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SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

General Biology 1
Quarter 1 – Module 3:
Title: Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic
Cell
General Biology 1 – Grade 12
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1 – Module 3: Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cell
First Edition, 2020

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12
General Biology 1
Quarter 1 – Module 3:
Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cell
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:

Welcome to the General Biology 1-Grade 12 Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM)


Module on Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cell!

This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by educators


both from public and private institutions to assist you, the teacher or facilitator in
helping the learners meet the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum while
overcoming their personal, social, and economic constraints in schooling.

This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also aims to help
learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking into consideration
their needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body of
the module:

Notes to the Teacher


This contains helpful tips or strategies that
will help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module.
You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to
manage their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist
the learners as they do the tasks included in the module.

For the learner:

2
Welcome to the General Biology 1-Grade 12 Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM)
Module on Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cell!

The hand is one of the most symbolized part of the human body. It is often used to
depict skill, action and purpose. Through our hands we may learn, create and
accomplish. Hence, the hand in this learning resource signifies that you as a
learner is capable and empowered to successfully achieve the relevant
competencies and skills at your own pace and time. Your academic success lies in
your own hands!

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities for
guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be enabled to
process the contents of the learning resource while being an active learner.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

What I Need to Know This will give you an idea of the skills or
competencies you are expected to learn in the module.

What I Know This part includes an activity that aims to check what
you already know about the lesson to take. If you get all the answers
correct (100%), you may decide to skip this module.

What’s In This is a brief drill or review to help you link the current
lesson with the previous one.

What’s New In this portion, the new lesson will be introduced to you
in various ways such as a
story, a song, a poem, a problem opener, an
activity or a situation.

What is It This section provides a brief discussion of the lesson.


This aims to help you discover and understand new concepts and
skills.

What’s More This comprises activities for independent practice to


solidify your understanding and skills of the topic. You may check the
answers to the exercises using the Answer Key at the end of the module.

What I Have Learned This includes questions or


blank sentence/paragraph to be filled in to process what you
learned from the lesson.

What I Can Do This section provides an activity which will help you
transfer your new knowledge or skill
into real life situations or concerns.
Assessment This is a task which aims to evaluate your level of
mastery in achieving the learning competency.

Additional Activities In this portion, another activity will be given to


you to enrich your knowledge or skill of the

3
lesson learned. This also tends retention of
learned concepts.

Answer Key This contains answers to all activities in the

module.

At the end of this module you will also find:

References This is a list of all sources used in developing


this module.

The following are some reminders in using this module:

1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of
the module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other activities
included in the module.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your
answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not
hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are
not alone.

We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning
and gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!

What I Need to Know

4
This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you
master the nature of Biology. The scope of this module permits it to be used in
many different learning situations. The language used recognizes the diverse
vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard
sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them can be changed to
correspond with the textbook you are now using.

The module is divided into three lessons, namely:

• Lesson 1 – Common misconceptions about prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell


• Lesson 2 – Characteristics of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cell
• Lesson 3 – Key Difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. describe a prokaryotic cell


2. describe a eukaryotic cell
3. differentiate prokaryotic from eukaryotic cell

What I Know

Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of
paper.

1. C In a prokaryotic cell, the DNA is...


a. Wrapped around histone proteins
b. Contained in the nucleus
c. "naked" and "free-floating"
d. it has no DNA

2. A Prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus. What do they have in its place? a.
Plasmid
b. DNA
c. Chromatin
d. Nucleoid region

3. C The DNA of a eukaryotic cell can be found in the _______________.


a. Nucleoid region
b. Mitochondria
c. Nucleus
d. It has no DNA

4. A What kingdoms are made up of prokaryotic cells?


a. Bacteria and Archaea
b. Bacteria and Animals
c. Animals and Plants

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d. Bacteria and Plants

5. B Which type of cell contains a cell membrane?


a. Prokaryote
b. Eukaryote
c. Both cell types contain a cell membrane
d. None of the Above

6. C Which of the following is an example of the prokaryotic cell?


a. plant cell
b. animal cell
c. bacterial cell
d. eukaryotic

7. B Which of the following statement is TRUE?


a. Eukaryotic cells do not have a nucleus, prokaryotic cells do
b. Prokaryotic cells came before eukaryotic cells
c. Eukaryotic cells are simple, prokaryotic cells are complex
d. Prokaryotic cells are bigger than eukaryotic cells

8. D Which of the following is not a difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic


cells? a. the size of the cells
b. The complexity of the cells
c. The age of the cell
d. Having a nucleus

