DSP Project:

Sonar Application
 Good Evening

Supervisor:
 
Haider Adnan Submitted By
Khan
Dept of EEE Thajid Ibna Rouf
United International Uday
University
ID: 021 121 102
 
MD. Ashif Jardary
ID: 021 122 039
 What is SONAR !

SONAR is an abbreviation for 
SOUND
NAVIGATION
And
RANGING
Sonar  is a technique that uses sound propagation 
(usually underwater, as in submarine navigation) 
to navigate, communicate with or detect objects 
on or under the surface of the water, such as other 
vessels.
 History of Sonar
 Although some animals have used sound for communication and
object detection for millions of years, use by humans in the
water is initially recorded by Leonardo Da Vinci in 1490: a tube
inserted into the water was said to be used to detect vessels by
placing an ear to the tube.

 In the 19th century an underwater bell was used as an ancillary

to lighthouses to provide warning of hazards.

 The use of sound to 'echo locate' underwater in the same way as

bats use sound for aerial navigation seems to have been
prompted by the Titanic disaster of 1912. The world's first patent
for an underwater echo ranging device was filed at the British
Patent Office by English meteorologist Lewis Richardson, one
month after the sinking of the Titanic
 Who else uses sonar

 Actually animals use echolocation

and that is actually where we
learned the technique
 Bats, whales, and dolphins are some
of the best known animals to use
echolocation
 Uses of Sonar
Warfare
Anti-submarine warfare- A conventional hull mounted sonar is
used

Torpedoes-Modern torpedoes are generally fitted with an

active/passive sonar. This may be used to home directly on the
target.

Mines-Mines may be fitted with a sonar to detect, localize and

recognize the required target

Submarine navigation-Submarines rely on sonar to a greater

extent than surface ships as they cannot use radar at depth. 

Underwater security-Sonar can be used to detect  frogmen and

other scuba divers.
 Uses of Sonar

Civilian applications

 Fisheries- Acoustic technology is especially well

suited for underwater applications  since sound
travels farther and faster underwater than in air.

 Net location-The net sounder is an echo sounder

with a transducer mounted on the headline of the
net rather than on the bottom of the vessel. 

 Ship velocity measurement-Sonar’s have been

developed for measuring a ship's velocity either
relative to the water or to the bottom.
 Uses of Sonar

Scientific applications
 Biomass estimation
 Wave measurement
 Water velocity measurement
 Bottom type assessment
 Bottom topography measurement
 Sub-bottom profiling
 Synthetic aperture sonar
 Parametric sonar
 How Sonar Works
 Sonar is simply making use of an echo. When
an animal or machine makes a noise, it sends
sound waves into the environment around it.
Those waves bounce off nearby objects, and
some of them reflect back to the object that
made the noise. It's those reflected sound
waves that you hear when your voice echoes
back to you from a canyon. Whales and
specialized machines can use reflected
waves to locate distant objects and sense
their shape and movement
How Sonar Works
Process to Find Distance

 Sends a pulse
 Time of the echo’s return is measured
 Can calculate the distance travelled by 
knowing the speed of sound in water
Process to Find Distance
 Measuring distance

Let 
 r = distance of the object.
 t = time between the transmission and 
reception.
 v = velocity of sound (in water).
 Distance, 
h = v*t/2
 Signal Processing in
Sonar
 Usually, the reflection (echo) is very noisy.
  Also, the sound intensity decreases due to the 
distance traveled. 
 There can be sound from separate source 
(interference) as well.
  So the quality of the echo is very poor.
  Therefore, the received signal is filtered to 
remove the noise and interference (sounds 
from other sources).
 Signal Processing in
Sonar
 Finally, the filtered signal is cross-correlated 
with the original transmitted signal to identify 
the similarity and the lag (distance).
 Here ,  x(n) is the transmitted signal and y(n) 
is the received signal ,y2(n) is filtered signal.
Visualization through
Transmitted and Received Signal
%% sonar application
close all
load('x.mat');
load('y.mat');

