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Strengthening of Self-Compacting R. C. Flanged Deep Beams Involving Large

Openings by CFRP Sheets

Preprint · January 2019

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.31636.35207

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 Strengthening of Self-Compacting R. C. Flanged Deep Beams Involving
Large Openings by CFRP Sheets

Qasim M. Shakir1, Yahya M. Yahya2

1,2
Department of Civil Engineering, University of Kufa, Najaf, Iraq.

Abstract

In this research work, an experimental study has been conducted to investigate the efficiency of
strengthening of self-compacting reinforced concrete t-deep beams with openings by CFRP sheets. Square
openings with sizes of (150*150) mm were introduced. Two locations have been considered (flush to flange and at
lowest possible location). Nine beams have been tested, one was solid as a control; whereas eight others with
openings, two of them were non-strengthethed and six were strengthened with three different configurations. A
nonlinear analysis was achieved using the ANSYS14 software, to verify the validity of the present material model.
The comparison of results was based on the load-deflection curves, cracking load, ultimate loads and cracking
patterns. Also, the theoretical study was extended to include some parameters that are expected to have a
significant influence on the response of such members as opening location, concrete strength, and flange width of
the beam. The parametric study showed that there was an improvement in the ultimate load capacity by about
(59%) when the grade of concrete increased from (30 t0 50),while it was showed that when the fc increased from
50 to 90 there was improvement in the ultimate load capacity by about (12)%.

Keywords: Tee-deep beams, strengthening with CFRP sheets, nonlinear analysis, large openings

1. Introduction
ACI Code defines deep beams as those, "have a clear span to total depth less than four, or the shear span to effective
depth less than two, and should be loaded on the top face and supported on the bottom face. Therefore, the compression
struts can develop between the loads and support points "[1]. Reinforced concrete deep beams have many useful
applications, particularly in tall buildings, foundations and offshore structures[2]. The construction of high-rise concrete
structures increased dramatically through the last few decades because of the increased population density, lack of spaces,
urban development and others. Thus, attention on the structural behavior of deep beam increased accordingly.
Usually, services like electrical installations, pipe lines and networks, telephone and heating or cooling ducts are
placed underneath floors, then are covered by a suspended ceiling[3] . This produces additional dead loads and increase the
building height. Therefore, there is a need to reduce the height of the multi-story buildings based on the limitations of the
building height restrictions, which imposed on the buildings [4].
The height of story can be minimized by using of web opening. Thus, incorporating openings in floor beams will
reduce such problems [4]. However, existence of opening in the web of a deep beam could be the reason of unexpected
weakening in the capacity of shear because of concentration of stress of the opening corners and interruption of the path of
load (compressive strut). Accordingly, the design of such beams needs special consideration.
Opening have been classified with respect to size, as large or small. Circular opening was considered large when its
diameter larger (1/4) times than the beam web depth [4]. Mansur and Hasnat [5] defined the square and circular opening as
small when depth is less than the overall depth of beam about approximately 40%. Mansur and Tan [6] classified an opening
as a small if the normal beam theory is applicable or the opening depth should not exceed than 50% of the overall depth of
the beam.
Openings can be classified according to the stage of construction into two types; pre-planned and post-planned . Pre-
planned opening is that located during the design stage, before construction. Some steel bars are added around the opening.
As internal strengthening [7],[8]. Whereas the post-planned opening, introduced beyond construction to pass building
services through beams. For such cases, external strengthening by FRP products [9], steel jacketing or any other suitable
method, around opening, should be adopted. Many studies discussed shear and flexural strengthening with CFRP sheets [10],
[11], 12].[13]. In the other side a few researches had been achieved about T-deep beams without opening [14] .
Several studied had been conducted on the behavior of simply supported deep beams with rectangular openings [15]
[16], some considered circular opening [17], [18]. Several parameters have been investigated such as effect of shear span,
size and location of opening and the inclined reinforcement around openings. Some studies investigated continuous deep
beams with opening [19], [20]
As mentioned that in the system of the slab-beam-girder, the beams are cast monolithically with the slab. So, a portion
of the slab is considered to be as a flange of the beam in each side. Thus, the cast in place deep beams will introduce T-deep
beam. Most of the studies considered deep beams neglected the flanges and considered the rectangular section only. In such
cases, sheets are wrapped around the section of the beam. However, when the beam is built integrally with the slab above,
wrapping process may be restricted. Furthermore, opening may be introduced within the shear span and some of
reinforcement may be broken when openings are produced. In addition, some theoretical studies reported that the inclusion
wings of the beam might enhance their performance [25]. Therefore, a new procedure have to be used that allow sheets to
stand as stirrups and to reinforce the opening. This procedure was based on installing the CFRP around the web, then passing
it through holes drilled within the slab and filled with epoxy.
In the present work, experimental tests have been conducted to study the effect of introducing large opening on the
shear span of T-deep beams and checking the range of efficiency of the suggested strengthening method on the behavior. In
addition, a finite element analysis has been conducted using ANSYS14 software. A comparison between results has been
made to calibrate to material models adopted in this study. In addition, a parametric study was achieved to investigate the
range of influence of several variables that may affect the performance of the tee-deep beams.