9. B A cell has a nucleus, is complex and large and has membrane bound
organelles.
What type of cell is this?
a. there is not enough information
b. Eukaryotic
c. Prokaryotic
d. Bacteria

10. D A cell has circular DNA, is small and simple and no nucleus or membrane
bound organelles. What type of cell is this?
a. Plant
b. Animals
c. Eukaryotic
d. Prokaryotic

11. C A scientist finds a cell that is very old and very simple. This cell is probably a
__________________________.
a. a plant cell

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b. eukaryotic cell
c. prokaryotic cell
d. a new type of cell

12. C Which of the following would be examples of Eukaryotic cells


a. plants and bacteria
b. prokaryotic and animals
c. plants and animals
d. animals and bacteria

13. B Prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus. What do they have in its place? a.
Nucleolus
b. Nucleoid region
c. Deoxyribonucleic acid
d. Chromatin

14. B Eukaryotes are


a. unicellular
b. multicellular
c. both
d. neither

15. A Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have many differences, but they also share
some common features. Which of the following may be found in either type of
cell? a. Golgi bodies
b. Ribosomes
c. Mitochondria
d. Nucleus

7
Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic
Lesson
Cell
Prokaryotes are simple, small cells, whereas eukaryotic cells are
complex, large structured and are present in trillions which can be single
celled or multicellular. Prokaryotic cells do not have a well-defined nucleus
but DNA molecule is located in the cell, termed as nucleoid, whereas
eukaryotic cells have a well-defined nucleus, where genetic material is
stored. Based on the structure and functions, cells are broadly classified as
Prokaryotic cell and Eukaryotic cell.

Prokaryotic Cells are the most primitive kind of cells and lack few
features as compared to the eukaryotic cell. Eukaryotic cells have evolved
from prokaryotic cells only but contain different types of organelles like
Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi body, Mitochondria etc., which are specific in
their functions. But features like growth, response, and most importantly
giving birth to the young ones are the commonly shared by all living
organisms.

In the following content, we will discuss the general difference


between the two types of cells. As these ‘cells’ are considered as the
structural and functional unit of life, whether it’s a single cell organism like
bacteria, protozoa, or multicellular organisms like plants and animals.

What’s In

COMMON MISTAKES AND MISCONCEPTIONS


Eukaryotes can be unicellular- Many people think that eukaryotes
are all multicellular, but this is not the case. While prokaryotes are always
unicellular organisms, eukaryotes can be either unicellular or multicellular.
For example, most protists are single celled eukaryotes.

Even though prokaryotes do not have a nucleus, they DO contain


genetic information. Prokaryotes generally have single circular
chromosomes where they store their genetic information.

8
Though they sound negative, bacteria are very important, though
they cause diseases they also play significant roles which are beneficial for
mankind. Some of these roles are the following:
a. Decomposers
b. Ancient producer of oxygen
c. Aids in digestion
d. Help in Nitrogen Cycle
e. Vector for genetic engineering purposes

Bacteria are classified under prokaryotic organism. It is separated


from plants and animals which have eukaryotic cell for several reasons.
Read the selection below and be ready to differentiate prokaryotic from
eukaryotic organism.

Notes to the Teacher


Assist their students in correcting their own misconceptions.

What’s New

CHARACTETISTICS OF PROKARYOTIC CELLS


Pro means ‘old,’ and karyon means ‘nucleus,’ So as the name suggest
the history of the evolution of prokaryotic cells is at least 3.5 billion years
old, but they are still important to us in many aspects like they are used in
industries for fermentation (Lactobacillus, Streptococcus), for research work,
etc. In comparison to eukaryotic
cells, they lack few organelles and
are not advanced as eukaryotes.

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Generalized structure of Prokaryotic cell consists of the
following:

a. Glycocalyx: This layer


function as a receptor, the
adhesive also provide
protection to the cell wall.

b. Nucleoid: It is the location of


the genetic material (DNA),
large DNA molecule is
condensed into the small
packet.

c. Pilus: Hair like


hollow attachment
present on the
surface of bacteria, and is
used to transfers of DNA to other cells during cell-cell adhesion.

d. Mesosomes: It is the extension of the cell membrane, unfolded into the


cytoplasm their role is during the cellular respiration.

e. Flagellum: Helps in movement, attached to the basal body of the cell.

f. Cell Wall: It provides rigidity and support for the cell.

g. Fimbriae: Helps in attachment to the surface and other bacteria while


mating. These are small hair-like structure.

h. Inclusion/Granules: It helps in storage of carbohydrates, glycogen,


phosphate, fats in the form of particles which can be used when needed.

i. Ribosomes: Tiny particles which help in protein synthesis.

j. Cell membrane: Thin layer of protein and lipids, surrounds cytoplasm


and regulate the flow of materials inside and outside the cells.

k. Endospore: It helps cell in surviving during harsh conditions.


