Example

The full bridge controlled rectifier shown is connected to a 120V, 60Hz supply.

The load current I0 is continuous and its ripple content is negligible (very high inductive load). The
turns ratio of the transformer is unity, the resistance of the load is 5Ω and E = 12 V. If the average
output voltage is 50% of the maximum possible average output voltage, calculate
a) The delay angle
b) The rms and average output currents
c) The average and rms thyristor currents
Solution

𝑉𝑠 = 𝑉𝑝 = 120𝑉, 𝐼0,𝑎𝑣 = 𝐼𝑎 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎 𝑕𝑖𝑔𝑕𝑙𝑦 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑

a)
𝜋+𝛼
1 2𝑉𝑚
𝑉𝑜,𝑎𝑣 = 𝑉𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡 𝑑𝜔𝑡 = cos 𝛼
𝜋 𝛼 𝜋
2𝑉𝑚 2 2𝑥120
𝑉𝑜 ,𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑜𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝛼 = 0; 𝑉𝑜,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = cos 0 = = 108.03𝑉
𝜋 𝜋
2𝑉𝑚
𝑉𝑜 ,𝑎𝑣 = cos 𝛼 = 0.5𝑥108.03 = 54.15𝑉
𝜋
2𝑉𝑚
54.015 = cos 𝛼 ; cos 𝛼 = 0.5, 𝛼 = 600
𝜋
b)
𝑉𝑜,𝑎𝑣 − 𝐸
𝐼𝑜 ,𝑎𝑣 =
𝑅

1
 2 2𝑥120
𝑉𝑜 ,𝑎𝑣 = cos 60 = 54.01𝑉
𝜋
54.01 − 12
𝐼𝑜 ,𝑎𝑣 = = 8.403𝐴
5
𝐼𝑜 ,𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 𝐼𝑜 ,𝑎𝑣 = 8.403𝐴
c) Taking Thyristor 1 for example
𝜋+𝛼
1 𝐼𝑜 ,𝑎𝑣 8.403
𝐼𝑇1,𝑎𝑣 = 𝐼𝑜 ,𝑎𝑣 𝑑𝜔𝑡 = [𝜋] = = 4.201𝐴
2𝜋 𝛼 2𝜋 2

𝜋 +𝛼
1 1 𝐼𝑜 ,𝑎𝑣 8.403
𝐼𝑇1,𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 𝐼𝑜 ,𝑎𝑣 2 𝑑𝜔𝑡 = 𝐼𝑜 ,𝑎𝑣 [𝜋 + 𝛼 − 𝛼] = = = 5.94𝐴
2𝜋 𝛼 2𝜋 2 2

Half-controlled or semi-controlled bridge rectifiers

Full-wave half-controlled bridge with resistive load
In a semi-controlled bridge rectifiers half of the SCRs are replaced with diodes as shown

In the positive half-cycle, T1 is turned on at delay angle 𝛼, and current flows to the load through the
path T1, load and D1. The supply voltage passes through zero and reverses. At 𝜋 + 𝛼, T2 is fired, T1 is
reverse-biased and turns off, and load current flows through T2, load and D2.

The average load voltage is given by:

𝜋
1 𝑉𝑚
𝑉𝑎𝑣 = 𝑉𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑡 𝑑𝜔𝑡 = 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼
𝜋 𝛼 𝜋
The rms value is:
𝜋
1 𝑉𝑚 1 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝛼
𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 𝑉𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑡 2 𝑑𝜔𝑡 = 𝜋−𝛼+
𝜋 𝛼 2 𝜋 2

2
Example
A full-wave half-controlled bridge has a supply voltage of 220V at 50Hz and supplies a load of 100Ω.
If the firing angle delay 𝛼 = 900 , determine the values of average and rms currents and load power.
Solution
𝑉𝑚 220 2
𝑉𝑎𝑣 = 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 = 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 90 = 99𝑉
𝜋 𝜋
𝑉𝑎𝑣
𝐼𝑎𝑣 = = 0.99𝐴
𝑅

