical journalism (127) Pundits (128) News anchor (129)
Teleprompter (130) Columnist (131) Editor (132) Chief editor (133)
Correspondent (134) Ombudsman (135) Meteorologist Fourth estate
(137) Fifth estate (138) Tabloids (139) Propaganda (140) Nationalism
(141) Attribution (142) Dispositional factor (143) Situational factors
(144) Capacity (145) Self–knowledge (146) Self–serving attributions
(147) Self–images (148) Self–handicapping (149) Heuristics (150)
Intuition (151) Framing (152) Illusory correlation (153) Hindsight
bias (154) Self – fulfilling prophecy (155) Mere exposure (156)
Resonate with (157) Classical conditioning (158) Elicit (159)
Conditioned (160) Central route (161) Peripheral or heuristic route
(162) Copywriter (163) Forewarning (164) Counterarguments (165)
Extrinsic motivation (166) Undermines (166) Intrinsic motivation
(167) Social norms (167) Public setting (168) Conformity (169)
Deviating from (170) Peer pressure (171) Socially acceptable (172)
Descriptive norm (173) Injunctive norm (174) Subtle (174)
Obedience (175) Authorities (176) Quelled (177) Cults (178) Defy
(179) Individualistic (180) Collectivistic cultures (181) Encompasses
(180) Significant variations (181) Extraversion (182) Agreeableness
(183) Conscientiousness (184) Emotional stability (185) Openness to
experience (186) Socially dominant (187) Assertive (188) Impulsive
(189) Gregarious (190) Affable (191) Emotionally expressive (192)
Ambiguity (193) Machiavellian (194) Pragmatic(195) Narcissistic
(196) Self – importance (197) Entitlement (198) Charismatic (199)
Inferior (200) Geological disasters (201) Hydrological disasters (202)
Meteorological disaster (203) Wildfires (204) Health disasters (205)
Space disasters (206) Avalanches (207) Landslides (208)
Y O U W I L L
R E M E M B E R T H E M
A L L A T T H E E N D
Vegetation (209) Human-induced factors (210) Flash floods (211)
Storm surge (212) Levee failures (213) Topography (214) Impervious
surfaces (215) Tsunamis (216) Livestock (217) Heat waves (218) Solar
flare (219) Goods and services (220) Factor markets (221) Factors of
productions (222) Vendors (223) Goods and services markets (224)
Capital markets (225) Tradeoffs (226) Opportunity cost (227) Scare
(228) Conspicuously (229) Incentives (230) Substitutes (232)
Complements (233) Inverse relationship (234) Direct relationship
(235) Input prices (236) A surplus (237) A shortage (238) Fixed costs
(239) Variable costs (240) Utilities (241) Economies of scale (242)
Sunk cost (243) Frictional unemployment (244) Structural
unemployment (245) Cyclical unemployment (246) In recession (247)
Lay off (248) Stay afloat (249) Discouraged worker (250) Unions
(251) Purchasing power (252) Monetary policy (253) Fiscal policy
(254) Budget surplus (255) Budget deficit (256) Finance (257) Curb
the inflation (258) Liquidity (259) Commodity money (260) Fiat
money (261) Intrinsic value (262) Volition (262) Latent (263)
Manifest (264) Preclude (265) Steer (266) Adept (267) Liberalism
(268) Conservatism (269) Upheavals (270) Authoritarian (271)
Anarchism (272) Democracy (273) The elite (274) Meritocracy (275)
Merit- based (276) Monarchy (277) Overthrow (278) Special interests
(279) Lobbying activities (280) Constitute (281) Deregulation (282)
Spur (283) Misappropriation (284) Kleptocracy (285) Police brutality
(286) Electoral fraud (287) Nepotism (288) Misinformation (289)
Kickback (290) Collusion (291) Social movements (292) Democratize
(293) Production orientation (294) Sales orientation (295) Market
orientation (296) Societal marketing orientation (297) Market-
oriented (298) Marketing mix (302) High-end stores (303)
Convenience products (304) Shopping products (305) Specialty
products (306) Unsought products (307) Planned obsolescence (308)
Branding (309) Thereof (310) A trademark (311) Intangible (312)
Direct channel (313) Retailer channel (314)
B U T R I G H T
N O W , P L E A S E I G N O R E
T H E M C O M P L E T E L Y
Wholesaler channel (315) Agent/broker channel (316) Intermediary (317)
Intensive distribution (318) Selective distribution (319) Exclusive distribution
(320) Market coverage (321) Interpersonal communication (322) Mass
communication (323) Sales promotion (324) Personal selling (325) Institutional
advertising (326) Product advertising (327) Advocacy advertising (328) Profit-
orientation pricing (329) Sales- orientation pricing (330) Status quo pricing
(331) Market segmentation (332) Culture (333) Material culture (334) Non-
material culture (335) Verbal language (336) Nonverbal language (337) Values
(338) Individualism (339) Humanitarianism (339) Value contradictions (340)
Mutually exclusive (341) Taboos (342) Cultural diversity (343) Heterogeneous
societies (344) Subcultures (345) Ethnic subcultures (346) Ethnocentrism (347)
High culture (348) Patronize (349) Pop culture (350) Fads (350) Fashion (351)
Levied (352) Taxpayer (353) Legal entity (354) Income tax (355) Tax revenue
(356) Property tax (357) Municipal government (358) Inheritance tax *(359)
Sales tax (360) Burden (361) Excise tax (361) Tariff (362) Payroll tax (363)
Tax credit (364) Tax payable (365) Taxable income (366) Dependants (367) A
paycheck (368) Remit (369) Tax agency (370) Tax return (371) Self-employed
(372) Self-employment income (373) Professional income (374) Rental income
(375) Investment income (376) Dividends (377) Interests (378) Capital gains
(379) Pension income (380) Union or professional dues (381) Tax avoidance
(382) Tax evasion (383) Tax havens (384) Jurisdictions (385) Primary care
(386) Generalists (387) Regulated industry (388) Nurse practitioners (389)
General practice (390) Care providers (391) Cardiology (392) Radiology (393)
Dermatology (394) Immunology (395) Neurosurgery (396) Pediatrics (397) Oral
health (398) Social workers (399) Rehabilitation (400) Therapists (401)
Ambulatory care (402) Outpatient (403) Premium (404) Covered (405) The
insured (406) Moral hazard (407) Chronic diseases (408) Epidemic (409)
Communicable disease (410) Get infected (411) Nasal congestion (412)
Prescribed drugs (413) Diagnosis (414) Antibiotics (415) Side- effects (416)
Rubbing alcohol (417) Disinfectant (418) Aspirin (419) Vitamin deficiency
(420) Sleep deprivation (421)
WORLD 1
About to happen (usually negative)
lawsuit, legal dispute
a violation (copyright infringement)
a deal between two sides to avoid

going to trial.
1
#Law, #Crime
Welcome to the first world-the world of law
where what we are going to be dealing with is
Law and Crime, which you may have seen quite
frequently on TV on a regular basis. When
looking at law, most of us think about
murdering and some other horrible stuff.
However, that's just quite a tiny aspect of the
subject matter. Law is actually much broader
than what one may expect. In fact, almost
everything around you has certain elements of
law associated with it.
The smartphone you are using right now need

to be in compliance with (1) a long list of rules
and regulations before coming out serving the
market, including you. But that's not the end of
the story yet though because there will be a
host of imminent (2) litigation (3) regarding
things like patent infringement (4) or copyright
violation (5). The smartphone company can be
sued any time by its rivals, oftentimes resulting
in huge fines (6), damages (7) ruled by courts or
very costly settlements (8).
Law is interesting, isn't it? It taps on any areas of

our life in any way shape or form. Thus, knowing
all the subject-related vocabulary is very
necessary, too, given the increased complexity
of the legal environment along with the
increased integration of global economy.
Highest
Like FBI, CIA, IRS, NSA, CRA

#Positive
#Negative
#Neutral
Now fasten your seatbelt right now to begin the

journey of law vocab.
So where does law come from? There are two

sources of law which are Common Law (9) and
Statutory law (10).
Common law means that laws are made based

on judges' decisions. Statutory law, on the other
hand, is government-made or is made by
politicians. The public will elect politicians to
pass laws on their behalf.
Three sources of law in the US:
1. Common law ~ judge-made
2. Statutory law ~ government-made
3. Executive orders ~President-made
In the US, the US Constitution (11) is the
supreme (12) law of America. In Canada, it's
called Charter of Rights and Freedom. Both
are similar in terms of function, laying out a set
of most fundamental principles in law. In the
Western world, Constitutions give the supreme
courts BIG power to protect people and
companies from BAD action of the
governments and government agencies (13). No
law can violate Constitutions.
The Constitution - most fundamental
set of laws containing most basic
rights of the people. The government
cannot cross the line
According to the US Constitution, the federal
government is divided into three branches:
Legislative (14), Executive (15) and Judicial (16)
serving different functions. This is to make sure
that no one branch holds too much power over
another (This is however not the case in
Vietnam as the government is very powerful
and can do whatever it wants). This book will be
more about the US's.
Legislative branch led by the US Congress is

responsible for making laws. Executive branch
led by the US President is responsible for
carrying out laws. Judicial branch led by the
Supreme Court of the US consisting of 9
justices (17) is responsible for interpreting laws
passed the legislative branch and enforced by
the executive branch. In countries like the US,
UK, Canada, Australia, judicial branch is
independent from the governments.
The federal government = 3 branches

- Legislative ~ pass laws
- Executive ~ enforce, carrying out laws
- Judicial ~ interpret & apply laws
You might wonder why I have

those black rounded boxes
on both sides?
Very detail and specific
take into pieces
upset, invalidate, reverse, abolish
make changes, make it better

I am not going to dig in the nitty-gritty (18) details
of the US Constitution. All what you need to
remember for now is that it contains the very
basic ground for how different levels of the
government operates and most fundamental
rights.
Although the US Presidents do not pass laws as

the US Congress does, they can still have the
power to make laws thanks to Article II of the US
Constitution known as Executive Orders (19).
One of the most famous Executive Orders that

have been made was Emancipation Proclamation
by Lincoln, dismantling (20) slavery (freeing all
slaves)
Executive Orders:
-Made exclusively by the US Presidents
-To make new or enforce existing laws
You might be wondering why the US Presidents
hold too much power by issuing executive orders
without the consent of US Congress. Well that's
true. But the Congress can still overturn (21) an
executive order by a two-third (2/3) vote. Better
yet, the Congress has the ability to amend the law
(22) if it disagrees with the order. Better better yet,
executive orders can also be overturned by the
judicial branch. See the balance? No branches
hold too much power over another in the
Common Law system.
These are deliberately put there to

increase your focus by 200%
city-government-related
wrongful act
law on inheritance (from generation to

generation)
a person who rent a house/room
Law can be categorized in many different ways.
For example, Public law vs. Private Law.
Public law deals with issues that affect the

general public or society as a whole. Private law
deals with rights and obligations (23) of
individuals, businesses that involve private
matters.
Public law includes Private law includes

-Administrative law -Contract law
-Constitutional law -Tort law (24)
-Criminal law -Property law
-Municipal law (25) -Succession law (26)
-International law -Family law
Public law: Affects the society as a whole

Private law: deals with private matters
Or it can be categorized as follows:
1. Civil law
2. Criminal law
3. Administrative law
Civil law deals with disputes between two or

more people and/or companies. Criminal law
deals with cases where there are crimes involved
which impact all of our society. Administrative law
touches on different specific areas such as
Landlord Tenant (27) Review Board, Tax Review
Board, Immigration Board, Liquor Board, Land
Zoning board, etc. This book will focus more on
the second categorization-civil law and criminal
law.
prevent, discourage
the amount of evidence/proof needed
a formal declaration of guilt

"So what are the differences between criminal
law and civil law", you pondered. Many
differences.
The purpose of criminal law is to PUNISH

wrongdoers in form of jail time or fines to deter
(28) other people from committing crimes
whereas the purpose of civil law is to
COMPENSATE (29) the victim with money and
the like.
If you are a victim under the criminal law, you

are referred to as a complainant (30) and the
wrongdoer is called accused (31) but under civil
law, you are a plaintiff (32) and the wrongdoer is
called defendant (33).
The accused is either guilty or not guilty. But

there is no such thing as guilty or not guilty in
civil law. Instead, it's liable (34) or not liable.
In criminal law, the burden of proof (35) is much

higher than in civil law, which means it's really
hard to get a conviction (36). There has to be a
lot of evidence proving the accused really did
the wrong things. In civil law, the burden of
proof is lower, the plaintiff's lawyer only has to
prove on the balance of probabilities that the
defendant did it. The explanation for this is
simple. Wrong conviction (37) has very high
consequences. Innocent people might be put in
jail if the burden of proof is too low. Evidence
must be abundant.
attorney appointed by the government
take legal actions against someone
apply to higher court

Civil law vs. Criminal law:
1. Purpose: compensate, rather than punish

2. Plaintiff vs. Defendant rather than
Complainant vs. Accused
3. Liable rather than guilty
4. Lower burden of proof
5. Each side picks and pays own lawyer
In criminal law, the victim (complainant) does
not have to hire a lawyer, the government will
appoints a crown attorney (38) to prosecute (39)
the accused. It is a totally different story in civil
law since each side picks and pays its own
lawyer. Thus, the winners are usually those who
hire better and more expensive lawyer.
Now let's talk about the structure of Court

system. There are three levels of court.
1. Trial level
2. Court of Appeal (40)
3. Supreme Court
Trial level courts are always where your case

will first be heard. When you hear people say
"let's go to trial" or "I will bring you to the trial",
the word "Trial" simply means "court" in this
case.
If you already went to trial but are not satisfied

with the judge's decisions or you think the judge
made a mistake, you can apply for an appeal
(41) to go to the next level of court - Court of
Appeal.
money/compensations awarded
The court of appeal is to see if there really was
an error in the trial. There will be lawyers from
both sides arguing about the law. Fun fact, most
appeals fail because the trial judges do a good
job so there was no error made. But still losers
are usually not happy with the result which
causes them to appeal anyway.
If you are again not happy with the result in the

Appeal, you may apply and claim that an error
has been made and hopefully your case will be
heard in the Supreme Court. But remember,
most Supreme appeals also fail.
Court system: 3 levels
1. Trial
2. Appeal
3. Supreme
You don't necessarily have to go to court every
time you have a dispute. The reason is disputed
issues can be settled (42) monetarily out of
court. Let's say you claim that Apple products
cause you to somehow get very sick because
the radio waves emitted from the Apple
devices are too strong and it happens to be
true. Apple does not want to be sued because
of that since it might lose a lot of money. It
instead gives you money for settlement. If you
are happy with the settlement, awesome. You
are not, you can bring the case to court and if
you win, you can be awarded with damages
(43).
a lawsuit brought by a group of people
money/damages/awards to the winners

Sometimes a lawsuit might involve a large
number of people who have been injured by
the same defendant or accused. In other words,
when a group of plaintiffs all have a similar
complaint against one defendant, the plaintiffs
can sue as a group which is called class action
(44) lawsuit or just class action.
Let's say if hundreds of people in your

community were tricked into using a fake
product from a company that causes some
injuries. These injured people can file a class
action lawsuit since they have the same
complaint.
Class action:
- a group of plaintiffs all have a similar
complaint against one defendant
Normally, when class action happens, the

defendant chooses to settle out of court by
giving them settlement (money) to avoid a trial.
But what if the group of plaintiffs do not agree

to settle? Then the case will be brought to trial.
For a civil case, both parties will have to hire
their own lawyers. If the plaintiff wins, courts
can award remedies (45). Now let's talk about
different kinds of remedy as it is getting
increasingly exciting.
What is a remedy (46)? In legal terms, it's a form
of compensation for the victim (the plaintiff).
There are two main types of remedy. Monetary
and Non-monetary remedy.
The word remedies or damages can be used

interchangeably. It both means "awards to the
victim" in this setting. Monetary remedy OR
monetary damages are awards in terms of
money. It comes in several subcategories.
1. Pecuniary damages (47)

2. Non-pecuniary damages (48)
3. Aggravated damages (49)
4. Punitive damages (50)
5. Nominal damages (51)
Remember: Remedy is a VERY crucial and

essential part of law. You have to know this well
so I will definitely spend more time on this.
What are pecuniary damages? Pecuniary

means "related to money or finance". "Damages"
means "award". So this award is given to the
victim to compensate for the FINANCIAL
LOSSES. Let's say if you get injured and are
unable to earn future income. You will be
awarded Pecuniary Damages to compensate
for the MONEY you lose for medical expenses
and lost wages.
Pecuniary damage: Remedy to compensate

for financial losses.
disastrous, dreadful, terrible
suffering, agony, torment

Now, let's say you not only get injured but
seriously injured. You have to experience the
pain and suffering each and every day. Ouch.
The defendant has paid you medical expenses,
lost wages and the like. But do you think that's
gonna be enough? No. Because you also have
pain and suffering coming from nowhere but
the injury caused by the disgraceful company.
That's where Non-pecuniary comes into play to
PAY for your pain and suffering, loss of
enjoyment of life and shorter life expectancy.
Say if you have a catastrophic injury (52), you

can also get a huge amount of damages
awarded by the court, like a million dollars on
top of the pecuniary ones.
Non-pecuniary damages:
Compensate for non-financial losses like

pain and suffering, loss of enjoyment of
life and shorter life expectancy.
The next one is aggravated damages awarded

to victim to compensate for stress and
humiliation (53). This is similar to non-pecuniary
ones but it's more about the emotional side
rather than physical suffering. Let's say you
experience a cruel wrongful job firing that
causes you too much emotional distress (54).
You can be awarded with aggravated
damages.
Aggravated damages:
Compensate for emotional distress or
humiliation
extremely unpleasant
The fourth one is Punitive damages. This is the
extra money awarded against the defendant to
punish them for intentionally evil or obnoxious
(55) behavior. Punitive means "related to
punishment". So punitive damages mean
money you get because of the defendant's
BAD intent or actions.
Punitive Damages:
The defendant has to pay $$$ to the
plaintiff due to bad behavior.
The last one is nominal damages. Nominal

means "just in theory". For instance, there is a
case where you and the defendant has a
dispute and the defendant is wrong. However,
there is NO financial as well as non-financial
losses. The defendant also did not commit the
wrongdoing on purpose. So the first 4
awards/damages do not apply. Therefore, only
nominal damage is awarded (like $1) - Just in
theory
Nominal damages: - In theory.
For cases which have no losses from each
side.
an authorization to enter a house
a house/a building (legal terms)

5 types of Monetary Damages/Awards
- Pecuniary ~ for financial losses
- Non-pecuniary ~ for pain and suffering
- Aggravated ~ for emotional distress
- Punitive ~ for punishment of bad intent
- Nominal ~ just in theory
Let's move on to Non-monetary Damages.

There are 4 main types in this category.
1. An Injunction (56)
2. An order to specific performance
3. An accounting
4. An Anton-Piller order (57)
Don't fear when you see words you have never

seen before. After the explanation, things will be
as clear as crystal for you.
First, what is an injunction? It's a STOP order. If

the defendant is doing something annoying to
your business, for example, you may obtain an
injunction from the court as an order to him to
STOP his action. The second order is easy. I'm
sure you know it. The third one is an accounting
which allows courts to look at the detailed
financial information of the defendant's
business.
An Anton-Piller order is simply a surprise search

warrant (58) allowing search on the defendant
premises (59) without prior warning.
4 Types of Non-monetary Damages
- An injunction - STOP order
- An order to specific performance
- An accounting - look at financial info
- An Anton-Piller order - Search warrant
BEFORE WE MOVE ON!
Write an essay about what you have learned so far.

