Brakes and Clutches

Program: Diploma in Mechanical Engineering
Course: Theory of Machines

Course Code : 22438
Prof. D. M. Kulthe
MET’s Bhujbal Knowledge City IOT-P
dattakulthe26@gmail.com , 8698447676
Unit Outcomes
➢ Recommend relevant brakes and clutches for different applications

Brakes and Clutches
Prof. D. M. Kulthe, MET BKC IOT-P (8698447676)
Topics and Sub-topics
Brakes
➢ Introduction to brakes- Types, functions and applications.
➢ Construction and working of following types of Brakes:
Shoe Brake, Band Brake, Internal Expending Shoe Brake, Disc Brake
➢ Numerical problems:
To find braking force and braking torque for shoe & band brake.
To find power for shoe and band brake.
Topics and Sub-topics
Clutches
➢ Uniform pressure and Uniform Wear theories.
Brakes and Clutches
Function of Clutch and its application

➢ Construction and working of
(i) Single Plate Clutch
(ii) Multiplate Clutch
(iii) Centrifugal Clutch
(iv) Cone Clutch
(v) Diaphragm Clutch
Brakes Introduction
A brake is a device by means of which artificial frictional resistance is applied to a moving

Brakes and Clutches
machine member, in order to retard or stop the motion of a machine

In the process of performing this function, the brake absorbs

either kinetic energy of the moving member or potential
energy given up by objects being lowered by hoists,
elevators etc. The energy absorbed by brakes is dissipated in
the form of heat. This heat is dissipated in the surrounding
air (or water which is circulated through the passages in the
brake drum) so that excessive heating of the brake lining
does not take place.
Brakes Working Principle
Brake works on the principle of friction.. When a frictional force acts in opposite direction of
Brakes and Clutches
the motion then it converts the kinetic energy into heat energy.
Brakes
Capacity of a Brake Need of a Braking System

The capacity of a brake depends upon the
Brakes and Clutches
In an automobile vehicle braking system is

following factors :
needed –
1. The unit pressure between the braking
1. To stop the moving vehicle.
surfaces,
2. To de accelerate the moving vehicle.
2. The coefficient of friction between the
3. For stable parking of a vehicle either on a
braking surfaces,
flat surface or on a slope.
3. The peripheral velocity of the brake drum,
4. As a precaution for accidents.
4. The projected area of the friction surfaces
5. To prevent the vehicle from any damage
5. The ability of the brake to dissipate heat
due to road conditions.
equivalent to the energy being absorbed.
Brakes Types of Brakes
On the Basis of On the Basis of Frictional On the Basis of On the Basis of

Power Source Braking Contact Application Brake Force
Distribution
Brakes and Clutches
Mechanical Internal expanding Foot or service

brakes (Drum Brake) brakes Single acting
brakes
Hydraulic External contracting
brakes (Disc Brake) Hand or parking
Dual acting
brakes
brakes
Air or pneumatic
Vacuum
Magnetic
Electric
Brakes Types of Brakes
Mechanical Brakes
➢ Shoe Brake
Brakes and Clutches
➢ Band Brake
➢ Internal Expending Shoe Brake
➢ Disc Brake
Brakes Single Block or Shoe Brake
It consists of a block or shoe which is pressed against the rim of a revolving brake wheel
Brakes and Clutches
drum. The block is made of a softer material than the rim of the wheel.
This type of a brake is commonly used on railway trains and tram cars
The friction between the block and the wheel causes a