2. Experimental Program
2.1. Details of the test specimens

Nine T-deep beams specimens were tested up to failure. One specimen is solid as control whereas the others with
(150*150) mm square openings. Two locations of openings are considered which are flush to the flange(Y=0) and bottom
location within the web (Y=75). The center of all openings is 300 mm from the nearest edge; (i.e. X1=375mm). Dimensions
and detailing of a typical specimen are shown in Fig. 1. All of the tested beams having (a/d=1) to conform to the definition of
ACI318-14 [1] for deep beams. Compressive strength values of concrete with a 28 day have been 48.5 MPa.
3

Fig. 1 Detail for a typical flanged deep beams

2.2. Material Properties

a. Cement

In this study, ordinary Portland cement (Type I) manufactured by (KAR) company was used. Chemical and Physical
tests are done to check the conformity with the Iraqi Specifications (IQ.S. 5/1984)[21]. The results are shown in Tables (1)
and (2) respectively.

Table 1-Chemical Composition of Cement

Compound Composition Chemical Composition % by Weight Specification Limit[21]

Lime CaO 62.20 -
Silica SiO2 22.42 -
Alumina Al2O3 2.1 -
Iron oxide Fe2O3 4.4 -
Magnesia MgO 2.40 5.0 (Max.)
Sulfate SO3 2.40 2.8 (Max.)
Loss on ignition L.O.I. 3.4 4.0 (Max.)
Insoluble residue I.R. 0.99 1.5 (Max.)
Lime saturation factor L.S.F. 0.87 (0.66-1.02)

b. Water

Clean tap water was used for concrete mixing, washing sand and gravel particles, and curing for all specimens.

c. Fine Aggregate

The Natural locally available sand was used as a fine aggregate. Sieve test was achieved to check that the grading
satisfies the Iraqi Specification (I.O.S 45/1984) zone (2) [22]. Table (3) shows the results of test.

Table 2-Physical Properties of the Cement

Physical property Test result Specification Limit[21]

Fineness ( Blaine) (m2/kg) 320 ≥ 230
Compressive 3-day (MPa) 21.5 ≥ 15
 strength 7-day( MPa ) 31.2 ≥ 23
Initial (min.) 110 ≥ 45
Setting time Final (min.) 250 ≤ 600

Table (3) sieve analysis of Fine Aggregate

Seive size Percent of passing % Iraqi specification[22]

10mm 100 100
4.75mm 94 90-100
2.36mm 89.9 75-100
1.18mm 6.8 55-90
600µm 39.9 35-59
300µm 15.8 8-30
150µm 3 0-10

d. Coarse Aggregate

The Locally natural gravel with a maximum size of 19 mm was used as a Coarse Aggregate.. The sieve analysis of
coarse aggregate with the limits of Iraqi Specification I.O.S 45/1984[22] are given in Table (4).

Table (4) sieve analysis of Coarse Aggregate

Sieve size Percent of passing% Iraqi specifications[22]

19mm 100 100

14mm 98 100
10mm 89 85-100
5mm 18 0-25

e. Limestone Powder

The grinded limestone in the form of white powder, locally known as “Al-Gubra”, was used as a filler material. It has a
good fineness and with extremely low cost if compared with silica fume.

f. Superplasticizer

The product with the commercial name (GLENIUM 54) that was produced and provided by BASF was used to
improve workability, flow ability and reduce the water content of the mix. The technical description of this Superplasticizer
as provided by the manufacturer is shown in Table (5).

