PRACTICUM REPORT

ANIMAL STRUCTURE

NAME : Rezky Amaliah

ID : 210107510010
CLS/GRP/WVE : ICP of Biology Education/5/2
UNIT : 5 (Muscle Tissue)
Assistant : Suhardi Aldi, S.Pd.
Assistant Coordinator : Suhardi Aldi, S.Pd.
Responsible Lecturer : Dr. Adnan, M.S

BIOLOGY DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF MATH AND SCIENCE
MAKASSAR STATE UNIVERSITY
2022
 APPROVAL SHEET

The complete report of the Animal Structure Practicum with the title "Muscle
Tissue" was made by:

Name : Rezky Amaliah

ID : 210107510010

Class : ICP Of Biology Education

Group :5

has been checked and consulted by the Assistant and the Assistant Coordinator,
then this report is declared to have been received.

Makassar, 8th April 2022

Coordinator Assistant Assistant

Suhardi Aldi, S.Pd Suhardi Aldi, S.Pd.

Knowing,
Responsible Lecturer

Dr. Adnan, M.S.

NIP. 19650201 198803 1 003

 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

A. BACKGROUND
Muscle tissue is composed of cells that have the special ability to shorten or
contract in order to produce movement of the body parts. The tissue is highly
cellular and is well supplied with blood vessels. The cells are long and slender
so they are sometimes called muscle fibers, and these are usually arranged in
bundles or layers that are surrounded by connective tissue. Actin and myosin
are contractile proteins in muscle tissue. Muscle tissue can be categorized into
skeletal muscle tissue, smooth muscle tissue, and cardiac muscle tissue.
Skeletal muscle tissue constitutes 45% of the total body weight and
functions in the body to provide movement, stability, heat production, glycemic
control, as well as expansion and contraction of orifices. It is a metabolically
active tissue that requires an abundance of nutrients and metabolites, which are
provided by an extensive capillary network forming an organized branching
pattern throughout the fibers. Groups of functionally related muscles or muscle
compartments are located in the pelvic floor, abdominal wall, thoracic wall, and
limbs. Whereas mild injury and stress on the skeletal muscle can be healed by
a robust and natural regeneration process, extensive muscle damage due to
trauma or tumor ablation requires reconstructive procedures to restore normal
muscle function.
The three main types of muscle include Skeletal muscle, the specialized
tissue that is attached to bones and allows movement. Together, skeletal
muscles and bones are called the musculoskeletal system (also known as the
locomotor system). Generally speaking, skeletal muscle is grouped into
opposing pairs such as the biceps and triceps on the front and back of the upper
arm. Skeletal muscles are under our conscious control, which is why they are
also known as voluntary muscles. Another term is striated muscles since the
tissue looks striped when viewed under a microscope.
 Smooth muscle, is located in various internal structures including the
digestive tract, uterus, and blood vessels such as arteries. Smooth muscle is
arranged in layered sheets that contract in waves along the length of the
structure. Another common term is an involuntary muscle since the motion of
smooth muscle happens without our conscious awareness. Cardiac muscle is the
muscle-specific to the heart. The heart contracts and relaxes without our
conscious awareness.

B. PURPOSE
After carrying out practical activities, students are expected to be able to:
1. Identify and describe the structural characteristics of striated muscle tissue,
smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle through direct observation.
2. Comparing and differentiating the structural characteristics of striated muscle
tissue, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle as a result of direct observation.
3. Comparing images of striated muscle tissue, smooth muscle, and cardiac
muscle as a result of microscopic observations with tissue images from
photomicrographs.

C. BENEFITS
After carrying out practical activities, students can:
1. Identify and describe the structural characteristics of striated muscle tissue,
smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle through direct observation.
2. Comparing and differentiating the structural characteristics of striated muscle
tissue, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle as a result of direct observation.
3. Comparing images of striated muscle tissue, smooth muscle, and cardiac
muscle as a result of microscopic observations with tissue images from
photomicrographs.
 CHAPTER II
LITERATURE REVIEW