%% FFT of the transmitted signal x(n)

Nx=length(x);
nx=0:Nx-1;
wx=(nx/Nx)*2 - 1;

Xf=fft(x);
Xf=fftshift(Xf);
Xf_mag = abs(Xf);
Xf_ph = angle(Xf);

subplot(3,1,1)
plot( nx, x)
title('Transmitted signal')
subplot(3,1,2)
plot(wx, Xf_mag)
title('Magnitude Spectrum, |X(w)|')
subplot(3,1,3)
plot(wx, Xf_ph)
title('Phase Spectrum')
 Visualization through
Transmitted and Received Signal
%% FFT of the transmitted signal
y(n)
Ny=length(y);
ny=0:Ny-1;
wy=(ny/Ny)*2 - 1;

yf=fft(y);
yf=fftshift(yf);
yf_mag = abs(yf);
yf_ph = angle(yf);

figure,subplot(3,1,1)
plot( ny, y)
title('Received signal')
subplot(3,1,2)
plot(wy, yf_mag)
title('Magnitude Spectrum, |X(w)|')
subplot(3,1,3)
plot(wy, yf_ph)
title('Phase Spectrum')
Fdatool Design
 Visualization through
Transmitted and Received Signal
[b,a]=sos2tf(SOS,G);
%this is iir filter
coefficient finding
function
y1=filter(b,a,y);

Ny1=length(y1);
ny1=0:Ny1-1;
figure(3)
subplot(2,1,1)
plot(ny,y),title('received
signal'),xlabel('n'),ylabel
('amplitude of y');
subplot(2,1,2)
plot(ny1,y1),title('received
signal after
filtering'),xlabel('n'),ylab
el('amplitude of filtering
signal');
 Visualization through
Transmitted and Received Signal

%% frequency response
& impulse response of
band pass filter

figure(4)
freqz(b,a);
figure(5)
impz(b,a)
Visualization through
Transmitted and
Received Signal
 Impulse response of band pass filter
Visualization through
Transmitted and Received Signal
%% fast fourier transform of
filtered signal

y1f=fft(y1);
y1f=fftshift(y1f);
y1f_mag=abs(y1f);
y1f_ph=angle(y1f);
wy1=(ny1/Ny1)*2-1;
figure(6)
subplot(2,1,1)
plot(wy1,y1f_mag),title('rec
eived signal`s fourier
transform'),xlabel('w'),yla
bel('magnitude of filtered
signal');
subplot(2,1,2)
plot(wy1,y1f_ph),title('recei
ved signal`s fourier
transform'),xlabel('w'),yla
bel('phase of filtered
signal');
Visualization through
Transmitted and
Received Signal
%% performing cross-correlation
[xfo,nxfo]=sigfold(x,nx);
[r,l]=conv_m(xfo,nxfo,y1,ny1);
figure(7)
plot(l,r),title('after cross
correlation'),xlabel('l'),ylabel('amplitude');
Calculation of Distance
As Fs is provided we can easily find total
time(t)
Now finding, t=L./Fs
In our project Fs=5000 Hz
So ,t=6576/5000=1.3152
And finally we can easily find our expected
distance by using the following formula
Distance=(t*velocity)./2
In our project velocity of sound in water
=1481 m/s
So, the distance =(10.8500*1481)/2=
973.9056 meters
 Conclusion

 By this experiment, We’ve learn how to 
measure a distance of any object from source 
in water . To detect the distance of object  we 
use SONAR because, in water the velocity of 
Sound is better than microwave . This is an 
excellent project for us . We’ve learn a lot of 
things from this project. Now we can easily 
solve any simple problem of SONAR system
 Reference

 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonar
 http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/s
onar.html
 http://www.exploratorium.edu/thewor
ld/sonar/sonar.html
 http://macartney.com/news/many-use
s-sonar
Thank You