Imagine you are explaining the concepts to your
friends who know nothing about this subject
matter. Your essay should include:
1. Name 3 sources of law. Briefly explain each of

these sources
2. Name 3 branches that make up the federal
government
3. What is a Constitution?
4. How law can be categorized? What are the
differences in terms of language between Criminal
law and Civil law. Name some subcategories of
Public law and Private law.
5. Explain a class-action? What is a settlement?
6. What is the structure of court?
7. What are possible remedies court can award the
victim? Explain each type in detail.
All of which have been explained by me. Now it's

your turn to explain those to your friends by
writing an essay.
Moving on to the next important one that might
be the heart of law. Torts (60). A tort is a
WRONGFUL act that causes harm in CIVIL law.
A crime is a WRONGFUL act that causes harm
in Criminal law.
So when you did something wrong, your

wrongdoing can be under either civil law or
criminal law depending on the nature of the
wrongdoing. Murdering is a crime under
criminal law. Assault and Battery is a tort under
civil law (will explain in great detail). Torts are
wrongdoings you might see every day. They
are not that serious to the society compared to
crimes. Since torts are under civil law, each side
has to hire own lawyer (right?). If you sue
someone for his tort, you are the plaintiff and
the person being sued is the defendant. Again,
he is either LIABLE or not LIABLE. We never use
the word "guilty" under civil law. Liable is quite
similar to guilty but not that serious. Samsung is
liable for the copied design of Apple. But it's not
guilty of doing that. It's NOT a crime. It's a tort.
Now you know 'something' about tort. There are

two group of Tort: Intentional Tort (61) and
Unintentional Tort (62).
A tort: Wrongful act under CIVIL law

A crime: Wrongful act under CRIMINAL law
Intentional tort is very name, which is simply a
tort committed intentionally, on purpose, unlike
unintentional tort that will be discussed later on.
There are roughly 15 types of intentional tort

YOU have to know in this book. If you know all
those following torts, I guarantee you that you
really know a lot about law. A word of warning.
These following phrases might look strange to
you at first but don't worry because they will be
more clear as I continue explaining.
INTENTIONAL TORTS (15 types you have to

know to read newspaper)
1. False Imprisonment (63)

2. Malicious prosecution (64)
3. Trespass (65)
4. Trespass to good (66)
5. Conversion (67)
6. Nuisance (68)
7. Assault (69) and Battery (70)
8. Intrusion upon Seclusion (71)
9. Defamation (72)
10. Injurious falsehood (73)
11. Deceit (74)
12. Passing-off (75)
13. Inducing (76) breach of contract (77)
14. Misuse or breach of confidentiality (78)
15. Intentional interference with Economic
relations
keep and lock in one place
the willingness, the want
goods in general sitting in a store/shop

That is it. Phew. I know the list is long and some
of you might be overwhelmed a bit. But trust
me. You will soon find the excitement. A word
of advice - please pay attention to the language
I use as well.
What is false imprisonment? It means holding or

confining (79) a person against their will (80).
For example, it's a sunny beautiful day you

decide to go shopping at a big mall. After
shopping around enjoying your time, a Security
Officer approaches you saying that they
suspect (81) you steal merchandises (82) from
the store. OH SH*T. He asks you to come with
him to the manager's office and forces you to
stay there. After 5 hours the police come and
find out you are NOT a shoplifter as the store
claims. In other words, you have done nothing
wrong. Phew. What are you doing now? Go
home? No. If you know the law, you will SUE the
store FOR false imprisonment (Because they
confine you against your will). Why bother?
Because you will receive remedies awarded by
court if you win. Remember
remedies/damages we discussed earlier? Now
it's time to sue them for money. If the store
loses, it will be LIABLE FOR false imprisonment
and LIABLE TO damages paying to you.
False Imprisonment - confine a person

against their will
the act of stealing merchandises
(in a shop)
What kinds of remedy would you be most likely
receiving? Let's pull out the list of remedies.
Monetary damages:
- Pecuniary damages - financial losses
- Non-pecuniary damages - pain and suffering
- Aggravated damages - emotional distress
- Punitive damages - to punish evil intent
- Nominal damages - just in theory
In this case, you will most likely be awarded

with punitive damages if your lawyer succeeds
in proving the store's evil intent (let's say racial
discrimination). It could mean a few thousand.
dollars. If you can prove that you get some
emotional distress because the security office
threatens you, that could mean a few thousand
more. You might not receive pecuniary
damages as you don't lose any income or pay
any expenses. You might also not receive non-
pecuniary damages as chances are you don't
suffer any pain or suffering.
The store also has another option which is

asking you for settlement if it determines that it
will lose in trial (in court). It will say sorry to you
and give you let's say $2,000 so you don't sue
them. Nice. You walk away the store with
$2,000 for 5 hours doing nothing in the
manager's office. That's $800 an hour. You wish
you get falsely caught shoplifting (83) every day
because that seems to be the easiest way to
get rich.
accompany
extremely angry
a claim that someone is doing wrong
brought to court
And... Your wish has come true. The next day,
you go out shopping in another store. Without
your knowledge, this store is run by a guy who
really HATES you. He knows you well and he
wants to cause you some harm. Oh yeah, that's
who he is.
This time again, another security officer

approaches you saying you are a theft and
escorting (83) you to the police. You have tried
your best to prove you are not a theft but there
is a store merchandise in your bag for no
reason. (Well maybe someone put it into your
bag on purpose). So the store prosecutes you.
"HAHA", your enemy is laughing. You are so

infuriated (84) because of the wrong allegation
(85). You are tried (86) for a tort you did not
commit. However at the end, you finally
succeeded in proving in court that you are NOT
an theft by providing a videotape. "OH MAN",
your enemy looks down in disappointment.
Now he's LIABLE FOR malicious prosecution.
Malicious prosecution:
- causing a person to be tried for a
crime/tort he or she did not commit
with an evil intent
You will then SUE them FOR malicious
prosecution and receive
awards/damages/remedies. In reality, there is
one case I know that the defendant has to pay
$2,000,000 in damages including $500,000
punitive damages. I'm telling you. You want to
be in this situation all the time. It's like winning a
lottery.
You have earned quite a lot of money off of
court's damages. Now let's spend some money
in your favorite bar.
You walk in the bar and the owner of bar is

unfortunately your enemy's friend. Hmm. He
heard about the case between you and his
friend. That's why he also doesn't like you.
Right after you ordered your drink, the owner

comes to you and ask you to leave the bar
immediately. You respond like a boss "Come on,
I have the cash and have paid for my drink. This
is a public place, not your house".
The owner responds with calm "No sorry, this is

Canada, not Vietnam, this is my private property
and if you don't leave I will sue you for the tort
of trespassing".
You never heard about 'trespassing'. But you

think that you might be lucky this time like the
last two. You believe that your lawyer will help
you earn easy cash again. Nice. "Okay, sue me,
bring me to trial".
You and him go to trial and guess what, he wins.

You was convicted of trespassing.
Trespassing:
Enter onto another's land without

permission or a legal right to.
Trespassing:
Enter onto another's land without

permission or a legal right to.
Poor you. Had you done some homework on
law, you would have known something about
trespassing and private property and wouldn't
have lost the money. I don't know about
Vietnam but the law is so different from where I
live.
Here in Canada I have to be very careful about

trespassing because private property is
protected by law to its best.
If trespass deals with an entry onto another's

land without permission, trespass to goods (87)
deals with goods or property. Trespass to
goods is an intentional damage or interference
with another's goods or property.
Let's say if you are standing in your land but

intentionally break another's windows then you
will be held liable for trespass to goods and you
will be liable to PAY for the repair and
replacement costs of the windows plus punitive
damages maybe.
Trespass to goods
Intentional damage or interference with

another's goods or property (rather than
land)
hands-
a wrongdoer/a criminal
The next one is also under the category of Tort.
It's Conversion. Conversion means wrongfully
uses or in possession of property or funds of
another for their own purposes. Conversion is
simply a fancy word for stealing.
Conversion can be tricky. Let's say you found an

amazing deal on a used iPhone from one of
those free online classified advertisement
websites. It's the perfect phone at the right
price. After some back-and-forth negotiation,
you finally make a purchase.
2 weeks later, the police come knocking at your

door and demand the phone, and suddenly,
you are cuffed (88) and taken for questioning.
'What just happened?' you ask.
Here's what may have happened. If the phone

you legitimately purchased was previously
stolen and sold to you by the culprit (89), you
were in possession of stolen property. Even
though you did not steal the phone, you are, in
fact, in possession of it, and that is conversion.
Tricky isn't it?
Conversion:
Stealing or In possession of stolen

property
Let's move on to another tort: Nuisance
Nuisance is pretty much synonymous to

annoyance. It is by definition intentional
interference with someone's use or enjoyment
of property such as loud noise, bad smell,
pollution, and golf balls.
Let me give you an example. After long tiring

working day you get home and enjoy your
sleep. Your dear neighbor just bought a brand-
new expensive sound system and needless to
say he loves it. The music is too loud and
annoying to the point that you cannot shut your
eyes and focus on sleeping.
You ask your neighbor to turn down the volume

but he refuses to do so by arguing that he is
free to do whatever it is he wants in his OWN
land and with his property. Since you have done
the homework on law a few days ago, you
argue that he might be liable for the tort of
nuisance. He then immediately opens his law
book to figure out what it means. After a while,
he turns down the volume since he has now
learned that he might be sued by you and liable
for damages.
Nuisance:
intentional interference with another's

use or enjoyment of their property.
There are two types of nuisance: Public and
Private nuisance. The above example is a private
nuisance case since it is dealing with two people.
Public nuisance happens when, for example, the

river next to your house is poisoned by a
government-owned factory nearby. This affects
the enjoyment of your property substantially and
clearly constitutes the tort of public nuisance.
Please pay attention to the phrase I use when I

am making my point in law. "THIS AFFECTS THE
ENJOYMENT OF YOUR PROPERTY
SUBSTANTIALLY and CLEARLY CONSTITUTES
THE TORT OF PUBLIC NUISANCE".
When you are accusing someone of committing

a tort or a crime, you have to state it in way of
definition. If you are trying to argue that a person
is doing a nuisance to your house let's say
pollution, you have to SAY that he's affecting the
ENJOYMENT of YOUR property.
2 types of nuisance:
Public nuisance ~ happens in government-

owned land.
Private nuisance ~ private matter between
individuals.
Before we move on:
Write a very brief essay about
1. Differences between a Tort and a Crime

2. Name some torts you have learned so far and
describe them by giving definitions and
examples.
The tort is very common. They are assault and
battery.
Assault is the threat of physical harm. Battery is

similar to assault but also INCLUDES intentional
physical contact. (remember: Battery here is
completely different from the battery you are
thinking, it's a legal term)
You have been in a conflict on the street with

someone and he or she is intentionally and
seriously threatening to hit you on your face. At
this point, that person has committed the tort of
assault and you can bring him or her to court. If
that person not only has threatened you but also
did hit you, that's battery.
Assault: the threat of physical harm

Battery: intentional actual physical harm
Battery can be tricky. Doctors must be careful to

get patients' consent for medical procedures or
they can be liable for battery if physical harms
occur. Patients should be fully aware of possible
risks or the doctors may be sued.
But let's say if you get robbed at night by some

bad guys, you kick those bad guys in the face so
you can run. The next days those bad guys knock
on your door saying they will sue you for the tort
battery. "Yeah, according to the definition, you just
committed the tort of battery", you say.
However, luckily for you, in the court, you can
simply say that you have used "Reasonable force
for self-defense".
Self-protection can be used as a

defense in court for the tort of assault or
battery
BTW, the word "reasonable" is extremely
common in legal context. Of course you can
simply say to the judge that
"Oh, I just defend myself"
But that's is not as professional as saying like
"I used reasonable force for self-defense to avoid

the robbery". Much more professional. What's
more to say to the judge?
"There was a genuine fear of injury and I struck

the plaintiff for self-protection".
The phrase "genuine fear of injury" makes your

argument valid and obviously does a great job at
justifying your action.
"Why did you hit the plaintiff so hard?" Judge

asked
"I experienced a genuine fear of injury during the

confrontation. But I still managed to use
reasonable force for my self-protection" You
answered
You win.
F*uck you!
make less severe

If you are the one who have committed the tort of
assault or battery, there is another way to help
you defend if the plaintiff actually used
provocation (90).
Another defense for assault and in court

is claiming that The Plaintiff has used
provocation (bad language to make people
annoyed and angry)
But of course it doesn't mean you can hurt

anyone if he or she is using provocative language.
The use of provocation as a defense only helps
you mitigate (91) damages/remedies/awards by
court, meaning you still be liable for the damages
(money).
So far you have learned quite a lot in the world of

law. Not just vocab but also the principles and the
knowledge in it. It will help you learn more
effectively the way to make arguments, or to
defend yourself in court using fancy legal terms
and dry language.
By dry language, I mean language that sounds

professional and smart, only used by people in
the field. By the end of this world, I will teach you
more how to use legal language in your argument
so your language will sound better instantly.
unnecessary, unimportant, small
In Canada where I live, parents can spank kids for
discipline just like in Vietnam. However, it must be
done with open hand on butt to kids aged 2 to 12
and not in anger. Otherwise, the parents will be
considered having committed the tort of battery
(intentional physical contact without consent).
The next kind of tort is intrusion upon seclusion.

Simply put, it's just the invasion of privacy but in
legal language. Intrusion upon seclusion, by
definition, is intentionally intrude upon the private
affairs of another. Let's say if someone
intentionally check your bank records without
your knowledge and consent. He or she is
considered having committed the tort of Intrusion
upon seclusion. You can bring him or her to trial
only if the case is serious, not a frivolous (92)
claim.
Intrusion to Seclusion:
= invasion to privacy
Next one is interesting. Defamation. Defamation is

a lie that damages the reputation of a person or a
company. We can be sued if we intentionally lie
about someone else to the point where it harms
that person's reputation.
If you say Donald Trump is a jerk. That's not a

defamation because that's just your opinion. It has
to somehow harm the reputation of the person to
be considered defamation. But let's say if you
own a media company and you use your media
power to communicate and tell lie that Donald
Trump's IQ is only 80, causing damages to his
reputation since the public believes your claim.
then he will sue you and your media company for
defamation. If you lose, you will be liable for
various damages.
Defamation: a lie that damages the

reputation of a person or a company
Therefore, it is extremely important that media

companies know the truth and don't tell lie that
might possibly affect someone's reputation
(commonly celebrities) because litigation costs a
lot of money.
There are two types of defamation and I want you

to note it down as your new vocab since it will be
very common on the news.
Slander (93) and Libel (93). Slander is a form of

spoken defamation and there is no permanent
record. Libel is a form of written or recorded
defamation. Now you please tell me which form
of defamation it is in the following cases:
Case 1: NyTimes writes an article telling an

unconfirmed story that harms the reputation of
Justin Bieber.
Case 2: You spread a rumor via word-of-mouth

that Justin Bieber is a gay and people believe that
If you are not wrong. Case 1 is libel because it's
defamation in written form. Case 2, on the other
hand, is slander because there is no permanent
record and it's most likely spoken.
Libel: Written or recorded form of

defamation
Slander: Spoken or unrecorded form

of defamation
Next kind of tort is Injurious Falsehood. This is

quite similar to Defamation but it is a lie that
damages the reputation of a product or service
rather than a person or company. If you work for
Apple and you create an ad that says Samsung
products suck. You made up stuff in your ad in an
attempt to destroy the reputation of its product
for your company's gain. Then it's not defamation
but Injurious Falsehood.
Injurious Falsehood: A lie that damages the

reputation of a product or service
Now let's take a look at the next kind of tort that

we might see a lot in Vietnam. Passing-off. If you
see a company manufacturing fake products let's
say fake iPhones, this company has committed
the tort of passing-off. If you re-create a product
using other's work and pretend that's yours, then
you are committing the tort of passing off and you
might be sued.
What happens if you lose? You will be liable for
monetary as well as non-monetary damages. As a
reminder, monetary damages include pecuniary
damages for financial losses of the person's work
you was passing off (faking), non-pecuniary
damages for pain and suffering, which might not
be the case; punitive damages to punish your bad
behavior. See, this is what you have learned
earlier and the reminder really helps.
Also you might be ordered to stop making fake

products by getting an injunction by the court.
What's more, the court might also issue an Anton-
Piller order (surprise search warrant) to search on
your premises. These are all non-monetary
damages.
There are several more torts but I think it's too

many already and I definitely don't want to
confuse you. You only need to remember these
most commonly-known torts.
As you can see here, we have encountered a
whole host of subtopics just within the topic of
law & crime. Therefore learning vocabulary
deeply in a topic is harder than most people think.
You really need to dive in the field. Although what
I am presenting here is not exhaustive, I believe it
is better than many other vocab-by-topic books
out there that just barely scratch the surface. Dive
in and dive in the world of law.
Previously we have discussed some types of

INTENTIONAL torts. How many torts do we have?
Many. All of them are INTENTIONAL, which
means the offenders commit the tort
INTENTIONALLY. But you only need to
remember a few of them above because they are
the most common. Let me listed out some of
them just to refresh your memory. We have False
imprisonment, Malicious prosecution, Trespass,
Trespass to goods, Conversion, Nuisance, Assault
and Battery, Intrusion upon Seclusion, Defamation
(Libel and Slander), Injurious Falsehood, and
Passing-off.
And there are remedies that courts can award the

winners that I assume you understand very well
by now.
Another defense for assault and bettery in
court is claiming that The Plaintiff has
used provocation (bad language to make
people annoyed and angry)
Let's move on to the next big topic in tort.
Unintentional Tort - Negligence (94). Negligence
is defined as UNINTENTIONAL CARELESS
conduct that results in REASONABLY
FORESEEABLE damages. When it comes to law, I
want you pay very close attention to every word
from the definition. In this case, they are
"UNINTENTIONAL", "CARELESS", REASONABLY
FORESEEABLE".
If you ride a motorbike carelessly at high speed

and unintentionally clash into another person, you
have committed the tort of Negligence. Because
you did not do it INTENTIONALLY, it's was due to
your CARELESSNESS and it was REASONABLY
FORESEEABLE that you would cause an accident
by riding at high speed. That's how you would
argue in court. Woo! See how easy it is if you
know it?
3 points: unintentional, careless, and reasonably

foreseeable.
Negligence.
An unintentional tort caused by

unintentional, careless behavior
resulting in reasonably foreseeable
damages.
supposed to pay/bear (a cost)
make sure people around you are safe

from what you do
Another example. You negligently left banana
peels on the ground. Another person walked by
and fell off the ground and that person got
injured.
That person may sue you for the tort of

negligence and thus you might be liable for all the
medical expenses and fees that the plaintiff
incurred (95) as well as non-pecuniary damages.
As you can see, even if you are a kind-hearted

person, you can still be brought to trial if you
cause damages to others by negligence. So
remember, you owe the duty of care (96) to
people around you. What does it mean? It means
you have a duty to make sure other people
around you are safe from your behavior even
unintentional.
Whenever you go out, or even at home. You

always owe the duty of care to others. Make sure
they're safe. Don't speed up when it's not safe
because it's REASONABLY FORESEEABLE that
you may cause an accident.
You owe people around you a duty of care.
Even if you don't do anything wrong, you

still have that duty (by law). Make sure
they're safe.
very high duty of care
very shitty job that causes harm to others

Notice that I use a lot of words like "Reasonably
foreseeable". This is an extremely common
phrase in Negligence. By extremely, I mean it.
In Canada, let's say if you are a house-owner.