𝑉𝑚 1 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝛼
𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 𝜋−𝛼+ = 155.6𝑉
2 𝜋 2
𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠
𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 = = 1.556𝐴
𝑅
𝑃 = 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 2 𝑅 = 242𝑊

Half-controlled bridge with highly inductive load

In the positive half-cycle, T1 is turned on at delay angle 𝛼, and current flows to the load through the
path T1, load and D1. When the supply voltage reverses, the energy stored in the inductor keeps load
current flowing through the path of D2, T1 and load. The devices in conduction (due to energy stored
in inductor) are T1 and diode D2 until T2 is fired at 𝜋 + 𝛼. This is because in the negative half cycle,
(just after 𝝎𝒕 exceeds 𝝅), diode D2 becomes forward-biased and it starts conducting whereas diode
D1 is reverse-biased and it stops conducting.

When T2 is fired at 𝜋 + 𝛼, T1 turns off, and load current flows through T2, load and D2. The half-
controlled bridge thus has a freewheeling diode action built in, which uses one thyristor and a diode
in the freewheeling path.

Note: T2 and diode D1 would conduct during 0 < 𝜔𝑡 < 𝑎 due to the freewheeling action.

3
The average load voltage
𝜋
1 𝑉𝑚 𝑉𝑎𝑣
𝑉𝑎𝑣 = 𝑉𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑡 𝑑𝜔𝑡 = 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 ; 𝐼𝑎𝑣 =
𝜋 𝛼 𝜋 R
Root-mean-square supply current is given by

𝜋
1 2
𝜋−𝛼
𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 𝐼𝑎𝑣 𝑑𝜔𝑡 = 𝐼𝑎𝑣
𝜋 𝜋
𝛼

Example
A 240V, 50Hz supply feeds a highly inductive load of 50Ω resistance through a thyristor bridge that is
half-controlled, calculate the dc load current, power and power factor when the firing angle delay
𝛼 = 450
Solution
𝑉𝑚 240 2
𝑉𝑎𝑣 = 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 = 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 45 = 184.4𝑉
𝜋 𝜋
𝑉𝑎𝑣
𝐼𝑎𝑣 = = 3.69𝐴
𝑅

𝜋−𝛼
I𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 𝐼𝑎𝑣 = 3.2𝐴
𝜋

𝑃 = 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 2 𝑅 = 511𝑊

𝑃 512
cos 𝜑 = = = 0.665
V𝑠,𝑟𝑚𝑠 I𝑟𝑚𝑠 240𝑥3.2

Half-controlled bridge with freewheeling diode and highly inductive load

Although the half-controlled bridge has a freewheeling diode action built in, a third diode can also be
connected directly across the inductive load. When the load voltage attempts to reverse, the energy
stored in the inductor circulates a load current in the closed path.

4
T1 and D1 conduct for 𝛼 < 𝜔𝑡 < 𝜋 whereas during 𝜋 < 𝜔𝑡 < (𝜋 + 𝛼), the device in conduction is
diode D3. During (𝜋 + 𝛼) < 𝜔𝑡 < 2𝜋, the devices in conduction are SCRs T2 and D2. Diode D3
would also conduct during 0 < 𝜔𝑡 < 𝛼 . The waveforms and action is the same as before.

Single-phase AC to DC variable speed drives

Various converters can be used to control the speed and torque of d.c. motors driven from a.c.
mains. When the field current is to be held constant, the field supply can obtained from a diode
rectifier bridge. If the field current is to be varied, a thyristor-controlled rectifier bridge can be used.
The armature can be supplied from a thyristor-controlled rectifier bridge, which can be half-
controlled or fully controlled. A symbolic representation of a separately-excited DC motor is shown