Table (5) the Superplasticizer properties (Glenium 54)

Chemical Base Based on modified carboxylic ether polymer

Appearance / colors Whitish to yellowish colored liquid
Density 1.07 g/cm3, (at+20° C)
PH Value 5-8
Dosage 0.5-2.5 liters per 100 kg of cement
5

g. Steel Reinforcing Bars

Two sizes of steel reinforcement were used in the present work. Bars of diameter of 16mm with yield stress and
ultimate strength of 550MPa and 600MPa were used as main reinforcement. In addition, bars of 8 mm having yield stress and
ultimate strength of 509MPa and 677MPa respectively were considered as a mesh reinforcement within the flange .in this
work no stirrup reinforcement was used. The values given above were the average of tests for three samples. The tests were
conducted by the Quality Control Laboratory in the University of Kufa.

h. Carbon Fiber Reinforced polymer (CFRP) strip

The CFRP sheets used in the present work was Sika Wrap® 301-C having thickness of 0.167mm. Material properties
as provided by the manufacturer were 230 GPa and 4900MPa for the elastic modulus and tensile strength respectively [23].

i. Epoxy Resin

The Impregnating resin used to fix the CFRP sheets on the concrete surfaces was Sikadur®-330. It composed of two
components (A:4 &B:1) with white and grey colors respectively. Material propertied of the Epoxy as provided by the
manufacturer where 30MPa and 4.5GPa for the tensile strength and elastic modulus respectively [24].

2.3. Self -Compacting Concrete Mix Proportions

Several trials of mixture were conducted in the structural laboratory of Kufa University to achieve the designed
concrete compressive strength and to meet the requirements of the self – compacting concrete. In addition, to satisfy the fresh
properties of the SCC, the mix had been designed according to the ACI R237-07[25]. Table (6) lists the proportion of the
final SCC mix per (1 m3). Cement, Gubra (limestone dust), fine and coarse aggregate are measured in Kg whereas water and
Glenium are measured by (liter)

Table (6) SCC mix proportion (per m3).

Material Cement Coarse Aggregate Fine Aggregate Water Limestone Glenum 54 W/c

Amount 400 780 962 128 75 4.8 32%

To verify the passing ability, the ability of the criteria filling and the resistance of segregation, it should be made trials
mixes and then the composition of mix must be adjusted until meeting all of the requirements and achieving the ability of
self-compact that was obtained by evaluating tests of the fresh concrete.

Table (6) Test result of SCC.

Test Result Limits of ACI 237-R07[25]

Slump flow 600 (450-760) mm

T500 2.4 2-5 sec

Difference between J-ring flow and slump flow must be not

J-Ring 561
exceed 50 mm

Stability (Column segregation) 9.2% Less than 10%.

2.4. CFRP Strengthening Systems

The strengthening of specimens was selected carefully depended on the cracks pattern of control beam, the field
conditions and practical needs. In the program of research, six T-deep beams were strengthened with three configurations of
(CFRP) sheets as shown in Fig. 5, and listed in Table (7). The controls specimens were tested initially, the modes of failure
are discussed and the propagation of the cracks was mentioned. The first type proposed of strengthening was installed, tested
and the mode of failure was observed. Then, the second strengthening was suggested, and so on.

Table (7) configurations of strengthening

Strengthening system Details

R1 Three CFRP strips of 50 mm width with a Jacket for the bottom cord of the opening.

R2 R1+ strengthening of the internal face of the opening.

R1+2 inclined strips and replace the jacket bottom cord of opening with two strip 50 mm
R3
width

Fig. 2 strengthening configurations adopted in the present work

2.5. Test setup

A universal testing machine at the structural Laboratory University of Kufa, with a maximum capacity of 2000 KN is
used to achieve the required tests. The test specimens were loaded with two-point static loads that distributed across the width
of the flange. The load was applied in successive increments up to failure. The crack development in the concrete beams was
traced. In addition, the cracking load was monitored and crack width was measured.

3. Experimental Results

The results of the experimental work of 9 T–deep beam tested in the present work are shown and discussed. Several
variables that expected to affect the performance of such members have been considered. Location of the opening and the
strengthening configurations with CFRP strips. The investigation included monitoring the mid-span deflection, crack
patterns, the ultimate load,

The load mid-span deflection curves for the strengthened beams with bottom openings against the solid one are shown
in Fig. 4. It can be seen that the strengthening configurations designated by R1 and R2 yielded the best results. Fig. 3 shows
the load-deflection curves for specimens with top openings against the solid beam. It clear the strengthening configuration
designated as R3 yielded the best load capacity. Comparing between Fig. 3 and Fig. 4; it can be easily concluded that that it
is better to locate the openings flushed with the slab. In addition, if some strengthening is needed during the service period, it
is expected that the strengthening by CFRP sheets may produce better results than if the openings were located closer to the
7

tensile steel of the beam. Table (8) shows the crack and ultimate loads for the tested specimens. It can be seen that the
cracking load for the solid beam was about 33% .But, when openings were introduced this ratio dropped to 13%. With
strengthening about the openings, noticeable enhancement was observed that cracking load was improved to become of 22%
of the failure load.