tangential braking force to act on the wheel, which
retard the rotation of the wheel. The block is pressed
against the wheel by a force applied to one end of a
lever to which the block is rigidly fixed. The other end
of the lever is pivoted on a fixed fulcrum O
Let,
P = Force applied at the end of the lever,
Brakes and Clutches
R N = Normal reaction
r = Radius of the wheel,
2θ = Angle of contact surface of the block,
μ = Coefficient of friction, and
Ft = Tangential braking force or the frictional force acting
at the contact surface of the block and the wheel
Tangential braking force on the wheel, Fig : Clockwise rotation of brake wheel
𝐅𝐭 = μ. 𝐑 𝐍
and the Braking torque , 𝐓𝐁 = 𝐅𝐭 .r = μ. 𝐑 𝐍 . 𝒓
Case I : When the line of action of tangential braking force (Ft ) passes through the
fulcrum O of the lever, and the brake wheel rotates clockwise as shown in Fig. then for
Brakes and Clutches
equilibrium, taking moments about the fulcrum O,

we have R N . 𝑥 = P.l
𝑃.𝑙
RN =
𝑥
Braking torque ,
TB = μ. R N . 𝑟
𝑃.𝑙
TB = μ . 𝑥 . 𝑟
Fig : Clockwise rotation of brake wheel
μ𝑷𝒍𝒓
𝐓𝐁 = .
𝒙
R N . 𝑥 = P.l
Brakes and Clutches
𝑃.𝑙
RN =
𝑥
Braking torque ,
TB = μ. R N . 𝑟
𝑃.𝑙
TB = μ . .𝑟
𝑥
μ𝑷𝒍𝒓 Fig : Anti-clockwise rotation of brake wheel

𝐓𝐁 = .
𝒙
It may be noted that when the brake wheel rotates anticlockwise as shown in Fig then the
braking torque is same
Case II : When the line of action of the tangential braking force (Ft ) passes through a distance
‘a’ below the fulcrum O, and the brake wheel rotates clockwise as shown in Fig. then for
Brakes and Clutches

R N . x + Ft . a = P.l
𝑃.𝑙
R N . x + μ. R N . a =
𝑥
𝑃.𝑙
R N . = 𝑥 + μ. a
Braking torque ,
TB = μ. R N . 𝑟
μ𝑷𝒍𝒓 Fig : Clockwise rotation of brake wheel

𝐓𝐁 = 𝒙 + μ. a .
R N . x - Ft . a = P.l
Brakes and Clutches
𝑃.𝑙
R N . x - μ. R N . a =
𝑥
𝑃.𝑙
R N . = 𝑥 − μ. a
Braking torque ,
TB = μ. R N . 𝑟
μ𝑷𝒍𝒓
𝐓𝐁 = . Fig : anti - clockwise rotation of brake wheel
𝒙 − μ. a
Case III : When the line of action of the tangential braking force (Ft ) passes through a distance
‘a’ above the fulcrum O, and the brake wheel rotates clockwise as shown in Fig. then for
Brakes and Clutches
R N . x - Ft . a = P.l
𝑃.𝑙
R N . x - μ. R N . a =
𝑥
𝑃.𝑙
R N . = 𝑥 − μ. a
Braking torque ,
TB = μ. R N . 𝑟
Fig : Clockwise rotation of brake wheel
μ𝑷𝒍𝒓
𝐓𝐁 = 𝒙 − μ. a .
R N . x + Ft . a = P.l
Brakes and Clutches
𝑃.𝑙
R N . x + μ. R N . a =
𝑥
𝑃.𝑙
R N . = 𝑥 + μ. a
Braking torque ,
TB = μ. R N . 𝑟
μ𝑷𝒍𝒓
𝐓𝐁 = .
𝒙 + μ. a Fig : : anti - clockwise rotation of brake wheel
Brakes self energizing brakes and self-locking brake
When frictional force helps to apply the brake. Such type of brakes are said to be self
energizing brakes.
Brakes and Clutches
When the frictional force is great enough to apply the brake with no external force, then the
brake is said to be self-locking brake.
μ𝑷𝒍𝒓
𝐓𝐁 = .
𝒙 + μ. a
From the above expression, we see that if x ≤ μ.a , then P will be negative or equal to zero. This
means no external force is needed to apply the brake and hence the brake is self locking.
Therefore the condition for the brake to be self locking is
x ≤ μ.a
Brakes Double Block or Shoe Brake
When a single block brake is applied to a rolling wheel,