In most of the cases, the speed of the motor is controlled by varying 𝑉𝑎 and holding 𝑉𝑓 constant
(since the flux induced by the field winding is constant). The resistance of the field winding is Rf and
its inductance is Lf, whereas the resistance of the armature is Ra and its inductance is La. The field
current is described by
𝑑𝑖𝑓
𝐿𝑓 + 𝑅𝑓 𝐼𝑓 = 𝑉𝑓 (1)
𝑑𝑡
If a steady voltage 𝑉𝑓 is applied to the field, the field current settles down to a constant value
𝑉𝑓
𝐼𝑓 = (2)
𝑅𝑓
If the voltage applied to the armature is 𝑉𝑎 , then the differential equation describing the armature
circuit is
𝑑𝑖𝑎
𝐿𝑎 + 𝑅𝑎 𝐼𝑎 + 𝐸𝑎 = 𝑉𝑎 (3)
𝑑𝑡
In steady-state

5
 𝑅𝑎 𝐼𝑎 + 𝐸𝑎 = 𝑉𝑎 (4)
where 𝐸𝑎 is the back e.m.f. The back e.m.f is proportional to the speed of motor 𝜔
𝐸𝑎 = 𝐾𝑣 𝜔 (5)
where

i) 𝑘𝑣 is the armature voltage constant in V/rad-s.

ii) 𝜔 is the armature speed in rad/s

If the armature current in steady-state is 𝐼𝑎 , the electric power (𝑃 = 𝐸𝑎 𝐼𝑎 ) is converted to

mechanical power. Let the torque developed by the armature be T, in Nm, the electric power and
torque can be related
𝐸𝑎 𝐼𝑎 = 𝑇𝜔 (6)
𝐸𝑎 𝐼𝑎
𝑇= = 𝑘𝑣 𝐼𝑎 (7)
𝜔
From (7), if the voltage applied to the armature is raised, the armature current increases, hence the
torque developed by the motor increases, which in turn increases the speed of the motor.

Fully controlled bridge with SEDC motor

If we assume a constant load is connected and the resulting steady armature speed is 𝜔 while the
generated voltage (back emf) is E. Also, assume that the motor inductance is large enough to give a
steady armature current between the firing periods. T1 and T3 are turned on in the positive half-
cycle, in this case with a delay angle 𝛼.

The conducting thyristors do not turn off as the mains voltage reverses because the motor
inductance acts to keep the current flowing. Turn-off occurs at 𝜋 + 𝛼 in the negative cycle when T2
and T4 are switched on.

6
Note:
The bridge thyristors will not turn on until they are foward-biased, i.e. until Vs> E. This limits the
firing range to between 𝛼1 and 𝛼2 , as shown in the waveforms. The following equations are
obtained:
𝐸 = 𝑘𝑣 𝜔 − 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
As for a fully controlled rectifier with a highly inductive load,
2𝑉𝑚
𝑉𝑎𝑣 = cos 𝛼
𝜋
Average armature current
𝑉𝑎𝑣 − 𝐸
𝐼𝑎𝑣 =
𝑅𝑎
Motor torque
𝑇 = 𝑘𝑣 𝐼𝑎𝑣
Example
A separately excited d.c. motor is driven from a 240V, 50Hz supply using a fully controlled thyristor
bridge circuit. The motor has an armature resistance Ra of 1.0Ω, and an armature voltage constant
𝑘𝑣 of 0.8 V/rad/s. The field current is constant at its rated value.

i) Determine the values of armature current and torque for an armature speed of 1600
rev/min and a firing angle delay of 300. Assume that the armature current is steady.
ii) Calculate the limits of the firing angle delay for this speed.

Solution
i)

7
 2𝜋
𝐸 = 𝑘𝑣 𝜔 = 0.8 𝑥 1600 𝑥 = 134𝑉
60
2𝑉𝑚 240
𝑉𝑎𝑣 = cos 𝛼 = 2 2 𝑥 cos 30 = 187.1𝑉
𝜋 𝜋
𝑉𝑎𝑣 − 𝐸 187.1 − 134
𝐼𝑎𝑣 = = = 53𝐴
𝑅𝑎 1
𝑇 = 𝑘𝑣 𝐼𝑎𝑣 = 0.8𝑥53 = 42.4𝑁𝑚
ii)
𝑉𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡 ≥ 𝐸
2𝑥240 sin 𝛼1 = 𝐸; sin 𝛼1 = 0.395; 𝛼1 = 23.30
2𝑥240 sin(180 − 𝛼2 ) = 134; sin(180 − 𝛼2 ) = 0.395; (180 − 𝛼2 ) = 23.30
𝛼2 = 156.70

Half-controlled bridge with SEDC motor

Assuming a constant speed and steady armature current, the conducting thyristors turn off at
𝜔𝑡 = 𝜋, but armature current continues to circulate through D3 due to freewheeling diode action.