Muscle tissue makes up 40-50% of overall weight. In general function of

muscle tissue for movement stabilization of body position, adjusting volume
organs, and thermogenesis; estimated 85% of body heat is generated by muscle
contraction. The nature of muscle tissue is excitability/irritability, can contract, can
stretch without damaging the tissue within certain limits, and elasticity. Based on
histologic features, location, and control nervous and endocrine system, muscle
tissue is classified into skeletal muscle tissue, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle.
Skeletal muscle tissue is especially attached to the bones and functions to move
skeleton parts. This muscle tissue is classified as patterned/striated muscle because
microscopic observation of this tissue shows alternating light and dark
stripes/bands. Skeletal muscle tissue is voluntary because it contracts and relaxes
under conscious control (Wangko, 2014).
The organizational unit of skeletal muscle is the fiber muscle with
multinucleated cells long cylindrical shape. These muscle fibers are longer than
smooth muscle fibers. The length ranges from 10-30 cm and 0.1-0.5 mm in
diameter. Arranged fibers parallels gathered in bundles of fiber or fasciculus large
enough to be able to see with the naked eye 1-7. Dense connective tissue that
encloses muscle is called the epimysium. The thin bulkhead that goes inside the
epimysium for covering each fasciculus is the perimysium and connective tissue
that covers each muscle fiber called the endomysium. The blood vessels that supply
blood to skeletal muscle, branch into the epimysium and provide penetration
through the perimysium bulkhead to form, in the endomysium, many capillary
tissues around muscle fibers (Kalangi, 2014).
Skeletal muscle is one of the most dynamic and plastic tissues of the human
body. In humans, skeletal muscle comprises approximately 40 % of total body
weight, contains 50–75 % of all body proteins, and accounts for 30–50 % of whole
body protein turnover. Muscle is mainly composed of water (75 %), protein (20 %),
and other substances including inorganic salts, minerals, fat, and carbohydrates (5
%). In general, muscle mass depends on the balance between protein synthesis and
degradation and both processes are sensitive to factors such as nutritional status,
hormonal balance, physical activity/exercise, and injury or disease, among others.
The various protein compartments (structural, contractile, and regulatory) have
received significant scientific attention because of their important contribution to
mobility, exercise capacity, functioning, and health (Frontera & Ochala, 2015).
Smooth muscle gets its name from its lack of striations. Smooth muscle is
found in the walls of the digestive tract, arteries, and other internal organs. It is
responsible for involuntary body activities, such as the movement of food through
the intestines. Smooth muscle cells contract more slowly than skeletal muscle, but
smooth muscle can sustain contractions for a longer period of time than can skeletal
muscle. Cardiac muscle forms the contractile tissue of the heart, an organ consisting
of mostly muscle. It is striated like skeletal muscle, but cardiac muscle is under
involuntary control, its contraction cannot be controlled (Taylor et al., 2017).
Vascular smooth muscle cells are specialized cells that are highly plastic and
multifunctional. Physiologically vascular smooth muscle cells are quiescent and
exhibit low levels of growth. Normally, they express genes and proteins important
for contraction/dilation, which allows them to control systemic and local pressure
through the regulation of vascular tone. However, under stressed or pathological
conditions, highly differentiated contractile cells re-enter the cell cycle and become
dedifferentiated, assuming a proliferative/migratory phenotype (Touyz et al., 2018).
The hearts of vertebrates are made up of striated muscle cells arranged very
differently from the fibers of skeletal muscle. Instead of having very long,
multinucleate cells running the length of the muscle, cardiac muscle consists of
smaller, interconnected cells, each with a single nucleus. The interconnections
between adjacent cells appear under the microscope as dark lines called intercalated
disks. In reality, these lines are regions where gap junctions link adjacent cells. As
noted in chapter 4, gap junctions have openings that permit the movement of small
substances and ions from one cell to another. These interconnections enable the
cardiac muscle cells to form a single functioning unit (Mason et al., 2017).
 CHAPTER III
PRACTICAL METHOD

A. TOOLS AND MATERIALS

1. Microscopes, slides, cover glasses and stationery.
2. Involuntary muscle microslide preparations for mammals, skeletal/striated
muscle preparations, and mammalian cardiac muscle microslides.

B. WORK PROCEDURES
1. Observation of tissue preparations is carried out from Activity Units 1 to 3.
2. Photomicroscope images were observed in each activity unit.
Photomicroscopy results shows the parts you should observe.
3. The photomicroscope image is annotated by choosing the correct answer
provided. Use this information to name the part of your observations.
4. Each activity unit is equipped with a question/object description. Answer
the question/describe the object to practice your ability to report
observations.
 CHAPTER IV
RESULT AND DISCUSSION

A. OBSERVATION RESULT

Observation Result Notes

Activity 1: Smooth muscle
1. Smooth muscle cell ends
2. Nucleus
3. Smooth muscle cell
4. Sarcoplasm

Magnification: 10 x 40
Activity 2: Skeletal muscle
1. Nucleus
2. Myofibril
3. Sarcolemma
4. Sarcoplasm