an additional load is thrown on the shaft bearings due to
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the normal force (RN). This produces bending of the

shaft. In order to overcome this drawback, a double
block or shoe brake, as shown in Fig, is used. It consists
of two brake blocks applied at the opposite ends of a
diameter of the wheel which eliminate or reduces the
unbalanced force on the shaft. The brake is set by a
spring which pulls the upper ends of the brake arms
together. When a force P is applied to the bell crank Fig :Double Block or Shoe Brake
lever, the spring is compressed and the brake is released.
Brakes Double Block or Shoe Brake
This type of brake is often used on electric cranes and the force P is produced by an
Brakes and Clutches
electromagnet or solenoid.
In a double block brake, the braking action is doubled by the use of two blocks and these blocks
may be operated practically by the same force which will operate one. In case of double block
or shoe brake, the braking torque is given by
𝐓𝐁 = (𝐅𝐭𝟏 + 𝐅𝐭𝟐 ). 𝐫
Brakes Simple Band Brake
A band brake consists of a flexible band of leather, one or more ropes, or a steel lined with
Brakes and Clutches
friction material, which embraces a part of the circumference of the drum. A band brake is
called a simple band brake in which one end of the band is attached to a fixed pin or fulcrum of
the lever while the other end is attached to the lever at a distance b from the fulcrum.
When a force P is applied to the lever at C, the lever turns

about the fulcrum pin O and tightens the band on the
drum and hence the brakes are applied. The friction
between the band and the drum provides the braking
force
Brakes Simple Band Brake
Let T1 = Tension in the tight side of the band,

T2 = Tension in the slack side of the band,
Brakes and Clutches
θ = Angle of lap
μ = Coefficient of friction
r = Radius of the drum,
t = Thickness of the band
We know that limiting ratio of the tensions is given by the relation,

𝐓𝟏
= ⅇ𝐮𝛉 Now taking moments about the fulcrum O,
𝐓𝟐
Braking torque on the drum, P.l = T1 .b . . . (For clockwise rotation of the drum)
𝐓𝐁 = (𝐓𝟏 − 𝐓𝟐 ). 𝐫 and P.l = T2 .b . . . (For anticlockwise rotation of the drum)

Brakes Differential Band Brake
In a differential band brake, the ends of the band are joined at A and B to a lever AOC pivoted
on a fixed pin or fulcrum O. It may be noted that for the band to tighten, the length OA must be
Brakes and Clutches
greater than the length OB.
Now taking moments about the fulcrum O,

P.l + T1.b = T2.a
... (For clockwise rotation of the drum )
or P.l = T2.a – T1.b ... (i)
and P.l + T2.b = T1.a
. .. (For anticlockwise rotation of the drum )
or P.l = T1.a – T2.b ... (ii)
Brakes Internal Expanding Brake
This brakes use internal shoes that expand against the inner radius of the drum with brake
lining
Brakes and Clutches
Application : This type of brake is commonly used in motor cars and light trucks.
Brakes Internal Expanding Brake
An internal expanding brake consists of two shoes S1 and S2 as
shown in Fig. The outer surface of the shoes are lined with some
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friction material (usually with Ferodo) to increase the coefficient

of friction and to prevent wearing away of the metal. Each shoe is
pivoted at one end about a fixed fulcrum O1 and O2 and made to
contact a cam at the other end. When the cam rotates, the shoes
are pushed outwards against the rim of the drum. The friction
between the shoes and the drum produces the braking torque
Fig : Internal Expanding Brake
and hence reduces the speed of the drum. The shoes are normally
held in off position by a spring as shown in Fig. The drum
encloses the entire mechanism to keep out dust and moisture.
Brakes Disc Brake
Components
1. Wheel Hub: The disc rotor is attached to the wheel hub and it rotates with it. The wheel of
Brakes and Clutches
the vehicle is bolted to the wheel hub.