After snowing, you have to shovel the snow to
make sure people walking by do not fall because
ice can be slippery causing injury. Because it is
reasonably foreseeable (easy to see) that if you
don't shovel snow, it's likely people get injured.
So again, you always owe people around you a

duty of care. Whenever you see a damage that is
reasonably foreseeable, you HAVE TO avoid it
otherwise you will be sued.
Sometimes, you may have even HIGHER duty of

care if you are a professional. In other words, you
have to exercise a Fiduciary duty (97). When?
Let's say if you are a lawyer dealing with a naive
client who know nothing about law.
Since you have a fiduciary duty, you have to have

maximum care to your client (rather than tricking
him or her).
a fiduciary duty
A maximum duty of care. Put clients'

interest first and protect them rather
than just reasonable duty of care like what
previously discussed.
Another relevant word in the topic of negligence
you should know is malpractice (98). Let's say you
are a skilled doctor who does surgery. My
question for you is Can you listen to music while
doing the surgery? Of course not, Not only you
cannot listen to music, you have to pay full
attention and use your best competence to make
sure the surgery goes successfully.
In legal language, you owe the patient a very high

duty of care. If your incompetence leads to the
failure of the operation, you will be committing
the tort of negligence, specifically Medical
malpractice.
Medical malpractice
Incompetent to exercise the duty of care

owed to patient.
We can conclude that he or she has committed

medical malpractice if the patient can be saved
by other doctors with the same skills. Therefore, in
some cases where the patient's medical situation
is untreatable, if the operation fails, the doctor is
not charged with any negligence because the
same doctors would not change the situation.
This can be a good defense of doctors in court if
they get sued by the patient's family.
Done tort. Now Crime. Things are now getting a
bit scarier. Remember, tort is in civil law. Tort is
between 2 private parties. No big deal. Crime, on the
other hand, is in criminal law. It is serious to the point
where it affects not only the parties involved but the
society as a whole.
Business students will usually study only civil law

because that's most relevant to their day-to-
day affairs. There are many types of attorneys
specialized in different areas of law as well. Most of
the time when you see people suing each other for
money on TV, it's most likely civil law that they are
talking about.
My professor once said "If you want to make a lot of

money, study civil law". Civil law is where the winner
gets the most money through
damages/remedies/awards.
Law is very complicated and I want to make things

super duper easy for you to digest. Some of you
who study law as a major may not be that satisfied
but I am sorry, most people study otherwise so easy
stuff mean better remembering. Hence, I will keep
things simple and well-organized.
In general, there are 3 degrees or levels of a crime

which are misdemeanor (99), infraction (100) and
felony (101).
Misdemeanor - a minor crime
Infraction - a crime
Felony - a serious crime
Why are these important to know? Because if you

watch the news often, you will notice the news
anchors use the word "felony" or "misdemeanor" in
replacement of "crime".
So from now on if you hear someone say "this guy

has committed a felony", you know that this guy has
committed a serious crime.
Tax evasion (102) is a serious crime or a felony. If you

deliberately evade (103) paying taxes to the
governments, you has committed a felony.
Arson (104) is a felony. If you deliberately set fire to a

house. You have committed a felony. Arson is a
legal term which means you deliberately set fire to
a property.
Notice that now I'm not using the word "intentional"

anymore. Instead, I'm using "deliberate". Why?
These words are quite similar but "Deliberate" is
stronger and is used when talking about criminal
law rather than civil law.
Use the words "deliberate" when talking

about criminal law. Use "intentional" when
talking about civil law.
As you have probably guessed, murdering or
homicide (105) is a felony. Homicide means killing.
You will hear this word a lot on the news. It simply
means killing or murdering.
For example, "Two-thirds of the homicides in the US

is drug-related".
Treason (106) is a felony. If you watch the US

Presidential Debates, you will hear this word from
time to time. Treason means betraying one's
country. Heard of Edward Snowden, Former CIA
agent? He was committed the crime of treason.
What about misdemeanor? A misdemeanor is a

crime with a low level of seriousness, like petty theft
(107), prostitution (108), reckless driving, vandalism
(109)
Petty theft means stealing property but not of high

value such as remote control (sounds familiar?)
Prostitution is a sex trade or a sex occupation.
Vandalism means destroying public or private

property in purpose. Creating graffitis is a prime
example of vandalism and it's clearly not a felony
but a misdemeanor.
Drug trafficking (110) involves illegal trade of drugs.
Human trafficking (111) involves illegal trade of
humans, perhaps for the purpose of sexual slavery
or forced labor. These are of course felonies or
serious crimes.
Smuggling (112) is secretly and illegally bringing

products into a countries across the border. If you
transport a lot of iPhones illegally and secretly from
Laos to Vietnam, you might be considered a
smuggler.
Another type is white-collar crime (113) representing

any kinds of law-breaking activities in business or
professional settings. 'White-collar' simply means
people working in the office wearing shirts whereas
'blue-collar' represents physical labor like workers in
the factory.
White-collar: related to office or

professional
Blue-collar: Related to physical labor

Of course, not all criminals get punished the same
way. The court will evaluate the degree of
seriousness, the criminal's intention as well as his or
her defense. Lawyers defending the criminal are
ones who know many types of defense against
criminal conviction under their belt. Let's go through
a few of them together
1. Provocation (You are told "stupid", you get

provoked by the victim)
2. Mental Disorder (you are insane, you can't think
properly)
3. Intoxication (114) (you get drunk, you lose the
ability to think properly)
4. Infancy (115) (not reach certain age to get charged)
5. Consent (the victim told you to do that)
6. Duress (116) (external pressure to commit crime)
7. Necessity (it's necessary to commit this crime to
prevent bigger harms)
These defenses can be used to eliminate criminal

liability (117) altogether or will help you claim
diminished responsibility (118)
media
2
#Media
Welcome to the second world-the world of
media. The media is all around us. In fact, it
influences us on every step of the way. In this
world, you will learn how to think about the
media in a logical and systematic way. You will
learn different types of media and journalism.
Thus, you will understand how and be smarter
about media influence as well as vocabulary
about the media.
If you know me through the book Academic

Vocab for Those who Hate spending too much
time on Bullsh*t IELTS books, you definitely
know that I have spent quite a lot of time on
Media like Mainstream media and Alternative
media. Let's review anyway.
There are two main types of media. Mainstream

media and Alternative media. Mainstream
media can be called mass media, controlled by
big media companies or the government.
Alternative media, on the other hand, are like
you and me sharing opinions or thoughts
through an informal channel like YouTube or
Facebook.
Examples of Mainstream media in the US can
be FoxNews Network, MSNBC, CNN, the NY
times, etc. Examples of Alternative media in the
US can be the TYT network, Secular Talk, The
David Pakman show, etc. In the old days when
people did not have access to the Internet,
mainstream media was the only way to get
current information. Frankly, we did not have a
choice but to be influenced by those who had
the info. In other words, those who possess the
information hold a lot of power over the public.
It can control the public in many many different
ways.
Now with the presence of social media, we

have more choices than ever, giving everyone
an opportunity to spread the words if needed.
Alternative media grow accordingly. In fact,
these days people think that alternative media
is less biased and manipulative than the
mainstream counterpart.
When talking about media, we cannot ignore

Journalism. What is jouralism? Journalism is any
activity or profession of writing for newspapers
or magazines or of broadcasting news on radio
or television. When you watch news on either
TV or YouTube, you might bump into different
channels with different types of content. I like to
call it genres or types.
The first type of journalism is broadcast (119).
You might hear people say "The Presidential
Election will be broadcasted tonight on CNN".
Broadcast is the transmission (120) of news
using electrical method. The keyword here is
'electrical'. Also, when information 'moves' from
A-B, we call that 'transmission' or the
information is transmitted. We don't say the
information is transported. It's transmitted.
When the news is broadcasted or transmitted

through mass media, the information is
disseminated (121) to the public. 'Disseminate'
means 'spread' but we usually use it for
information. For instance, if you have a secret
cooking recipe and you don't want it anymore,
you can disseminate it so everyone in the world
will know.
Broadcast = electrically transmit
Disseminate info = spread info

Sometimes, you might see different reporters or
individuals cover a single news story at different
locations like the presidential election voting
events at multiple states or on-site weather
reports. This type of journalism is called
Collaborative journalism (122), meaning that
reporters like different pieces of puzzle
collaborate with one another to make the story
complete.
Collaborating
Collaborative journalists = pieces of

puzzle
Another type is investigative journalism (123).

Whenever you see the word 'investigate', it
signals something related to the police or law or
crime. Investigative journalists spend months or
years to deeply investigate an issue in order to
expose something dirty. The keyword here is
'expose'.
Investigative journalism is used to

Texpose the truth
Blogging is another type of journalism. Blogging

can fall under the alternative media category
since anyone can create his or her own blog and
start transmitting news at zero cost. You can blog
and so can I.
Next, immersion journalism (124) is a special type
of journalism that focuses on experience rather
than people or the author himself. Let's say if you
decided to embark on a journey to South Africa
by yourself to experience. You videotaped and
wrote down your different experiences on the
journey. After getting home, you write a article
about your experience rather than yourself so that
the readers can immerse themselves on the
experience like they are travelling. Another
example is when you are trying to describe your
horrible experience of your University. If you
purpose is purely for the reader to experience,
then this is immersion journalism. The keyword
here is 'experience'.
Immersion journalism focuses on

experience rather than the writer
One of the primary purposes of journalism is to

relay (125) facts. Nowadays, journalism has a
tendency to transcend (126) that regular way of
reporting by giving extensive content like more in-
depth analysis on news by interviewing people or
analyzing facts to engage the audience. This is
called Analytical journalism (127). You will notice
media people offering opinions or commenting
on certain subject matters on TV. These people
are called pundits (128).
Pundits are expert on media who offer opinions.
You will see a lot of pundits commenting on the
US Presidential Election. These opinions are
sometimes contradicting one another, which
causes a lot of confusion to the public. If you
watch a lot of financial news, you will see there
are a whole bunch of financial pundits advising
you which stocks or bonds to buy or sell or even
predict the future. Pundits are not necessarily
experts. They are just mass media people who
offer opinions based on current events that we
see on TV all the time.
Analytical journalism transcends facts to

offer opinions and commentaries
Here are different people in the media you might

have met.
1. News anchor (129) is the presenter of the news

we see on TV all the time. You might be
wondering why these people can speak
eloquently without looking at the notes. Do they
have perfect memory? The answer is no. They
use a tool called Teleprompter (130). A
teleprompter is a tool used by news anchors to
read news while still looking at the camera at the
same time. So it's a great tool for news anchors to
speak like an 'expert' with nothing in mind.
2. Columnist (131) is a writer of a newspaper or a
magazine that may offers opinions. He's not a
news reporter. He's a columnist. What's the
difference? Let's say you are a writer of Kenh14. If
you report current events happening, you are
reporter. If you regularly offer your opinions on a
certain topic, then you are a columnist.
3. Editor (132) is the gatekeeper between the

writer and the audience. His job is to prepare,
modify, polish and enhance the writing to make
sure it's okay before disseminating it. There might
be many levels of editing in a big news
corporation. The one that sits at the top is called
chief editor (133).
4. Correspondent (134) is a guy who stays or even

lives in a distant place to regularly gather and
report news. There are tons of VTV
correspondents living all around the world.
5. Ombudsman (135) is from the public authority

representing the public interest to investigate and
address public complaints. This one is not
common in Vietnam. But you will see it once in a
while if you read some types of English
newspapers.
6. Meteorologist (136) can be a beautiful chick or a

good-looking guy you see at the end of the daily
news section conducting weather forecast.
Some other interesting terms you need to know in
this topic are Fourth Estate (137) and Fifth Estate
(138). Fourth Estate represents the mass media.
Fifth Estate represents alternative media like
blogging or YouTubing. You can date back to the
old days to better understand the origins of these
terms but I deem them unnecessary. These are
words that I called 'good to know'.
What type of news is Kenh14 or Soha? They are

tabloids (139). Tabloids deliver news on different
sensational topics like scandals, zodiac signs, or
gossips. Reading tabloids can be entertaining at
times but overall that is such a waste of time.
Fourth Estate ~ Mass media
Fifth Estate ~ Other than Mass media
Next one is propaganda (140). Propaganda is used

by mass media controlled by the government to
manipulate the public so that the government can
get what it wants. The Chinese government is
famous for spreading propaganda to the public to
instill hatred on America. North Korea is known for
disseminating and brainwashing the public by
using propaganda, saying its leader is God.
Vietnam same thing. When we talking about
propaganda, we are talking about corrupted mass
media, the government, manipulation and
brainwashing.
If you pay enough attention, you will see that the
Vietnamese media can very easily make you feel
that sacrificing for the country is necessary. You
are willing to die for the country. The fact is you
perhaps have been manipulated by the
government's propaganda. It's everywhere. It's
widespread. It tells you what's the 'right' thing to
do. The Chinese government can do the same
things for its public if it feels that war is necessary.
It will spread propaganda everywhere 24/7 so the
public can have a sense of nationalism (141).
Nationalism is the feeling of 'my country is better
than all the rest'. Nationalism is the feeling of 'us'
and 'them'. Chances are many of us have been
brainwashed or manipulated by the government
to have such sense of nationalism. Like, the US is
evil. Vietnam is a heroic nation. China is bad. Our
country-Vietnam stands for the righteousness.
You will see that propaganda has a lot of phrases
like "Our country", "We", "Sacrificing is virtuous",
you name it. Nationalism is the same as patriotism.
Before war, one thing that will always happen is
that you will hear a lot of propaganda from the
mass media telling you to serve the military for
the good of 'our' country.
Propaganda - An effective tool used by the

government's mass media manipulating and
brainwashing the public
3
#Psychology
Welcome to the world 3 of Psychology. You will

be learning more about yourself, your
behaviors, your attitude, your society, etc. Now
let's will start off with Attribution (142) theory.
Trust me, you will see a lot of the word
"attribution" in psychology topic.
"Attribute" means regard something as being

caused by. Let's say you are waiting in line to
check out in a grocery store. All of the sudden a
lady out of nowhere rushing into the line in front
of you. She does a quick checkout and then
runs away of the store. What do you think of this
behavior?
"OMG, what a rude person" or "Geez, what an

uneducated lady".
All you just did was attributing that behavior to her
dispositional factors (143) rather than situational
factors (144). What is a dispositional factor? It
indicates a factor coming from her character. Like
she's a rude person. That's why she behaves like
that. So whenever you see the word "disposition"
or "dispositional", it is more about personal or
internal aspect. Likewise, what is a situational
factor? Easy. A factor coming from outside or
external or situational factor that makes her
behave that way. Let's say her son got into an car
accident that made him seriously injured. If you
were her, would you behave like a normal
person? No, you would be rushing and even
making other people around you think you are
crazy.
Dispositional factors - coming from own

character
Situational factors - coming from

external factors
It is safe to say that we tend to attribute other

people's behaviors to their dispositional factors
and attribute our behaviors to our situational
factors. Think about that for a moment. When you
are late at work. That's usually not your fault,
right? It was that you did not sleep well last night
or you missed the bus or you faced a weirdo on
the street.
But what if your one of your co-worker comes
late? You almost instantly think that this person is
such a lazy bastard. Later, you figure out that she
was late because she was robbed on the street.
Now, you feel bad because you overlooked
situational factors that made her late.
Believe me that happens more frequently than

you think due to our lack of cognitive capacity
(145), which is our mental capacity to process
thoughts to understand it thoroughly. Yes. We
lack our cognitive capacity. Almost everything we
see is on the surface. It takes time, effort, and
motivation to really see things. That's why you
tend to underestimate the situational factors of
others' behavior and overestimate their
dispositional factors. We just don't have time,
energy and motivation to think beyond that unless
someone else tells us about what really has
happened.
Cognitive capacity-the mental

capacity to process thoughts to
thoroughly understand something
disregard truth (to feel good)
create obstacles to feel less pain after

a potential failure
It's also due to self-knowledge (146). Self-
knowledge is knowledge about ourselves. We
have more information about our behavior and
situation that we do with other people. That's why
we see that our lateness is so legitimate. That's
why we see that our anger is somehow justified.
It's not our faults. It's something else that causes
us to behave that way.
You can fix the problem by simply giving yourself

more time to factor in situational factors when
judging others. You may quickly realize that
people are not really as bad as you think.
In addition, we often attribute our failure to

situational factors and success to dispositional
factors. Sounds familiar? In the face of negative
events, we tend to make self-serving attributions
(147) to maintain positive self-images (148). Self-
serving simply means that we are 'serving'
ourselves or we are doing ourselves a favor by
not blaming ourselves. Obviously we don't want
to look bad on ourselves. We don't want to
believe that we are bad people sometimes. In
other words, we have a tendency to maintain the
positive self-image so we can feel less painful
when we behave like shit. In contrast, we attribute
our success such as acing our exams to our skill
and effort rather than luck or the easiness of the
exams or the lenience of the examiners.
Because of our desire to feel good about
ourselves, we often use strategies to help
maintain our positive self-images. One such
strategy is self-handicapping (149). We
sometimes create obstacles to success so that
potential failure can be blamed on these external
factors as opposed to internal traits. Let's say your
exams are coming and you are so nervous. If you
cannot do these exams well, you will feel so bad.
One strategy that many people tend to use is to
create troubles to ourselves. In this case, you
might choose to play games or under-prepare.
Then, if you do badly, you can blame your poor
performance on their lack of preparation, which
protects your own view of your intelligence.
On the other hand, if you happen to do well, what

do people say? “Wow, you must be really smart
to not have studied and still done so well.” Hmm.
Sounds familiar? That's self-handicapping. We
handicap ourselves at times to reduce the
potential pain if we cannot succeed.
Self-handicapping
The tendency to create troubles for

ourselves so that we feel less of the
pain when we fail.
based on feeling to make decisions
Now, I want you to think about all the decisions
you make in a day-what to eat, what to wear, who
to see, and how to spend your time and money.
Although we naturally want to make good
decisions, we are confronted with decisions
almost constantly, and therefore it is impossible to
think about and process all of the relevant
information in a careful and deliberative way.
Instead, people often rely on automatic thinking, a

type of decision-making process that occurs at an
unconscious or automatic level and is entirely
effortless and unintentional. This type of thinking
relies on the use of shortcuts, or heuristics (150),
which can save us time but can also lead to
inaccurate judgments.
Heuristics - mental shortcuts to make

QUICK judgments or decisions
Oftentimes, we catch ourselves making decisions

based on our instinct or intuition (151). "I do this
because it feels right". "I feel like I should do this or
that". Rather than weighing facts and
consequences before making any decisions, we
choose to rely on our intuition.
Let's say you are choosing someone to marry.
And you can only pick one of 5 candidates to get
married with. Most of the time, the decision is
based on our intuition instead of some other
objective information such as appearance or
intellect or personality of a person. We pick just
because we feel so. In other words, our intuition
tells us so. But in reality, objective information and
facts are a better predictor of the quality of your
marriage. Therefore, when facing tough decision,
we should carefully weigh different factors and
criteria instead of relying solely on intuition so as
to avoid catastrophic consequences.
You will see a lot of the word "predictor"

in Psychology topic, suggesting the link
between two variables.
- money is not a predictor of happiness
- EQ rather than IQ is a better predictor
of income
One of the most common heuristics is framing

(152). Framing refers to how something is
presented. Framing influences how we see all
sorts of daily life situations. Let's say if you are so
sick and the doctors come in tell you and your
family.
- You have 3% chance of death.
How does that make you feel?

