INDIAN

INDIAN INSTITUTE
INSTITUTE OF
OF TECHNOLOGY ROPAR
DEPARTMENT
DEPARTMENT OF
OF ELECTRICAL
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
ENGINEERING

*OVO
OF TEC*

ELECTRICAL
ELECTRICAL MACHINES
MACHINES
LAB
LAB MANUAL

EE
EE 206
206

Location – Electromechanics
Location — Electromechanics Laboratory
Laboratory

11
 PREFACE
PREFACE

The
The electrical
electrical machine
machine laboratory
laboratory is
is intended
intended specifically
specifically to
to meet
meet the
the needs
needs of
of

modern
modern courses
courses in
in electrical
electrical machines.
machines. It is
Itis used
used at
at undergraduate
undergraduate level for studying
level for the
studying the

characteristics
characteristics and
and operation
operation of
of single-phase
single-phase and
and 3-phase
3-phase transformer,
transformer, DC,
DC, induction,
induction,

and
and synchronous
synchronous machines.
machines. The
The subjects
subjects that
that are
are covered
covered in
in this
this manual
manual include:
include: open
open
circuit
circuit and
and short
short circuit
circuit tests
tests on
on 1-phase
I-phase transformer,
transformer, determining
determining the
the parameters
parameters and
and
performance
performance characteristics
characteristics of
of transformers,
transformers, connections
connections of
of a
a 3-phase transformer,
3-phase transformer,
characteristics
characteristics of
of dc
dc motors
motors and
and dc
dc generators
generators (separately
(separately excited),
excited), starting
starting methods,
methods,
speed
speed control
control and
and performance
performance of
of single
single and
and 3-phase
3-phase induction
induction motors,
motors, and finally the
and finally the
open
open circuit
circuit and
and short
short circuit
circuit tests
tests on
on synchronous
synchronous generator.
generator.

22
 SAFETY
SAFETY MEASURES

1. All safety
1. All safety precautions
precautions are to be
are to taken while
be taken while working
working in the laboratory
in the laboratory

2. Always wear
2. Always wear rubber
rubber sole
sole shoes while working
shoes while working in
in the
the laboratory.
laboratory. Do
Do not wear
not wear
slippers
slippers

3.
3. Do
Do not
not touch
touch any
any naked wire or
naked wire or terminal
terminal in the laboratory
in the laboratory

4. While
4. While performing
performing the
the experiment,
experiment, get the circuit
get the circuit checked
checked by
by a
a staff
staff member
member
before you switch
before you switch on the power
on the power supply
supply

5.
5. You will not
You will not be
be allowed
allowed to work alone
to work alone in
in the
the laboratory.
laboratory. A minimum
minimum of
of two
two
students
students are
are required
required to
to conduct
conduct any
any experiment
experiment

6.
6. Turn
Turn off
off all
all switches,
switches, clear
clear all
all loose wires on
loose wires your table
on your table before
before leaving the
leaving the
laboratory
laboratory

7.
7. In
In case
case of fire or
of fire or accident
accident press
press emergency/tripping
emergency/tripping switch
switch (Red
(Red Color)
Color) fitted
fitted

on
on the
the distribution
distribution box
box at
at each work table
each work table

8.
8. Use
Use CO
C022 fire
fire extinguisher
extinguisher in
in case
case of fire. Do
of fire. Do not
not use water
use water

9.
9. Be
Be careful
careful of
of metal
metal objects
objects on your body
on your body (Jewelry,
(Jewelry, Kada
Kada etc.)
etc.)

10.
10. Do
Do not wear loose
not wear loose clothes
clothes (Duppatta,
(Duppatta, Shawls etc.)
Shawls etc.)

11.
1 1 For
For extra
. extra time
time needed
needed inin case
case of
of incomplete work or
incomplete work or exam
exam preparation, take time
preparation, take time
slots from laboratory
slots from laboratory coordinator
coordinator

12.
12. In
In case
case of
of emergency, following are
emergency, following the important
are the important numbers:
numbers:

(a)
(a) Security
Security Office
Office 01881-242132
01881-242132

(b)
(b) Hospital
Hospital // Ambulance
Ambulance 01881-242124
01881-242124

33
 CONTENTS
CONTENTS

Preface
Preface ……………………………. 2
2

Safety
Safety Measures
Measures ………………………. 3
3

List
List of
of CYCLE-I
CYCLE-I experiments
experiments ………………… 5-31
5-31

1.
1. To
To determine
determine the the equivalent
equivalent circuit
circuit parameters
parameters of of a
a single-phase transformer,
single-phase transformer,
and its efficiency at full load for unity power factor
and its efficiency at full load for unity power factor
2.
2. Parallel
Parallel operation
operation of two single
of two single phase transformers
phase transformers
3.
3. To
To study three-phase transformer
study three-phase transformer connections
connections
4. To
4. To study the magnetization and load characteristics
study the magnetization and load characteristics of
of aa separately
separately excited
excited DC
DC
generator
generator
5.
5. To
To control
control the
the speed
speed of of aa DC
DC shunt
shunt motor
motor byby shunt
shunt field
field control,
control, and
and armature
armature
terminal voltage
terminal voltage control
control

List
List of
of CYCLE-II
CYCLE-II experiments
experiments ………………32-58
32-58

1.
1. Speed
Speed control
control of
of a
a 3-phase
3-phase induction
induction motor
motor using
using variable
variable frequency
frequency drive.
drive.
Torque-Speed
Torque-Speed characteristics
characteristics under
under constant
constant and
and variable
variable torque
torque loads with fixed
loads with fixed
V/f
V/f
2.
2. Performance
Performance evaluation
evaluation of
of Synchronous
Synchronous Generator:
Generator:

a)
a) Open
Open circuit
circuit characteristics
characteristics
b)
b) Short
Short circuit
circuit characteristics
characteristics
c)
c) Load tests
Load tests

3.
3. Synchronization
Synchronization of of aa Synchronous
Synchronous Machine
Machine toto the
the mains
mains and
and study
study the
the effect
effect of
of
field current
field current on
on power
power factor.
factor. Operation
Operation asas Synchronous
Synchronous motor
motor
4.
4. To
To perform
perform no-load,
no-load, blocked
blocked rotor tests on
rotor tests on 1-phase
I-phase induction
induction motor
motor (split
(split phase
phase
and
and capacitor
capacitor start)
start) and
and determine:
determine:

a.
a. The
The parameters for the
parameters for the equivalent
equivalent circuit
circuit
b.
b. Compute the performance of motor from
Compute the performance of motor the parameters
from the parameters and
and compare
compare
with experimental
with experimental results
results

5.
5. To
To perform
perform no-load,
no-load, blocked
blocked rotor
rotor tests
tests on
on 3-phase
3-phase squirrel
squirrel cage
cage induction
induction motor
motor
and write its
and write its equivalent
equivalent circuit
circuit referred to the
referred to the stator
stator

Appendix…………….
Appendix 59-61
59-61

4
4
EXP
EXP 1:
1: TO
TO DETERMINE
DETERMINE THE
THE EQUIVALENT
EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT
CIRCUIT PARAMETERS
PARAMETERS OF
OF
A SINGLE-PHASE
SINGLE-PHASE TRANSFORMER AND IT’SIT'S EFFICIENCY AT FULL
EFFICIENCY AT FULL
LOAD WITH UNITY
LOAD WITH UNITY POWER FACTOR
FACTOR

Motivation:
Motivation:

Insulation
Insulation considerations
considerations limit
limit the
the generation
generation voltage
voltage to to aa few
few kilovolts
kilovolts (~ 10
10 kV).
kV).
But
But in
in order to reduce
order to reduce the
the transmission
transmission losses,
losses, the
the electric
electric power
power isis transmitted
transmitted over
over
long
long distances
distances at at the
the highest
highest possible
possible voltage
voltage (220
(220 kV,
kV, 400 400 kV). Again due
kV). Again due to to
considerations
considerations of of safety,
safety, the
the power
power hashas to to be
be distributed
distributed to to the
the consumers
consumers at at much
much
lower
lower voltages.
voltages. Thus
Thus the
the considerations
considerations of of economy
economy and and safety
safety dictate that in
dictate that in a
a large
large
power system; generation, transmission, and distribution should be
power system; generation, transmission, and distribution should be done at different done at different
voltages.
voltages. InIn fact,
fact, the
the electric
electric power
power is is transformed
transformed several
several times from one
times from one voltage
voltage toto
another with the help of power transformers,
another with the help of power transformers, before before it
it is made available
is made available at the at the
consumer's terminals.
consumer's terminals.