In terms of peptidoglycan present in the cell wall, prokaryotes can be divided
into Gram-positive and Gram -negative bacteria. The former contains a
large amount of peptidoglycan in their cell wall while the latter have the thin
layer.

10
CHARACTERISTICS OF EUKARYOTIC CELLS

Eu means ‘new,’ and karyon means ‘nucleus,’ so these are the


advanced type of cells found in plant, animals, and fungi. Eukaryotic cells
have a well-defined nucleus and different organelles to perform different
functions within the cell, though working is complex to understand.

This kind of cells are found in algae, fungi, protozoa, plants, and
animals and can be single-celled, colonial or multicellular. Among them,
fungi and protists (algae and protozoa) are the major kingdoms.

The general structure of Eukaryotic cells contain:


a. Nucleus: Eukaryotic cells have a well-defined nucleus where DNA
(genetic material) is stored, it helps in the production of protein synthesis
and ribosomes also. The chromosome is present inside the nucleus, which is
surrounded by the nuclear envelope. It is a bi-lipid layer and controls the
passage of ions and molecules.

b. Cytoplasm: It is the location where other organelles are located, and


other metabolic activities of the cell also take place here.

c. Mitochondria: It is called ‘the powerhouse of the cell,’ and is


responsible for making ATP. Mitochondria has its own DNA and ribosomes.

11
d. Chloroplast: These are found in algae and plants, it is one of the most
important organelles in the plant which helps in converting energy sunlight
into chemical energy through photosynthesis. They resemble mitochondria.
e. Golgi body: It consists of a stack of many flattened, disc-shaped sacs
known as cisternae. The exact nature of Golgi varies, but it helps in the
packaging of materials and in secreting them.

f. Lysosomes and Vacuoles – The most important function of


Endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus is the synthesis of g.
Lysosomes, which helps in digestion of intracellular molecules with the help
of the enzyme called hydrolase.

g. Vacuoles are the membrane-bound cavities containing fluid as well as


solid materials, and they engulf materials through endocytosis.

h. Endoplasmic Reticulum: It transport lipids, proteins, and other


materials through the cell. They are of two types of smooth endoplasmic
reticulum and rough endoplasmic reticulum.

i. Appendages: Cilia and Flagella are locomotory attachments, helps in


the movement of a cell towards positive stimuli. Cilia are shorter than
flagella and numerous.

j. Cell Wall: Cell Wall provides shapes, rigidity, and support to the cell.
Compositions of the cell wall may vary of different organisms but which can
be of either cellulose, pectin, chitin or peptidoglycan.

k. Cytoplasmic Membrane/Plasma Membrane: It is a thin


semipermeable, surrounding the cytoplasm, it acts as the barrier of the cell
which regulates entry and exit of the substances inside and outside the cell.
This layer is made up of two layers of phospholipids embedded with proteins.
In Plant cell, this layer is present below the cell wall whereas in the Animal
cell it is the outermost layer.

l. Ribosomes: Though small in size but are present in numbers, they


help in protein synthesis. Eukaryotes have 80S ribosomes which are further
divided into two subunits which are 40S and 60S (S stands for Sedverg unit).

m. Cytoskeleton: It is supporting framework of the cells, which is of two


types Microtubules and Microfilaments. Microtubules have a diameter of
about 24 nanometers (nm), made up of a protein called tubulin, while
Microfilaments has a diameter of 6nm, made of the protein called actin.
Microtubules are the largest filament and Microfilament the smallest one.

12
What is It

Difference between Prokaryotic Cells and


Eukaryotic Cells

KEY DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PROKARYOTIC CELLS AND


EUKARYOTIC CELLS

Following are the substantial difference between Prokaryotic Cells and


Eukaryotic Cell:

1. Prokaryotic cells are the primitive kind of cell, whose size varies from
0.5-3µm, they are generally found in single-cell organisms, while Eukaryotic cells
are the modified cell structure containing different components in it, their size
varies from 2-100µm, they are found in multicellular organisms.

2. Organelles like mitochondria, ribosomes, Golgi body, endoplasmic


reticulum, cell wall, chloroplast, etc. are absent in prokaryotic cells, while these
organelles are found in eukaryotic organisms. Though cell wall and chloroplast are
not found in the animal cell, it is present in the green plant cell, few bacteria, and
algae.