Horrified, right? But let's say he chooses to say it in
another way:
- You have 97% chance of survival.
Now how do you feel? It kinda reminds us of the

classic half-full half-empty glass concept. But the
way psychology sees it is that how we choose to
FRAME a problem can influence us dramatically
on how we make sense and see things. 3%
chance of death and 97% chance of survival are
the same no matter what. But yet, we fall prey to
believing in that 3% chance of death is much more
horrifying than 97% chance of survival
Framing - how we 'frame' a problem can

dramatically influence how we see things.
Therefore, you can use the word "framing"
to explain the fact that different ways of
framing creates different opinions, etc.
Remember: 'Frame' is a killer word for

IELTS
Sarah has suffered from migraines for several

years. She is relieved when her doctor
recommends a new headache drug that is 90%
effective for migraines, unlike her old drug with a
10% failure rate.
When people need to engage in behavior to
detect a health problem, such as cancer, framing
a message negatively, meaning in terms of the
costs of not engaging in a behavior rather than the
benefit of engaging in a behavior, is most
effective
Now you've learned the power of framing. I want

you to pause a second and think about how you
can frame every problem you are facing so you
can live and think better.
- The milk is 2% fat

- The milk is 98% non-fat
- Spend 10% on charitable donations
- Keep 90% our income to ourselves.
You get the idea!
Framing - how we 'frame' a problem can

dramatically influence how we see
things. Therefore, you can use the word
"framing" to explain the fact that
different ways of framing creates
different opinions, etc.
Remember: 'Frame' is a killer word for

IELTS
Oftentimes, we see the world in line with our
expectations. This can lead us to see a correlation
between two events when in reality no such
association exists. This phenomenon is called
illusory correlation (153).
For example, if you believe that bad things happen

on Friday the 13th, you will pay particular attention
to such events on that day and in turn “see” bad
things as happening with great frequency. If these
events happened on another day, you would be
unlikely to attribute them to the date on which
they occurred.
Illusory correlation - see a connection

between two events in mind although there
is no such association.
Sometimes, we also have a tendency to see a

given outcome as inevitable once we know of the
outcome. Just like "see, I told you", "I knew Obama
will be the president". "I knew it all along". The
problem is, those events have already occurred
before you say that. This is called hindsight bias
(154). A lot of people have fell prey to hindsight
bias. We all know everything. We're all be able to
see everything. We all can predict everything.
Everything is in our control. But the truth is, we all
see them from hindsight.
Another very well-known concept in psychology
is self-fulfilling prophecy (155), which is also used
a lot in daily conversations. Simply put, self-
fulfilling prophecy is the tendency to BEHAVE to
confirms to one's beliefs.
If you are told you're stupid by others. Many

times and eventually you BELIEVE in that.
According to self-fulfilling prophecy, you will
behave like you are really stupid even though
you might not. Likewise, if you are told by your
boss that you're incompetent and cannot do the
job, you will quickly lose confidence and
continue confirming that "statement" to perform
even worse.
Therefore, it's crucial to choose how to convey

feedback or messages to avoid negative self-
fulfilling prophecy. Positive self-fulfilling
prophecy should be nice to use. "You can do it",
"you are so smart" - even though it might be a lie,
the self-fulfilling prophecy will help the listeners
behave in a way that confirms with those beliefs.
Self-fulfilling prophecy:
- Actions tend to confirm beliefs

feel relevant
draw out/generate, evoke
brought into a state

Have you ever heard a song on the radio and
really disliked it initially, but then, over time, as
you hear it again, and again, and again, you
actually grow to like it? This is an example of the
power of mere exposure. (156). This
phenomenon helps explain why we prefer
mirror-image pictures of ourselves, because
that is how we normally see ourselves
—whereas our friends prefer reverse-mirror-
imaged pictures of us, because that is normally
how they see us. The mere exposure effect,
meaning the more we are exposed to
something, the more we like it
Mere Exposure Effect: the more we are
exposed to something, the more we like it
If you don't believe me, you can compare your

selfies on the phone with the image you see in
the mirror. You will quickly realize the one you
see in the mirror is much more good-looking
than the one on your phone.
Now let's move on to something even more

interesting that you can resonate with (157).
Classical conditioning (158). Classical
conditioning is a type of learning that you
associate a neutral stimuli to something else you
ALREADY know to, therefore elicit (159) the
same response. Let me give you an example.
Let's say you really like your girlfriend or boyfriend,
the perfume of him or her makes you love him or
her even more. The next day you go to work and
smell the same perfume from one of your co-
workers, which makes you really happy.
But let's change the story a little bit. Instead of your

girlfriend or boyfriend, it's your enemy-the person
you really hates that you smell the same perfume.
The next day you go to work and smell the same
thing from your co-worker. Would you be happy
anymore? Very less likely.
You have been conditioned (160) to either love or

hate the perfume based on what it is associated
with. Remember the perfume is a neutral stimuli
but it can elicit different responses of yours given
different associations.
Classical conditioning -
You are conditioned to love or hate

something based on what it is associated
with.
You love playing piano because the person

you love also plays piano
You can change your hobby simply because

that hobby is associated with something
else you also love.
"Conditioned" is an excellent word for IELTS as
well. "The public have been conditioned to
believe in some myths by the government and
corporation".
Try to use that word if you have a chance.
One of the most fascinating categories in

Psychology is persuasion. Why? Because believe
it or not, we persuade everyday (and are
persuaded everyday, too). Wherever there is
communication, persuasion manifests in one
form or another. It's like getting and receiving a
'message' that triggers our actions. Think of
advertising we see on TV or social media. We are
being persuaded.
There are two routes to persuasion.
When a person thinks carefully about a

communication message and is influenced by
the strength of the arguments and logic and
rational analyses, he or she is using the central
route (161). Here’s an example of the central
route to persuasion. You are thinking about
buying a car, and you read the latest issue of
Consumer Reports, then test-drive several cars,
evaluate the different features, etc.
In contrast, the peripheral or heuristic route (162)
to persuasion is when a person does NOT think
carefully about a communication message and is
influenced by superficial characteristics. For
example, if you see a television ad in which an
attractive man or woman drives a new sleek car
very fast in scenic areas, you might make your
decision based on these superficial
characteristics rather than actual data or logic.
- Central route - logic, facts, data,

analysis
- Peripheral/Heuristic route - humor,
fear, emotions
Do you like Donald Trump? If you do, then

chances are you might be influenced by the
peripheral route rather than the central one.
Because instead of looking at the facts and real
policies he has, you look at his superficial
characteristics and don't logically process his
messages. You feel that "Oh, this guy is rich, he
must be smart enough to run the country" or "Oh,
this guy is gaining support, so everything he says
is true".
Lots of TV advertising use peripheral route to

persuade audience. Because it works. If we have
time and motivation, we might spend time
processing facts and data to make decisions.
However, in most cases, we don't.
a person who writes advertising
We tend to rely on our emotions to make
decisions for us. That's why advertisers like to
feature famous people or use humor,
storytelling, sensational music or even fear.
Guess what, a majority of us could easily fall for it
and quickly make a decision.
This most likely happens when we are facing a

low-consequence decision like buying a bag or a
piece of clothing.
But when it comes to higher-consequence

decisions, we tend to slow down a little bit to
look at facts, data and specifications. We think
more rationally or in other words use the central
route rather than peripheral one. Think about
buying a new car or a new house. No matter how
nice and friendly the seller or real estate broker
might appear, you want to know all the facts
about the house you are going to buy such as
location, neighborhood, price, fees, condition,
number of bedrooms, etc.
So there are two routes and they are all

important for persuasion. Next time you watch an
ad, make sure you can identify which route the
copywriter (163) is using in an effort to persuade
you buying their products.
an advance warning
argument against another argument

Can you resist persuasion? Yes, you can. If you
are aware of it. It is often easier for you to resist
such attempts when you receive forewarning
(164) that others are trying to persuade you. For
example, telling teenagers that they are going to
hear a speech on “why teenagers should not
drive” leads to less change than telling them they
are going to hear a speech on driving in general.
Or telling you that a "how to get rich quick" event
you are about to hear is all about bullshit and
selling, you will less likely be persuaded.
Forewarning about an upcoming persuasion
attempt allows you to construct
counterarguments (165), and thus is particularly
effective for resisting persuasion.
"Be careful, the advertisement is about to use

humor to persuade you". "AH HA". Now you're
aware of it and attempt to construct a defense
for your mind. It's much harder to persuade you
then.
erode, destroy, weaken
Now let's discuss different types of motivation.
There are two opposing types. Extrinsic
motivation (166) is anything outside of yourself
that you need to obtain or acquire to increase
motivation, like money or rewards. If your parents
give you money to encourage you to read a
book, then you are given extrinsic motivation. "If
you finish this book, I will give you $20". You are
extrinsically motivated. How do you feel now?
You leave the computer seat and start hitting the
book and try to finish this as quickly as you can
so you can get the $20.
Ok, wait a second. What does that tell you? You

are not reading because you love it. You are
reading JUST to earn the $20. You will then feel
like the process of reading books seems like
forever. Eventually, you develop a disinterest on
reading. So as you can tell, extrinsic motivation
does NOT work. It undermines (166) your interest
on doing something. What might work? Intrinsic
motivation (167).
Extrinsic motivation - cash, money,

materials to motivate us
Intrinsic motivation - joy,

meaningfulness, logic, ethic
differ from
To get the most out of people, whether it be in
schools or the work place, intrinsic motivation
must be primary. Extrinsic and intrinsic motivation
impacts all of us. If you honestly look at your life
and rate your extrinsic and intrinsic motivation
what is the balance? I can attest and I firmly
believe that intrinsic motivation needs to be first,
then extrinsic.
Now think about the clothes you are wearing, the

music you listen to, and the way you wear your
hair. All of these choices are influenced by social
norms (167), meaning unspoken but shared rules
of conduct within a particular formal or informal
group.
Social norms are what considered normal and

standard by the society. Shake hands when you
meet someone. Have direct eye contact with the
person you are speaking with. Consume alcohol
in moderation. Unless the movie theater is
crowded, never sit right next to someone. Leave
a tip for the waiter or waitress. Chew with your
mouth closed. Chew food without making
sounds. Men usually pay for dinner, unless
invited by the woman. Do not talk with food in
your mouth. These are all examples of social
norms in a public setting (168).
In a classroom, social norms manifest
themselves, too. Never use a cell phone. Do not
listen to music with headphones. Do not sit in
other people’s assigned chairs. Do not stare at
the teacher, etc.
Teenagers may feel pressure from others in their

social groups to drink alcohol or smoke. This type
of conformity (169), meaning changing our
opinions or behaviors to meet perceived group
norms, can occur because people fear the
consequences of deviating (170) from the norm.
It's peer pressure (171). All of your friends smoke,
so why don't you? You are prone to conform to
the group you are hanging out with by doing the
same things as they are.
Phrase: "Conform to social norms"

When you came to college you may have found
that people dressed differently, or listened to
different types of music, or had different views
about political or social issues than you did. It is
also likely that at least in some ways you
changed your own attitudes or behavior to
conform to those that were the norm at your
college. In many cases these norms serve as
helpful guides to appropriate behavior: stopping
at a red light, waiting your place in line at the post
office, and raising your hand before asking a
question in your psychology lecture. These are
all examples of norms that regulate our behavior
in socially acceptable (172) ways.
hard to discern
There are two types of norms, which are
Descriptive norm (173) and injunctive norm (174).
Descriptive norms can be seen on many college

campuses. Students follow a variety of
descriptive norms of behavior. These norms
might include how they spend Saturday nights,
what types of clothes they wear, and how much
they study.
On the other hand, injunctive norms describe

what people HAVE TO do in a given situation,
meaning the type of behavior that is approved of
in a given situation. Reporting cheating to a
professor might be an injunctive norm. Stopping
at a red light is a injunctive norms.
Descriptive norms - general unspoken
norms of a group that can be seen and
followed accordingly
Injunctive norms - norms that you have to

follow. Injunctive means authoritative.
Order-related.
Norms often influence our attitudes and behavior
in very subtle (174) ways. People quickly acquire
the norms of a new environment even if they do
not know the norms when they first enter that
environment. In fact, people are most likely to
acquire norms when they are in new situations.
They look to older and/or more established
group members to form their own attitudes and
behaviors.
The pressure to conform to social norms is often
very POWERFUL, in part because people who
deviate from the norm often experience negative
consequences such as embarrassment,
awkwardness, and even hostile behavior from
others. Because of the unpleasant
consequences of deviating from the norm, we
are motivated to learn and adhere to the norms
of our group.
For example, teenagers may feel pressure to

shoplift when they are with a group of friends
who are shoplifting. Even if you are worried
about the legal consequences of getting caught,
you may be more worried about the social
consequences of refusing to go along with your
group. What does that tell you? Choose good
group of friends to hang out with.
Since we're talking about social norms, let's talk
about Obedience (175) and Authority. Obedience
means being obeyed to someone else's
commands. To most Asians, being obedient is
considered good.
We tend to obey to your parents, teachers or

some other sorts of authorities (176) like the
police, doctors, government officials, tax officials,
etc. In psychology, there is a term called
'authority' to refer to anyone that has some sorts
of legitimate power so others can listen and obey
to.
Do you notice the advertisements of toothpaste

companies almost always feature a random guy
wearing a white blouse and a pair of glasses to
look like a doctor? Wearing a white blouse is a
symbol of authority power. People are more
likely to believe and listen to those fake guys
wearing a white blouse than a real doctor
wearing a polo shirt. That's authority power. Even
if the guy wearing doctor's clothes speaks non-
sense, people are still prone to listen and obey to
his request. "Ok, please sit down, relax" (you sit
down and relax). "Take a deep breath", he said
(you take a deep breath). "Now take off your
clothes". (hmm. Why? but you do it anyway,
cause he's a doctor-now you're naked). "Please
dance" (you look at him wondering why but still,
you follow his request). "Now, please sit down
and wait for me here".
All of these above bullshit requests come from a
barber, not a doctor. But since he appears to
have the authority appeal of a doctor. You follow
him anyway (even though you might not like to).
The same applies to police. They certainly have

authority power and make a lot of requests that
people are obeyed to. Teachers, same story.
Students listen and follow to teachers no matter
what even though teachers might be ridiculously
wrong at times. Now look at North Korea.
Obedience is a virtue. The leader has extremely
high authority power that everyone obeys to him
like he's God. Want more examples? Think about
your religion. Have you ever obeyed to a monk?
Most monks are not as smart as us. Yet, we listen
to them every single word and obey to their
requests like they represent God or some higher
consciousness. The truth is, even they don't know
what they're doing. They are brainwashed by
their religion to believe in something that does
not exist. And they're just like us, following and
obeying orders and commands from someone
above, psychologically referred to as 'authority'.
Authority appeal ~ using authority

symbols (police, doctor, lawyer) to make
others obey to our commands and orders.
put an end to,
very religious group of
disobey
Obedience has led to dangerous consequences
in many other real-life cases, such as the Nazi’s
concentration camps in World War II, the My Lai
Massacre during the Vietnam War and terrorist
groups, such as Al Qaeda. The people in many of
these situations are in very uncertain, and
isolated, surroundings, which increases their
dependence on the group. In turn, any doubts
about the actions of the group are quelled (177),
and a mindset of “us versus them”. These
strategies for creating obedience are used
regularly by leaders of cults (178).
So what can we do to help people defy (179)

unjustified demands by authority figures? One
factor that can help people stand up to the
pressure exerted by authorities is knowing about
the power of influence. People who are aware of
the situational pressures that lead people to
obey authorities are more likely to stand up to
such authorities themselves. People who are
better educated are more likely to disobey
military orders.
Defy is the opposite of obey

As mentioned, obedience is valued differently in
different cultures. One of the major differences
between individualistic (180) and collectivistic
cultures (181) is the emphasis and value they
place on conformity. In individualistic cultures like
America, conformity is seen as a sign of
weakness. In contrast, people in collectivistic
cultures often place a particular value on fitting in
with others and conforming to social norms, and
therefore conformity is seen as a sign of self-
control, maturity, tolerance, and respect for
others (Sounds familiar to you?)
Individualistic cultures~ value

uniqueness and individuality, express
own opinions (US, UK, Canada)
Collectivistic cultures~ value

conformity within group (Asia)
PERSONALITY
WORLD 4
PERSONALITY
Welcome to world #4, personality. I'm

glad you have made this far. You might
have heard quite a lot about personality,
I'm sure. However, the problem is it
might be categorized in a, well,
disorganized way, making it a little bit
hard for you to remember the vocabulary.
This world will be about vocabulary
about personality. After finishing reading
this world, you will be able to think more
scientifically and systematically about
this subject matter. Now let's get started.
include comprehensively
changes/different forms
Personality is all about who you are. Who are
you? Why are you different from your friends?
Why do different people behave differently?
You should think of personality as the sum total
of ways in which an individual reacts to and
interacts with others.
There are a number of ways to measure one's

personality. But I am not going to introduce them
all. One of the best and well-known approaches
is "The Big Five Factors", representing five
dimensions of personality, which encompasses
(180) most of the significant variations (181) in
human personality. In other words, these will
determine WHO YOU ARE based on five factors.
Here are the BIG FIVE you have to remember.
1. Extraversion (182) - are you sociable or quiet?

2. Agreeableness (183) - are you
warm/welcoming or cold?
3. Conscientiousness (184) - are you trusting and
reliable or not?
4. Emotional Stability (185) - are you calm or
anxious?
5. Openness to experience (186) - are you more
open or conservative?
These are the big five categories or dimensions.
They are independent of one another. If you can
answer definitely these five questions. You
basically know who you are. Let me explain it to
you.
If you are very sociable, meaning you like to be

surrounded by your friends. You have high
extraversion or you are extrovert. But when it
comes to arguing, you tend to disagree with
others rather than agree with them to make them
happy. This suggests that you have low
agreeableness OR you are not agreeable. When
it comes to working and studying, you are very
serious and never meet a deadline, people can
place trust on you. This means that you have a
high level of conscientiousness or you are very
conscientious. You consider yourself a calm
person. You are not afraid of public speaking and
well able to handle stress. This suggests that you
have a pretty high level of emotional stability. But
you don't like to travel or be creative. You tend to
stick to the traditional values and play it safe all
the time. What does it mean? It means you have
a low level of openness to experience. Now are
you more clear about this five factor model?
1. Extraversion
2. Agreeableness
3. Conscientiousness
4. Emotional stability
5. Openness to experience.
self-confident
sociable, outgoing
friendly, easy to talk to
pushy (without thinking)

Now look at your best friend or anyone that
comes to your mind. You can now assess them
based on these five dimensions.
1. Is she extrovert or introvert? => YES/NO