2. Caliper Assembly:
The caliper assembly consist of
(i) Brake pad
(ii) Caliper bracket
(iii) Caliper frame
(iv) Piston
(v) Slider pin
(vi) Dust boots
Brakes Disc Brake
3. Disc Rotor:
It is the rotating part of disc brake. When brakes are applied, a lot of heat is generated which can
Brakes and Clutches
decrease the braking efficiency, so the rotor has drilled vent holes on it which dissipates the
heat.
Working Principle :
The working of a disc brake is based on Pascal law.
Brakes and Clutches
Brakes
Disc Brake
Brakes Disc Brake
Working :
Brakes and Clutches
When the brake pedal is pressed, the high pressure fluid from the master cylinder pushes the
piston outward. The piston pushes the brake pad against the rotating disc. As the inner brake
pad touches rotor, the fluid pressure exerts further force and the caliper moves inward and pulls
the outward brake pad towards the rotating disc and it touches the disc. Now both the brake
pads are pushes the rotating disc, a large amount of friction is generated in between the pads
and rotating disc and slows down the vehicle and finally let it stop. When the brake pad is
released, the piston moves inward, the brake pad moves away from the rotating disc. And the
vehicle again starts to move.
Brakes Disc Brake
Advantages :
Brakes and Clutches
Disadvantages :
1. It is lighter than drum brakes.

1. It is costlier than drum brakes.
2. It has better cooling
2. more complicated and raise compatibility
3. It offers better resistance to fade.
issues.
4. It provides uniform pressure distribution
3. heavier than caliper brakes
5. The replacement of brake pads are easy.
4. More skills required to operate disk brakes
6. By design, they are self-adjusting brakes.
Application :
Disc brakes are mostly used in motorcycles and cars.
Brakes and Clutches
Brakes
Applications
Brakes Numerical
1. A single block brake is shown in Fig. The diameter of the drum is 250 mm and the angle of
contact is 90°. If the operating force of 700 N is applied at the end of a lever and the equivalent
Brakes and Clutches
coefficient of friction between the drum and the lining is 0.385, determine the torque that may
be transmitted by the block brake.
Given :
d = 250 mm or r = 125 mm
2θ = 90°= π / 2 rad
P = 700 N
μ = 0.385
Brakes Numerical
Taking moments about the fulcrum O, ( +, - )

Brakes and Clutches
700 x 450 - R N x 200 + Ft x 50 = 0

700 x 450 - R N x 200 + μ. R N x 50 = 0 …………… (Ft = μ. R N )
700 x 450 - R N x 200 + 0.385 x R N x 50 = 0
700 x 450 - R N x 200 + R N x 19.25 = 0
700 x 450 - R N (200-19.25) = 0
We know that torque transmitted by the block brake,
R N = 1742 N
TB = Ft × r
Ft = μ. R N = 0.385 x 1742
TB = 670 x 125
Ft = 670 N
𝐓𝐁 =83750 N-mm = 83.750 N-m
Brakes Numerical
2. A band brake acts on the ¾ th of circumference of a drum of 450 mm diameter which is keyed
to the shaft. The band brake provides a braking torque of 225 N-m. One end of the band is
Brakes and Clutches
attached to a fulcrum pin of the lever and the other end to a pin 100 mm from the fulcrum. If
the operating force is applied at 500 mm from the fulcrum and the coefficient of friction is 0.25,
find the operating force when the drum rotates in the (a) anticlockwise direction, and
(b) clockwise direction
Given :
d = 450 mm or r = 225 mm = 0.225 m
TB = 225 N-m ;
b = OB = 100 mm = 0.1 m
l = 500 mm = 0.5 m
μ = 0.25
Brakes Numerical
Solution :
T1
∴ = ⅇ0.25 x 4.713
We know that angle of wrap, T2
Brakes and Clutches
3 T1
θ= th of circumference ∴ = 3.253 ……………… (i)
4 T2
3
θ = 4 x 360° We know that braking torque
TB = (T1 − T2 ). 𝑟
θ = 270°
∴ 225 = (T1 − T2 ) x 0.225
𝛱
θ = 270° x = 4.713 rad
180 ∴ T1 − T2 = 1000 …………………...(ii)
We know that, From equations (i) and (ii), we have
T1 T1 = 1444 N
= ⅇµθ
T2 T2 = 444 N
Brakes Numerical
operating force when the drum rotates in :
(a) anticlockwise direction (b) clockwise direction