Fig. 3 Load deflection curves for beams Fig. 4 Load deflection curves for beams with
with Bottom openings openings flushed with flange

Table (8) Cracking and ultimate Loads for the Beam Specimens

Specimens c solid csto csbo R1csto R1csbo R2csto R2csbo R3csto R3csbo
Crack Load (KN) 260 55 50 115 110 120 115 120 115

Ultimate Load (KN) 700 394 360 510 435 500 435 540 430

4. Finite element Modeling

4.1. Material Model

In compression, stress-strain curve for concrete was represented as an elasto-plastic work hardening path. Then plastic
response ended by crushing. In tension, tension-stiffening model is proposed. Such behaviors are depicted in Fig. 5., The
reinforcing bars was assumed to have a be-linear stress-strain behavior. While, CFRP sheets was represented as a linear
behavior.


 u

(a) In compression (b) In tension

Fig. 5 Behavior of concrete

 4.2. Finite element model

By benefit from the symmetry, a quarter of the beam is modelled. This approach significantly reduces the required
computer disk space and the time computation of the mesh density. Mesh description and boundary condition are shown in
Fig. 6.

(a) simulation of boundary conditions (b) Sketch for a quarter of the beam
Fig. 6 Detail for a typical flanged deep beams

The concrete was modelled using hexahedral element (SOLID65). Eight nodes defined this element and each node has
three degrees of freedom. The bearing plates and strengthening were modelled using brick element (SOLID185). Eight nodes
defined this element and each node has three degrees of freedom. The longitudinal steel bars and ties were modelled using
(LINK180). Two nodes defined this element and each node has three degrees of freedom. A four node SHELL 41 element
was used to model CFRP sheet.

5. Verification of the Finite Element Results

5.1. Load-Deflection Results

The load mid-span deflection curves obtained then rely are sketched against these recorded from the experimental
loads and the results are shown in Fig. 7 to Fig. 15. It can be seen that the results of numerical analysis for most of the beams
including openings seem to be stiffer than experimental ones in the early stages of loading. This may be due to the initial
micro cracks, which produced by the drying shrinkage in concrete; these cracks would reduce the actual beam stiffness. If we
but in mind ,the concrete is a heterogeneous material This agreement gives high dependability of the material model of
reinforced concrete to represent self-compacting concrete and it can be used in study the behavior of specimens of full scale
or with complex geometry that hardly to be tested experimentally.
9

Fig. 7 load-deflection curves for the specimen Fig. 8 load-deflection curves for the specimen csto
csolid

Fig. 9 load-deflection curves for the specimen Fig.10 load-deflection curves for the specimen
csbo R1csto

Fig.11 Load deflection curves for the specimen Fig.12 Load deflection curves for the specimen
R1csbo R2csto
 Fig.13 Load deflection curves for the specimen R2csbo Fig.14 Load deflection curves for the specimen R3csbo

Fig.15 Load deflection curves for the specimen R3csto

Table (9) shows the value of failure load obtained experimental and theoretical for the tested beam. Good agreement
between the experimental and theoretical results can be concluded.

Table (9) Ultimate Load and deflection for test beam

Specimens c solid csto csbo R1csto R1csbo R2csto R2csbo R3csto R3csbo

Failure Experimental 700 394 360 510 435 500 435 540 430
Load Theoretical 653 347 352 500 433 500 449 519 440

5.2. Crack Patterns

To check efficiency of ANSYS software to trace cracking propagation, the cracking pattern for the nine specimens are
estimated and compared with those traced experimentally. Fig. 16 show the cracking patterns for some of the tested beams.
Each figure consists of two parts, theoretical and experimental. It can be easily noticed that there is a good agreement
11

between the results and the first crack for the solid beam initiated at mid-span, whereas for all beams with openings the first
crack initiated at the far bottom corner. Fig. 17 shows the crack patterns for the specimens csto and csbo. Moreover, It clear
that the highest intensity of cracks occurred for the solid specimen. This emphasizing that the solid deep beam yields the
highest load capacity.

Figure (16) The experimental and predicted theoretical crack pattern of the control specimens

(a) specimen csto

(b) Specimen csbo

Fig.17 Crack pattern of the specimens csto and csbo

Fig. 18 shows the cracking pattern for the strengthened specimens R1csto and R1csbo. A Comparison between the
cracking patterns for the non-strengthened and strengthened specimens reveals that the strengthening method adopted was
effective.