3. The main difference between Prokaryotic cells and the Eukaryotic cell
is the nucleus, which is not well defined in prokaryotes whereas it is well
structured, compartmentalized and functional in eukaryotes.

4. Cell organelles are present which are membrane-bound and have


individual functions in eukaryotic cells; many organelles are absent in prokaryotic
cells.

13
5. In prokaryotes, the cell division takes place through conjugation,
transformation, and transduction but in eukaryotes, it is through the process of
cell division.

6. The process of transcription and translation occurs together, and


there is a single origin of replication in the prokaryotic cell. On the other hand,
there are multiple origins of replication and transcription occurs in nucleus and
translation in the cytosol.

7. Genetic Material (DNA) is circular and double-stranded in


Prokaryotes, but in Eukaryotes, it is linear and double-stranded.

8. Prokaryotes reproduce asexually; commonly Prokaryotes have a


sexual mode of reproduction.

9. Prokaryotes are the simplest, smallest and most abundantly found


cells on earth; Eukaryotes are larger and complex cells.

What’s More

VENN TIME!
Direction: Construct a Venn diagram comparing prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell.

Like a prokaryotic cell, A eukaryotic cell contains


-A prokaryotic cell is a type of a eukaryotic cell has a
membrane-bound organelles such as
cell that does not have a true plasma membrane,
a nucleus, mitochondria, and an
nucleus or membrane-bound cytoplasm, and
ribosomes. However, endoplasmic reticulum. Organisms
organelles.
unlike prokaryotic cells, based on the eukaryotic cell include
- Membrane bound well
eukaryotic cells have: a protozoa, fungi, plants, and
defined nucleus is absent.
membrane-bound animals. These organisms are
-Genetic material is circular nucleus. numerous grouped into the biological domain
DNA and occurs naked in the membrane-bound
Eukaryota. Eukaryotic cells are
cell cytoplasm. organelles (including
the endoplasmic larger and more complex than
reticulum, Golgi prokaryotic cells found in domains
apparatus, chloroplasts, Archaea and Bacteria.
and mitochondria)

14
YES OR NO TABLE

Direction: Complete the table below by writing Y for a Yes and N for a
NO
Bacterial Cell Animal Cell Plant Cell All Cells

Cell membrane Y Y Y Y
Ribosome Y Y Y Y
Cytoplasm N Y Y Y
Mitochondria N Y Y Y
Nucleolus N Y Y Y
Nucleus N Y Y Y
DNA Y Y N Y
Cell wall Y N Y Y
Prokaryotic Y N N Y
Eukaryotic N Y Y Y

15
What I Have Learned

1. Prokaryotic cells have no membrane bound organelles making their


structure simple and unicellular.
2. The best example of prokaryotes are bacterial cell.
3. Eukaryotic cells have true nucleus that is why they have membrane
bound organelles.
4. Their structure is multicellular and more complex, the examples are plant
and animal cell.

What I Can Do

ANALOGY TIME
With as much detail as possible, give another example of an analogy
for describing the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
You can choose an analogy based on what you commonly observe at
home, in the school or in your community.

The primary distinction between these two types


of organisms is that eukaryotic cells have a
membrane-bound nucleus and prokaryotic cells
do not. ... The nucleus is only one of many
membrane-bound organelles in eukaryotes.
Prokaryotes, on the other hand, have no
membrane-bound organelles.

Assessment

16
Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a
separate sheet of paper.
1. C The DNA of a eukaryotic cell can be found in the _______________.
a. Nucleoid region
b. Mitochondria
c. Nucleus
d. It has no DNA

2. A What kingdoms are made up of prokaryotic cells?


a. Bacteria and Archaea
b. Bacteria and Animals
c. Animals and Plants
d. Bacteria and Plants

3. B Which type of cell contains a cell membrane?


a. Prokaryote
b. Eukaryote
c. Both cell types contain a cell membrane
d. None of the Above

4. C Which of the following is an example of the prokaryotic cell?


a. plant cell
b. animal cell
c. bacterial cell
d. eukaryotic

5. B Which of the following statement is TRUE?


a. Eukaryotic cells do not have a nucleus, prokaryotic cells do
b. Prokaryotic cells came before eukaryotic cells
c. Eukaryotic cells are simple, prokaryotic cells are complex
d. Prokaryotic cells are bigger than eukaryotic cells

6. C In a prokaryotic cell, the DNA is...


a. Wrapped around histone proteins
b. Contained in the nucleus
c. "naked" and "free-floating"
d. it has no DNA