Brakes and Clutches
P × l = T2 x b P × l = T1 . b
P × 0.5 = 444 × 0.1 P × 0.5 = 1444 × 0.1
∴ P = 44.4 / 0.5 ∴ P = 144.4 / 0.5
∴ P = 88.8 N ∴ P = 288.8 N
Clutches Introduction
clutch is the device which is used to engage as well as to disengage transmission of power
from a driving shaft to a driven shaft.
Brakes and Clutches
A Clutch is a machine member used to connect the driving shaft to a driven shaft, so that the
driven shaft may be started or stopped at will, without stopping the driving shaft. A clutch
thus provides an interruptible connection between two rotating shafts.
The clutch is located in between engine and transmission (gear box).

Clutches Requirements
Requirement of clutch:
Brakes and Clutches
1. It should be able to transmit maximum torque of the engine.

2. It should be engage gradually to avoid sudden jerk.

3. It should be able to dissipate large amount of heat generated during clutch operation.
4. It should be dynamically balance for high speed engine.
5. Size should be small and occupies less space.
6. It should be operate by small effort of driver..
Clutches Function
Functions of Clutch:
1. Transmitting the torque from the engine to the drive train.
Brakes and Clutches
2. Smoothly deliver the power from the engine to enable smooth vehicle movement.
3. Perform quietly and to reduce drive related vibrations.
4. To permit engagement or disengagement of a gear when the drive train is stationary
and engine is running.
Clutches Working Principle
It operates on the principle of friction.

When two surfaces are brought in contact and are held against each other due to friction
Brakes and Clutches
between them, they can be used to transmit power. If one is rotated, then other also rotates.
One surface is connected to engine and other to the transmission system of automobile. Thus,
clutch is nothing but a combination of two friction surfaces.
Clutches Uniform Pressure Theory
When the mating component in clutch, bearing are new, then the contact between surfaces may
Brakes and Clutches
be good over the whole surface. It means that the pressure over the rubbing surfaces is
uniform distributed. This condition is not valid for old clutches, bearings because mating
surfaces may have uneven friction.
The condition assumes that intensity of pressure is same.
w
P = = Constant;
A
where, W= load/ Axial Force

A= Cross sectional area
Clutches Uniform Wear Theory
When clutch, bearing become old after being used for a given period, then all parts of the
rubbing surfaces will not move with the same velocity. The velocity of rubbing surface
Brakes and Clutches
increases with the distance from the axis of the rotating element.
It means that wear may be different at different radii and rate of wear depends upon the
intensity of pressure (P) and the velocity of rubbing surfaces (V).
It is assumed that the rate of wear is proportional to the product of intensity of pressure and
velocity of rubbing surfaces.
This condition assumes that rate of wear is uniform;
P x r = Constant
where, P = intensity of pressure,
r = radius of rotation.
Clutches Classification of Clutch
➢ Friction clutch ➢ Positive clutch

1. Single plate clutch
Brakes and Clutches
1. Dog clutch
2. Multiplate clutch 2.Spline Clutch

a. Wet ➢ Hydraulic clutch
b. Dry ➢ Electromagnetic clutch
3. Cone clutch ➢ Vacuum clutch
4. Centrifugal Clutch ➢ Overrunning clutch or freewheel unit
➢ Conical spring clutch or Diaphragm
clutch
1. Tapered finger type
2. Crown spring type
Clutches Single Plate Clutch
Components of Single Plate Clutch
Flywheel:
Brakes and Clutches
It is connected at the end of the engine shaft and can

rotate along with the shaft to transmit the power to other
parts when the clutch is in the engaged position.
Engine Shaft:
From Engine shaft, the power is transmitted to the gear
box via clutch plate.
Clutch Shaft:
This is used to hold the clutch plate and thereby engaging
with the flywheel to transmit the power
Bearing:
Brakes and Clutches
The bearing rides on the clutch spring for proper

engagement and disengagement.