To find the
To find the performance
performance of of large
large power transformers by
power transformers by direct
direct load test, a
load test, a huge
huge amount
amount
of
of energy
energy has has toto be wasted. Moreover,
be wasted. Moreover, it isis difficult
it to obtain
difficult to obtain aa suitable
suitable load
load large
large
enough
enough for for direct
direct loading.
loading. Thus for large
Thus for large power
power transformers,
transformers, thethe performance
performance
characteristics
characteristics (efficiency,
(efficiency, regulation
regulation etc.)
etc.) are
are computed
computed from from the
the knowledge
knowledge of of losses
losses
and
and equivalent
equivalent circuit
circuit parameters, which in
parameters, which turn are
in turn are determined
determined by by conducting
conducting simple
simple
tests like
tests like O.C.
O.C. and
and S.C. tests etc.
S.C. tests etc.

Objectives:
Objectives:

1.
1. To
To determine
determine the
the parameters
parameters ofof the
the equivalent
equivalent circuit
circuit of
of aa single
single phase
phase
transformer by
transformer by conducting
conducting open
open and
and short
short circuit tests.
circuit tests.

2.
2. To
To calculate
calculate the
the efficiency
efficiency as well as
as well as regulation
regulation ofof the
the transformer
transformer under
under given
given
load
load conditions
conditions (Unity
(Unity power factor).
power factor).

55
NAME PLATE
PLATE DETAILS
DETAILS OF
OF 1-
1- PHASE
PHASE TRANSFORMERS

Name
Name of the Equipment
of the Equipment Range
Range Quantity
Quantity

Main
Main Transformer
Transformer (T1)
(T 1) KVA=
KVA= 2.5,V
2.5,V PRI=115-
PRI=115- 01
01
230v,A
230v,A
PRI=10.8@230v,PH=1,V
SEC=115-230v,A
SEC=10.8A
SEC=10.8A

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Name
Name of the Equipment
of the Equipment Range
Range Quantity
Quantity

Single
Single Phase Variac
Phase Variac KVA=3.3
KVA=3.3 ,Input
,lnput 01
01
V=240v,Output V=0-
270v,Current
270v,Current =15A
=15A
Voltmeter
AC Voltmeter 0
o -250-500v
-250-500v 02
02
Ammeter
AC Ammeter 0-5-10A
0-5-1 OA 01
01
Ammeter
AC Ammeter 0-10-20A
0-10-20A 02
02
UPF Wattmeter
UPF Wattmeter 5-10A,150-300-600v
5-1 OA, 150-300-600v 02
02
LPF Wattmeter
LPF Wattmeter 1-2A,150-300-600v
1-2A, 150-300-600v 01
01

Theory:
Theory:

Fig.
Fig. 2.1
2.1 shows
shows an
an equivalent
equivalent circuit
circuit of
of a
a single-phase
single-phase transformer
transformer 1,1
1,1 and
and 2,2
2,2
denote
denote the
the terminals
terminals of
of the
the primary
primary andand secondary windings, respectively.
secondary windings, respectively. The
The
resistances
resistances and
and reactances
reactances in the circuit
in the circuit are
are defined
defined below:
below:

R1 Primary winding resistance

Primary winding resistance

R2 Secondary winding resistance

Secondary winding resistance

XL1
XLI Primary winding leakage
Primary winding leakage reactance
reactance

66
 XL2 Secondary winding leakage
Secondary winding leakage reactance
reactance

RM1 Resistance
Resistance representing
representing hysteresis
hysteresis and
and eddy
eddy current
current losses,
losses, referred to
referred to
the
the primary winding
primary winding

XM1
XMI Magnetizing
Magnetizing reactance
reactance referred to primary
referred to winding
primary winding

N1 Number
Number of turns in
of turns the primary
in the winding
primary winding

N2 Number
Number of turns in
of turns the secondary
in the winding
secondary winding

R M1 is
RMI is a
a fictitious
fictitious resistance
resistance representing
representing corecore losses
losses atat the
the rated
rated frequency
frequency and
and applied
applied
voltage.
voltage. The
The relationship
relationship between
between thethe magnetic flux in
magnetic flux in a
a transformer
transformer core
core and
and the
the MMF,
MMF,
which establishes
which establishes it, is
it, is nonlinear
nonlinear and
and is is given
given byby the
the B-H
B-H characteristics
characteristics of the core
of the core
material.
material. The
The nonlinearity
nonlinearity gives
gives rise
rise toto odd
odd harmonics
harmonics in in the
the magnetizing
magnetizing current.
current. The
The
predominant
predominant harmonic
harmonic is is the third. Its
the third. Its magnitude
magnitude can can bebe as
as much
much asas 40
40 % of
of that
that of the
of the
fundamental. XMI
fundamental. XM1 is
is a
a reactance
reactance toto represent
represent the
the relationship
relationship between
between the
the fundamental
fundamental
component
component of the magnetizing
of the magnetizing current
current and the magnetic
and the flux.
magnetic flux.

Ideal
Transformer
1 2

RMI

Fig.
Fig. 1.1 An equivalent
1.1 An equivalent circuit
circuit of
of a transformer
a transformer

The
The transformer
transformer equivalent
equivalent circuit
circuit parameters
parameters areare determined
determined through
through an
an open
open circuit
circuit

test and
test and a
a short
short circuit
circuit test
test involving
involving measurement
measurement of of impedance
impedance from
from one
one side
side of the
of the
transformer with
transformer with the
the other
other part
part open
open or
or short
short circuited.
circuited. Note that:
Note that:

77
The
The open
open circuit
circuit test
test should
should be performed at
be performed at the
the rated
rated voltage
voltage and
and the
the short
short
circuit
circuit test preferably, at
test preferably, at the
the rated
rated current
current of
of the
the transformer.
transformer. Both
Both the
the tests
tests should
should
be performed at
be performed at the
the rated
rated frequency.
frequency.

The
The equivalent
equivalent resistance
resistance R 1eq and
Rleq and the
the equivalent
equivalent leakage
leakage reactance X1eq of
reactance Xleq of
the transformer windings, both referred to the primary winding, are given
the transformer windings, both referred to the primary winding, are given byby

2
N 
2

R1eq  +  1  R2
R1 
¯ RI
 N2  (1.1)
(1.1)

2
 N1 
2

X 1eq  XLI + 
X L1   X L 2
 N2  (1.2)
(1.2)

Noting
Noting in in Fig.
Fig. 1.1
1.1 that XM1 and
that XMI and R M1 can
RMI can bebe moved
moved to to be
be across
across points
points 1,1
1,1

without causing
without causing significant
significant error,
error, the
the equivalent
equivalent circuit
circuit of
of Fig.
Fig. 1.1
1.1 can
can be
be reduced to
reduced to
that
that shown
shown in in Fig.
Fig. 1.2.
1.2. The
The equivalent
equivalent circuit
circuit of
of Figs.
Figs. 1.31.3 (a(a and
and b)b) are
are
approximations
approximations to the equivalent circuit of Fig. 1.2 and holds good for conditions of
to the equivalent circuit of Fig. 1.2 and holds good for conditions of
open and short circuit tests, respectively. The open and short circuit
open and short circuit tests, respectively. The open and short circuit impedances, Zocimpedances, Z OC

and Z
and Zsc,SC , respectively, can be measured by measuring the applied
respectively, can be measured by measuring the applied voltage, input voltage, input
current
current and and power
power drawn
drawn byby the
the transformer
transformer under
under conditions
conditions of of open
open and
and short
short
circuit
circuit tests.
tests.

Ideal
Transformer
1 2

RMI

Fig.
Fig. 1.2
1.2 Simplified
Simplified equivalent
equivalent circuit
circuit of transformer
of transformer

88
 R leg

1 1

zsc

1'

(a)

Fig.
Fig. 1.3
1.3 (a)
(a) Open-circuit
Open-circuit impedance
impedance and
and (b)
(b) Short-circuit
Short-circuit impedance.
impedance.

Procedure:
Procedure:

The
The experiment
experiment is to be
is to be performed
performed on
on a
a 2.5
2.5 KVA,
KVA, 230/115 V, single
230/115 V, single phase,
phase, 50
50 Hz
Hz
transformer.
transformer.

Open
Open Circuit
Circuit Test
Test

Warning: Do
Warning: Do not
not switch
switch ON the circuit
ON the till your
circuit till your instructor
instructor has
has checked
checked it. it.

1 2
com
pc
230 V, SO Hz
AC Supply

Variac

Fig.
Fig. 1.4
1.4 Set-up
Set-up for
for open-circuit test
open-circuit test

Set
Set up the circuit
up the circuit as
as shown
shown in in Fig.
Fig. 1.4.
1.4. Note
Note that
that the
the secondary
secondary terminals
terminals 2,2’
2,2'
are
are left
left open
open (Only
(Only a Voltmeter is
a Voltmeter to be
is to be connected).
connected). Use
Use a a 11 A range for ammeter
range for ammeter
and
and the
the current
current coil
coil of wattmeter, and
of wattmeter, and 300
300 VV range
range for
for the
the potential
potential coil
coil of wattmeter.
of wattmeter.
Adjust the
Adjust the input
input voltage
voltage to transformer to
to transformer to 230 V using
230 V using the
the variac.
variac. Note
Note down
down thethe
meter
meter readings.
readings. Let VOC, Iloc
Let Voc, OC and WOC be
and Woc be the
the applied voltage, primary
applied voltage, primary current
current and
and input
input
power,
power, respectively.
respectively. Then,
Then,

= (VO
VOC  /WOC
2
RM 1  WOC (1.3)
(1.3)

X M 1  VOC / (10
I OC  
2
WOC
-(woc OC 
Vvoc)2
2
(1.4)

99
 Voltmeter
Voltmeter Reading
Reading (V oc)
(Voc) Ammeter Reading
Ammeter Reading (I oc)
(10) Wattmeter Reading
Wattmeter Reading (W oc)
(Woc)

Short
Short Circuit
Circuit Test
Test

Warning:
Warning: Do
Do not
not switch
switch ON the circuit
ON the circuit till your
your instructor
instructor has
till has checked
checked it. it.