Magnification: 10 x 60

Activity 3: Cardiac muscle

1. Sarcoplasm
2. Nucleus
3. Sarcolemma
4. Intercalary disc

Magnification: 10 x 40
B. DISCUSSION
In this unit, we observed smooth muscle using mammalian involuntary muscle
microslide preparations, skeletal muscle using mammalian striated muscle
microslide preparations, cardiac muscle using mammalian cardiac muscle
microslide preparations.
In activity 1, we observed smooth muscle. Smooth muscle consists of cells that
form long coils (30 - 200 μm) at the ends of the cross section, each smooth muscle
cell has a nucleus located in the middle. Within the bundle of smooth muscle, the
fusiform cells overlap each other. The files are organized into several layers.
Within the bundle, the cells are covered by a dense endomysium consisting of
collagen fibers. The fascicles are covered by connective tissue called the
perimetium, and the smooth muscle bundles are covered by the epimysium which
separates the larger muscle bundles.
Structure that have been observed in smooth muscle, namely smooth muscle
cell ends, nucleus, smooth muscle cell, and sarcoplasm. Smooth muscle cells are
spindle-shaped and have single elongated nuclei. As in cardiac muscle cells, the
configuration of the nuclear membranes in smooth muscle cells changes during
contraction and relaxation. Sarcoplasm is the cytoplasm of a muscle fibre. It is a
water solution containing ATP and phosphagens, as well as the enzymes and
intermediate and product molecules involved in many metabolic reactions. The
most abundant metal in the sarcoplasm is potassium.
In activity 2, we observed skeletal muscle. Skeletal muscle consists of very
long (up to 4 cm) bundles of cylindrical cells and each cell or fiber contains many
nuclei. The diameter of skeletal muscle fibers ranges from 10-100 μm nuclear
which is mostly due to the fusion of single-nucleated myoblasts (muscle stem cells).
The nucleus is located at the periphery, under the cell membrane. The mass of
skeletal muscle fibers is arranged in regular bundles surrounded by an external
sheath of tissue. A solid connective tissue called the epimysium. From the
epimysium is formed a thin septum of connective tissue that runs into and around
the bundles of fibers in a muscle. The septum is called the perimysium. The fibrous
bundles covered by the perimysium are called fascicles. Each muscle fiber is
surrounded by a layer of loose connective tissue.
Structure that have been observed in skeletal muscle, namely nucleus,
myofibril, sarcolemma, and sarcoplasm. A myofibril is a component of the animal
skeletal muscle. Myofibrils are long filaments that run parallel to each other to form
muscle (myo) fibers. The myofibrils, and resulting myofibers, may be several
centimeters in length. The muscle fibers are single multinucleated cells that
combine to form the muscle. Myofibrils are made up of repeating subunits called
sarcomeres. These sarcomeres are responsible for muscle contractions.
In activity 3, we observed cardiac muscle. Cardiac muscle cells do not unite
into syncytial cells like skeletal muscle, but form a complex relationship between
their dilated projections. This impression is the impression when the heart muscle
is observed with a light microscope. Observations with an electron microscope
show that the cardiac muscle fibers stand alone. Unbranched and at the ends of the
muscle fibers are connected to other muscle fibers by cell junctions. The narrow
gaps between the muscle fibers contain the endomysium, which carries blood and
lymph vessels near the muscle fibers. Structure that have been observed in cardiac
muscle, namely sarcoplasm, nucleus, sarcolemma, and intercalary disc.
 CHAPTER V
CLOSING

A. CONCLUSION
From the practicum that has been done, it can be concluded that:
1. Smooth muscle consists of thick and thin filaments that are not arranged into
sarcomeres giving it a non-striated pattern. skeletal muscle made up of hundreds,
or even thousands, of muscle fibers bundled together and wrapped in a connective
tissue covering. Cardiac muscle fibers have a single nucleus, are branched, and
joined to one another by intercalated discs that contain gap junctions for
depolarization between cells and desmosomes to hold the fibers together when the
heart contracts.
2. Smooth muscle has one nucleus in each cell where the nucleus is located in the
center of the cell. Cardiac muscle has one to two nuclei in each cell located in the
center. Skeletal muscle has a large number of cell nuclei located at the periphery
of the cell.

3. The microscopic image of muscle tissue is clearer than the photomicrographed

tissue image.

B. SUGGESTION

1. For laboratory assistants, it is better to supervise practitioners so that mistakes do

not occur.
2. For practitioner, it is better to pay attention/record the assistance that has been
done by the assistant coordinator so that there is no difficulty when drawing
observation results and setting up an internet connection during the online
practicum so that there are no disturbances.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Frontera, W. R., & Ochala, J. (2015). Skeletal Muscle: A Brief Review of Structure
and Function. Behavior Genetics, 45(2), 183–195.

Kalangi, S. J. R. (2014). Perubahan Otot Rangka Pada Olahraga. Jurnal Biomedik

(Jbm), 6(3), 172–178.

Mason, K. A., Losos, J. B., & Singer, S. R. (2017). BIOLOGY (11th ed.). New York:
McGraw-Hill Education.

Taylor, M. R., Simon, E. J., Dickey, J. L., Hogan, K., & Reece, J. B. (2017).
Campbell Biology: Concepts And Connections (9th ed.). United States of
America: Pearson Education.

Touyz, R. M., Alves-Lopes, R., Rios, F. J., Camargo, L. L., Anagnostopoulou, A.,
Arner, A., & Montezano, A. C. (2018). Vascular Smooth Muscle Contraction
In Hypertension. Cardiovascular Research, 114(4), 529–539.

Wangko, S. (2014). JARINGAN OTOT RANGKA Sistem membran dan struktur

halus unit kontraktil. Jurnal Biomedik (Jbm), 6(3), 27–32.