Clutch Plate:
Here in the single-plate clutch, only one friction
plate or clutch plate is used to transmit the power
when there is an engagement. The clutch plate is
mounted on a hub which is splined from inside
and is thus free to slide over the gearbox shaft.
Clutch Pedal:
When you need to change the gear then you need
Brakes and Clutches
to disengage the clutch and that can be possible

only with clutch pedal.
Friction Lining:
Friction Lining is to be placed on the inside
surface of flywheel and the outer surface of
clutch plate for the better engagement without
the formation of slip. Friction lining is attached
on both sides of the friction plate to provide
annular friction surfaces for the transmission.
Pressure Plate:
It is responsible to fix the clutch plate with the
Brakes and Clutches
flywheel as a support when there is an

engagement among them and it is also
responsible for disengagement of clutch.
Clutch Spring:
To keep the clutch in engaged position, the
springs are arranged circumferentially around
the shaft which provide axial force for proper
engagement.
Working of Single Plate Clutch
Engagement of Clutch:
Brakes and Clutches
When the clutch is engaged (Means when you not pressed clutch pedal), the clutch plate is
gripped between the flywheel and pressure plate.
The friction linings are on both the sides of the clutch plate. The clutch plate revolves the
flywheel because of the friction between the flywheel, clutch plate and the pressure plate.
The clutch shaft also revolves with clutch plate. Clutch shaft is connected to the transmission
gearbox. Now, the engine power is transmitted to the crankshaft and then to the clutch shaft
and gearbox.
Clutch always engaged due to the spring forces.
Disengagement of Clutch:
When the clutch is disengaged (Means when you pressed clutch pedal), the pressure plate
Brakes and Clutches
moves back against the force of the springs, and the clutch plate becomes free between the
flywheel and the pressure plate.
The Flywheel always rotating with crankshaft. Then, Clutch shaft speed reduces slowly and
stops rotating.
Advantages
1. Single Plate Clutch is not expensive.

2. It has little maintenance.
3. Gear shifting is easier compare to cone clutch because pedal movement is less.
4. Single Plate Clutch is more reliable
Disadvantages
Brakes and Clutches
1. It requires more force to release.

2. The space required to accommodate the clutch is more as compared to the multi-plate
clutch.
3. The capacity of torque transmission is less.
4. Chance of tear wear is high in single plate clutches.
Applications
Used in heavy motor vehicles like trucks, buses, jeep etc

Single plate clutches used where large radial space is available.
Clutches Multi Plate Clutch
Multi-Plate Clutch consists of a number of clutch plates instead of only one clutch plate like in
the Single plate clutch.
Brakes and Clutches
Friction surface also increased because of a number of clutch plates. Because of a number of
friction surfaces, The capacity of the clutch to transmit torque is also increased.
Working of Multi Plate Clutch
The plates are alternately fitted to the engine crankshaft and gearbox shaft. They are firmly
Brakes and Clutches
pressed by strong coil springs and assembled in a drum type casing.