1 2
com
pc
lov, 50 Hz V Tse
AC Supply

Variac

Fig.1.5
Fig.l. 5 Set-up
Set-up for
for short-circuit test
short-circuit test

Set
Set upup the
the circuit
circuit shown
shown in in Fig.
Fig. 1.5.
1.5. Here,
Here, the
the secondary
secondary terminals
terminals are
are
shorted.
shorted. Use
Use appropriate
appropriate range
range forfor current
current coil
coil of wattmeter, 10.8
of wattmeter, 10.8 A A range for
range for
ammeter
ammeter andand 150
150 V V range
range for the potential
for the potential coil
coil of
of the wattmeter. It is
the wattmeter. It is very
very important
important
to note
to note that for this
that for this test
test only
only aa low
low voltage
voltage is is to
to be
be applied
applied to
to the
the primary
primary of
of the
the
transformer. This
transformer. This is is done
done byby setting
setting variac
variac output
output toto zero
zero initially
initially and
and increasing
increasing it
it

very
very slowly.
slowly. If
If normal
normal voltage
voltage isis applied
applied to to the
the transformer
transformer under
under short
short circuit
circuit

condition,
condition, aa very
very large
large current will flow
current will flow through
through it causing
it causing damage
damage to to the windings,
the windings,
the ammeter
the ammeter andand the wattmeter. So
the wattmeter. So youyou have
have toto be
be careful
careful and
and make
make sure to use
sure to use
small
small voltage
voltage (maximum
(maximum of of 24 V) supply
24 V) supply to to the
the transformer
transformer for
for the test. Measure
the test. Measure the
the
voltage from the
voltage from the voltmeter.
voltmeter.

Adjust the
Adjust the variac
variac to
to obtain
obtain the
the full
full load
load current
current through
through the
the transformer
transformer primary.
primary. Let
Let
VSC, IIsc,
Vsc, SC, Wsc,
WSC, be
be the
the applied
applied voltage,
voltage, primary
primary short
short circuit
circuit current
current and
and input
input power,
power,
respectively.
respectively. Then,
Then,

R1eq  WSC I SC 2 (1.5)

(1.5)

VSC I SC   (Rleq
(vsc/ls R1eq 
2 2
X 1eq 
2

(1.6)
(1.6)

10
10
 Voltmeter Reading
Voltmeter Reading (V sc)
(Vsc) Ammeter Reading
Ammeter Reading (Isc)
(Is) Wattmeter Reading
Wattmeter Reading (W sc)
(Wsc)

Note:
Note: In
In practice,
practice, Open
Open Circuit
Circuit (OC) test for
(OC) test for a
a transformer
transformer isis done
done by
by applying
applying
voltage
voltage on High Voltage (HV) side of the transformer and Short Circuit (SC) test
on High Voltage (HV) side of the transformer and Short Circuit (SC) test is
is

performed by applying voltage on Low Voltage (LV) side of

performed by applying voltage on Low Voltage (LV) side of the transformer. the transformer.
However,
However, inin this
this experiment,
experiment, both
both the
the OC
OC and
and SC
SC Tests
Tests are
are performed
performed by by applying
applying
voltage
voltage on
on HV
HV side
side of the transformer.
of the transformer.

Transformer
Transformer Performance
Performance Evaluation
Evaluation

(a)
(a) Efficiency
Efficiency

Using
Using the
the results
results of the experiment
of the experiment calculate the efficiency
calculate the efficiency of the transformer
of the transformer whenwhen it
it

is
is supplying
supplying full full load
load (2.5
(2.5 KVA)
KVA) atat unity
unity P.F when the
P.F when the rated
rated voltage
voltage of of 230
230 V V is
is

applied
applied toto the
the primary.
primary. Under
Under these
these conditions,
conditions, the
the primary
primary current
current is
is I1 =
II = (2500/230)
(2500/230)
A, (neglecting the magnetizing and core loss components of current), and the
A, (neglecting the magnetizing and core loss components of current), and the copper
copper
loss
loss is
is (I 1 ) 2
R
(II)2Rleq.1eq . Iron/Core
Iron/Core loss
loss is
is W
WocOC and
and is
is given
given by
by the
the open
open circuit
circuit test.
test. The
The
efficiency
efficiency is then given
is then given by the expression
by the expression

2500P.F  2500P.F   (22 500

500 230 2 R1eq + W
230)2 OC 
woc
(1.7)
(1.7)

(b)
(b) Regulation
Regulation

Calculate the regulation

Calculate the regulation of the transformer
of the for the
transformer for the above
above condition
condition given
given above
above (Full
(Full

load
load at
at unity
unity P.F).
P.F). Note
Note that
that regulation
regulation is
is a
a measure
measure of the voltage
of the voltage drop
drop that
that takes
takes
place
place in
in the transformer and
the transformer and is
is defined
defined as the change
as the change in
in secondary
secondary terminal
terminal voltage
voltage
from no-load
from no-load toto full-load
full-load value
value and
and is
is usually
usually expressed
expressed asas aa percentage
percentage of the full-
of the full-

load
load value.
value. Percentage
Percentage regulation
regulation is
is approximately
approximately given
given byby the
the formula
formula (Here
(Here θis
6is
the P.F
the P.F angle)
angle)

 (IIRleqcoso
I1 R1eq Cos  I1 X 1eq Sin 
+ 11XleqSinO)
% Regulation 
% Regulation    100
 V2 rated
2 rated  (1.8)
(1.8)

(c)
(c) Load
Load Test
Test

The
The experiment
experiment setup
setup is
is shown
shown inin Fig.
Fig. 1.6.
1.6. Keeping the load
Keeping the load switch
switch open,
open, the
the
transformer is
transformer is switched
switched ON to the
ON to the mains
mains and
and the
the rated
rated voltage
voltage applied
applied to
to the
the

11
11
primary.
primary. The
The no
no load
load readings
readings ofof the
the meters
meters in
in the
the primary
primary and
and secondary
secondary sides
sides are
are
taken. Then
taken. Then the
the transformer
transformer is is gradually
gradually loaded
loaded after
after closing
closing the the load
load switch
switch byby
putting
putting ON
ON the
the switches
switches oneone by
by one.
one. Make
Make sure that when
sure that when you
you start
start all
all the
the switches
switches
should
should be
be OFF.
OFF. Gradually
Gradually switch
switch ONON the
the resistive
resistive loads
loads till the
the rated
till winding current
rated winding current
of
of the
the transformer
transformer isis obtained.
obtained. For
For each
each load,
load, the
the readings
readings ofof all the meters
all the meters on on the
the
primary
primary and
and secondary
secondary sides
sides are
are noted.
noted. From
From the
the readings, the losses,
readings, the losses, efficiency
efficiency
and
and regulation
regulation of
of the transformer are
the transformer are calculated.
calculated. Draw the plots
Draw the plots ofof efficiency
efficiency and
and
regulation
regulation against
against load
load current.
current.

The
The earlier
earlier results
results for
for efficiency
efficiency and
and regulation
regulation using the transformer
using the transformer parameters
parameters
obtained through open
obtained through open circuit
circuit and
and short
short circuit
circuit test
test are
are also
also drawn
drawn on the same
on the same
graph-sheets
graph-sheets and
and compare
compare thethe two
two sets
sets of
of results.
results.

240 v

50 Hz

Variac
Load

Fig.
Fig. 1.6
1.6 Set-up for load
Set-up for test
load test

Load
Load Test
Test Observations:
Observations:

V1 I1 W1 V2 I2
Sl.
Sl. No.
No. W2
(Volts) (Ampere)
(Ampere) (Watts) (Volts (Ampere
(Volts) (Watts) (V Its
) (A
) ere (Watts)
Watts

11

..