2. In most cases, does she tend to agree or
disagree with people? => YES/NO
3. Can you rely on her in doing her job? Does she
usually arrive late at work or school? Does she
usually meet deadline? etc.
4. Is she calm or anxious most of the time?
5. Does she like new things or new experience?
Again you can think of millions of behavioral

questions. But they all revolve around ONLY 5
dimensions I just introduced you. Now let's go
through one of each so you can gain a good
insight.
EXTRAVERSION-INTROVERSION
Extraversion is a relatively strong predictor of

leadership in groups; extraverts are more socially
dominant (187), “take charge” sorts of people, and
they are generally more assertive (188) than
introverts. One downside is that extraverts are
more impulsive (189) than introverts; Extroverted
people are more sociable, gregarious (190),
outgoing, friendly, affable (191) and easy to talk
to.
say exactly what you think
Introverted people are more quite, reserved,
uncommunicative. Having a high level of
introversion does not necessarily implies it's bad.
Introverted people can be likeable just as
extroverted because they tend to listen more
and less emotionally expressive (192).
AGREEABLENESS
Agreeableness is quite high in collectivistic

cultures like Vietnam, China or Japan. Japanese
people tend to agree almost all the time. Their
goal is to maintain the harmony of the group
rather than disrupt them. Americans, on the other
hand, are more frank and expressive in their
opinions. If they disagree, they will disagree
openly. Overall, Americans have lower levels of
agreeableness than the Japanese counterparts.
That explains why Japanese are very likeable
and more obedient to order, conforming to social
norms and compliant to law (lowest crime rate in
the world). Sometimes, being agreeable is good
to get what you want. Like you agree with your
boss anyway to make him like you although you
might disagree. Sometimes, being a disagreeable
jerk is good for important project. You can't just
say "YES, It's good it's true" all the time. You have
to disagree and point out the mistakes to make
things better. Imagine what would happen if
everyone agrees to a shitty idea, like destroying
the world, just to keep the group in harmony?
CONSCIENTIOUSNESS
This is so important and key to success. People

with a higher level of conscientiousness are
more hard-working, persistent, reliable, self-
disciplined, trusting, and achievement-oriented.
Interestingly, conscientious people live longer
because they take better care of themselves
(they eat better and exercise more) and engage
in fewer risky behaviors like smoking, drinking
and drugs, and risky sexual or driving behavior.
Still, probably because they’re so organized and
structured, conscientious people don’t adapt as
well to changing contexts. They are generally
performance oriented and have more trouble
learning complex skills early in the training
process because their focus is on performing
well rather than on learning. Finally, they are
often less creative than less conscientious
people, especially artistically. All in all, I, myself,
am in favor of having high level of
conscientiousness.
Conscientious: Hard-working,
reliable, trusting, achievement-
oriented, self-disciplined, dedicated
unclearness, uncertainty
EMOTIONAL STABILITY
Emotional stability is most strongly related to life

satisfaction, job satisfaction, and low stress levels.
This is probably true because high scorers are
more likely to be positive and optimistic and
experience fewer negative emotions. They are
happier than those who score low. If you tend to
focus on the problems and stress that make you
nervous, let's say you have a presentation
tomorrow, and you feel nervous rather than
excited. You probably are a low scorer of this
dimension.
OPENNESS TO EXPERIENCE
Individuals who score high on openness to

experience are more creative in science and art
than those who score low. Of course you may love
traveling but that is not an indication of a high level
of openness to experience. Why? Who doesn't love
traveling? But how you travel and what kind of
travel you are going to are much better indicators. If
you score high on this dimension, you are more
comfortable of ambiguity (193), change and
uncertain and you are more adaptable to changing
contexts.
From now on, almost all personality traits that you

see can be put under one of these categories or
dimensions. There are a few more special ones.
very very realistic
very charming and magnetic
having the rights to receive (things)

from others
the opposite of superior to
MACHIAVELLIAN (adj) (194)
If you are machiavellian, you can do ANYTHING to

get ahead or to get what you want, even deceit,
lying or faking. Anything. You are very pragmatic
(195). You can play on other people's emotions to
get what you want. You have your own tactics to
manipulate others. You can say you are dangerous
if you have high Mach. If you consider yourself you
have high Mach (or you are machiavellian), you can
almost work in any jobs. The best position might be
more like negotiation-related.
NARCISSISTIC (196).
If I am not wrong, you heard of this word before. If

someone is a narcissist, he or she wants to be the
center of attention or looks at the mirror a lot. He or
she has a strong sense of self-importance (197),
requires excessive admiration, has a sense of
entitlement (198), and is arrogant. Evidence
suggests that narcissists are more charismatic (199)
and thus more likely to emerge as leaders, and
they may even display better psychological health.
Despite having some advantages, most evidence
suggests that narcissism is undesirable. Because
narcissists often want to gain the admiration of
others and receive affirmation of their superiority,
they tend to “talk down” to those who threaten
them, treating others as if they were inferior (200).
Narcissists also tend to be selfish and exploitive
and believe others exist for their benefit.
WORLD
5
NATURAL
DISASTER
WORLD 5
NATURAL DISASTERS
Welcome to World 5 where we discuss

extensively different natural disasters (or
natural hazards). By the end of this topic,
you will learn not only the terms but also
the relevant vocabs associated with the
terms. Let's get started.
There are a myriad of types of natural hazards.
The way I like to do it is I will categorize them so
that they stay organized in your mind.
Despite the large number of natural hazards,

there are SIX big categories.
1. Geological disasters (201) - earth-related

2. Hydrological disasters (202) - water-related
3. Meteorological disasters (203) - atmosphere-
related
4. Wildfires (204) - fire-related
5. Health disasters (205) - disease-related
6. Space disasters (206) - space-related
Easy to remember, right? Now let's dig in the

nitty-gritty
GEOLOGICAL DISASTER - Earth-related.
Avalanches (207) - An avalanche is a mass of

snow, often mixed with ice and debris which
travels down mountain sides, destroying all in its
path. If you are planning a trip to mountain skiing,
be extremely cautious to avalanches.
Avalanches are triggered by different factors,
ranging from temperature, overloading to
vibration. It's interesting that if you fire a gunshot
on a snow mountain, the vibration from the gun
might trigger avalanches. Be careful.
plants
an embarkment built to prevent the

overflow of a river
physical features of an area
not allowing fluid to pass through

Landslides (208) - A landslide is similar to
avalanches, except that it is dirt and rock from
rock mountain falling on the slope. It's quite
common in some mountainous areas in Vietnam.
There are different causes of landslides such as
removal of vegetation (209), earthquakes, or
some other human-induced factors (210).
Earthquake - This is, of course, not a new word

for you
Volcanic eruptions - This is, of course, not a new

word for you. All you need to remember is which
category it belongs to. YES, you are right.
Geological disaster.
HYDROLOGICAL DISASTER - Water-related
Flooding - Flooding is the MOST common

environmental hazard worldwide. This is due to
the vast geographical distribution of river
floodplains and low-lying coastal areas. It is
largely classified as 'an overflowing of water onto
normally dry land'. There are many reasons why
floods occur, these can be divided into
categories of causes. These are flash floods (211),
storm surge (212), and dam and levee failures
(213).
Flash floods can be deadly due to the rapid rise
in water levels and the high flow-velocities of the
water (Saigon). There are factors which
contribute to the occurrence of flash floods:
rainfall intensity, duration, surface condition and
topography (214). Urban areas are more
susceptible to flash floods due to the lack of
natural drainage systems and the high amounts
of impervious surfaces (215).
Tsunamis (216) - A Tsunami is a series of huge

waves that strike a coast. The waves are caused
when massive amounts of water are displaced
due to an undersea disturbance. The damage
caused can range from little to massive
devastation, as seen on December 26th 2004
when an earthquake measuring 9.3 occurred off
the coast of Sumatra, Indonesia in which 300,000
people lost their lives due to the massive
tsunamis that hit the surrounding land.
METEOROLOGICAL DISASTER - Atmosphere-

related
Blizzard - severe snow storms with high winds

and low visibility
Cyclone - big storms mostly coming from the

ocean (as you see a lot on TV)
farm animals
Drought - is a period of unexpected rainfall
deficit which results in a shortage of water. The
impacts of drought vary from lack of adequate
drinking water, loss of vegetation, loss of
farmland, loss of livestock (217) and loss of life
due to famine or dehydration.
Drought can also be affected by deforestation as
vegetation help contain water in an area, when
the vegetation is removed the soil does not retain
water as well.
Tornadoes and heat waves (218) also belong to

the meteorological disaster category.
WILDFIRE - Wildfire is the term used for an

uncontrolled fire fuelled by natural vegetation (in
the forest). In general, wildfires are caused by a
mixture of factors such as high temperatures,
drought conditions following a period of
vegetation growth and a trigger which can be
natural such as lightning or human influenced
such as arson (a crime we learned in Chapter 1).
HEALTH DISASTER - disease related.
Only six diseases are responsible for nearly 90% of

infection-related deaths among people under 44
years of age. These are:
1. AIDS
2. Malaria - blood-related - caused by mosquitos.
3. Tuberculosis - lung-related
4. Measles - skin-related
5. Diarrheal Diseases - diarrhea-related
6. Respiratory Illness - breathing-related
AIDS is characterized by the failure of the immune

system. Malaria is more prevalent in remote rural
areas without clean drinking water or adequate
health facilities.
SPACE DISASTER - space-related
Solar flare (219) happens when the sun is super

active (periodically), releasing a huge amount of
solar radiation that might destroy electrical
equipment.
Basically, these are all the disasters or hazards you
need to know. Only six categories.
1. Water-related - flooding, tsunami
2. Atmosphere-related - tornado, cyclone, blizzard,

drought
3. Fire-related - wildfire
4. Earth-related - volcanic eruption, earthquake,

avalanche, landslide.
5. Health-related - AIDS, malaria, tuberculosis,

measles, diarrheal diseases, respiratory illness.
6. Space-related - solar flare.

World 6
Economics
WORLD 6
ECONOMICS
When we talk about economics, we tend to

resort everything to supply and demand. I
am sure you hear a lot of about supply
and demand on TV or somewhere else.
Everyone knows that when things are
expensive, demand will decrease.
Likewise, when things are cheap, demand
will increase as we will buy more. Here,
we will discuss more extensively about
economics. Economics is not just about
supply and demand. Sure you will learn
so many academic vocab in this area.
Let's get down to it.
What is a market? A market is where there are
sellers and buyers. In order to sell something,
you have to find a market for it. The same goes
for buying goods and services (220). Simple.
Wanna sell your old phone? Go online and find a
market. Wanna buy new appliances for your
kitchen. Go to the supermarket or again just go
online. We have different types of market.
Vegetable market, phone market, stock market,
bond market, commodity market, etc.
Goods and services = products

These are all examples of a market as a broader
term, not limited to the market you are thinking,
which might be the one that your mom goes
buy food every day.
There are THREE BIG TYPES of market.
1. FACTOR MARKETS (221) - are markets for

factors of production (222). Factors of production
are things that are used for producing goods
and services. For example, land, labor, or capital.
In order to produce iPhones, Apple needs a lot
of labor-workers. It needs a lot of land to place
its factories. It needs a lot of component parts
from a variety of vendors (223). It needs a ton of
capital-equipment to transform those to a
complete sleek iPhone. If you want to produce
something, you need to BUY factors of
production from factor markets.
sellers
2. GOODS AND SERVICES MARKETS (224) - are
markets for output or final goods produced by
companies. Unlike the previous one, these are all
final goods. Food, drinks, clothes, milk or even
legal services ready for consumption are
considered belonging to goods and services
markets.
3. CAPITAL MARKETS (225) - are markets for

long-term financial capital (debt and equity). Ok,
so you want to open a business. But you don't
have the money. What are you gonna do? You
have to raise capital. There are many ways to do
it. You can either borrow money or ask others to
invest in your business. When you borrow or lend
money, you are taking your part in the debt
market. When you invest you money in the stock
market, you are getting involved in the equity
market. Equity means stock. Capital markets are
places where people who have spare money to
invest meet with those who need money.
Everyone is happy.
THREE TYPES OF MARKET

1. Factor market
2. Goods and services market
3. Capital market
Now, I am going to introduce you TEN principles
in economics that you must know to get smarter
and more rational.
PRINCIPLE 1. People face tradeoffs (226)
All decisions involve tradeoffs. What the hell is a

tradeoff? A tradeoff means that if we WANT
something, we must GIVE UP something else.
Oops. Really? Sadly yeah. Food and money do
not automatically fall from above to you. You
have to work for it. There is no free lunch.
Nothing is free and we can't have everything at
once. If you go to a party at night before your
midterm, you have less time studying. Having
more money to buy stuff requires working longer
hours, which leaves less time for leisure.
Protecting the environment requires resources
that could otherwise be used to produce
consumer goods. So we all face tradeoffs in
every decision. We have to choose.
limited, rare
clearly visible
PRINCIPLE 2. The cost of something is what you
give up to get it.
Here, we are talking about the opportunity cost

(227). This principle is based off of the previous
one, meaning we can't have everything.
Resources are scarce (228). The real cost of
going to see a movie might not be limited to just
the ticket price but also the time that you could
have studied for your midterm. When you fail the
midterm, you might have to pay $100 to retake
the test. This is the opportunity cost added to the
ticket price, not to mention the stress and sorrow
you have to go through because of the midterm
failure. Think carefully. A movie might
conspicuously (229) cost you 5 bucks. But when
factoring in the opportunity cost, the real price
tag for a movie is more than $105 (at least in this
case).
PRINCIPLE 3. Rational people think at the margin.
What does it mean? It means you are rational if

you make decision based on marginal changes.
For example, you are willing to pay 25,000 VND
for a bowl of Pho. Sounds fair? YEP. "It's sooooo
delicious", you said. After finishing the first bowl,
you say "OMG, I'm so full now".
A thing that can motivate others
Do you want to order the NEXT bowl of Pho with
the price of 25,000 VND? Most likely not, you are
already full. The second bowl will not appear
attractive to you anymore. "That's enough", you
yelled. Ok so, the benefit you get from the second
bowl is clearly much less than the first one. So you
said "NO". The restaurant owner understood that, he
came to you and said "This is FOR FREE". You
responded with suspicion "What? ok, if it's free,
then. I think I can handle that". After much
struggling, you finished the second bowl, now you
can't even walk. Holy crap. Do you think it's
delicious? NO. It was a torture. But still it was free so
why not?
The restaurant came to you one more time and

asked you to eat the third one. It's free, too. But
guess what? you declined and said "Even if you pay
me to eat it, I would not eat it". The cost is now
much much higher than the benefit. You are
reacting rationally. It's not that it's FREE that makes
it looks attractive. It's the real benefit GET and the
cost you incurred when you are AT MARGIN.
PRINCIPLE 4. People respond to incentives (230).
When cigarette taxes increase, teen smoking falls.

When prices of apple increase, we switch to
oranges. We have different responses to different
incentives.
PRINCIPLE 5. Trade can make everyone better off.
Rather than being self-sufficient, people can

specialize in producing one good or service and
exchange it for other goods. I don't have to spend
time learning a thousand languages in the world to
travel. I can just spend money on interpretation
services. In fact, we CANNOT do everything at the
same time. Instead, we specialize and trade.
Canada produces oil and trade food with the US.
Japan produces appliances and trade Tulip flowers
with Netherland. Your mom sells fish to my mom.
My mom sells beef to yours. We specialize and we
trade. Those specializations and trades make us
better off overall.
PRINCIPLE 6. Markets are usually a good way to

organize economic activity.
In a market economy, these decisions result from

the interactions of many households and firms.
Buyers and sellers DECIDE prices rather than do
governments. Prices then guide self-interested
(231) households and firms to make decisions that,
in many cases, maximize society’s economic well-
being.
PRINCIPLE 7: Governments Can Sometimes
Improve Market Outcomes
Sometimes, public policies are carried out to

improve market outcomes, thanks to the
governments. Sometimes, governments'
interferences do more harm than good.
PRINCIPLE 8: A country’s standard of living

depends on its ability to produce goods & services.
Vietnam has to produce more goods and services

to raise standard of living. As simple as that.
Average income in rich countries is more than ten
times average income in poor countries. The U.S.
standard of living today is about eight times larger
than 100 years ago. If you want to be better off, you
have to produce in one way or another.
PRINCIPLE 9: Prices rise when the government

prints too much money.
And it's called inflation, as you already knew it.

PRINCIPLE 10. Society faces a short-run tradeoff
between inflation and unemployment.
If you dive deeper into economics. You will learn

that we cannot avoid inflation and unemployment
at the same time. It's a tradeoff. If we succeed in
achieving a desirable unemployment rate, we will
compromise our goal in inflation and vice versa. It's
tricky. Other factors can make this tradeoff more or
less favorable, but the tradeoff is always present.
You need to learn deeply these principles because

they are, well, principles, residing in deepest layer
of economics.
Now, let's learn more about supply and demand. As

you have probably guessed, buyers constitute
demand and sellers constitute supply. The law of
demand states that, other things equal, the quantity
demanded of a good falls when the price of the
good rises (obviously). The law of supply states
that, other things equal, the quantity supplied of a
good rises when the price of the good rises.(If
Apple knows that you are willing to buy an iPhone
for $10000 dollars, it is willing to produce more).
acting in place of another
acting to complete another
opposite
direct (A increases, B also increases)

What influences demand?
Income, the higher your income is, the higher the

demand. You will buy more if you earn more
money.
Prices of related good. There are two kinds of

good. Substitutes (232) and complements (233). PS
is the substitute of Colgate. iPhone is the substitute
of Samsung. You are happy using one thing or
another. Totally fine. But what is complement?
iPhone case, for example, is a complement of
iPhone. If the demand for iPhone is high, this will
also pull the demand for iPhone case up. If
demand for houses increases, meaning more
people are buying house, the demand for
appliances and furniture will also increase. You
also need to buy those right? All in all, we have an
inverse relationship (234) of two substitute goods
and a direct relationship (235) of two
complementary goods.
Substitute goods: similar goods,

inverse relationship
Complementary goods: interdependent
goods, direct relationship
What else influences demand? Tastes. If you change
your taste, demand may increase or decrease
accordingly.
What influences supply? Input prices (236) (aka.

Prices of factors of production). Input prices are the
sum labor cost, material cost, etc. Technology also
influences supply. Thanks to technology
advancements, I can now produce (supply) more
Radio Kien Tran. Anyway.
When demand is higher than supply, we can say we

have "excess supply" or a surplus (237). Suppliers will
then reduce prices to increase sales. When demand
is lower than supply, we can say we have "excess
demand" or a shortage (238). Suppliers can increase
prices. (easy right?)
Surplus - supply is higher than

demand
Shortage - supply is less than
demand.
If we are a firm and produce stuff, we care about a
whole host of different things. One most important
things is Profit. I need to clarify you something.
Profit (net income)= Revenue - Expenses (costs).

So profit is NOT revenue. Revenue is the total
amount of money you collect from selling your
products to customers. Profit is what left after you
take away all the costs to run your business. In many
cases, revenue can be a billion dollars, but a firm can
have a loss due to higher costs. We have different
types of costs.
Fixed costs (239) - cost you HAVE TO PAY no matter

what
Variable costs (240) - cost you ONLY PAY when you
CHOOSE to PRODUCE MORE.
Let's say if you run a clothing business, you have to

pay fixed costs which are utilities (241), meaning
electricity or water bills. You may have to pay rent
every month. Whether you produce anything or not,
you still have to pay these fixed costs. You also have
to pay variable costs like wages to your employees
or materials or shipping expenses. The more you
produce or sell, the more you have to pay. So
variable costs vary with your activity. Fixed costs do
not.
Again. Profit is what we care about, it's calculated as
Revenue - Fixed costs - Variable costs = Profit.

When you mass produce something, you will have
economies of scale (242). Economies of scale mean
that let's say, producing 10,000 shirts is better than
100. Why? Because whether you choose to produce
10,000 or only 100 shirts, you still have to pay the
same amount of rent or utilities (Fixed costs).
Therefore, why not produce more if you can sell
more? Mass production saves you fixed costs. It's
pretty simple to understand. That's why Toyota's cars
are way cheaper than Roll-Royce's.
There is another cost that you might face a lot in real

life - sunk cost (243). Sunk cost is a cost that has
already been committed and cannot be recovered.
What does it mean? Let's say you attend University
and major in Nursing. After committing three years
there and you only have one year left, you learn that
the unemployment rate for Nursing graduates is 90%.
In other words, there is absolutely no future if you
study nursing. You feel like you have wasted three
years. Do you continue to study the last year or
switch to another major?
The three years lost here is a sunk cost. It cannot be

recovered. The most rational decision you can make
is to switch to another program. However, some
people cannot let go the feeling of the waste, making
them continue the last shitty year knowing their
future is doomed. My advice to you is whenever you
realize there is a sunk cost, get over it and move on
with your life.
period of economic decline
cut staff to reduce labor cost
stay in business and make money

If you are worrying about unemployment, let's learn a
few words about it.
There are three kinds of unemployment
1. Frictional unemployment (244)

2. Structural unemployment (245)
3. Cyclical unemployment (246)
Frictional unemployment is the least dangerous. It's

totally normal. You just graduated and are finding job.
Or you just quit a company to move to a better one.
You are only frictionally unemployed. Not too bad.
Structural unemployment is a little more dangerous.

