9.

2 THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT AND THE THINNING OF THE

OZONE LAYER.
LEARNING OUTCOMES

 Explain what the greenhouse effect is.

 Correlate the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere with global
warming.
 Explain the thinning of the ozone layer.
 Explain the impact of the thinning of the ozone layer and global warming on the
ecosystem.

THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT

 The greenhouse effect is an effect in the atmosphere as a result of the presence of

certain gases,called the greenhouse gases.
 At the same time,greenhouse gases also radiate heat in the form of infrared
radiation back to the Earth.In this respect,greenhouse gases behave a lot like the
glass panels of a greenhouse which trap heat and warm the greenhouse,the term
is greenhouse effect
 Greenhouse effect is important natural process.Without it,the Earth would be too
cold for the survival of living organisms.
 Carbon dioxide ,from coal-fired power stations and vehicles exhausts,is the main
greenhouse gas.Other contributory pollutants include
chlorofluorocarbon(CFCs),methane,nitrous oxide and ozone.
 As the concentration of greenhouse gases rises,the greenhouse effect
increases,trapping more heat in the atmosphere and raising the average
temperature on earth.
 Over the last 40 years,the average temperature on earth has increased by about
0.2-0.3 C.
 In Malaysia,temperature have been rising at 0.18 c every decade.
 Without emission control policies,it is projected that carbon dioxide
concentration will be 30-150% higher than the present level.The average
temperature on earth may rise between 1.5 C and 4.5 C by 2100.
 Figure shows the link between the increase in carbon dioxide levels and the
increase in the average global temperature.
THE EFFECTS OF GLOBAL WARMING.

 OCCURENCE OF FLOODS
 OCCURENCE OF DROUGHT
 CLIMATE CHANGES
 SPREAD OF DISEASES

SOLUTIONS TO GLOBAL WARMING

 Reduce the burning of fossil fuels to conserve energy.
 Reduce deforestastion for farming.
 Replant which have been cut down.
 International treaties.
 International cooperation as well as individuals action.
The thinning of ozone layer

 The thinning of ozone layer has been recorded by scientists since the 1970s.
 In 1985,it was reported that the stratospheric ozone over the Antarctica had declined
by 40%percent since 1977.
 The atmosphere in this area has very low ozone concentrations,resulting the
formation of an ozone hole.
 Consequently,UVs radiation had been risen by 7% per decade in the northen
hemisphere and by 10%per decade in the southern hemisphere.
 The destruction of the ozone layer mainly due to the increasing levels of
chlorofluorocarbon(CFCs) in the atmosphere.CFCs contain chlorine,carbon and
fluorine.
 These gases are used as the coolants in air conditioners and refrigerators ,as
propellants in aerosol cams and as foaming agents in the making of Styrofoam
packing.

EFFECT OF OZONE DEPLETION

 SKIN CANCER
 CATARACTS
 SUNBURNS
 WEAKEN THE IMMUNE SYSTEM AND THE ABILITY OF THE BODY TO RESIST
INFECTIONS DISEASES.
 REDUCE NUTRIENT CONTAIN IN PLANTS.

WAYS TO REDUCES OZONE DEPLETION

 REDUCE OR STOP THE USE OF CFCs

 REPLACE THE USES OF CFCs WITH HCFCs and HFCs
9.3 THE IMPORTANCE OF PROPER MANAGEMENT OF
DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES AND THE ECOSYSTEM
LEARNING OUTCOMES

 Justify the need for development.

 Explain the effects of increase in population on the ecosystem.
 Explain measures the taken in the management of development activities and the
ecosystem to ensure a balance of nature is maintained.
 Care for the ecosystem.
 Participate in activities related to the management of the ecosystem.

The needs for development and the effects of an increased population of an

ecosystem.

 Lower death rates,better medical care and better basic facilities have contributed to
an increase in the human population.
 As the population of the world increases,so do the needs of this of population .The
need for more food supplies,water,homes,hospitals ,transport system and energy has
led to deforestation,burning of fossil fuels,the building of more dams and reservoirs
and the production of more domestic and industrial waste.
 The drive for development and the attempt to raise the standard of living have led to
many economic activities and development projects.
 These activities and development projects have led to frequent human interference
with the balance of nature.
 The negative effects of hasty,unplanned and unmanaged development are various
environment mental problems.

Managing development activities to ensure a balanced ecosystem

 One way to balance the demands and needs for resources with the need to conserve
the resources is to carry out sustainable development.
 A nation needs to have continuous development and improvement in the lives of its
people,especially in areas such as health,education and living conditions.
 Development activities must take into consideration the environment impact that will
follow.
 It is important that short-terms gains be balanced with the long terms effects on the
environment.
a)sustainable development depends largely on the rate which renewable resources.
b)the goal in sustainable development is to exploit natural resources in a sustainable
way,so that over time ,these resources can be replenished and renewed for future
generation.

Example:forest must be managed properly as they have vital environmental functions and
enormous economic potential which can be trapped.