Each of the alternate clutch plate slides on the grooves on the flywheel and the other slides on
splines on the pressure plate. Thus, each alternate clutch plate has inner and outer splines.
➢ The working of Multi-plate clutch is the same as a single plate clutch by operating the clutch
pedal.
➢ The pressure plate rotates with the flywheel and It press against the friction plate.
➢ This forces the clutch plate and clutch shaft as well.
➢ When the clutch pedal is pressed, The clutch plates are released and flywheel still rotating
because they are not fully pressed by the pressure plate. Thus clutch shaft also stops rotating.
Advantages
1. Multi-plate clutch transmits high torque because of the number of friction surfaces.
Brakes and Clutches
2. The overall diameter of Multi-plate clutch is reduced compare to the single plate clutch and
transmit the same torque.
3. Space required is less
Disadvantages
1. The multi-plate clutch system is generating more heat as they consist of a large number of
the frictional plates.
2. Multi-plate clutches are too expensive.
Applications
The multi-plate clutches are used in racing cars, heavy commercial vehicles, motorcycles etc.
Clutches Cone Clutch
Cone clutches are friction clutches. They are

Brakes and Clutches
simple in construction and are easy to

disengage. However, the driving and driven
shafts must be perfectly coaxial for efficient
functioning of the clutch. This requirement is
more critical for cone clutch compared to single
plate friction clutch. A cone clutch consists of
two working surfaces ; inner and outer cones.
Working of Cone Clutch

Brakes and Clutches
By default, the inner cone is engaged with the outer cone due to the pressure of the spring
which is present behind the inner cone.

When the clutch pedal is pressed in order to change the gear or for some other cause, the
fulcrum which is attached to pedal rotates which in turn compresses the spring and also the
inner cone is pulled away from the outer cone. Thus the contact between the inner cone and
outer cone will break. So, the engine shaft will be disengaged from transmission system and
rotation of engine shaft or driving shaft will not be transferred to the transmission shaft or the
driven shaft.
Now after the disengagement when the clutch pedal is released slowly by the driver after
changing the gears, the fulcrum which is attached to the pedal rotates and the spring expands
Brakes and Clutches
and the inner cone starts moving towards the outer cone over splines. After that, the inner
clutch make contact with the outer clutch and friction force act between the inner friction
lining of outer cone and outer friction lining of inner cone. Now the cone clutch is said to be in
engage position and the roatation of engine shaft or driving shaft is transferred to the
transmission shaft or driven shaft and both the shaft start rotating at same speed.
The typical cone clutch has become obsolete as a means of transferring power from the engine
to the gearbox.
The semi cone angle α is kept greater than a certain value to avoid self-engagement; otherwise
disengagement of clutch would be difficult. This is kept around 12.50
Advantages
1. A small axial force is required to keep the clutch engaged.
Brakes and Clutches
2. Simple design.
3. For a given dimension, the torque transmitted by the cone clutch is higher than that of a single
plate clutch.
Disadvantages
1. High maintenance is required because very little wear can cause a considerable amount of
the axial movement of the inner cone.
2. It becomes very difficult to disengage if the cone angle is smaller than required.
Applications
used in specialist transmissions in racing, rallying, or in extreme off-road/industrial applications..

Clutches Centrifugal Clutch
Centrifugal Clutch is a type of clutch in which centrifugal force is used to connect the engine
drive shaft with the shaft of the transmission. It is placed in between the engine flywheel and
Brakes and Clutches
transmission system. It works more efficiently at higher speeds.

Components of Centrifugal Clutch
1. Shoes:
Brakes and Clutches
The shoes are of sliding types which slides in the guide-way. It consists of friction lining at the
end and this friction lining makes contact with the drum during an engagement
2. Spring:
Spring is used to disengage the clutch when the engine rotates at a lower speed.
3. Spider or guides:
The spiders are mounted on the driver (engine) shaft or motor shaft. The spiders are equally
spaced. Equally spaced means, if there are four guides then each guide is separated from each
other by 90 degrees. The sliding shoes are kept in between these guides and each guide is
holding a spring.
5. Drum:
The drum of the clutch act as housing which encloses all the parts of the clutch that includes
Brakes and Clutches
sliding shoes, guides, springs, etc. It is connected to the driven shaft of the transmission system
or chains or belt.
Working of Centrifugal Clutch
1. As the engine rotates, the inside assembly of the centrifugal clutch starts rotating but drum
Brakes and Clutches
remains stationary and no power is transmitted. At lower speed, the centrifugal force produced
is not sufficient to overcome the spring force. So the clutch remains disengaged. But as the speed
increases, the centrifugal force also increases and now the centrifugal force becomes greater
than the spring force.
2. As the centrifugal force becomes greater than the spring force, this allows the sliding shoes to
move outward against the spring and get engaged with the inner surface of the drum.
3. The drum starts rotating and transfers the rotating power from the engine to the driven shaft
of the transmission.
4. When the load on the engine increases, its speed decreases and disengages the clutch.
Brakes and Clutches
Clutches
Working of Centrifugal Clutch