Your job is no longer valuable. Let's say you are a
factory worker. Nice. But your boss just bought a few
pieces of robots that can do the job a thousand times
better than you. Geez. You are fired. Now you have to
look for another type of job. You need some other
education and training.
Cyclical unemployment is the most dangerous. When

the economy is in recession (247), companies lay off
(248) people to save money in order to stay afloat
(249). The effects of cyclical unemployment can be
devastating to not only you but the society as a
whole. There will be more crimes following income
decrease.
Three types of unemployment
1. Frictional unemployment (least
serious)
2. Structural unemployment
(moderately serious)
3. Cyclical unemployment (most
serious)
Sometimes, the unemployment rate does not paint

the right picture. There have been a lot of criticisms
on the unemployment rate. Even if the
unemployment rate is low, most of the jobs created
can be part-time or seasonal, which does not
necessarily link to better economic and social well-
being. Another problem is the rate does not account
for discouraged worker (250). Even if you are
employed, you are discouraged about your wages or
the nature of the job.
There are many ways to help workers. YAY. One is

that unions (251) can help negotiate salary and protect
you from a whole host of issues from your job. You
may not be able to have your voice heard. But unions
do. They can sometimes hold a lot of power. Another
is that you have to pay a portion of your salary as
unemployment insurance collected by the
government. If you are employed your entire life, then
that's good. But let's say one day the recession
comes and blows your job away, the unemployment
insurance will protect you during that period to cover
your day-to-day expenses.
In economics, the unemployment rate and inflation
are usually inversely related (negatively correlated).
If we have a favorable unemployment rate, we will
have a problem with inflation. If we have low
inflation rate, we will have a problem with
unemployment. Inflation and unemployment are
equally devastating for the economy. Inflation
erodes your purchasing power (252), which means
you end up buying less and less with the same
amount of money you had.
We have no choice but to strike a balance between

inflation and unemployment. As a rule of thumb, 2%
inflation rate is considered healthy for the economy.
There are two policies to fix the problems, which are

monetary policy (253) and fiscal policy (254).
Monetary policy is carried out by central bank. Fiscal

policy is carried out by the government. To put it
simply, the central bank will be responsible for
stabilize the economy by controlling the money
supply. Printing money is one of its job. Adjusting
interest rate is another job. The amount of money
we hold in our hands is determined by central bank.
If we have too much money, prices of goods and
services will increase (inflation). If we have too little
money, the demand for money will be high. Interest
rate will increase. Fewer capital investments will be
made. Higher unemployment ensues.
to borrow or raise money
to limit/reduce
Fiscal policy is carried out by the government. The
government can basically do TWO things. It can
either adjust taxes or adjust spending. The
government has no control over the money supply.
It only has power and control over the federal
budget. If tax revenues are higher than spending,
we will have a budget surplus (255). If the other way
around, we will have budget deficit (256). When
budget deficit occurs, the government needs to
finance (257) the deficit by borrowing money by
issuing bonds. If inflation is too high, the
government can curb the inflation (258) by raising
taxes or reducing government spendings. If
unemployment is too high, the government can
interfere by reducing taxes to stimulate consumer
spending (because we are richer), or making
government spendings. Government spendings
can stimulate the economy because jobs will be
created.
Two policies to help the economy
1. Monetary policy - control money (by
central bank)
2. Fiscal policy - control budget (by
the government)
Now let's talk money.
We all know money is the set of assets in an

economy that people regularly use to buy goods
and services from other people. Money has three
functions in the economy.
1. Medium of exchange - (Otherwise we'll have to

trade goods for goods)
2. Unit of account - (we can measure the value of

goods $3, $4)
3. Store of value - (we can store it easily. We cannot

store vegetables or meat)
Liquidity (259) is the ease in which an asset can be

converted into the economy's medium of
exchange. Let's break it down. Cash is the most
liquid asset or we say it has the highest liquidity.
House is not liquid. It's not easy to sell a house for a
short period of time. You will have to do a lot of
things and incur tons of costs before it becomes
cash. Some assets are very liquid, some are not.
Stocks are relatively liquid. Gold might be not.
There are two kinds of money. Commodity money

(260) and Fiat money (261)
Commodity money has intrinsic value (262), like

Gold, silver, or oil.
Fiat money does not have intrinsic value like
commodity one. The cash or checks that you have
in your wallet is fiat money. They are just paper
with little value themselves. But they represents
wealth because we all CHOOSE to accept them.
Two kinds of money

1. Commodity money: Gold, silver
2. Fiat money: Check, cash, coin
PoliticsWorl d 7
Vo c a b u l a ry b y To p i c
#POLITICS
Welcome to the world of politics

where we are gonna be discussing
different concepts in this discipline,
broadening our mind and set the
foundation for following the news on
politics on TV or social media. Don't
forget you will learn some helpful
vocabulary as well.
inactive, not clear
active, clear
stop
One of the most important concepts of politics is
power. We will talk about how individuals, groups,
and organizations use power. Power affects how
resources are distributed, how countries interact,
whether peace or war prevails, and how groups
and individuals pursue their interests; that is,
power affects the myriad of topics studied by
political scientists.
Power is the ability to influence an outcome to

achieve an objective or the ability to influence
someone to act in a way contrary to the way he or
she would choose to act. Power involves the
exercise of volition (262). Volition means the power
over your will/choice. You buy this book of your
own volition (your own will), no one forces you to
buy this book. Sometimes, you don't have the
power over your own volition or you cannot
exercise your own volition. Something or someone
has influenced you to act against your own
volition. You compromised your power or you
were being controlled. Power over someone else
involves altering his or her volition (will). Power can
be latent (263) or manifest (264). Latent power are
inactive. Manifest power is active and clear. A
country’s large supply of weapons may be
enough to preclude (265) aggression by its
enemies.
Latent power - hidden, inactive

Manifest power - active, visible
Why does not China attack the US? Because it is
aware of US latent power (hidden power). If China
were to attack the US, the US's power will manifest
itself. There are 4 types of power.
1. Force - physical means.

2. Persuasion - Using logic, emotions, credibility
3. Manipulation - control and play with your
thought
4. Exchange - power through incentives
FORCE - when you were a child, your parents can

force you to do something or you will get hit.
PERSUASION - When you get older a little bit,

forcing you to do something does not seem
effective as it was before, your parents PERSUADE
you not to smoke or to do good things to people
around. Their logic is strong. They have the power.
MANIPULATION - The media and politicians and

even some criminals will MANIPULATE you to get
what they want. Multilevel marketing is a prime
example. You decided to go to their seminar so
they can brainwash/manipulate you to work for
them. The media can also make you believe in
something. The politicians can also manipulate you
to like them or their policies.
guide, control, direct toward
very good/skillful at
4 types of power
1. Force - physical
2. Persuasion - logic
3. Manipulation - exploit people's
ignorance
4. Exchange - money is power
EXCHANGE - Your boss gives you your salary and

you are willing to work for them. You have money?
Then you have power. If a government wishes to
steer (266) its citizens toward buying fuel-efficient
cars and offers them a monetary incentive to do so,
and if citizens respond favourably to this incentive
and act as the government had hoped, exchange has
occurred
If you are persuaded, you feel it; if you are

manipulated, you do not feel it because you do not
know anything has happened. The implication is
disturbing: How can you resist something if you do
not know it exists? Politicians are so adept (267) at this
power that members of some professions, most
notably journalism, have outlined steps for trying to
identify manipulation efforts when they are occurring
to prevent being “overpowered” by them.
Now let's shift the focus to an analysis of political

ideologies. Liberalism, conservatism, socialism,
fascism, feminism, and environmentalism are
examples of political ideologies. Each ideology draws
on the history of political theory and seeks to apply
the lessons of this history to the present..
LIBERALISM (268) - There are two types, which are
Classical Liberalism and Modern Liberalism.
According to Classical Liberalism, each person is born

equally free and equally in possession of certain
natural rights. The individual is rational and capable of
making his or her own decisions; Economic freedom
(individual freedom to make economic choices) is
more important than economic equality.
Libertarians favor strict limits on state action. For

example, the Libertarian Party of the United States
supports the following policies:
- Prohibition of censorship of books and movies

- Support for gun ownership
- Support for abortion rights
- Support for gay rights.
Each of these policies, the Libertarian Party argues,

would return power to individuals and take it away
from government. Smoking marijuana, watching
certain movies, owning firearms, and other actions
should not be forced on anyone, but neither should
they be denied as choices to naturally free, rational
individuals.
In the US, Republican Party calls itself
conservative (right-wing), upholding traditional
values or classical liberalism. The individual
should live as free from government
intervention as possible.
In contrast to the Republican Party, recent

platforms of the Democratic Party (right-wing)
reflect many ideas of modern liberal ideology.
According to the Modern Liberalism,
government intervention into individual and
social life is sometimes necessary to prevent
some individuals from denying freedom to
others. Economic inequality is not considered
favorable as it is a condition likely to undermine
the welfare of those who have lower incomes
and thus to erode their chances of being free.
CONSERVATISM (269). There are two types of

Conservatism, which are Classical Liberal
Conservatism (aka. Classical liberalism) and
Traditional Conservatism.
a violence/disruption
imposing strict rules at the expense

of personal freedom
Traditional conservatism believes that because of
the profound human tendency toward irrational
behavior, humans need guidance and direction
from traditional authorities for society to enjoy
peace and stability. Traditional authorities should
pass on long-standing moral teachings through
the family, religious institutions, and governmental
laws. Compliance with traditional morality is more
important than individual liberty; in other words,
people should not have the freedom to violate
moral precepts.
To put it simply, Liberalism asserts that people

are rational and can think for themselves
(government should protect human rights).
Conservatism asserts that individual freedom is
not always good. We rather follow guidance and
direction of morality (government should take
care of human needs).
Civil institutions should teach traditional morality,

according to conservatism. Civil institutions are
nongovernment organizations within society.
Examples include families and religious
institutions. Conservatism reasons that civil
institutions prepare individuals to live peacefully
and orderly. When civil institutions are operating
in this manner, society functions smoothly,
without the violence and disruption caused by
upheavals (270).
SOCIALISM - Marxism–Leninism Teaches that
society needs a centralized party and does not
need multiparty competition through peaceful,
lawful political participation. Many opponents see
socialism as authoritarian (271). The Social
Democratic Party in Finland or Denmark supports
democracy as well as economic policies designed
to improve the social and economic positions of
workers. The party rejects communism
(Marxism–Leninism) in favor of free elections.
Liberal
- Classical liberalism: Limited
government, more freedom
- Modern liberalism: Government can
help improve real freedom
Conservative
- Traditional conservatism: people need
principles and guidance. Freedom can
lead to irrational behaviors.
Socialist
- Marxism-leninism: One party controls
everything
refers to a group of very influential
politicians or businessmen
rewards based on what you contribute
in value
Those are political ideologies. Political ideology is
the foundation of a political system. There are
many different forms of political systems
1. Anarchism (272) - "no government". Anarchism

says NO to the existence of authority or
government.
2. Democracy (273) - "One person one vote".

Democracy is also known as "government by the
people". If you're living in a democratic nation, you
can vote for your leader and decisions and your
vote will be taken into account. Unfortunately, this
is not the case in some countries where the all
decisions are made by the elite (274)
3. Meritocracy (275) - is a merit-based (276)

system, which means power should be given to
those who have the ability and talent. Any
advancement is based on performance or
achievement. At least, it sounds very fair and
square.
4. Monarchy (277) - is a political system where the

power is hold by a royal family. Vietnam used to
have a monarchy government system. These
days, monarchy appears to be something very
old-fashioned like in Chinese movies. We, instead,
have what it's called constitutional monarchy, in
which the governing power of the royal family is
restricted by a constitution. The UK or Canada
have a constitutional monarchy where the power
belongs to Prime Ministers and the
Parliamentary.
use force to remove a government
5. Presidential system - there is a president
leading an executive branch that is separate from
the legislative branch.
6. Parliamentary system - executive branch, in this

case, is not separated from legislative one.
7 Dictatorship - North Korea is a prime example

where the leader holds absolute power and can
do whatever he or she wants. There is no
democracy here. Dictatorships generally carry out
propaganda to suppress the influence of
opponents wanting to overthrow (278) the
system.
1. Anarchism - no government
2. Democracy - government of the
people
3. Meritocracy - merit-based
4. Monarchy - old Chinese movies
5. Presidential system - A president
leads executive branch
6. Parliamentary system -
Parliament leads both legislative
and executive branch
7. Dictatorship - North Korea
Group of corporations that influence
politicians (by donating a lot of money)
In essence, we can rank countries having the
from LEAST democracy (MOST dictatorship) to
MOST democracy (LEAST dictatorship). The
distinction is clear. Countries where the
government belong to the people have the most
democracy. People decide the direction and
actions of the government. Countries where the
government belong to one guy or one
authoritative party have the highest dictatorship
(people have no f*cking voice whatsoever).
Democracy vs. Dictatorship
In the US, politicians and policies can be

influenced by corporations or special interests
(279) through lobbying activities (280) by lobby
groups. Lobbying is a way to get your voice heard
by the government. It is of high controversy
because lobbying activities are supposedly
mostly beneficial for big corporations and big
banks rather than for the public interest. Usually
on TV or newspaper, you will hear people ranting
politicians have been bought out by corporations
through in the form of donation or lobbying. Many
lobbyists are lawyers, and the persons they are
trying to influence have the duty of writing laws.
Lobbying activities: to influence

politicians or policies
You may ask how to refer to the government or
some other related parties when it comes to
politics.
1. Lobbyists - people who represent the influence

those who make laws.
2. Legislators - people who make laws
3. Regulatory agencies - govern different areas of

human activity (IRS, FBI, CIA, SEC)
4. State-own enterprises (crown corporations) -

corporations owned by the government.
5. Private sector - include organizations run by

private individuals or groups (Apple, Blackberry,
Samsung) - they have a lot of power and can
influence the government
6. Senators - member of Senate
7. Congressmen - member of Congress
8. Governor - head of a State (executive role) -

Like president but for a state only.
9. Too-big-too-fail banks - big banks in Wall

street that get bailed out by the government.
They are now donating tons of money to buy
politicians like Hillary Clinton
be a part to complete
10. Big media corporations - fox news, MSNBC,
CNN, CBS - are biased, corrupted media in the
US that get involved in politics to deliver
messages that are in favor of the parties they
follow rather than merely delivering facts.
11. Alternative media - Internet media is growing

to give the public the facts and less biased
information.
12. Big unions - organizations of workers who

have come together to protect the integrity of
the labor trade between workers and
corporations. - They are very powerful too.
These are some parties that constitute (281) the

US politics. They constantly influence one
another to get what they want. Washington DC
used to be a poor area in the US. Now by getting
a lot of money through donations and with the
rise of lobbying activities, it's so much richer than
ever before.
All the parties are contributing to

protect the integrity of the system
while also undermine it.
boost, stimulate
From time to time, you might hear the news
mentions "deregulation". Ok, so you already know
what regulation is. Regulation is a set of rule
maintained by the authority. Deregulation (282), on
the other hand, is the process of removing or
reducing regulations. Why do we have to remove
regulations? Because many hold that regulations
and the inefficiencies associated with them can
slow down the economy. Deregulation can help
spur (283) growth in economic activities.
Unlike Canada, the banking system in the US has

been deregulated. Banks can do whatever they
want, notably the illegal subprime mortgage
activities causing the 2008 economic crash. That's
one of the downsides of deregulation. But overall,
without the existence of regulations, businesses
tend to do well and operate more efficiently.
Politics have its own pitfalls. Let's learn some of

the bad words associated with it.
Deregulation - removing or
reducing regulations to spur the
economy
a fancy word for 'steal'
1. Corruption - Hillary Clinton gets millions of dollars
in donations of special interests and big banks.
Rather than serving the public, she will lean towards
serving the banks.
2. Embezzlement - misappropriation (284) of funds
3. Kleptocracy (285) - leaders of a country use their

political power STEAL the country's resources. For
example, Vladimir Putin, Kim Jong Un. This practice
is notorious in countries with high dictatorship (low
democracy) since the power of the leader is
unlimited.
4. Money laundering - the practice of converting

money from illegal activities (dirty money) into
legitimate money (clean money).
5. Police brutality (286) - Abuse of power by the

police
6. Electoral fraud (287) - illegal interference with the

process of election affecting vote counts to
influence the result.
7. Nepotism (288) - very notorious in Vietnam. If you

have relatives working on the top, even if you're
dumb, you can still get hired.
8. Misinformation (289) - intentionally distributing
misleading information to affect the outcome (Eg. of
an election)
9. Kickback (290) - is a bribery. Give money to the

authority to achieve what you want. In a more
academic language, you can say that there is a
'collusion' going on between two parties. Collusion
(291) means that two parties are not independent
anymore.
Because of the corruptions of the system, there

have been many social movements (292) in an
attempt influence a change in the system. Recently,
there is a social movement called
#DemocracySpring happening in Washington D.C.
to influence change in democracy when people in
Colorado is taken away their voting rights. Just to
remind you, democracy means one person one
vote, government by the people. In this example,
DemocracySpring is trying to democratize (293) the
system. Vietnam is clearly not a democratic nation.
Votes are taken away from the public.
Social movements can be things like WikiLeaks,

that functions as a journalistic organization to
release secret information in attempt to promote
transparency.
There are two kinds of social movements
1. Innovative movement - movements that want to

change the norms or values.
2. Conservative movement - movements that want

to preserve existing norms or values.
WORLD 8
MARKETING
VOCABULARY BY TOPIC
WORLD 8
MARKETING
Marketing manifests everywhere. Believe

it or not, even in IELTS writing. Let's
discuss the terms marketers like to use on
the daily basis.
One desired outcome of marketing is an
exchange, in which people give up something in
order to receive something else they would
rather have.
There are 4 marketing philosophies you should

know.
1. Production orientation (294)

2. Sales orientation (295)
3. Market orientation (296)
4. Societal marketing orientation (297)
Production orientation focuses on the internal

capabilities of the firm rather than the desires
and needs of the market. Say, you know how to
produce lemon juice so well. You're good at that.
But nobody wants to drink lemon juice. But you
produce it anyway because this is what you're
good at. Seems ridiculous huh?
Sales orientation focuses on increasing sales

using aggressive sales techniques. That's good.
But the problem is that there is a lack of
understanding of the needs and wants of the
market. Even if your products suck to the
customers, you still convince them to buy using
different tricks and techniques.
Market orientation focuses on the needs and
wants of the market. If you care about the needs
and wants of the customers, you are market-
oriented (298).
Societal market orientation focuses on the needs

and wants of the society as a whole. Not only
should the product is desired by the customers,
but it also has to be good for the society. Like
following the practice of using reusable or
recyclable materials. People are now paying
attention to the materials of the products they
are using. Even if they need and want it but
products are not environmentally friendly, they
will refuse to buy.
4 marketing philosophies
1. Production orientation -
focuses on production
capabilities
2. Sales orientation - focuses on
making more sales
3. Market orientation - focuses
on customers
4. Societal market orientation -
focuses on the society
sells expensive products
One of the most important concepts in marketing
is the marketing mix (302), which include the
well-known 4Ps
1. Product
2. Place
3. Price
4. Promotion
The marketing mix starts with the product. The

product includes not only physical unit but also
its package, warranty, after-sale service, brand
name, company image, perceived value and
many other factors. In the case of Apple, Product
is iPhone, its warranty service, brand name, etc. Is
that clear?
After determining the product it has, Apple will

think about where to distribute it (sell it). Will it
sell the iPhone in Apple stores or will it associate
with telecommunication companies or both? Will
it sell the iPhone in the supermarket or high-end
stores (303).
After place comes promotion. Promotion
includes advertising, PR, sales promotion and
personal selling. Promotion is about informing,
educating, persuading and reminding customers
the benefits of your products.
After promotion comes pricing. How much

should you price your product? Let's discuss
each of these 4Ps in more details.
PRODUCT - What are we selling?
We all know what a product is. So lucky me, I

don't have to explain too much. There are 4
categories of products
1. Convenience products (304).

2. Shopping products (305)
3. Specialty products (306)
4. Unsought products (307)
Convenience products are inexpensive items

that don't require you to pay too much attention
on the purchase decision. Like, candies, bottled
water, aspirin, paper, etc. They are everywhere.
You don't even care who makes these products.
Shopping products are more expensive than
the convenience ones. It requires more
shopping efforts. You consider and compare
prices and styles before buying. Clothing is a
prime example. Computer or smartphone is
another one. Printers. These are all shopping
products.
Specialty products are expensive and rare.