8
Limitations of firing angle delay to between 𝛼1 and 𝛼2 also apply to this bridge. Due to the absence
of negative armature voltage, the average voltage Vav is higher than the fully controlled case and is
the same expression as for average resistive load voltage, i.e.
𝑉𝑚
𝑉𝑎𝑣 = (1 + cos 𝛼)
𝜋
Example
A SEDC motor is driven from a 240V, 50Hz supply using a half-controlled thyristor bridge with a
freewheeling diode connected across the armature. The motor has an armature resistance Ra of
1.0Ω, and an armature voltage constant kv of 0.8 V/rad/s. The field current is constant at its rated
value. Assume that the armature current is steady. Determine the values of armature current and
torque for an armature speed of 1600 rev/min and a firing angle delay of 600.
Solution
2𝜋
𝐸 = 𝑘𝑣 𝜔 = 0.8 𝑥 1600 𝑥 = 134𝑉
60
𝑉𝑚 240
𝑉𝑎𝑣 = (1 + cos 𝛼) = 2 𝑥 (1 + cos 60) = 162𝑉
𝜋 𝜋
𝑉𝑎𝑣 − 𝐸 162 − 134
𝐼𝑎𝑣 = = = 28𝐴
𝑅𝑎 1
𝑇 = 𝑘𝑣 𝐼𝑎𝑣 = 0.8𝑥28 = 22.4𝑁𝑚

THREE-PHASE RECTIFIERS
Single-phase supply rectifiers are adequate below a few kilowatts. At higher power levels, three
phase rectifiers are used because they give a better power factor, reasonably smooth waveform and
lower harmonic generation.
Three-phase half wave diode rectifier

Suppose three-phase AC voltages are applied to the three-phase uncontrolled half-wave rectifier,
which are 1200 out of phase and given by
van = Vm sin ωt
vbn = Vm sin ωt − 1200
vcn = Vm sin ωt − 2400

9
Where Vm is the maximum value of the phase voltage. A transformer having a star connected
secondary is required for neutral access, N. The waveforms of the phase voltages are given

In the uncontrolled rectifier, the anode of a diode is connected to each phase voltage source. The
cathodes of all three diodes are connected together to form the positive load terminal. The negative
terminal of the load is connected to the supply neutral. The diode with the highest potential with
respect to the neutral conducts the current pulse. As the potential of another diode becomes the
highest, load current is transferred to that device, and the previously conducting device is reverse-
biased.

𝜋 5𝜋
By considering the interval from to in the output voltage, the average and rms values are
6 6
5π
3 6 3 3Vm
Vo = Vm sin ωt dωt =
2π π 2π
6

5π
3 6 1 3 3
Vrms = Vm sin ωt 2 dωt = Vm + = 0.8407Vm
2π π 2 8π
6

Three-phase half-wave controlled converter

The three gate pulses for three thyristors are displaced 1200 relative to each other. A thyristor can be
fired to conduct when its anode voltage is positive with respect to its cathode voltage. In case of
𝛼 ≤ 300 the voltages are shown