6
6

12
12
EXP
EXP 2:
2: PARALLEL
PARALLEL OPERATION
OPERATION OF OF TWO SINGLE
SINGLE PHASE
PHASE
TRANSFORMERS
_________________________________________________________
___
OBJECTIVE:
OBJECTIVE:

To
To study
study parallel
parallel operation
operation of two single
of two – phase
single — transformers
phase transformers

NAME PLATE
PLATE DETAILS
DETAILS OF
OF 1-
1- PHASE
PHASE TRANSFORMERS

Name
Name of the Equipment
of the Equipment Range
Range Quantity
Quantity

Main
Main Transformer
Transformer (T1)
(T 1) KVA=
KVA= 2.5,V
2.5,V PRI=115-
PRI=115- 01
01
230v,A
230v,A
PRI=10.8@230v,PH=1,V
SEC=115-230v,A
SEC=10.8A
SEC=10.8A
Transformer
Transformer (T2)
(T2)
KVA
KVA =1 ,V
,V PRI=230v,A 01
01
PRI=4.35,PH=1,V SEC=0-
SEC-O-
115v,0-115v,A SEC=4.35A
SEC=4.35A

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Name
Name of the Equipment
of the Equipment Range
Range Quantity
Quantity

Single
Single Phase Variac
Phase Variac KVA=3.3
KVA=3.3 ,Input
,lnput 01
01
V=240v,Output V=0-
270v,Current
270v,Current =15A
=15A
Voltmeter
AC Voltmeter 0
o -250-500v
-250-500v 02
02
Ammeter
AC Ammeter 0-10A
0-1 OA 02
02
Ammeter
AC Ammeter 0-20A
0-20A 01
01
UPF Wattmeter
UPF Wattmeter 5-10A,150-300-600v
5-1 OA, 150-300-600v 02
02
Single
Sin Ie Phase
Phase Power Analyzer
Power Anal zer 01
01

13
13
THEORY:
THEORY:

Two
Two transformers
transformers can can be
be connected
connected in in parallel
parallel to
to supply
supply aa common
common load.
load. If
If aa
given transformer is
given transformer is insufficient
insufficient in
in capacity
capacity toto deliver
deliver aa particular
particular load,
load, it may
itmay either
either
be taken out
be taken out of the circuit
of the circuit and
and replaced with a
replaced with a larger
larger unit
unit or
or an
an additional
additional unit
unit may
may bebe
added
added to to the
the circuit
circuit byby connecting
connecting itsits primary
primary side
side toto the
the same
same source
source andand itsits

secondary
secondary side
side toto the
the same
same load.
load. The
The second
second unitunit is
is then
then said to be
said to be operating
operating in in

parallel with the

parallel with the first
first unit.
unit.

Parallel
Parallel operation
operation of transformers is
of transformers is used
used for
for load
load sharing
sharing and
and transformers
transformers
are
are connected
connected inin parallel
parallel on
on both
both primary
primary and
and secondary
secondary side.
side. The
The two
two transformers
transformers
are
are connected
connected inin parallel
parallel meets the need
meets the need of
of common
common load
load

Satisfactory
Satisfactory performance
performance for
for parallel
parallel operation
operation of two or
of two or more transformers
more transformers
require
require that they have:
that they have:

1. the
the same voltage ratio;
same voltage ratio;
2.
2. the
the same polarities;
same polarities;
3.
3. the same
the same per
per unit
unit (or
(or percentage
percentage impedance)
impedance) ;
4.
4. the same
the same phase
phase sequence
sequence and zero relative
and zero relative phase – displacement
phase — displacement

The
The currents
currents carried
carried by two transformers
by two transformers areare proportional
proportional toto their
their ratings
ratings if
if their
their
numerical
numerical or or ohmic
ohmic impedances
impedances are are inversely
inversely proportional
proportional toto those
those ratings,
ratings, and
and
their per
their per unit
unit impedances
impedances are are equal.
equal. A A difference
difference inin quality
quality of
of per
per unit
unit
impedance(i.e.
impedance(i.e. ratio
ratio of
of resistance
resistance toto reactance)
reactance) results
results in
in divergence
divergence of of phase
phase
angle
angle ofof two
two currents,
currents, so
so that
that one transformer will
one transformer will be working with
be working with a
a higher
higher and
and
other with a
other with a lower
lower power factor than
power factor that of
than that the combined
of the combined output
output

For
For same voltage ratings
same voltage ratings of
of transformers,
transformers, I1 Zl
Z1 II = I2 Z2

I1=11+1
= I 1 + I2

S1 = I and
and S1 = I

Cos
Cos Ø 1 =and Cos
Øl=and Cos Ø2 =

14
14
 CIRCUIT
CIRCUIT DIAGRM:
DIAGRM:

50 Hz

supply

14 .VARIAC
EV---_W

MULTI
FUNCTION

PARALLEL OPERXTION OF SINGLE PI--LXSE TRAINSFORMERS

Figure
Figure --1
1

Fuse
ph

230 v
50 Hz sc
14 A. C.
Su ply

Fuse

Single Phase Variat

15
15
 Figure
Figure 2
2 -SHORT
-SHORT CIRCUIT TEST
CIRCUIT TEST

PROCEDURE:
PROCEDURE:

1.
1. Connections
Connections are are made
made as as shown
shown in in Figure
Figure -1.
. -1
2.
2. The
The single
single phase
phase variac
variac should
should be be inin minimum
minimum outputoutput position.
position. Switch
Switch onon
the
the 1- 1- Ф supply.
supply.
3.
3. Slowly
Slowly increase
increase the the variac
variac toto get
get the
the rated
rated voltage.
voltage. TheThe voltmeter
voltmeter across
across
the switch
the switch should
should read read zero then close
zero then close thethe switch.
switch.
4. IfIf the
4. the voltmeter
voltmeter does does not not read zero interchange
read zero interchange the the terminals
terminals ofof secondary
secondary
of
of anyany one transformer and
one transformer and repeat
repeat thethe step-3.
step-3.
5.
5. By
By loading
loading the transformers in
the transformers in steps
steps notenote down
down the the values
values ofof current,
current,
Voltage, Power
Voltage, Power from from the the Multifunction
Multifunction meters
meters of of the two transformers.
the two transformers. Also,
Also,
note down V I , W from the meters connected to
note down VLL, L WLL from the meters connected to load. The load is applied
IL, load. The load is applied
up
up to full rated
to full rated current
current
6.
6. Note
Note all the values
all the values in in the
the observation
observation table.table.
7.
7. Reduce
Reduce the the load
load on transformer, bring
on transformer, bring back
back to to variac
variac inin minimum
minimum output
output
position
position and and switch
switch off the 1-
off the 1- Ф supply.
supply.
8.
8. Connections
Connections are are mademade as as shown
shown in in Figure
Figure -- 2 2 for
for both
both transformers
transformers
separately.
separately.
9.
9. Conduct
Conduct short-circuit
short-circuit test test (by
(by increasing
increasing the the current
current to to rated
rated value with the
value with the
help
help of of variac)
variac) on on each
each of of the
the single-phase transformers separately
single-phase transformers separately to to
determine their
determine their Req R X
eq, Xeq and Z
eq and Zeq (series parameters of the equivalent
eq (series parameters of the equivalent circuit) circuit)
values.
values.

OBSERVATIONS
OBSERVATIONS::

1.
1. Measured
Measured voltage,current
voltage,current and
and power
power

Applied Voltage
Applied Voltage =
=

Frequency
Frequency =
=

S.No.
S.No. Transformer
Transformer 1
1 Transformer
Transformer 2
2 Output
Out ut
I1 W1 I2
12 W2 VL IL WL I1 +
+ I211 12 W1 + W2

16
16
 2.
2. Short
Short Circuit Test of
Circuit Test two transformers
of two transformers

S.No.
S.No. VSC1 ISC1 (A)
(A) WSC1=WxM.F (W)
WscFWxM.F (W) VSC2 (V)
vsc2(v) ISC2 (A) W SC2=WxM.F(W)
WscFWxM.F(W)
(V)
(V)

3.
3. Measured
Measured and
and estimated
estimated KVA
KVA loads
loads and
and power factors of
power factors of
transformers
transformers

Applied voltage
Applied voltage =
=

Z1 =

Z2 =

S.
s. KVA Transformer
Transformer 1
1 Transformer
Transformer 2
2

17
17
No
No output
output KVA
KVA load
load Power factor
Power factor KVA
KVA load
load Power factor
Power factor
. S= Measured
Measured Measured
Measured MeasuredE
MeasuredE Measured
Measured
V L IL Estimated
Estimated Estimated
Estimated stimated
stimated Estimated
Estimated

CALCULATION:
CALCULATION:

Calculation
Calculation of
of R Xeq and
eq, Xeq
Req and Z for both
eq for
Zeq transformers as
both transformers as it was
itwas done
done in
in previous
previous
experiment
experiment

Calculation
Calculation of
of power factor for
power factor for both transformers under
both transformers under different
different load
load conditions
conditions .

RESULT:
RESULT:

Compare
Compare load
load distribution
distribution of
of both transformers (current,active
both transformers (current,active power
power and
and reactive
reactive
power ) with respect to series parameters of transformers
power) with respect to series parameters of transformers

Compare
Compare power
power factors
factors of
of both transformers
both transformers

QUESTIONS
QUESTIONS

1)
1) What
What is the significance
is the significance ofof the
the polarity
polarity of the transformer
of the transformer windings?
windings?
2)
2) What
What is the effect
is the effect of
of difference
difference in voltage ratings
in voltage ratings of the secondaries?
of the secondaries?
What are
What are the
the essential
essential and
and desirable
desirable conditions
conditions for for parallel
parallel operation
operation of
of
transformers?
transformers?