Centrifugal Clutch
Advantages
1. It is simple and requires less maintenance.
Brakes and Clutches
2. It is inexpensive.
3. Since it is automatic, so it does not need the necessary control mechanism.
4. Its engagement speed can be controlled by selecting an appropriate spring.
Disadvantages
1. It is not capable of transferring a high amount of power and it shoes slip in heavy load
condition.
2. Its engagement depends upon the speed of the driving shaft.
Applications
Centrifugal clutch is mainly used in lawn mowers, mopeds, go karts, mini bikes, chainsaws, etc.

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Program: Diploma in Mechanical Engineering

Course: Theory of Machines

➢ Recommend relevant brakes and clutches for different applications

Topics and Sub-topics

Function of Clutch and its application

A brake is a device by means of which artificial frictional resistance is applied to a moving

machine member, in order to retard or stop the motion of a machine

In the process of performing this function, the brake absorbs

Capacity of a Brake Need of a Braking System

In an automobile vehicle braking system is

On the Basis of On the Basis of Frictional On the Basis of On the Basis of

Mechanical Internal expanding Foot or service

The friction between the block and the wheel causes a

equilibrium, taking moments about the fulcrum O,

μ𝑷𝒍𝒓 Fig : Anti-clockwise rotation of brake wheel

equilibrium, taking moments about the fulcrum O,

μ𝑷𝒍𝒓 Fig : Clockwise rotation of brake wheel

equilibrium, taking moments about the fulcrum O,

When a single block brake is applied to a rolling wheel,

the normal force (RN). This produces bending of the

When a force P is applied to the lever at C, the lever turns

Let T1 = Tension in the tight side of the band,

We know that limiting ratio of the tensions is given by the relation,

𝐓𝐁 = (𝐓𝟏 − 𝐓𝟐 ). 𝐫 and P.l = T2 .b . . . (For anticlockwise rotation of the drum)

greater than the length OB.

Now taking moments about the fulcrum O,

friction material (usually with Ferodo) to increase the coefficient

the vehicle is bolted to the wheel hub.

1. It is lighter than drum brakes.

Taking moments about the fulcrum O, ( +, - )

700 x 450 - R N x 200 + Ft x 50 = 0

operating force when the drum rotates in :

(a) anticlockwise direction (b) clockwise direction

The clutch is located in between engine and transmission (gear box).

1. It should be able to transmit maximum torque of the engine.

2. It should be engage gradually to avoid sudden jerk.

It operates on the principle of friction.

where, W= load/ Axial Force

➢ Friction clutch ➢ Positive clutch

2. Multiplate clutch 2.Spline Clutch

Components of Single Plate Clutch

It is connected at the end of the engine shaft and can

The bearing rides on the clutch spring for proper

engagement and disengagement.

to disengage the clutch and that can be possible

flywheel as a support when there is an

Working of Single Plate Clutch

1. Single Plate Clutch is not expensive.

1. It requires more force to release.

Used in heavy motor vehicles like trucks, buses, jeep etc

Working of Multi Plate Clutch

pressed by strong coil springs and assembled in a drum type casing.

Cone clutches are friction clutches. They are

simple in construction and are easy to

Working of Cone Clutch

which is present behind the inner cone.

used in specialist transmissions in racing, rallying, or in extreme off-road/industrial applications..