10
The rms output voltage is
5π
+α
3 6 3 3Vm
𝑉𝑑𝑐 = Vm sin ωt dωt = cos α
2𝜋 π
+α 2π
6

5π
+α
3 6 1 3
Vrms = Vm sin ωt 2 dωt = 3Vm + cos 2α
2π π
+α 6 8π
6

In case of 𝛼 > 300 the voltages are shown

The average output voltage is

π
3 3Vm π
𝑉𝑑𝑐 = Vm sin ωt dωt = 1 + cos + α
2𝜋 π
+α 2π 6
6

π
3 5 α 1 π
Vrms = Vm sin ωt 2 dωt = 3Vm − + sin + 2α
2π π
+α 24 4π 8π 3
6

Example
1. A three-phase half-wave controlled rectifier is operated from a three-phase Y-connected 208-V
(line-to-line voltage), 60Hz supply and the load resistance is R = 10 Ω. If the delay angle α = 15°,
sketch the waveforms of the output voltage, the output current, the thyristor current, the
source current of phase a, and the voltage across the thyristor connected to phase 𝑎. Calculate,
a) The average output voltage
b) The rms and average output currents

11
 c) The average and rms thyristor currents
d) The output power
Solution

3 − 𝑝𝑕, half wave controlled rectifier, VLL=208V, R=10Ω, 𝛼 = 150

From the output voltage waveform,

5𝜋 5𝜋
+𝛼 +𝛼
3 6 3 6
𝑉𝑜,𝑎𝑣 = 𝑉𝑎𝑛 sin 𝜔𝑡 𝑑𝜔𝑡 = 𝑉𝑚𝜙 sin 𝜔𝑡 𝑑𝜔𝑡
2𝜋 𝜋
+𝛼 2𝜋 𝜋
+𝛼
6 6

3 3 𝑉𝑚𝜙 3 3 𝑥169.83
𝑉𝑜,𝑎𝑣 = cos 𝛼 = cos 15 = 135.66𝑉
2𝜋 2𝜋
𝐼𝑜 ,𝑎𝑣 = 13.566𝐴

12
 5𝜋
𝛼+
3 6 2
𝑉𝑜,𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 𝑉𝑚𝜙 sin 𝜔𝑡 𝑑𝜔𝑡
2𝜋 𝛼+
𝜋
6

1 3 1 3
𝑉𝑜 ,𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 3𝑉𝑚𝜙 + cos 2𝛼 = 3𝑥169.83 + cos 2 𝑥15 = 140𝑉
6 8𝜋 6 8𝜋

𝐼𝑜 ,𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 14𝑉
𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝐼𝑜 ,𝑟𝑚𝑠 2 𝑅 = 1960𝑊
Thyristor current, take T1 for example,
5𝜋
𝛼+ 𝑉𝑚𝜙 sin 𝜔𝑡
1 6 𝐼𝑜 ,𝑎𝑣 13.566
𝐼𝑇1,𝑎𝑣 = 𝑑𝜔𝑡 = = = 4.522𝐴
2𝜋 𝛼+
𝜋 𝑅 3 3
6
𝐼𝑜 ,𝑟𝑚𝑠 14
𝐼𝑇1,𝑟𝑚𝑠 = = = 8.08𝐴
3 3
2. Repeat problem (1) for a resistive load R = 15 Ω and a delay angle α = 60°.

𝜋 3𝑉𝑚𝜙
3 𝜋 3𝑥169.83 𝜋 𝜋
𝑉𝑜,𝑎𝑣 = 𝑉𝑚𝜙 sin 𝜔𝑡 𝑑𝜔𝑡 = 1 + cos + 𝛼 = 1 + cos +
2𝜋 𝜋
+𝛼 2𝜋 6 2𝜋 6 3
6

= 81.08𝑉
𝑉𝑜,𝑎𝑣 81.08
𝐼𝑜 ,𝑎𝑣 = = = 5.405𝐴
𝑅 15
𝜋
3 2
5 𝛼 1 𝜋
𝑉𝑜,𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 𝑉𝑚𝜑 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜔𝑡 𝑑𝜔𝑡 = 3𝑉𝑚𝜑 − + sin + 2𝛼
2𝜋 𝜋
+𝛼 24 4𝜋 8𝜋 3
6