18
18
 Name
Name of
of the
the Equipment
Equipment Range
Range Quantity
Quantity

Main Transformer (T1) KVA= 10,V PRI=200+200v,A 01

EXP 3: TO STUDY THREE-PHASE
THREE-PHASE TRANSFORMER
PRI=14.43A,PH=3,V CONNECTIONS
&IONS
SEC=200+200v,A SEC=14.43A
SEC=14.43A

Motivation:
Motivation:

The
The importance
importance of of three-phase
three-phase system
system in in generation,
generation, transmission
transmission and and
distribution
distribution of
of power
power is well known.
is well known. To
To transform the three-phase
transform the three-phase electric
electric power from
power from
one
one voltage to another,
voltage to another, three-phase transformers are
three-phase transformers are required
required both
both at
at the
the generating
generating
and
and the
the distribution
distribution ends
ends ofof a
a power
power system.
system. It is
It is therefore
therefore essential
essential to
to learn
learn about
about
the performance
the performance of of three
three phase transformers connected
phase transformers connected inin different
different possible
possible
manners.
manners.

Objectives:
Objectives:

1.
1. To
To connect
connect the
the given three identical
given three identical single-phase
single-phase transformers
transformers in
in all
all the
the
possible
possible three-phase
three-phase connections.
connections.

19
19
 2.
2. To
To study
study the
the efficiency
efficiency and
and voltage
voltage regulation
regulation of
of a
a star-star three-phase
star-star three-phase
transformer.
transformer.

NAME PLATE
PLATE DETAILS
DETAILS OF
OF 3-
3- PHASE
PHASE TRANSFORMERS

APPARATUS
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
REQUIRED:

Theory:
Theory:
Single-phase
Single-phase transformers
transformers cancan be be connected
connected to form 3-phase
to form 3-phase transformer
transformer
banks
banks forfor 3-phase
3-phase powerpower systems.
systems. Four Four common
common methods
methods of of connecting
connecting three
three
transformers for
transformers for 3-phase
3-phase circuits
circuits are
are A-A,∆-∆, Y-Y,
Y-Y, Y-∆,
Y-A, and ∆-Y connections.
and A-Y connections. An An
advantage
advantage of ∆-∆ connection
of A-A connection is that ifif one
is that one of the transformers
of the transformers fails
fails or
or is
is removed
removed
from the
from the circuit the remaining
circuit the remaining two
two can
can operate
operate in
in the
the open-∆
open-A or V connection.
or V connection. This
This
way, the
way, the bank
bank still
still delivers
delivers 3-phase
3-phase currents
currents and
and voltages
voltages inin their
their correct
correct phase
phase
relationship.
relationship. However,
However, thethe capacity
capacity ofof the
the bank
bank is
is reduced
reduced toto 57.7
57.7 % (1/√3
(1/43 )) of
of its
its

original
original value.
value.

In
In the Y-Y connection,
the Y-Y connection, only
only 57.7%
57.7% of
of the
the line
line voltage
voltage is
is applied to each
applied to each
winding but
winding but full
full line
line current
current flows
flows in
in each winding. The
each winding. Y-Y connection
The Y-Y connection is
is rarely
rarely used
used
because
because of
of difficulties with exciting-current
difficulties with exciting-current phenomena.
phenomena.

The ∆-Y connection

The A-Y connection isis used
used for
for stepping
stepping up
up voltages
voltages since the voltage
since the voltage is
is

increased by the transformer ratio multiplied by √3. The Y-∆ connection may
increased by the transformer ratio multiplied by 43. The Y-A connection may be usedbe used
for
for stepping
stepping down
down voltages.
voltages. The
The availability
availability of
of neutral
neutral on
on high
high voltage
voltage side for
side for
grounding
grounding is
is desirable
desirable in
in many
many cases.
cases. Instead
Instead of three single-phase
of three single-phase transformers,
transformers, a a
three-phase bank may consist of one three-phase transformer having all six
three-phase bank may consist of one three-phase transformer having all six windingswindings
on
on aa common
common multi-legged
multi-legged core
core and
and contained
contained inin a
a single
single tank which has
tank which has many
many
Name
Name of
of the
the Equipment
Equipment Range
Range Quantity
Quantity

Three Phase
Three Variac detail
Phase Variac detail KVA=12.21
KVA=12.21 ,Input
,lnput V=415v,Output 01
01
V=0-470v,Current =15A
=15A
AC Voltmeter
Voltmeter 0o -250-500v
-250-500v 02
02
AC Ammeter 0-5-10A
0-5-10A 02
02
AC Ammeter 0-10-20A
0-10-20A 02
02
UPF
UPF Wattmeter
Wattmeter 5-20A,150-300-600v
5-20A,150-300-600v 04
04
LPF
LPF Wattmeter
Wattmeter 1-2A,150-300-600v
1-2A,150-300-600v 02
02
advantages
advantages like
like less
less cost,
cost, less weight, less
less weight, floor space
less floor etc.
space etc.

20
20
The four connection
The four types are
connection types are shown
shown in
in Figure
Figure 3.1.
3.1 .

A-A

PRIMARIES SECONDARIES PRIMARIES SECONOANES

PRIMARIES PRIMARIES SECONOARIES

Figure:
Figure: 3.1 Various 3-ϕ
3.1 Various 34 transformer
transformer connections
connections

Regardless
Regardless of of the
the connection
connection method,
method, the the windings
windings must
must be
be connected
connected in in the
the
proper
proper phase
phase relationships.
relationships. ToTo determine these in
determine these in a Y-connected secondary
a Y-connected winding,
secondary winding,
the voltage
the voltage is
is measured
measured across
across two windings as
two windings as shown
shown in
in Figure
Figure 3.2.
3.2. The
The voltage
voltage A A
to B
to B should
should be
be equal
equal toto √3 times the
43 times the voltage
voltage across
across either winding. IfIf the
either winding. the voltage
voltage isis

equal
equal to that across
to that across either winding, then
either winding, then one
one of of the windings must
the windings must bebe reversed.
reversed. The
The
third winding
third winding cc is
is then
then connected
connected and the voltage
and the voltage C to A or
C to or BB should
should also
also equal
equal √343
times the
times the voltage
voltage across
across any
any one winding. IfIf not,
one winding. the winding
not, the winding cc must
must be
be reversed.
reversed.

Figure:
Figure: 3.2
3.2 Checking
Checking connections
connections in Y-connected secondary
in Y-connected secondary winding
winding

To
To determine
determine the
the proper
proper phase
phase relationships
relationships in
in a
a ∆-connected
A-connected secondary
secondary
winding, the
winding, the voltage
voltage is
is again
again measured
measured across two windings
across two windings as
as shown
shown in
in Figure
Figure 3.3.
3.3.

21
21
The
The voltage
voltage AA to
to C
C should
should equal the voltage
equal the voltage across
across either winding. IfIf not,
either winding. not, one
one of
of the
the
windings must
windings must be be reversed.
reversed. The winding cc is
The winding then connected
is then connected asas shown,
shown, and
and the
the
voltage
voltage C
Cl to
1
to C
C should
should equal
equal zero.
zero. If
If not, the winding
not, the winding cc must
must be
be reversed
reversed and and open
open
ends
ends can
can be joined after
be joined that to
after that to form
form the
the A-connection.
∆-connection.

c c
c

Figure:
Figure: 3.3Checking
3.3Checking connections
connections in
in ∆-connected secondary winding
A-connected secondary winding

Note:
Note: the
the ∆-connection
A-connection should
should never
never be
be closed
closed until the test
until the test is first made
is first to verify
made to verify
that the
that the voltage within the
voltage within the ∆ is
A zero. Otherwise,
is zero. severe damage
Otherwise, severe damage may
may occur!
occur!

