EE206 – ELECTROMECHANICS LAB

Lab Report
Experiment 4: To study the magnetization and
load characteristics of a separately excited DC
generator

Course Instructors: -
Dr. Saifullah Payami and Dr. A.V. Ravi Teja
Department of Electrical Engineering Indian
Institute of Technology, Ropar

Submitted By: - (Group 3)

Dinesh 2020EEB1166
Rahul Chaudhary 2020EEB1195
Ravish Badgujar 2020EEB1196
Prashant Hansda 2020EEB1192
.

Date: 22 February, 2022

Report content…….
1. Objective of the experiment
2. Overview
3. Circuit diagram
4. Equipment
5. Observations
6. Calculations
7. Precautions
8. Conclusions
1. Objective of the experiment
• To determine the Magnetization Characteristic of a separately excited DC generator.

• To determine the Load Characteristic of a separately excited DC generator.

2. Overview
Magnetization Characteristics
An important relation essential in the determination of DC generator performance is the relation
between field current or field ampere-turns and armature emf. The resulting curve at the desired
speedis the magnetization characteristic or the open-circuit characteristics (O.C.C.). The
magnetization characteristics at several different speeds can be obtained from any one
characteristic by recognizing that the voltage is directly proportional to speed for a fixed flux or
field current.

Load Characteristics
The load characteristic of a DC generator at a particular speed is the relationship between the
armature voltage of the generator and its load current at the rated speed and field current.

3. Equipment needed:

Name of the Range Quantity

Equipment

KVA = 12.1
Input V = 415V
Three Phase Variac detail 01
Output V = 0 - 470V
Current = 15A

DC Voltmeter 0 - 250V 02
DC Ammeter 0 - 1 - 2A 02
DC Ammeter 0 - 10 - 20A 02
Three Phase Rectifier NILL 01
Variable Resistor 470Ω - 2.5A 02
Name plate details:

Name of the Range Quantity

Equipment
Type = Shunt
KW = 3.7, RPM = 1500
DC Motor 01
ARM = 220V, ARM = 20A
Field = 220V, Field = 2A

Type = Shunt
KW = 3.5, RPM = 1500
DC Generator 01
ARM = 220V, ARM = 16A
Field = 220V, Field = 2A

4. Circuit diagram:

5. Observations:
• O.C.C. of DC Generator (at rated speed)
Rated speed = 1500 rpm

Ifg (A) Vag (V)

0.04 12
0.1 34
0.2 64
0.3 90
0.4 118
0.5 140
0.6 158
0.8 186
1.0 200
1.4 220
2 240
1.4 223
1.0 204
0.8 188
0.6 161
0.4 120
0.2 67
0.1 37
0.04 18
0 4

Magnetization Characteristics
300

250

200
Vag (V)

150

100

50
Decreasing Voltage
Increasing Voltage
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
Ifg (A)
• O.C.C. of DC Generator (at rated field current)
Rated Ifg = 2 A

N (rpm) Vag (V)

200 30
400 64
600 94
800 126
1000 156
1200 188
1400 220
1500 236
1400 220
1200 188
1000 156
800 126
600 94
400 64
200 30

Vag (V) vs N
250 236
220

200 188

156
150
Vag (V)

126

94
100
64

50 30

0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600
N (rpm)
• Load test of DC Generator
Rated Ifg = 2 A
Rated speed = 1500 rpm

Load Current (Iag) Vag (V) Vam (V) Iam (A)

(A)
1.4 220 220 1.8
2.4 216 220 2.7
3.4 214 220 3.6
4.2 212 223 4.5
5 208 225 5.5
5.9 206 228 6.3
6.7 204 232 7.2

Load Test Characteristics

222
220
220

218
216
216
214
214
212
Vag (V)

212

210
208
208
206
206
204
204

202
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Iag (A)

• Measurement of Winding Resistances

a. Armature Winding:
 Vag Iag (A)

10 8.8

16 12

𝛥𝑉𝑎𝑔 16 − 10
𝑅𝑎 = = = 1 ⋅ 875 𝛺
𝛥𝐼𝑎𝑔 12 − 8 ⋅ 8

b. Field Winding:

Vfg (V) Ifg (A)

107 1

160 1.5

𝛥𝑉𝑓𝑔 160 − 107

𝑅f = = = 106𝛺
𝛥𝐼𝑓𝑔 1.5 − 1

• Induced Armature Voltage v/s Load Current:

Load Current (Iag)(A) Vag (V) Iag*Ra V(A-AA)g (V)

1.4 220  
2.4 216  
3.4 214  
4.2 212  
5 208  
5.9 206  
6.7 204  
 V(A-AA)g v/s Iag
225 V(A-AA)g (V)
222.625
Vag (V)
220 220.5 220.375 219.875
220
217.375 217.062 216.562
216
214
215
V(A-AA)g (V)

212

210 208
206
204
205

200
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Iag (A)

6. Precautions:
1. The power should be turned on when the circuit is checked completely.
2. Connecting leads should be perfectly insulated.
3. Do not connect the load on the generator side.
4. Residual voltage should be taken under no field current
5. The field rheostat of the motor should be in minimum resistance position at the time
of starting to start the machine from minimum speed.
6. The field rheostat of the generator should be in maximum resistance position at
thetime of starting and stopping the machine.
7. Firstly, turn on the field current, thenarmature voltage of the motor.

7. Conclusions:
1. The provided data was analyzed and utilized for various characteristics.

2. Terminal characteristics, OCC and internal characteristics (induced emf vs load

current)were plotted, and observations were made.

3. The characteristics obtained were consistent with the theory studied.

4. Magnetization Characteristics: At a constant speed, when the field current is increased from zero,
the flux and hence the induced emf increases. The values of induced emf corresponding to the field
current is measured and tabulated. From the tabulation, a graph is drawn with field current as the x-
axis and generated emf as the y-axis.
 From the observed graph, it is seen that the increase in field current increases the emf induced.
When the poles get saturated, the increase in field current does not increase the flux (knead point)
and thus the emf induced also remains constant, and hence we obtain a hysteresis curve.

Different curves can be obtained for different speeds. For higher speeds, the emf induced will be
more due to a direct proportionality between emf and speed.

5. Load Test Characteristics: When a generator is loaded from no load to full load, the armature
current or load current increases steadily and reaches the rated current. At this loaded condition, the
armature reaction and armature resistance will come into effect, thereby causing the voltage to drop.

Since, EMF induced is proportional to the flux generated, the negative MMF due to armature
reaction (proportional to Iag) decreases the net flux produced, which in turn reduces the induced
armature voltage. This effect becomes more pronounced for higher load currents which is why we
observe a decreasing curve.

6. Armature Voltage v/s Load Current Characteristics: Due to the effect of armature reaction, the
curve has a convex continuously decreasing nature due to increase in armature current along with
armature reaction.

Although, the curve will still lie above the load test curve since we added the voltage loss due to
armature resistance to the terminal voltage, to obtain the induced EMF.