2021 International Conference on Smart Generation Computing, Communication and Networking (SMART GENCON)

Pune, India. Oct 29-30, 2021

2021 International Conference on Smart Generation Computing, Communication and Networking (SMART GENCON) | 978-1-6654-2503-2/21/$31.00 ©2021 IEEE | DOI: 10.1109/SMARTGENCON51891.2021.9645817

Birefringence Analysis of Octagonal Photonic Crystal

fiber
R.Hemalatha S.Revathi
School of Electronics Engineering, School of Electronics Engineering,
Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology,
Vellore, India. Vellore, India
hemalatha.r2019a@vitstudent.ac.in srevathi@vit.ac.in

Abstract— This article provides theoretical explanation of cladding region. Fig. 2 describes the light confinement in the
birefringence variation due to change in structure of core lattice core region. Fig.3 states the plot between wavelength and two
of Photonic crystal fiber. Solid core, Hollow core, elliptical and polarizations namely x & y.
rectangular single core versus tri-core analysis is performed in
this work. Based on the results, higher birefringence is noticed in
elliptical core structure.

Keywords— Photonic crystal fiber, Solid, Hollow , Elliptical

and rectangular core, Confinement loss, Birefringence.

I. INTRODUCTION
Photonic crystal fibers are also called as microstructured
fibers which was introduced by Phillip Russel in the year 1996
[1].PCF created more attention in research application due to
its design flexibility [2], lattice arrangement [3], materials used
[4] in the fiber. Also PCF is commonly known for its endlessly Fig. 1. Octagonal PCF with solid core
single mode fiber [5].When light is confined by the principle of
Bandgap energy, it is stated as Photonic bandgap fiber. If the
PCF uses air holes in their cross sections, then represented as
holey fiber. Concentric rings of multilayer film structure forms
bragg fiber. PCFs consists of cladding constructed by a lattice
of air-holes drawn entire length. By the arrangement of air-
holes, lattice geometry size and shape of the holes, there is
possibilities to control light propagation [6].The properties like
polarization are also controlled for polarization maintenance.
The fiber is said to be high birefringent if its value is (~10-3)
[7], which reduces the coupling between the fundamental
degenerate modes and (~10-8) as low birefringent. The
variation in arrangement of air hole shape, arrangement
determines the type of photonic crystal fiber. When cladding is
Fig. 2. Light confinement in Octagonal PCF with solid core
alone made by air holes, it is solid core. And it is said to be
hollow core when both core and cladding are off air holes. In
this paper we will discuss the difference between solid core
and hollow core theoretically also the differentiation of core
structure of elliptical and rectangular air holes. The structures
of the PCF are designed and simulated using COMSOL
Multiphysics software.
II. SOLID CORE
When PCFs guide light in the mode of modified TIR and
core refractive index is higher than the cladding refractive
index, then it is known by solid core [8]. Typically, it consists
of denser cores and light is forcibly localized. Fig. 1 describes
PCF with octagonal cladding lattice. The background material
used in this is silica. The geometrical value used for designing
the PCF in COMSOL Multiphysics is given here. Pitch is ʌ=
2nm, d= 2*p, d1= d/2μm. Four ring of air hole is structured in Fig. 3. Confinement Loss in Octagonal PCF with solid core

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 From the above diagram, it is inferred that x polarization
wave has the maximum CL. Fig.4 denotes the plot between the
wavelength and birefringence.

Fig. 6. Light confinement in Octagonal PCF with Hollow core

The maximum birefringence is obtained in 1400 nm. This

is represented in Fig. 8. The need for higher birefringence is to
maintain polarization in the fiber. At normal modes of two
different propagation polarization is preserved to keep the
Fig. 4. Birefringence plot in Octagonal PCF with solid core
exchange of energies. There is need for asymmetric
III. HOLLOW CORE construction in fibers inorder to preserve the polarization in
fibers. From solid core and hollow core analysis, it is clear that
Light is guided in Hollow core PCFs, when the core hollow core has maximum confinement loss and higher
refractive index is lesser than cladding refractive index. birefringence when compared to solid core.
Photonic Bandgap Guiding mechanism is used by this type of
fiber [8]. Desired ranges of frequency are supported by
cladding. Hence, low index core is forced by guiding modes.
Due to Anti-resonant effect there is coupling between core and
cladding components leading to confinement light in low index
core.