Procedure:
Procedure:

1)
1) Under
Under nono load
load conditions
conditions make ∆-Y, A-A
make A-Y, ∆-∆ and Y-Y connection
and Y-Y connection one-by-one
one-by-one
and
and get
get it checked
checked by
it by the
the lab
lab instructor
instructor

2)
2) Make
Make sure that the
sure that windings are
the windings are connected
connected in the proper
in the proper phase
phase relationships
relationships

3)
3) Note
Note down the Line
down the Voltage (LV),
Line Voltage (LV), Phase Voltage (PV),
Phase Voltage (PV), Line
Line Current
Current (LC),
(LC), and
and
Phase
Phase Current
Current (PC)
(PC) on
on primary
primary and
and on
on secondary
secondary sides
sides in
in each
each case
case

4) Verify
4) Verify the
the relations
relations between
between line
line and
and phase
phase quantities
quantities in
in different
different connections.
connections.
(e.g.
(e.g. in
in star
star connection,
connection, LV
LV== PV
PV and
and LC
LC =
= PC)
PC)

5)
5) To
To study
study the
the efficiency
efficiency and
and voltage
voltage regulation
regulation ofof a Y-Y three-phase
a Y-Y three-phase
transformer, make
transformer, make the
the circuit
circuit as
as shown
shown in
in Figure
Figure 3.4.
3.4. Note
Note down the no
down the no load
load
LV,
LV, LC
LC on
on primary
primary and
and secondary
secondary sides
sides of
of the three-phase transformer.
the three-phase transformer. Also
Also
note
note down
down the
the input
input and
and output
output power
power by two Wattmeter
by two Wattmeter method
method

22
22
 R cc
cc cc
cc
M L M L
A A R’
R'
com com
440
440 V pc
pc pc
pc
V V
50
50 Hz
Hz
3-φ
3-+

3-φ
3-+ Y’
Y
AC
AC Load
Load

Supply com
com pc com pc
Supply
B
B’
B'
M cc
cc
L M cc
cc
L

Figure:
Figure: 3.4Y-Y
3.4Y-Y transformer
transformer connections
connections

6)
6) Calculate the efficiency
Calculate the efficiency and
and voltage
voltage regulation
regulation of the Y-Y
of the Y-Y connected
connected 3-ϕ
34
transformer under
transformer under different
different loading
loading conditions.
conditions.

Poutput
output
x 100%
100%
Efficiency
Efficiency =
=
Pinput input

NL  V L
VVNL-VL
x 100%
100%
Voltage Regulation
Voltage Regulation =
=
VL

Observations:
Observations:

Table
Table 3.1:
3.1: No
No Load
Load Test
Test

Primary Secondary
Secondary
Type
Type of
Primary
S.No.
S.N0.
of
connection
connection
Line
Line Phase
Phase Line
Line Phase
Phase
Voltage
Volta e Voltage
Volta e Voltage
Volta e Voltage
Volta e
11

2
2

3
3

4
4

23
23
 Table
Table 3.2:
3.2: Load
Load Test
Test

Primary
Primary Secondary
Secondary
S.No
S.N0 Type
Type of
of Efficiency
Efficiency
connection
connection %
WP LV
LV PV
PV LC
LC PC
PC WS LV
LV PV
PV LC PC
11
2
2
3
3
4
4

NOTE:
NOTE: LV
LV-– Line Voltage; PV
Line Voltage; – Phase
PV — Voltage; LC
Phase Voltage; – Line
LC — Current; PC
Line Current; PC —– Phase Current
Phase Current

W – Primary
WpP — Primary Power; WS —
Power; Ws – Secondary
Secondary Power
Power

24
24
EXP
EXP 4:
4: TO
TO STUDY
STUDY THE
THE MAGNETIZATION
MAGNETIZATION AND LOADLOAD
CHARACTERISTICS
CHARACTERISTICS OF
OF A SEPARATELY
SEPARATELY EXCITED
EXCITED DC
DC
GENERATOR.
GENERATOR.

Motivation:
Motivation:

In-spite
In-spite of the advantages
of the advantages of AC systems,
of AC systems, DC DC machines
machines continue
continue toto find
find use
use
in
in a wide range
a wide range of of industrial
industrial applications
applications because
because of of their
their flexibility
flexibility and
and versatility.
versatility.

The
The special features which
special features which determine
determine the
the choice
choice ofof a
a DC
DC machine
machine for for a
a particular
particular
application
application are
are the
the torque-speed
torque-speed characteristics
characteristics ofof motors
motors andand thethe voltage-load
voltage-load
characteristics
characteristics of of generators.
generators. TheThe knowledge
knowledge of of the
the limits within which
limits within which these
these
characteristics
characteristics cancan bebe varied
varied and
and ofof the way in
the way which such
in which such variations
variations could
could bebe
obtained
obtained is
is important.
important. Study
Study of
of these
these features for a
features for a DC
DC machine
machine is is accordingly
accordingly the
the
motivation for this
motivation for this experiment.
experiment.

Objectives:
Objectives:

1.
1. To
To determine the Magnetization
determine the Magnetization Characteristic
Characteristic of
of aa separately
separately excited
excited DC
DC
generator.
generator.
2.
2. To
To determine the Load
determine the Load Characteristic
Characteristic of
of a
a separately excited DC
separately excited generator.
DC generator.

NAME PLATE
PLATE DETAILS
DETAILS OFDC Motor
Motor and
and DC Generator
Generator

Name
Name of
of the
the Equipment
Equipment Range
Range Quantity
Quantity

DC Motor
Motor Type =Shunt,
Type =Shunt, 01
01
Kw=3.7,RPM=1500,ARM
=220V,ARM=20A,Field=220V,
Field=2A
Field=2A
DC Generator
Generator Type =Shunt,
Type =Shunt, 01
01
Kw=3.5,RPM=1500,ARM
=220V,ARM=16A,Field=220V,Field
=2A

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
APPARATUS REQUIRED:

25
25
 Name
Name of
of the
the Equipment
Equipment Range
Range Quantity
Quantity

Three Phase
Three Variac detail
Phase Variac detail KVA=12.21
KVA=12.21 ,Input
,lnput V=415v,Output 01
01
V=0-470v,Current =15A
=15A
DC Voltmeter
Voltmeter 0o -250V
-250V 02
02
DC
DC Ammeter 0-1-2A
0-1-2A 02
02
DC
DC Ammeter 0-10-20A
0-10-20A 02
02
Three phase
Three phase Rectifier
Rectifier 01
01
Variable
Variable resistor
resistor 470Ω
4700 -2.5A
-2.5A 02
02

Theory:
Theory:

(a)
(a) Magnetization
Magnetization Characteristics
Characteristics

An important
An important relation
relation essential
essential in in the determination
the determination of of DCgenerator
DCgenerator
performance
performance is is the
the relation
relation between
between field
field current
current or field ampere-turns
or field ampere-turns and and armature
armature
emf.
emf. The
The resulting
resulting curve
curve at the desired
at the desired speed
speed is is the
the magnetization
magnetization characteristic
characteristic or
or
the
the open-circuit
open-circuit characteristics
characteristics (O.C.C.).
(O.C.C.). The
The magnetization
magnetization characteristics
characteristics at
at several
several
different
different speeds
speeds can can be
be obtained
obtained from
from any
any one
one characteristic
characteristic by by recognizing that the
recognizing that the
voltage
voltage is
is directly
directly proportional to speed
proportional to for a
speed for fixed flux
a fixed flux or field current.
or field current.

(b)
(b) Load
Load Characteristics
Characteristics

The
The load
load characteristic
characteristic of
of aa DC
DC generator
generator at at a a particular
particular speed
speed isis the
the
relationship
relationship between the armature voltage of the generator and its load current at
between the armature voltage of the generator and its load current at
that speed. In a separately excited DC generator, the field current is independent
that speed. In a separately excited DC generator, the field current is independent of of
armature
armature conditions.
conditions. AtAt constant
constant field
field current
current and
and constant
constant speed,
speed, the the terminal
terminal
voltage
voltage in this case
in this case drops
drops off
off somewhat
somewhat as as load
load current
current increases
increases because
because ofof the
the
increased
increased armature
armature resistance
resistance drop
drop and
and reduction
reduction in flux due
in flux due toto armature
armature reaction.
reaction.

With the
With the shunt
shunt generator the
generator the fall in
fall terminal voltage
in terminal with increase
voltage with increase inin load
load
current
current isis more
more marked than with
marked than with the
the separately
separately excited
excited generator
generator because
because of of the
the
decrease
decrease in in field
field current
current accompanying
accompanying the the drop
drop in terminal voltage.
in terminal voltage. InIn series
series
generators,
generators, the the flux
flux varies widely with
varies widely with load
load because
because the the load
load current
current isis also
also the field
the field
current.
current. The
The terminal
terminal voltage-load
voltage-load current
current characteristic
characteristic resembles
resembles the the magnetization
magnetization
curve
curve but
but isis somewhat'
somewhat' lower
lower because
because ofof armature
armature and and series
series field
field resistance
resistance drops.
drops.
The
The causes
causes of of voltage
voltage decrease from no
decrease from no load
load to full load
to full load inin a
a shunt
shunt generator
generator may
may be be
partially
partially or completely compensated or over compensated by the augmentation of
or completely compensated or over compensated by the augmentation of
the series field.
the series field.