Something that are very special and particular
or unique. They are hard to find. Roll-royce
cars, Bose speaker, etc.
Unsought products are unknown to buyers. We

are just not aware of them. These are new
products that are not advertised enough so we
don't know them just yet or don't know we
NEED them yet.
4 types of products
1. Convenience products - paper,
comb, water
2. Shopping products - printers,
USB, clothing
3. Specialty products - Roll-
royce, Bose speakers
4. Unsought products - not yet
known by us
the things mentioned previously
Sometimes, marketers exercise planned
obsolescence (308). iPhone 4 was one of the best
models in the world. With planned obsolescence,
it's now one of the most obsolete phones. Why do
they exercise planned obsolescence? To make
iPhone 6 7 more attractive and better sold. Behind
the scene, they will be like "Hmm, this iPhone is
great, but let plan to make it obsolete after 2
years"
Branding (309) is the main tool marketers use to

distinguish their products from those of the
competition. A brand is a name, term, symbol,
design, or a combination thereof (310) that
identifies a seller. Trump is just an old fat guy. But
he has a brand. His brand has so much value that
benefits him a lot. Brand has value. Why? A phone
with the same functions and design as iPhone
without a brand costs MUCH MUCH less than a
phone WITH the Apple's brand. Most of the time,
we don't value a product just by it's intrinsic value.
We also value it based on the brand attached to it.
Brand value is called Brand equity that can be
measurable. Apple's brand equity is the most
valuable in the world. it can be sold for money.
Branding - makes product more
expensive than it should be
A trademark (311) is the exclusive right to use a
brand. You might see (R) or TM symbols beside a
company symbol like M in McDonald or Y! beside
Yahoo! These are (registered) trademarks. You
CANNOT attach their trademarks to your
company's symbol. They will sue you.
A product can be a service, which are intangible

(312). 'Intangible' is the opposite of 'tangible'
meaning it cannot be touched, seen, heard, tasted,
or felt. Your spirit is intangible, but your legs are
tangible.
PLACE - Where do we sell (distribute) it?
Let's talk about marketing channel. There are 4

channels for you to choose to distribute your
products to the consumers.
1. Direct channel (313)

2. Retailer channel (314)
3. Wholesaler channel (315)
4. Agent/broker channel (316).
a link/medium between two things
With direct channel, it's like you distribute your
products using your OWN channel. The chain of
Apple stores is a prime example of direct channel.
Or just simply think of street vendor's selling Pho.
These are direct channel.
If you want to reach more customers. It's better to

sell (distribute) your products through a
RETAILER channel. Any convenience or grocery
store or supermarket is a retailer that distribute
products of the producer.
Similarly, you can distribute your products

through a wholesaler, then a retailer, then to
customer.
Agent/broker channel - this distribution channel

involves more than one intermediary (317) before
the products gets into the hands of the consumer.
The intermediary, known as the agent, assists with
the negotiation between manufacturer and the
seller. Agents come into play when the producers
need to get their product into the market as
quickly as possible.
4 ways to distribute products
1. Direct channel
2. Retailer channel
3. Wholesaler channel
4. Agent/broker channel
There are different levels of distribution, too,
determining how intense it is.
1. Intensive distribution (318)

2. Selective distribution (319)
3. Exclusive distribution (320)
Intensive distribution aims at maximum market

coverage (321), meaning it wants the products to
reach the hands of as many consumers as possible.
MAX. Coca-cola, iPhone, paper, water, laundry
detergents. You see a lot of companies using
intensive distribution on TV commercials.
Selective distribution ONLY aims at selective

amount of customers rather than everyone. Say,
you only select people from 5-10 in your local area
to sell your toys.
The most restrictive one is Exclusive distribution.

Remember Rolls-Royce - a specialty good. This
type of product is ONLY aimed at certain exclusive
customers. You will not see any TV commercials on
it.
3 levels of distribution
1. Intensive distribution
2. Selective distribution
3. Exclusive distribution
PROMOTION - How to let people know?
This is getting exciting. Few goods or services, no

matter how well-developed, priced, or distributed,
can survive in the market place without effective
promotion. There is a lot of confusion about
promotion. You're my readers, I want to simplify
things for you.
What is promotion?
Promotion is communication that INFORMS,

PERSUADES and REMINDS potential buyers of a
product.
Three most important words are:

-Inform
-persuade
-remind
Promotion =
Inform + Persuade + Remind
Let me explain. Let's say you are an IELTS teacher
and want to attract students so you decide to
carryout a promotion strategy. Basically what you
do is to first, INFORM your customers about your
course. Like what are you going to teach, what's in
it? Then you PERSUADE them on WHY they
should follow you by using logic. Like, if you
attend my course, you will get at least 6.0
because here is my method. Here is my
experience. Here is my IELTS score, etc. Then
finally, you keep REMINDING your customers
about how great you are and how much benefit
your potential customers can get. So it's a process
of informing, persuading and reminding.
You can either engage in interpersonal

communication (322) or mass communication
(323). Interpersonal communication means that
you meet with your customers face-to-face to
discuss or to promote your course. It's more
personal. Mass communication is the
communication of a message to large audiences
by using, for example, TV commercials or social
media.
2 kinds of communication
Interpersonal communication -
face-to-face, direct
Mass communication - to large
audiences.
Remember the Marketing mix-4Ps? Product, place,
promotion, price? We also got what it's called the
Promotion mix. The promotion mix comprises.
(APSPS)
1. Advertising
2. PR
3. Sales promotion (324)
4. Personal selling (325)
5. Social media
Let's go through them very quickly
Advertising is what you see on TV or on the street

or on the newspaper or, of course, on your laptop
screen. It can reach a large amount of audience.
Prices are generally high.
PR is used to maintain a positive image of a

company or a product through various events or
publications executed. People can appear on the
news or TV by using the broadcasting media for
their PR purposes.
Promotion mix =
Advertising + PR + Sales
promotion + Personal selling +
social media
Sales promotion is used to stimulate consumer
purchasing. It's generally a short-run tool to boost
immediate increase in demand. Some examples of
sales promotion are free samples, premiums,
coupons, and giveaways. We use sales promotion
to make other promotion components like
advertising, PR, personal selling more effective. In
other words, sales promotion complements them.
Personal selling happens when, let's say, you

schedule a face-to-face meeting with your
customers or have a presentation in front of them,
talking about the benefits of your products and so
on. A car salesperson may try to persuade a car
buyer that his model is superior to a competing
model. These days, people place more emphasis
on building long-term relationships rather than just
making a quick sales in personal selling.
Social media are what we are very familiar with. It's

a great tool to facilitate conversations among
people online. Initially, these tools were used
primarily by individuals for self-expression. For
example, a lawyer might develop a blog to talk
about politics because that is her hobby. Or a
college freshman might develop a profile on
Facebook to stay in touch with his high school
friends. But soon, businesses saw that these tools
could be used to engage with consumers as well.
But wait. Advertising is very fascinating, why don't
we talk about it a little bit more?
There are two major types of advertising:

Institutional advertising (326) and Product
advertising (327).
Institutional advertising focuses on the

company's image. One form of institutional
advertising is advocacy advertising (328), which is
used to enhance consumer attitudes and
company's credibility. Advocacy means support.
Product advertising, on the other hand, focuses

on a particular product.
2 major types of advertising

1. Institutional advertising -
for the whole company
2. Product advertising - for a
particular product.
PRICING - How much should we price it?
An interesting concept. when you already have

product, place, and promotion in place, the last
step is to price it to maximize demands. If the prices
too low or too high, we could jeopardize profit. Our
job is to find the best price to maximize demand
and even profit.
There are three objectives of pricing that you can

pursue anyone of each that fits your needs.
1. Profit-orientation pricing (329) - you price to

maximize profit (earning OR income). Your goal is
too maximize the amount of money you can take
home.
2. Sales-orientation pricing (330) - you price to

maximize revenue (demand). You goal is to
maximize the number of people buying. (normally
you want your products to be as cheap as possible)
3. Status quo pricing (331) - you price to match the

existing market price or your competitors'. The
market price has increased? You want to increase
your price, too.
3 objectives of pricing
1. Profit-orientation
2. Sales-orientation
3. Status-quo orientation
So what determines the price?
One of the strongest determinants of price is

supply and demand, which we discussed in the
Economics world.
Costs can be a determination. Let's say it costs you

$3 to produce a cup of tea. Then you want to price
it at least somewhere higher than $3 or you will
breakeven. Breakeven means that you have no
profit. You spend $3, and you take home $3. As
discussed, there are two types of cost I want to
remind you, which are fixed costs and variable
costs. Fixed costs are like rent or property taxes,
you pay the same amount every month regardless
of how much you produce. Variable costs vary with
the amount of products you produce. The more
you produce, the higher the variable costs get.
Examples are raw materials or labor costs.
Another determination is competition. If your price

is too high compared to that of the competition.
Your customers will flock to your competition.
That's basically 4Ps-the heart of marketing.
The next important concept of marketing is market

segmentation (332). Market segmentation is the
practice of dividing a big market into different
targets (segments). For example, there are market
segments for different ages, genders, income,
ethnic background and lifestyles or even countries.
The main market segment of Maple Syrup is

Canada and US because people consume a lot of
it. But not Vietnam, people don't know what to do
with Maple Syrup. So marketers focus on the
Canada and US segment rather than the Vietnam
segment.
The iPhone has different market segments, too.

The pink version is mostly for women while others
are likely for both. Why do we need to divide the
market into different segments? Because we want
to modify products to fit with each segment.
WORLD 9
WORLD 9
CULTURE
Sure, you hear people talking about

culture day in and day out. Almost all the
time. But what is it exactly? Many people
have very a fuzzy idea about what it is.
So let's discuss it.
Culture (333) is the knowledge, language, values,
customs, and material objects that are passed
from person to person and from one generation
to the next in a society.
Interestingly enough, think of culture as instincts

in animals because it helps us deal with
everyday life. Thanks to culture, you uphold your
parents' religion or follow the unspoken rules in
your own society, which in this case is Vietnam.
There are many different ways to categorize

culture. One way is to divide it into two major
categories: Material culture (334) and non-
material culture (335).
Material culture consists of physical and tangible

creations that members of a society make, use
and share. Think of a pagoda you have gone to
with your parents. What do you see? Statues of
Buddhists. Fake money. etc. These are in the
material culture group. Want more? Ever gone
to mountainous areas? Do you see people dress
differently than you are? Yep. You get the idea.
What you can see, taste, touch, hear or smell
falls under the category of material culture. Even
your favorite Pho. Delicious! Even our music.
Again, these little things put together
constituting a particular culture.
But that's not all, there are things we can't see
or touch but they do constitute a culture, which
is called non-material culture. Non-material
culture is abstract or intangible human
creations of society that influence people's
behavior. Language, beliefs, values, rules of
behavior, family patterns, and political systems
are examples of nonmaterial culture. Even the
gestures that we use in daily conversations are
part of the nonmaterial culture in a society. Our
religion is a part of our culture. The fact that we
treat out parents with utmost respect is part of
our culture, too (think of how you talk to your
mom or dad).
TWO major parts of culture.
Material culture - physical and

tangible
Nonmaterial culture - abstract

and intangible
Now let's talk more in detail about different

components of culture.
1. SYMBOLS
A symbol is a very important component of

culture because it meaningfully represents
something else. Culture could not exist without
symbols. Symbols can produce either love or
hate or loyalty. Think about Nazi symbol. Think
about Vietnamese flag. They are simple but
convey something meaningful shared with
people. For example, our flag stands for
patriotism and nationalism. Want another
example? A heart-shape symbol to represent
love. A dove to represent peace. A siren to
represent an emergency situation.
Interestingly enough, symbols can affect our

thoughts about class. Those who drive a
Mercedes car with its symbol are thought to be
rich and successful. (Although the car is a fake
one with the symbol in it).
2. LANGUAGE
We use language to express ideas and

communicate with one another. There are two
forms of language which are verbal and non-
verbal language.
Verbal language (336) - spoken language

Nonverbal language (337) - written or gestured.
Language can create visual images in our mind. It
can help us distinguish ourselves from people
from China. Language SHAPES the reality we
perceive and experience. If you cannot use a
language properly, it's hard to perceive the
reality. That's why vocabulary is important.
People with no vocabulary can express and
understand nothing simply because they cannot
call it.
3. VALUES (338)
Values are collective ideas about what is right or

wrong, good or bad, and desirable or undesirable
in a particular culture. Think about traditional
values. What do you parents value in your
culture? We value helping other people. We
value treating older people with more respect
than younger ones. We value our the reverence
of religion. We value the love to animals
(although not always true). What is right or wrong
in YOUR opinion? These are core values. Want to
learn more about the American values?
Americans value individualism (339).

Individualism means independence and self-
reliant. Americans express themselves more
openly because they value their OWN opinion.
They believe they are responsible for their own
success and failure by what they do
(dispositional factors) rather than blaming to
situational factors.
Americans value material possessions like
expensive clothes or cars or houses because
these are symbols of success and personal
achievement (although not always true)
Hard-working trait is perceived as good and

laziness is perceived as bad.
Americans have a great deal of faith in science

and technology. People from some other regions
of the world might think differently, they attribute
the development to religions or surreal things.
Americans value practicality and efficiency. What

does it mean? They are less likely to daydream.
They work. They want to work better and faster.
They concern about waste. They want to
minimize it (efficiency).
Americans also value morality and

humanitarianism (339), meaning helping other
people in need even from different parts of the
world.
Individual freedom is highly valued in the US.

Privacy is taken seriously. Basic human rights are
highly protected (by the Constitution).
Values - what is perceived as
right or wrong in a particular
culture.
Sometimes, we may have different values

contradicting one another. That's value
contradictions (340). Value contradictions are
values that conflict with one another or are
mutually exclusive (341). Mutually exclusive
means that they are separate, cannot be
merged (very good phrase for IELTS).
4. NORMS (Revisited)
We've talked about norms in the psychology

world. Just to remind you, norms are established
rules of behavior or standards of conduct. In other
words, what is perceived as normal and what is
not. Going to the pagodas and wearing shorts is
considered not normal in Vietnam because it
violates the norms. For more detail, please go
back to the Psychology section.
Something that is more serious than norm is laws.

If you violate a norm, people may laugh at you or
think you're stupid or crazy. If you violate a law,
you might get a fine or go to jail.
However, do not mess with norms. There are some
serious norms that if you violate them, serious
consequences may ensue. These are called taboos
(342). If you violate a taboo, it's considered
extremely offensive.
Cultures = beliefs, values, norms,

assumptions, language, symbols,
taboos.
If you live in Vietnam, almost all people are born in

Vietnam and speak the same language. But if you
go to the US or Canada, you will experience the
cultural diversity (343). Cultural diversity refers to
the wide range of cultural differences found
between and within nations. Countries with high
cultural diversity is called heterogeneous societies
(344) and homogeneous societies for less diverse
(like Vietnam or China).
Cultural diversity
Heterogeneous societies - very

diverse
Homogeneous societies - less

diverse
Within a big culture, there are subcultures (345).
Although we are coming from the same country,
the culture of your class is different from mine. The
culture of your company is different from mine.
Even within a company, the culture of different
departments differ. Or even within a class, they are
different groups of boys and girls with different
subcultures. Another example of a subculture is the
variety of ethnic backgrounds in Vietnam or 54
ethnic subcultures (346).
Believe it or not, when observing people from other

cultures, many of us use our own culture as a ruler
by which we judge their behavior. Like when you
see an American guy acts quite oddly. This is called
ethnocentrism (347), the practice of judging all
other cultures by one's own culture. You
sometimes say to yourself "why are these people
acting like this, it's stupid!"
Ethnocentrism is based on the assumption that

your own way of life and thinking is superior to all
others. For example, most schoolchildren are told
that their own school and country are the best. It's
hard to avoid ethnocentrism. At least, one thing we
can do is to not judge too early.
treat with kindness and care
Okay, have you seen anyone loving opera, ballet,
live threater or classical music? What is your
impression of them? High class. Elite. Smart. Rich,
etc. Right? Although people like opera does not
necessarily mean they are smart or superior to
others, we refer this to the concept of high culture
(348). People with high culture patronize (349)
things like fine arts, opera, or ballet as mentioned
above. The opposite of high culture is pop culture
(350) or popular culture. Popular culture consists of
activities, products and services that appeals
primarily to members of middle and working
classes. For example, sports, movies, rock music,
comedies, etc.
Culture and social class
1. high culture - like opera, fine

arts
2. popular culture - popular

music or movies
There are two forms of popular culture (Remember
these)
1. Fads (350)
2. Fashion (351)
A fad is a temporary, short-lived thing or activity
followed by a lot of enthusiastic people. Detox
water is a fad. Or anything popular things you see
on haivl.com are probably fads. Again, a fad is very
short-lived.
A fashion lasts longer than a fad. It's a valued style

of behavior, thinking or appearance. Anyone likes
Korean music?
taxes
WORLD 10
TAXES
Why are taxes so important? Taxes touch

almost every aspect of life. Learning
vocab on taxes can expand your
knowledge very fast.
And I'm not even kidding. If you live in Vietnam,
chances are you don't need to care about taxes.
But, if you live in Western countries like the US,
UK or Canada. You can stay away from them. In
fact, you even wish you know about taxes
because you can get some money from the
government.
Taxes are financial charges levied (352) or

imposed upon a taxpayer (353) or a legal entity
(354) to fund public expenditures or to create
social welfare.
There are many different types of taxes.
1. Income tax (355) is tax on income. Let's say you

earn $50,000 a year through employment. You
will have to pay taxes on that, which means you
will take home less than $50,000. Income tax is
the BIGGEST source of tax revenue (356) for the
government. We will discuss income tax in more
details later on.
2. Property tax (357) is tax on property like real

estate. If you own a house, you have to pay
property tax every year. The higher the value of
your house, the more you have to pay in
property tax. Property tax is collected by the
municipal government (358). If you live in
Toronto and own a house, you have to pay
property tax to the City of Toronto. Think of it as
a rent expense. Property tax is no difference
than a rent to stay in a particular city.
3. Inheritance tax (359) is tax on inheritance. Let's
say you inherit $1,000,000 from your dad. Can
you put it to your bank account the whole
$1,000,000? No, you can't. You have to pay
inheritance tax.
4. Sales tax (360) is tax on an exchange. It's like

VAT in Vietnam. The customers will bear the tax
burden (361). If you happen to travel to Canada
and notice a beautiful coat priced at $100. Cool.
But that's not it. You'll have to pay an extra 13%
sales tax, which is another $13 on top of $100.
5. Excise tax (361) is tax on bad products like

tobacco, alcohol, etc. A government may wish
use charge excise tax to limit the activity of
companies producing these kinds of products.
Makes sense, right? One other type of excise tax
is carbon tax, which is tax on the consumption of
fuels that are harmful to the environment.
Companies that emit CO2 a lot have to pay
carbon tax.
6. Tariff (362) is tax on import and export. Tariffs

discourage international trade. If you want to
export rice to let's say China, you will have to pay
for tariff imposed by the Chinese government.
Why? Why? Why? Tariff helps protect domestic
corporations from outsiders who can compete at
cheaper prices.
7. Payroll tax (363) is tax imposed on employers
and employees. Payroll tax is usually used to
fund social security and unemployment
insurance.
7 big categories of taxes
1. Income tax - tax on income
2. Property tax - tax on property
3. Inheritance tax - tax on
inheritance
4. Sales tax - tax on sales
5. Excise tax - tax on bad products
6. Tariff - tax on international
trade
7. Payroll tax - tax on salary
Tax policies are used by the government to

manipulate the our behavior. Taxes can equalize
the rich and poor. Because people with higher
income have higher tax rate than people with
less. Tax is a great incentive tool. If you donate
money to charity, you can get a tax credit (364),
which reduces your tax payable (365). In other
words, tax can make donation cheaper. As
discussed on excise tax and carbon tax, similarly,
tax can make bad activities more expensive to
perform.
people in the family who live off of your
income
submit the payments to
As mentioned, income tax is the biggest
source of tax revenue collected by the
government. To simplify, It's calculated as
(Total income - deductions) x tax rate - tax

credits.
Let's say I earned $50,000 last year. But I also

spent on some expenses that are qualified for
claiming deductions of $20,000. This means
that my taxable income (366) is now $30,000.
My tax rate in this case is 15%. So my tax
payable is $30,000 x 15% = $4,500.
But's that's not the end of it. I donated some

money to the charity and I have some
dependants (367), which therefore gives me
tax credit amounted to $1,000. So basically,
the amount of tax that I have to pay to the
government is now $4,500 - 1000 = $3,500. So
sad, right? Don't be. Because I don't wait until
the end of the year to pay taxes. My employers
have already paid taxes on behalf of me to the
government. That's the law. Every time I
receive a paycheck (368), the payroll staff have
already taken away part of my salary and remit
(369) it to the tax agency (370).
The good thing is that, they usually remit more
than they should have. Why? Because at the
end of the year, after I claim tax deductions
and credits, the amount of tax owing is
reduced. So I will have a tax refund. A majority
of people in the US and Canada will receive a
tax refund. It's like free money. Every year,
each person has to file the tax return (371). A
tax return is just a form in which we declare
our income, deductions and credits to
calculate the tax. I have to file my tax return,
too. Why? I want my "free money" as well.
We have already learned that tax is calculated

based on income, deductions, and credits.
However, each category contains a whole
host of items.
INCOME
There are many types of income. The most

common type is employment income or
salary or wages. This is the type of income I
currently have.
Some people run their own business or they
work for themselves. Your mother, for
example, sell Pho every morning. We call your
mom self-employed (372). The amount of
money she earns is called self-employment
income (373) or business income. Another
type of self-employment income is
professional income (374), which is the income
you earn from professional activities like
consulting, accounting, legal or medical
services rather than just selling material things.
Others rent their real estates and collect rents

every month. This is call rental income (375).
My mom invests money in stocks and bonds

and earns what it's called investment income
(376). Investment income comprises dividends
(377) and interests (378). Dividends are paid to
stockholders by companies. Interests are paid
to bondholders.
Don't confuse investment income with capital

gains. Capital gains (379) is the gain of property
after you sell your it. Let's say you bought a
stock for $3 and sold it for $5. Your capital gain
is then $2. Capital gains are attractive because
they are taxed at the smallest rate among all.
If you are old, you may have some pension
income (380) as well. Pension income is the
money you receive from the government when
you get old enough.
In general, all of the above constitute total

income.
DEDUCTIONS
Deductions are used to reduce your income.