Fig. 7. Confinement Loss in Octagonal PCF with hollow core

Fig. 5. Octagonal PCF with Hollow core ( circular)

This diagram gives out about hollow core. Which is

designed with the parametric value of d=1.75μm.Both cladding
and core are made up of air holes. The shape of air hole used is
circular shape. In upcoming sections elliptical core and
rectangular core is used. Fig.6 represents the light confinement
in the core region which is circular in shape. The following
diagram Fig. 7 provides the plot between wavelength and
confinement loss. From graph representation, the point of
intersection between x pol and pol effective refractive index
meets at 1500 nm wavelength.

Fig. 8. Birefringence plot in Octagonal PCF with Hollow core

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 Also, filling analyte in core region is easier in hollow core
as in solid core, the region is made of solid material and the
analyte to be filled only in cladding and sometimes might
become complex.
IV. ELLIPTICAL SINGLE CORE VS TRI CORE
The Elliptical cores [9] create polarized waves along major
and minor axes of ellipse inorder to have different effective
refractive index. These types of fiber consists nonsymmetrical
stress producing parts.

Fig. 12. Light confinement in Octagonal PCF with tri elliptical core

Fig. 9. Octagonal PCF with Elliptical core

Fig. 13. Confinement Loss in Octagonal PCF with elliptical core

The parametric analyses of elliptical core are given by

Fig. 10. Octagonal PCF with Tri Elliptical core
3.5μm in one semiaxis and 2 μm in other semiaxis. The
rotation of 30 ͦ is given to make light confinement easier. For tri
elliptical core the value used for designing is given by 3 & 0.8
μm in two cores and 3.9 & 0.8 μm for central core. Through
this construction the observed confinement loss and
birefringence is plotted in Fig.13, 14, 15, 16. In hollow core
and solid core two polarizations are taken into consideration.
But in rest of the core only one polarization is plotted in
confinement loss.

Fig. 11. Light confinement in Octagonal PCF with Elliptical core Fig. 14. Birefringence plot in Octagonal PCF with Elliptical core

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 Fig. 18. Octagonal PCF with tri Rectangular core

Fig. 15. Confinement Loss in Octagonal PCF with tri elliptical core

Fig. 19. Light confinement in Octagonal PCF with rectangular core

Fig. 16. Birefringence plot in Octagonal PCF with tri elliptical core

V. RECTANGULAR SINGLE CORE VS TRI CORE

When compared to elliptical core structure rectangular core
[10] shows minimum loss. But birefringence is low in
rectangular core when compared to elliptical core. The design
parameters used for the construction are 5.8 & 2 μm in single
rectangular core.6 & 1.8μm for two rectangular core and third
core is designed by 5.6 & 1.2 μm. Fig. 17,18,19,20 shows the Fig. 20. Light confinement in Octagonal PCF with tri rectangular core
structure of rectangular single and tri core with its light
confinement at core mode.

Fig. 17. Octagonal PCF with Rectangular core

Fig. 21. Confinement Loss in Octagonal PCF with rectangular core

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 REFERENCES
[1] Philip Russell, Photonic Crystal Fibers,Applied physics,2003
[2] R. Buczynski, Photonic Crystal Fibers, Acta Physica Polonica A, Vol.
106 (2004).
[3] S. Mohamed Nizar ,Comparison of Different Photonic Crystal Fiber
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[4] Shefali Singla, Poonam Singal ,Photonic crystal fiber: construction,
properties, developments and applications, pp. 193-200, June 2017.
[5] T. A. Birks, J. C. Knight, and P. St. J. Russell,Endlessly single-mode
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[6] Haider Ali Muse, Photonic Crystal And Photonic Crystal Fibers
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[8] Izaddeen Kabir Yakasai , Pg. Emeroylariffion Abas, Feroza Begum,
Fig. 22. Confinement Loss in Octagonal PCF with tri rectangular core
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[9] So Eun Kim, Bok Hyeon Kim,Chung Ghiu Lee,Sejin Lee,Kyunghwan
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Fig. 23. Birefringence plot in Octagonal PCF with rectangular core

Fig. 24. Birefringence plot in Octagonal PCF with rectangular tri core

VI. CONCLUSION
In this work, we analyzed the type of core used in phonic
crystal fiber with octagonal cladding lattice. Among solid,
circular hollow, rectangular, elliptical core has higher
birefringence. Based on the operating wavelength, varied
confinement loss is obtained for different core lattice.

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