Circuit
Circuit Diagram:
Diagram:

26
26
 Motor Generator

lag
3-9

1 ag
1

1
c
z zz lfm z l'i'i
zz lfg

Rfm Rfg

230 v DC 230 v DC

Figure
Figure 4.1
4.1 Separately
Separately excited
excited DC
DC Motor-Generator
Motor-Generator

Procedure:
Procedure:

1.
1. Make
Make a a list
list of
of the
the instruments
instruments required
required for the experiment,
for the experiment, also also note
note downdown thethe
full
full specifications
specifications of the given
of the given motor-generator
motor-generator set. set.
2.
2. To
To determine
determine the the magnetization
magnetization characteristic,
characteristic, make make thethe circuit
circuit as as shown
shown in in

Figure
Figure 4.14.1 and
and getget it checked
checked by
it by the
the lab
lab instructor.
instructor. Do Do not
not connect
connect the the load
load on
on
the generator
the generator side. side.
3.
3. To
To start the separately
start the separately excited
excited DC DC motor,
motor, first
first switch
switch on the field
on the field supply
supply of of the
the
motor,
motor, andand then
then gradually
gradually increase
increase the the armature
armature voltage
voltage of the motor
of the motor through
through
3-phase
3-phase variac
variac till the
tillthe rated
rated speed
speed of the motor
of the motor is is achieved.
achieved.
4. Now
4. Now switch
switch on on the
the field
field supply
supply of the generator.
of the generator.
5.
5. Slowly
Slowly increase
increase Ifg from
Ifgfrom zero
zero toto rated
rated value
value in in steps,
steps, by
by varying
varying R fg. Note
Rfg. Note downdown
the corresponding
the corresponding Vag. Vag.
6.
6. Record
Record Vag Vag vs.
vs. Ifg. This
Ifg. This isis the
the magnetization
magnetization characteristic
characteristic of the separately
of the separately
excited
excited DC DC generator
generator at at rated
rated speed.
speed.
7.
7. Now,
Now, decrease
decrease the the Ifg from
from rated
lfg rated toto zero
zero value
value inin steps,
steps, byby varying
varying R fg. Again,
Rfg. Again,
note
note down
down the the corresponding
corresponding Vag. Vag. Observe
Observe ifif the Vag-Ifg curve
the Vag-lfg curve retraces
retraces the the
same
same pathpath & & comment
comment
8.
8. Set
Set the
the Ifg value
value equal
lfg equal to to its
its rated
rated value,
value, and and vary the speed
vary the speed of of the
the motor
motor by by
varying
varying thethe motor
motor armature
armature voltage through 3-phase
voltage through variac
3-phase variac
9.
9. Increase
Increase the the motor
motor speedspeed (N)(N) from
from (say)
(say) 100100 rpm
rpm toto rated
rated value,
value, in in steps
steps andand
note
note the
the corresponding
corresponding Vag Vag
10.
10. Decrease
Decrease the the motor
motor speedspeed from
from rated
rated toto minimum,
minimum, and and note
note VagVag
11.
1 1 Record
. Vagvs. N
Record Vagvs. N for
for constant
constant Ifg lfg

12.
12. For recording Load characteristic,
For recording Load characteristic, connect
connect the the load
load bank
bank and and getget the
the circuit
circuit

checked by the lab

checked by the lab instructor instructor
13.
13. Start the
Start the motor
motor at at rated
rated speed. Adjust R
speed. Adjust Rfgfg such that rated
such that field current
rated field flows in
current flows in

the circuit
the circuit

27
27
 14.
14. Keeping
Keeping Ilfgand
fgand speed
speed constant
constant (by(by adjustment
adjustment of Vam or
of Vam or I1m),
fm), take
take readings
readings of
of
Vag, Iag, Vam , I
am' am , I
am' fm
I
fm for
for different
different load
load values
values
15.
15. Record Vagvs. Ilag.
Record Vagvs. ag. This
This is is called
called the
the load
load characteristic
characteristic of the separately
of the separately
excited
excited DCDC generator
generator
16.
16. Measure
Measure armature
armature and and field winding resistances
field winding resistances of
of generator
generator appropriately
appropriately
17.
17. Plot the magnetization
Plot the magnetization and and load
load characteristics
characteristics of
of the
the separately
separately excited
excited DC
DC
generator
generator

Observations:
Observations:

Table
Table 4.1
4.1 (a):
(a): O.C.C.
O.C.C. of
of DC
DC Generator
Generator

Rated
Rated Speed
Speed =…………rpm
=. ... ...rpm

S.No.
S.N0. Ifg Vag
Vag

11

2
2

8
8

28
28
 Table
Table 4.1
4.1 (b): O.C.C.
O.C.C. of
of DC
DC Generator
Generator

Rated
Rated Ifg=………..Amp
..Amp

S.No.
S.N0. N Vag
Vag
11
2
2
:
8
8

Table
Table 4.2
4.2 (a):
(a): Load
Load Test
Test on
on DC
DC Generator
Generator

Rated
Rated Ifg =
= ……….
... ... .... Amp
lfg Speed
Speed =
= ………..rpm
. ...rpm
.

Load
Load current
current
S.No.
S.N0. Vag Vam
Vam Ilam
am
(Iag)
(lag)
Vag

11
2
2

:
8
8

Table
Table 4.3:
4.3: Measurement
Measurement of Windings Resistance
of Windings Resistance

Armature/Field windings
Armature/Field windings

S.No.
S.N0. V I R
11
2
2

3
3

4
4

29
29
EXP
EXP 5:SPEED
5:SPEED CONTROL OF
OF A SEPARATELY
SEPARATELY EXCITED
EXCITED DC
DC MOTOR

Motivation:
Name of the Equipment
MØtöÆt*ofiquipment Range
Range Quantity
Quantity

DC motors
Three Phase
Three are in
Variac detail in general
general much
much more adaptable
KVA=12.21 ,Inputto adjustable speed
V=415v,Output eed drives
s 01 drives
V=0-470v,Current =15A
than AC motors which are associated with a constant speed rotating field. Indeed
DC Voltmeter
this 0 -250Vof their operating speed 01
susceptibility of DC motors to adjustment over wide
DC Ammeter
Ammete 0-1-2A
0-1-2A 01
ranges and by a variety of methods is one of the important reasons for strong
DC Ammeter
mmeter 0-10-20A 01
0
competitive position
Variable resistor of DC motors in modern industrial
470Ω -2.5A drives. It is thus necessary
02 to
gather an idea
Three phase about
Rectifier ou various
various speed-control
spee -co ro methods
me o s along with their
a ong WI el associated
esoaa e
01
characteristics.
c arac ens ICS.

Objectives:
Objectives:

1.
1. To
To control
control the
the speed
speed ofof a
a DC
DC separately
separately excited
excited motor
motor by
by varying
varying the
the
armature terminal voltage.
armature terminal voltage.
2.
2. To
To control
control the
the speed
speed ofof a
a DC
DC separately
separately excited
excited motor
motor by
by varying
varying the
the
resistance
resistance in
in the
the field.
field.

NAME PLATE
PLATE DETAILS
DETAILS OF
OF DC
DC Motor
Motor

Name
Name of
of the
the Equipment
Equipment Range
Range Quantity
Quantity

DC Motor
Motor Type =Shunt,
Type =Shunt, 01
01
Kw=3.7,RPM=1500,ARM
=220V,ARM=20A,Field=220V,
Field=2A
Field=2A

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
APPARATUS REQUIRED:

30
30
Theory:
Theory:
One
One of
of the
the unique
unique features
features of
of a
a dc
dc motor, which has
motor, which has helped
helped it maintain
maintain its
it its

supremacy
supremacy overover other
other electric
electric drive
drive systems
systems for
for specific
specific applications
applications in
in industry,
industry, is
is its
its

ability
ability to
to provide
provide smooth, wide range
smooth, wide range speed
speed control with relative
control with relative ease. As we
ease. As we already
already
know,
know, thethe basic
basic equations
equations governing
governing the
the steady-state
steady-state operation
operation of
of a
a dc
dc motor
motor are
are
given
given byby

Vt  E  I a Ra (5.1)
(5.1)

where, Vt
where, Vt is
is the terminal voltage
the terminal voltage and
and E,
E, the
the induced
induced back
back emf,
emf, is
is of the form
of the form

Zp
E  N  K
60 
 60 xaa  (5.2)
(5.2)

where ‘N’
where 'N' and
and ‘ ’ are the rotor
are the rotor speed
speed in
in rpm
rpm and
and rad/sec,
rad/sec, respectively
respectively and,
and, the
the
constant
constant ‘K’,
'K, is
is given
given by
by

Z p
K   zxp 
 2a 
2m
With no
With no shaft
shaft load
load applied
applied on the motor,
on the motor, the
the torque
torque developed
developed is
is only for
only for
overcoming
overcoming the the rotational
rotational losses.
losses. Since
Since the
the shunt
shunt motor
motor operates
operates atat essentially
essentially a a
constant
constant flux,
flux, aa small
small armature
armature current,
current, Ia, is
[a,is only
only required
required asas compared
compared withwith the
the
rated
rated current
current ofof the
the machine
machine to to meet
meet the
the rotational
rotational losses. When a
losses. When a load torque is
load torque is

applied
applied to the motor
to the motor shaft, the applied
shaft, the applied load
load torque
torque causes the motor
causes the motor toto assume
assume thatthat
value
value of
of speed, which yields
speed, which yields anan armature
armature current
current Ia, sufficient
[a, to overcome
sufficient to overcome thethe load
load
torque and
torque the rotational
and the rotational losses.
losses. Hence,
Hence, the
the relation
relation between
between speed-torque
speed-torque is is an
an
important
important characteristic
characteristic ofof the
the DC
DC motor.
motor.