7. A Prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus. What do they have in its place? a.
Plasmid
b. DNA
c. Chromatin
d. Nucleoid region
8. C Which of the following would be examples of Eukaryotic cells

17
a. plants and bacteria
b. prokaryotic and animals
c. plants and animals
d. animals and bacteria

9. B Prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus. What do they have in its place? a.
Nucleolus
b. Nucleoid region
c. Deoxyribonucleic acid
d. Chromatin

10. B Eukaryotes are


a. unicellular
b. multicellular
c. both
d. neither

11. B Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have many differences, but they also share
some common features. Which of the following may be found in either type of
cell? a. Golgi bodies
b. Ribosomes
c. Mitochondria
d. Nucleus

12. A Which of the following is not a difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic
cells?
a. the size of the cells
b. The complexity of the cells
c. The age of the cell
d. Having a nucleus

13. B A cell has a nucleus, is complex and large and has membrane bound
organelles.
What type of cell is this?
a. there is not enough information
b. Eukaryotic
c. Prokaryotic
d. Bacteria

14. D A cell has circular DNA, is small and simple and no nucleus or membrane
bound organelles. What type of cell is this?
a. Plant
b. Animals
c. Eukaryotic

18
d. Prokaryotic

15. C A scientist finds a cell that is very old and very simple. This cell is probably a
__________________________.
a. a plant cell
b. eukaryotic cell
c. prokaryotic cell
d. a new type of cell

19
Additional Activities

SEARCH IT
If internet is available, search for the most recent application of

bacteria in the field of medicine or other types of innovation using

prokaryotic cell. Write a short description of your research.

ANSWER: Bacteria are prokaryotic, single-celled, microscopic organisms (Two exceptions have

been discovered that can reach sizes just visible to the naked eye. They are Epulopiscium fishelsoni, a

bacillus-shaped bacterium that is typically 80 micrometers (µm) in diameter and 200-600 µm long, and

Thiomargarita namibiensis, a spherical bacterium between 100 and 750 µm in diameter.) Bacteria are

generally much smaller than eukaryotic cells and very complex despite their small size. Structurally, a

typical bacterium usually consists of (1) a cytoplasmic membrane surrounded by a peptidoglycan cell

wall and maybe an outer membrane, (2) a fluid cytoplasm containing a nuclear region (nucleoid) and

numerous ribosomes; and (3) often various external structures such as a glycocalyx, flagella, and pili.

Because a cytoplasmic membrane surrounds all cells in nature, we will start with this structure. Next

we will study the bacterial cell wall. Then we will look at the anatomical parts located within the

cytoplasm. Finally we will examine those structures that lie external to the cell wall.

3 Points Exit

Three concepts I learned:

1. The importance of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells.

2. Difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

3. Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have structures in common.

Two real-life realizations after finishing the topic

1. The cell is the basic unit of life. Without cell, we can’t survive.

2. The cell is the fundamental unit of structure and function in living


things.

One most favorite part of the lesson

1. My favorite part of the lesson is knowing the characteristics of both cell.

20
21
ASSESSMENT Assessment
( POST -TEST) WHAT I KNOW
1. C 1. C
2. A 2. A
3. B 3. C
4. C 4. A
5. B 5. B
6. C 6. C
7. A 7. B
8. C 8. A
9. B 9. B
10. B 10. D
11. B 11. C
12. A 12. C
13. B 13. B
14. D 14. B
15. C 15. B
Key
Answer
References

• https://reviewgamezone.com/mc/candidate/test/?test_id=7552&title=Prokar
yotic%20Vs%20Eukaryotic
• https://quizizz.com/admin/quiz/58ee883d161180b96835b620/
prokaryoticeukaryotic-cells
• https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-cells/
hsprokaryotees-and-eukaryotess/a/hs-prokaryotes-and-eukaryotes-review
• https://biodifferences.com/difference-between-prokaryotic-cells-
andeukaryotic-cells.html
• https://www.diffen.com/difference/Eukaryotic_Cell_vs_Prokaryotic _Cell
• https://vasd.instructure.com/files/94862/download?download_frd=1

• https://www.teach-nology.com/worksheets/science/cell/research/

22
For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education - Bureau of Learning Resources (DepEd-BLR)

Ground Floor, Bonifacio Bldg., DepEd Complex


Meralco Avenue, Pasig City, Philippines 1600

Telefax: (632) 8634-1072; 8634-1054; 8631-4985

Email Address: blr.lrqad@deped.gov.ph * blr.lrpd@deped.gov.ph

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