(a)Specimen R1csto
 (b)Specimen R1csbo

Fig. 18 Crack pattern of the specimens R1csto and R1csbo

As it is known, that deep beams can be analyzed by several methods. The most widely used were the STM model and
the PCI method. However, for more complicated problems, as inclusion of openings and deep beams with flanges. Such
situations and others make the application of the two methods more complex. Therefore, the good agreement between the
traced and estimated cracking patterns for the solid specimen emphasis the effectiveness of the three dimensional finite
element software (ANSYS). Thus, it may be adopted as a powerful tool to estimate the cracking pattern for similar problems.
In addition, it can be used to determine the optimum method of strengthening, to be used, optimum location and direction of
openings.

6. Parametric Study

Due to the previous comparison between the finite element model adopted in the present work with the reference
experimental results, the study is extended to include more variables that didn’t considered experimentally and are expected
to have some influence on the behavior of the Tee-deep beams. Such variables are opening location within the shear span,
flange width and grade of concrete.

6.1. Location of Opening

To determine the optimum location of openings location on the behavior of T-deep beam, the square opening
(100*100) mm was relocated several times within the shear span zone as shown in Fig. 19. Results listed in Table (10)
indicate that the best locations are (P1 and P5) that are located outside the load path. Locations (P4) and (P2) produced the
lowest capacity because they are close to the concentrated loads. It can be concluded that it is better to locate openings
outside the most expected path of the diagonal crack (the load path) as possible. In addition, if the opening to be produced
has to be close to the concentrated load or reactions, the optimum location is the farthest one in vertical direction. However,
if we are compelled to set the opening mid-distance between the load and reaction, results state the location (P3) is the best
otherwise the top location as obtained experimentally.

P1 P4
P3
P2 P5

Fig. 19 The possible location of opening within the shear span

13

Table (10) the load for the different locations of opening

Opening location P1 P2 P3 P4 P5

Estimated failure load (KN) 545 411 468 413 550

% of P3 location 116% 87% 100% 88% 118%

6.2. Flange width (bf)

In most cases, deep (or in general beams) are cast monolithically with the slab .Bust most of the previous studies
considered the behavior of deep beams neglected the slab .but, few other studies insured that inclusion some of the slab may
improve capacity . To investigate this aspect, two specimens have been considered. The solid one (csolid) and that with top
opening location (csto).for the solid opening. It can be seen that inclusion (140mm) both sides of the beam in analysis
improved the capacity by 61% with respect to the rectangular section. whereas, inclusion 360mm from both sides improved
the resistance by 76%.Also, it is obvious that introducing openings within the shear span increases significantly the effect of
slab and that inclusion 140mm both sides of beam improves the capacity by 64% whereas inclusion strips of 360mm results
in improving the capacity by 92%.

6.3. Concrete Compressive Strength

It is expected, that any enhancement of the quality of concrete may result in improving the performance of the structure
.on the other hand, using concrete mix of higher quality may increase the cost dramatically. thus, to study the effect of grade
of concrete the solid specimen is considered with three values of concrete strength(30,50 and 90)MPa.it can be seen from
Fig.19, that adopting grade of 50MPa rather than 30 MPa improve the capacity by 59%whereas adopting strength of 90
rather than 50 MPa led to enhancement in capacity by 12%. Therefore it is recommended to use high strength concrete not
more than 60 MPa, which can be produced easily with some dosage of plasticizers.

Fig. 20 Effect of flange width on the Beams Capacity

 Fig. 21 Effect of compressive Strength of concrete on the capacity of the specimen csolid

7. Conclusions
The comparison between the results of the experimental program and the F.E. analysis showed the validity of the result
model adopted in the present work to simulate the behavior of the flange deep beams have openings strengthening by CFRP
sheets in the present work. The behavior and the ultimate load of the strengthened deep beam with web openings depend on
the interruption of the load path. Where the opening located away from the load path recorded higher ultimate load than these
located on the load path. Where the maximum increased of the ultimate load was in specimen (P5) by about (37) % with
respect to specimen with opening located on the load path (P2).

It was found that the shear capacity was improved when the deep beams where considered to be of the flanged section,
where the shear capacity was higher than that in the rectangular cross section by about (61%) for solid specimen with flange
of 440 mm and about (15%) for specimen with flange of 880 mm. Furthermore, the parametric study showed that the ultimate
load capacity was improved by about (59%) when the (fc’) increased from (30 t0 50). Whereas, it was showed that when the
fc increased from 50 to 90 there was an improvement in the ultimate load capacity by about (12%). Regarding the location of
opening, the optimum location of the openings in T-deep beams is that flushed with the flange, while for rectangular deep
beam, some previous studies, reported that the optimum location was as low as possible away from the flange.

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15

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