Various schemes
Various schemes available
available for
for the
the speed
speed control
control of
of DC
DC motor
motor can
can also
also be
be deduced
deduced
from equation
from equation (5.2).
(5.2). Vt and E,
Vtand E, in
in equation
equation (5.1)
(5.1) are
are of
of the
the same
same order,
order, so
so that,
that, on
on a
a
first degree
first degree of
of approximation,
approximation, VV EE and
and thus
thus

Vt  K
This
This gives,
gives,

Vt

 (5.3)
(5.3)

31
31
Expression
Expression (5.3)
(5.3) suggests that there
suggests that there can
can be
be two
two alternative
alternative strategies
strategies for
for achieving
achieving
speed control:
speed control:

1.
1. By
By controlling
controlling the voltage applied
the voltage applied across
across the
the armature terminals of
armature terminals of the
the
machine
machine
2.
2. By
By controlling the field
controlling the field flux
flux of the machine
of the machine

Let
Let us
us consider
consider the
the practical
practical implications
implications of
of the
the above
above alternatives.
alternatives. Equation
Equation (5.3)
(5.3)
shows that
shows that

(a)
(a) The
The speed
speed (for
(for a
a given
given torque
torque supplied
supplied byby the
the motor)
motor) changes
changes linearly with
linearly with
applied
applied voltage.
voltage. Since
Since the
the torque
torque developed
developed by by the
the motor
motor is
is given
given by
by TT== K
K IL,a, aa
motor working with
motor working with aa constant
constant field
field excitation
excitation and
and delivering
delivering aa constant torque
constant torque
will draw
will draw aa constant
constant current
current Ilaa whose
whose value will be
value will be independent
independent of of the
the value
value ofof
the applied
the applied voltage
voltage V.V. This
This points
points toto the
the fact
fact that
that armature
armature voltage
voltage control
control leads
leads
to
to

 Smooth
Smooth linear
linear control
control of
of motor
motor speed
speed

 Speed
Speed control without directly
control without directly affecting the torque
affecting the torque developed
developed by the motor
by the motor

(b)
(b) The
The speed
speed of the motor
of the will change
motor will change in
in inverse
inverse proportion
proportion to the field
to the field flux
flux or field
or field
excitation. Also, in
excitation. Also, in motors, working with
motors, working with constant
constant armature
armature voltage,
voltage, controlling
controlling
of
of field
field flux will tend
flux will tend toto change
change the
the torque
torque developed
developed by the motor
by the motor atat aa given
given
value
value of
of armature
armature current, thus suggesting
current, thus that field
suggesting that field control
control leads to
leads to

• Non-linear
Non-linear inverse
inverse speed
speed control
control of
of motor
motor speed
speed

• Changed
Changed value
value of
of torque
torque production for a
production for a given
given armature
armature current
current

32
32
(c)
(c) Although
Although DC
DC machines
machines are
are designed
designed toto operate with given
operate with given maximum
maximum values
values of
of
armature
armature voltage
voltage and field excitation,
and field excitation, there
there exists
exists a
a minimum
minimum permissible
permissible value
value
of field current,
of field current, below which the
below which the armature
armature current
current of
of the
the machine
machine may
may attain
attain
dangerously
dangerously high
high values
values during
during normal
normal operation
operation

The
The speed
speed of of operation
operation of of aa motor
motor driving
driving a a load
load isis determined
determined by by point
point ofof
intersection
intersection between
between thethe motor
motor and the load
and the load torque/speed
torque/speed characteristics.
characteristics. This
This isis

shown
shown in in Fig.
Fig. 5.1
5.1 (point
(point P 1). Control
R). Control ofof armature
armature voltage
voltage effectively
effectively changes
changes the the
motor torque speed
motor torque speed characteristics without changing
characteristics without changing their
their slopes
slopes asas shown
shown in in Figs.
Figs.
5.2
5.2 (a)
(a) and
and (b).
(b). Control
Control of
of field
field excitation,
excitation, on the other
on the other hand,
hand, renders
renders changes
changes in in the
the
slopes
slopes of
of the
the characteristics
characteristics asas shown
shown in in Figs.
Figs. 5.3
5.3 (a)
(a) and
and (b).
(b). It can,
Itcan, therefore,
therefore, bebe
seen that, while
seen that, while armature
armature voltage
voltage control will invariably
control will invariably lead to proportional
lead to proportional control
control ofof
speed
speed ofof the
the motor-load
motor-load combination,
combination, field
field control,
control, under
under certain
certain specific
specific load
load
conditions,
conditions, may
may NOT yield the
NOT yield the expected
expected results.
results.

Speed
Speed

 P1 Load TL  
Load
000
 Motor
Motor TM 
011 TM

0 == the
the no-load
no-load speed
speed

1 == the
the operating
operating speed
speed

Torque
Torque (N-m)
(N-m)
TM  TL

Fig.
Fig. 5.1.
5.1. Operating
Operating point
point of
of motor-load
motor-load combination.
combination.

 
V V
VI1 > 2  V3
V2>v3 V1  V2  V3

V1

V2 V1
V2
V3
33
33
V3

Torque (N-m)
Torque (N-m) Torque (N-m)
Torque (N-m)
 a)
a) Shunt
Shunt Motor
Motor b)
b) Series
Series Motor.
Motor.

Fig.
Fig. 5.2. Variation of
5.2. Variation of characteristics
characteristics of
of dc
dc motor with armature
motor with armature
voltages
voltages at
at constant
constant field
field currents.
currents.

 
1   2   3
1   2   3

1
2 1
3 3 2
Torque
Torque (N-m)
(N-m) Torque
Torque (N-m)
(N-m)

a)
a) Shunt
Shunt Motor
Motor b)
b) Series
Series Motor.
Motor.

Fig.
Fig. 5.3.
5.3. Variation
Variation of
of characteristics
characteristics of
of dc
dc motor with field
motor with field fluxes
fluxes at
at
constant
constant armature
armature voltage.
voltage.

Thus,
Thus, armature
armature voltage
voltage control
control strategy
strategy is
is superior
superior to
to the
the field
field control
control
methodology.
methodology. However,
However, realization
realization of
of armature
armature voltage
voltage control
control in
in practice
practice is
is more
more
expensive.
expensive.

Circuit
Circuit Diagram:
Diagram:

34
34
 Motor
3-9

1
1

1
c
z zz lfm

Rfm

230 v DC

Figure:
Figure: 5.5
5.5 Speed
Speed control
control of
of DC
DC separately
separately excited
excited motor
motor

Procedure:
Procedure:

1.
1. Make
Make a
a list
list of
of the
the instruments
instruments required to perform
required to perform the
the experiment,
experiment, and
and the
the

given
given machines, with full
machines, with full specifications
specifications

2.
2. For
For carrying
carrying out
out the Armature Voltage
the Armature Voltage Control
Control of
of motor
motor speed,
speed, make
make the
the

circuit
circuit as
as shown
shown in
in Figure
Figure 5.5,
5.5, and
and get
get the
the connections
connections checked
checked by the lab
by the lab

instructor
instructor

3. Adjust R
3. Adjust fm to
Rfm to keep
keep Ilfm
fm at
at fixed
fixed rated
rated value
value

4. Through
4. Through 3-phase
3-phase variac,
variac, vary Vam from
vary Vam from zero to rated
zero to rated value
value

5.
5. Measure
Measure Iam and
and N
N at
at different Vam
different Vam

6.
6. To
To carry
carry out
out Field
Field Control,
Control, bring
bring Ilfm
fm at
at rated
rated value
value

7.
7. Bring Vam from
Bring Vam from zero
zero to
to half
half of
of rated value (about
rated value (about 200 V) and
200 V) and keep
keep it fixed
fixed it

8.
8. Slowly
Slowly reduce
reduce Ilfm
fm in
in steps to increase
steps to increase speed
speed N,
N, using
using R fm
Rfm

9.
9. Measure
Measure Iam and
and N
N at
at different
different Ilfm
fm

10.
10. Plot the Vam
Plot the Vam vs
vs N
N (Fixed
(Fixed IIfm)
fm) and
and IIfm
fm vs
vs N
N (Fixed Vam) characteristics
(Fixed Vam) characteristics

35
35
Observations:
Observations:

Table
Table 5.1:
51 Armature
. Voltage Control
Armature Voltage
: Control

Ifm = ………..Amps
..Amps

S.No.
S.N0. Vam
Vam N Ilam
am

..

Table
Table 5.2:
5.2: Field
Field Rheostat
Rheostat control
control

Vam
am =……………..Volts
..VoIts

S.No.
S.N0. Ifm
Ifm N Iam
am

..

36
36