Why are deductions so important? Because you
want to reduce your income on the tax return to
pay as less tax as possible. What can be a
deduction?
If you pay union or professional dues (381), you

can claim a deduction for that. Let's say you
have a CFA designation requiring you to pay
$1,000 professional due every year. You can
claim $1,000 as a deduction to reduce your
income.
If you move from town to town, you can claim

moving expenses as a deduction. If you carry
some expenses for your investing activities, you
can claim a deduction, too. In general, expenses
that are paid for the purposes of earning income
can be eligible for claiming a deduction. I would
like to emphasize this again. Our goal is to
reduce the income to reduce our taxes by
claiming as much deduction as possible.
CREDITS
While deductions are used to help reduce your

taxable income, tax credits help reduce your tax
obligation. Tax credits are used to encourage
good bahaviors of the society. How? If you
make a donation of $1000, for example, you will
receive a tax credit of 15% of $1,000, which is
$150. At the end of the year, you can claim your
credit to reduce the tax by $150. As I said
before, tax credit makes donation cheaper.
Same things apply for children's fitness amount

and children's art amount. What are they? If you
have children and pay for their fitness club or art
activities, you can claim 15% of the expenses as
a tax credit. Why so? Because the government
wants to encourage its citizens to spend on
these healthful and beneficial activities.
Likewise, tuition fees are eligible for claiming a

tax credit, too. You get the idea.
Tax = (income - deductions) x tax

rate - tax credits
Most people dare not lie on their tax returns
because it's very easy to get caught by the tax
agencies. Most people tell the truth to avoid
paying high penalties and even jail time. There
are two distinct concepts here.
1. Tax avoidance (382)

2. Tax evasion (383)
Tax avoidance is completely legal. Tax

avoidance means that you are smartly planning
to minimize or delay the tax liabilities using legal
ways. One way to tax avoidance is to maximize
the amount of tax deductions and tax credits.
Tax avoidance is used by accountants and tax
professionals to reduce taxes for their clients.
Tax evasion is illegal, occurring when a person

intentionally avoids paying taxes owed. Let's say
you earn $100,000 last year but only report
$50,000. You have committed the tax evasion
crime.
Tax avoidance: legal

Tax evasion: A crime
Places to evade taxes are called tax havens
(384). Tax havens are jurisdictions (385) that levy
no or only small amount taxes and offer
themselves as a vehicle for nonresidents to
escape taxation in their country of residence.
Tax havens refuse to share information about
the foreign tax payers to protect them.
WORLD 11
WORLD 11
HEALTH CARE
Health care is a big industry, especially

in North America. Let's learn about big it
is by knowing some of the vocab that you
might use in the real world.
When talking about health care, what pops up
in your head? Hospital? Most likely. That's
because we don't know much about the
industry. It's much more broad than just
hospital. Let's first discuss some major players
in the health care world. There are 6 big
players in the health care industry.
1. Health care services providers

2. Hospitals
3. Ambulatory care services
4. Health insurance
5. Long-term care
6. Public health services
HEALTH CARE SERVICES PROVIDERS
Health care services providers are made up

by a wide variety of highly educated
individuals with many different skills to
provide medical care services for individuals
who seek their care.
The first player is Primary care (386). Primary

care service is where we contact for the first
time when we seek care. Primary care
physicians work in this sector and are referred
to as generalists (387) as they address a wide
range of conditions and illnesses. In order to
work, they need some sort of licences
because this is a regulated industry (388).
Working under those primary care physicians are
nurse practitioners (389). So for simplicity sake,
primary care is where you call when you need
medical help for the first time. They are
generalists and stay in general practice (390).
Some other guys don't like to stay in general

practice forever and choose to pursue a specific
area of medical specialty and become Specialty
care providers (400). In other words, unlike
people in primary care, they are specialists.
Wanna know some areas they work in?
- Cardiology (401) - heart-related

- Plastic surgery - enhance your appearance
- Radiology (402) - making Radio Kien Tran (No,
I'm kidding, it's dealing with X-ray and other
radiations)
- Dermatology (403) - skin-related
- Immunology (404) - immune-system-related
- Neurosurgery (405) - brain-related
- Pediatrics (406) - children-related
There are so many more areas they specialize in

but you only need to learn a few most common
ones for now.
Another type in the category of health care
service providers is Dental service, working with
oral health (407).
And there are Mental health care providers.

People you might see are psychiatrists and
psychologists and social workers (408). Social
workers are professionals who helps improve
individuals' quality of life. Often, they are valuable
consultants to other health care providers in
helping people prepare and develop a support
system that will facilitate good mental health.
Another type is nurses. Nurses are health care

professionals who provide treatment, support,
and care services for the ill, injured and aged.
The next type is rehabilitation (409) professionals

and therapists (410). Rehabilitation means
restoring to normal life. If you've been using
drugs for a long time, you might want to go to a
rehabilitation center to seek care.
receiving medical treatments outside
hospital
receiving medical treatments inside
hospital
Health care services providers
comprises
1. Primary care
2. Specialty care
3. Dental care
4. Nurses
5. Rehabilitation services
HOSPITALS
This is the place we go to be healed when we

are sick. It's the place where many of us come
into this world and where many of us will leave
this world. There are a variety of departments
in a hospital. The largest department in a
hospital is nursing. Nursing is also the largest
health care profession in the United States.
AMBULATORY CARE SERVICES
Ambulatory care (411) is health care provided

on an outpatient (412) basis. which allows a
patient to receive personal health care
consultation and treatment, surgery without
being hospitalized.
HEALTH INSURANCE
protected
Insurance is a form of risk management in
which the risk is transferred to the insurance
company in exchange for a payment, called a
premium (413). If you want to buy a health
insurance policy, you will have to pay a
premium. If you are covered (414) by health
insurance, you don't have to pay medical bills
in full. The insurance company will pay in part
of in full for you. If you are not covered, then
you should wish you never get sick because
that might be financial devastating since
medical bills can wipe out your finance. That's
why it's important to get yourself covered so
when 'shit' happens, you are safe.
The person who get covered is called the

insured (415) or the beneficiary (416).
When you got protected by insurance, one

thing will be likely to happen called moral
hazard (417). Let me explain it. If you are not
covered by the insurance, you pay significant
attention to your health because you want to
avoid paying the heavy bills. But once you got
covered, you tend to pay less attention
because the risk has been transferred to the
insurance company. This is moral hazard.
LONG-TERM CARE
Long-term care provides medical and social

services to accommodate old or disable
people. Western world are now facing the
aging population leading to a higher burden in
long-term care services.
PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICES
Pubic health services offer many programs to

the public designed to prevent disease and
improve the quality of life for all age groups.
The difference between public health and
individual health is that public health focuses
on the health of the entire population in a city,
county, state, or the nation. These government-
financed health agencies concentrate their
resources and expertise on keeping large
segments of the population free from disease
and as healthy as possible.
6 big players in the health care

industry
1. Health care services providers
2. Hospitals
3. Ambulatory care services
4. Health insurance
5. Long-term care
6. Public health services
protected
Now let's turn our attention to some well-
known chronic diseases (418). The chronic
disease epidemic (419) has been expanding in
the world at an alarming rate and shows no
signs of slowing down.
1. Heart disease
2. Diabetes (sugar-caused)
3. Cancers
4. Stroke (brain attack)
5. Mental disorders (insane)
6. Hypertension (high blood pressure)
7. Obesity (too fat)
Another type of disease is communicable

disease (420) or contagious disease.
Communicable/contagious disease can be
passed from one person to another. This type
of disease can be caused by viruses. If you get
a flu, for instance, it means you get infected
(421) by the flu virus.
If you cannot breath because you have stuff

inside your nose, medically speaking, you
have nasal congestion (422).
There are different types of medical treatments
depending on how sick you get.
If it's not so serious, you can get prescribed

drugs (423). Sometimes, it takes some more
time to find what the causes of your disease are.
That's when diagnosis (424) comes into play. An
diagnosis is used to identify the nature of you
illness. Sometimes, you might need to take
antibiotics (425), which can quickly cure your
illness but the use of antibiotic given the long-
term side-effects (426). If you bleed somewhere
on your body, you can clean all the blood on the
surface and use rubbing alcohol (427) for
disinfectant (428) purposes. If you got a pain and
wish to reduce it, you may be advised to take
aspirin (429).
Sometimes, you don't get sufficient vitamins

from your food, you are supposed to have
vitamin deficiency (430). Eating more fruits and
veggies might be a decent solution. If you don't
have enough sleep, you will suffer from sleep
deprivation (431), which is lack of sleep.
Q1: What are three main Q6: What is the main function
sources of law in the US? of the executive branch?
Q2: What is the supreme law Q7: What is the main function
of America called? of the judicial branch?
Q3: Name a few examples of Q8: What does 'nitty-gritty'

a government agency mean?
Q4: What are three branches Q9: Two categories of law?

of the federal government?
Q10: Under criminal law, how
Q5: What is the main function do you address the victim and
of the legislative branch? the wrongdoer?
Q11: Under civil law, how do Q16: What is pecuniary
you address the victim and damage?
the wrongdoer?
Q17: What is non-pecuniary
Q12: What is the term for a damage?
government attorney?
Q18: What is aggravated
Q13: What are three levels damage?
of court?
Q19: What is punitive
Q14: What is a class-action damage?
lawsuit?
Q20: What is nominal
Q15: What are 5 categories damage?
of monetary damages?
Q21: Name some types of
non-monetary damage.
Q22: What is an injunction? Q29: What is a nuisance?
Q23: What is a premise? Q30: Distinguish between

assault and battery?
Q24: What is false
imprisonment? Q31: What is intrusion upon
seclusion?
Q25: What is malicious
prosecution? Q32: Two forms of
defamation?
Q26: What is trespassing?
Q33: What is libel?
Q27: What is trespass to
goods? Q34: What is slander?
Q28: What is the tort of Q35: What is passing-off?

conversion?
Q36: What is a provocation?
Q37: If a lawsuit is Q42: Is tax evasion a
completely not necessary misdemeanor or a felony?
nor serious, what is the best
adjective for it? Q43: What is an arson?
Q38: You alway owe people Q44: What is treason?

around you what?
Q45: What is homicide?
Q39: What is a fiduciary
duty? Q46: What is vandalism?
Where could it happen?
Q40: What is medical
malpractice? Q47: Where should
smuggling most likely
Q41: Difference between a happen?
misdemeanor and a felony?
Q48: Difference between Q54: What does 'transcend'
white-collar and blue- mean?
collar?
Q55: What is analytical
Q49: Two kinds of media? journalism?
Q50: Some examples of Q56: What do media pundits

mainstream media in do?
Vietnam and the US?
Q57: What do new anchors
Q51: What is collaborative do?
journalism?
Q58: A tool to help news
Q52: What is investigative anchor read news?
journalism?
Q59: What does a columnist
Q53: What is immersion do?
journalism?
Q60: What does a Q65: Differences between
correspondent do? dispositional vs. situational
factors?
Q61: Difference between
Fourth Estate and Fifth Q66: What is cognitive
Estate? capacity?
Q62: Examples of tabloids in Q67: What is self-

Vietnam? knowledge?
Q63: Government- Q68: What is self-serving

controlled media uses what attribution?
to manipulate the public?
Q69: Why do we engage in
Q64: What is the sense of "us self-handicapping strategy?
vs. them" called?
Q70: What is a heuristic?
Q71: What is framing Q77: What are the 2 routes
strategy? Examples? to persuasion?
Q72: What is illusory Q78: What does a

correlation? copywriter do?
Q73: What is hindsight bias? Q79: What is a

counterargument?
Q74: What is self-fulfilling
prophecy? Q80: Differences between
extrinsic and intrinsic
Q75: Describe mere motivation? Which one is
exposure? better?
Q76: Describe classical Q81: Examples of social

conditioning? norms in your country?
Q82: What are two types of Q87: What are the big FIVE
norms? personality dimensions?
Q83: Describe obedience Q88: What are the 6 big

and authority? Name some categories of natural
authorities you know. hazards?
Q84: What is a cult? Name a Q89: What are geological

cult you know. disasters related to?
Q85: What is the opposite Q90: What are hydrological

word for 'obey' disasters related to?
Q86: Differences between Q91: What are

individualistic and meteorological disasters
collectivistic cultures? related to?
Q92: Where would you most Q98: What are factors of
likely see avalanches? production?
Q93: What is a landslide? Q99: What is capital

market?
Q94: What is livestock?
Q100: What is a trade-off?
Q95: Name 6 diseases that
account for 90% of infection- Q101: Differences between
related deaths among fixed and variable costs?
people?
Q102: What are economies
Q96: Three big types of of scale?
market?
Q103: What is sunk cost?
Q97: What is a factor
market? Q104: What are three types
of unemployment?
Q105: What does 'stay Q112: What is volition?
afloat' mean for a company?
Q113: Differences between
Q106: Two policies to fix the manifest and latent
economy? powers?
Q107: What is liquidity? Q114: What are 4 types of

What has the highest power?
liquidity?
Q108: What are two kinds of classical and modern
money? liberalism?
Q109: What is commodity Q116: What does traditional

money? conservatism believe in?
Q110: What is fiat money? Q117: What does a liberal

believe in?
Q111: What is intrinsic value?
Q118: What does a socialist Q125: What is a special
believe in? interest group?
Q119: What is an Q126: What is the opposite

authoritarian? of 'democracy'?
Q120: What is an anarchy? Q127: What is lobbying?
Q121: What is democracy? Q128: What does a governor

do? What does a senator
Q122: Who is the elite? do?
Q123: What is a meritocracy Q129: What does it mean by

system? 'deregulation'?
Q124: What is a monarchy Q130: What is another word

system? for embezzlement?
Q131: What is nepotism? Q138: What are 4 channels
to distribute products to
Q132: What is a kickback? customers?
Q133: Name 2 kinds of social Q139: What are 3 levels of

movements? distribution?
Q134: What are 4 marketing Q140: What does promotion

philosophies? consist of?
Q135: What are 4 categories Q141: What are two kinds of

of products? communication?
Q136: What is a trademark? Q142: Name 5 elements of

the promotion mix?
Q137: What can branding do
to a price of a product? Q143: What is the marketing
mix?
Q144: What are two major Q150: What are two forms of
types of advertising? language?
Q145: What are three Q151: What are values?

objectives of pricing that
you can choose to pursue? Q152: Describe the American
values?
Q146: What is market
segmentation? Q153: What does 'mutually
exclusive' mean?
Q147: What are two
categories of culture? Q154: What are taboos?
Q148: What is material Q155: Another phrase for a

culture? highly diverse society?
Q149: What is non-material Q156: Another phrase for a

culture? less diverse society?
Q157: Distinguish between Q163: What is the form you
high culture and pop use to declare your income
culture? and expenses for tax
purposes called?
Q158: What are two forms of
popular culture? Q164: Different sources of
income?
Q159: Name 7 types of taxes
you learned in this book? Q165: A simple formula to
calculate tax?
Q160: What is an excise tax?
Q161: What is a tariff? tax evasion and tax
avoidance?
Q162: Distinguish between a
tax credit and a tax Q167: What are tax havens?
deduction
Q168: Six big players in the Q175: What is ambulatory
health care industry? care?
Q169: What is primary care

service?
Q170: What is a generalist?
Q171: What is specialty care

provider?
Q172: Who are social

workers?
Q173: What is rehabilitation?
Q174: Difference between

outpatient and inpatient?

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#law #economics

Jun Released Eat up 99 - Slangs and

Sep Released Handbook of Thinking

Oct Finally sat down (became geeky

Dec Released Academic vocab for those

May Released the one that you are reading

lawsuit, legal dispute

a violation (copyright infringement)

a deal between two sides to avoid

The smartphone you are using right now need

Law is interesting, isn't it? It taps on any areas of

Like FBI, CIA, IRS, NSA, CRA

Now fasten your seatbelt right now to begin the

So where does law come from? There are two

Common law means that laws are made based

Legislative branch led by the US Congress is

The federal government = 3 branches

You might wonder why I have

take into pieces

upset, invalidate, reverse, abolish

make changes, make it better

Although the US Presidents do not pass laws as

One of the most famous Executive Orders that

These are deliberately put there to

law on inheritance (from generation to

Public law deals with issues that affect the

Public law includes Private law includes

Public law: Affects the society as a whole

Civil law deals with disputes between two or

the amount of evidence/proof needed

a formal declaration of guilt

The purpose of criminal law is to PUNISH

If you are a victim under the criminal law, you

The accused is either guilty or not guilty. But

In criminal law, the burden of proof (35) is much

take legal actions against someone

apply to higher court

1. Purpose: compensate, rather than punish

Now let's talk about the structure of Court

Trial level courts are always where your case

If you already went to trial but are not satisfied

If you are again not happy with the result in the

Court system: 3 levels

money/damages/awards to the winners

Let's say if hundreds of people in your

Normally, when class action happens, the

But what if the group of plaintiffs do not agree

The word remedies or damages can be used

1. Pecuniary damages (47)

Remember: Remedy is a VERY crucial and

What are pecuniary damages? Pecuniary

Pecuniary damage: Remedy to compensate

suffering, agony, torment

Say if you have a catastrophic injury (52), you

Compensate for non-financial losses like

The next one is aggravated damages awarded

The last one is nominal damages. Nominal

a house/a building (legal terms)

Let's move on to Non-monetary Damages.

Don't fear when you see words you have never

First, what is an injunction? It's a STOP order. If

An Anton-Piller order is simply a surprise search

BEFORE WE MOVE ON!

Write an essay about what you have learned so far.