13
 5 1 1 𝜋 2𝜋
= 3 169.83 − + sin + = 104𝑉
24 12 8𝜋 3 3
𝑉𝑜,𝑟𝑚𝑠
𝐼𝑜 ,𝑟𝑚𝑠 = = 6.93𝐴
𝑅
𝐼𝑜 ,𝑎𝑣 5.405
𝐼𝑇1,𝑎𝑣 = = = 1.8𝐴
3 3
𝐼𝑜 ,𝑟𝑚𝑠 6.93
𝐼𝑇1,𝑟𝑚𝑠 = = = 4𝐴
3 3
𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝐼𝑜 ,𝑟𝑚𝑠 2 𝑅 = 6.932 𝑥15 = 720.37𝑊
3. Repeat problem (1) if the load is highly inductive with a resistance R = 10 Ω in series with a
battery E = -100 V, and the delay angle α = 120°.

5𝜋 5𝜋
𝛼+ 𝛼+
3 6 3 6 3 3
𝑉𝑜,𝑎𝑣 = 𝑣𝑎𝑛 sin 𝜔𝑡 𝑑𝜔𝑡 = 𝑉𝑚𝜑 sin 𝜔𝑡 𝑑𝜔𝑡 = 𝑉 cos 𝛼
2𝜋 𝛼+
𝜋 2𝜋 𝛼+
𝜋 2𝜋 𝑚𝜑
6 6

3 3
𝑉𝑜,𝑎𝑣 = 𝑥169.83 cos 120 = −70.22𝑉
2𝜋
𝑉𝑜 ,𝑎𝑣 − 𝐸 −70.22 + 100
𝐼𝑜 ,𝑎𝑣 = = = 2.98𝐴
𝑅 10
𝐼𝑜 ,𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 𝐼𝑜 ,𝑎𝑣
𝐼𝑜 ,𝑎𝑣
𝐼𝑇1,𝑎𝑣 = = 0.992𝐴
3

14
 𝐼𝑜 ,𝑟𝑚𝑠
𝐼𝑇1,𝑟𝑚𝑠 = = 1.72𝐴
3
𝑇 𝑇
1
𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑃𝑜,𝑎𝑣 = 𝑖𝑜2 𝑅 𝑑𝑡 + 2
𝑖𝑜 (−𝐸) 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑖𝑜,𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑅 − 𝐼𝑜 ,𝑎𝑣 𝐸
𝑇 0 0

𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 2.982 𝑥10 − 2.98𝑥100 = −209.2𝑊

4. Repeat problem (3) if a freewheeling diode is connected across the load.

𝜋 3𝑉𝑚𝜑
3 𝜋 3 169.83 2𝜋 𝜋
𝑉𝑜,𝑎𝑣 = 𝑉 sin 𝜔𝑡 𝑑𝜔𝑡 =
𝜋 𝑚𝜑
1 + cos 𝛼 + = 1 + cos +
2𝜋 𝛼+ 2𝜋 6 2𝜋 3 6
6

= 10.87A
𝑉𝑜,𝑎𝑣 − 𝐸 10.87 + 100
𝐼𝑜 ,𝑎𝑣 = = = 11.09𝐴
𝑅 10
𝐼𝑜 ,𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 𝐼𝑜 ,𝑎𝑣 = 11.09𝐴
𝜋
1 𝐼𝑜 ,𝑎𝑣 𝜋 11.09 2𝜋 𝜋
𝐼𝑇1,𝑎𝑣 = 𝐼𝑜 ,𝑎𝑣 𝑑𝜔𝑡 = 𝜋−𝛼− = 𝜋− − = 0.924𝐴
2𝜋 𝛼+
𝜋 2𝜋 6 2𝜋 3 6
6

𝜋
1 2 1 2𝜋 𝜋 1
𝐼𝑇1,𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 𝐼
𝜋 𝑜 ,𝑎𝑣
𝑑𝜔𝑡 = 𝐼𝑜 ,𝑎𝑣 𝜋− − = 11.09 = 3.2𝐴
2𝜋 𝛼+ 2𝜋 3 6 12
6

𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 11.092 𝑥10 − 11.09𝑥100 = 120.9𝑊

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