Caraga Regional Science High School

Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Caraga Administrative Region
District III
CARAGA REGIONAL SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL
San Juan, Surigao City
Name: Serato, Ma. Norielle P. Subject Teacher: Ms. Hazel Oliquino
Section: STEM 12- MAXWELL Subject: Physics
Week: 1 Module: 1
GENERAL BIOLOGY WEEK 1

LESSON 1
What I Know
To gear you up on this lesson, let us test your prior knowledge on genetic engineering and
recombinant DNA technology. Do not worry about your score since this will only serve as your basis in
delving deeper into the processes involved in genetic engineering and applications of recombinant DNA
technology.
Directions: Read each statement and choose the letter of the correct answer and write it on your
answer sheets.
1. In the reproductive cloning of an animal, the genome of the cloned individual comes from?
Answer: B
A. an egg cell C. a sperm cell
B. A body cell D. any gamete cell
2. What carries a gene from one organism into a bacteria cell?
Answer: A
A. a plasmid C. an electrophoresis gel
B. a restriction enzyme D. polymerase chain reaction
3. What is a genetically modified organism?
Answer: C
A. a hybrid organism
B.a plant with certain genes removed
C.an organism with an artificially altered genome
D. any agricultural organism produced by breeding or biotechnology
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4. What type of insulin is produced by recombinant DNA technology?

Answer: C
A. A combination of E. coli and human insulin
B. Engineered to be more effective than human insulin
C.Identical to human insulin produced in the pancreas
D.Cheaper but less effective than pig insulin for treating diabetes
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5. What is recombinant DNA?

Answer: C
A. DNA that has been sequenced
B. DNA that causes genetic disorders
C.Adding DNA from one organism into the DNA of another
D.DNA which has been changed over generations by natural selection
6. It is the process of making changes in the DNA code of a living organism?
Answer: D
A. inbreeding C.selective breeding
B. hybridization D.genetic engineering
7. What is the ultimate source of genetic variation?
Answer: B
A.radiation C. inbreeding
B.mutations D. hybridization
8. It refers to the entire collection of genes within human cells is referred to as the?
Answer: D
A. pedigree C. gene map
B. karyotype D. human genome
9. Which of the following enzymes in bacteria are responsible for restricting the growth of viruses?
Answer D
A. Gyrase C. topoisomerase
B. protease D. restriction endonuclease
10. Which enzyme is used to join together two different types of DNA molecules?
Answer: A
A. ligase C. exonuclease
B. protease D. endonuclease
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GENERAL BIOLOGY WEEK 1

LESSON 2
What’s More
Learning the concepts about Genetic Engineering and Recombinant DNA Technology opens up a whole new
perspective. Have fun in the activities below!
Activity # 1: Recombinant DNA Technology
Goal: To understand the concepts of Recombinant DNA Technology.
Objective: Students will…
A. Discover new medical techniques that are being used to treat diseases using DNA.
B. Complete a paper lab to explore the possibilities of the use of recombinant DNA.
Read points 1-5
1. How and why do we engineer human genes into bacterial DNA? How do we isolate and
manipulate genes in which we are interested? One method scientists commonly use is called
recombinant DNA technology. Recombinant DNA technology is the process of cutting and
recombining DNA fragments. Usually human DNA containing genes for a particular protein are used,
recombined with bacterial DNA and then inserted into a bacterial cell (transformation). Recombinant
DNA technology coupled with the knowledge of transformation opens many doors in genetic
engineering. If scientists can alter DNA, they can then insert desired genes into another organism. They
can alter the genes of bacteria to cause them to produce a desired human protein product.
2. Once a gene is sequenced, it can be used in recombinant DNA techniques. Sequencing is a
technique used to determine the order of genetic information in DNA. For example the sequence of a
gene might begin as C A T A T G. One of the first genes sequenced was the gene that codes for insulin,
a hormone that regulates blood sugar. Another gene of interest is the gene p53. p53 (also known as
TP53) is a tumor suppressing gene. It produces a protein that will regulate the cell cycle by inhibiting
cells from growing and dividing too quickly. This protein is contained in the nucleus of body cells and
will bind to the DNA determining whether the DNA will be repaired or whether the cell will undergo
apoptosis (programmed cell death) if the DNA becomes damaged by mutagens such as toxic chemicals,
UV light, or viruses. This process prevents the development of tumors by stopping cells with damaged
DNA from undergoing mitosis and passing down this damaged DNA to daughter cells. If it is
determined that the DNA can be repaired p53 will activate other genes to fix the genetic damage. Due
to the activity of p53 of regulating cell division, this gene has been called the “guardian of the genome”
,“the guardian angel gene” or the “master watchman”.
3. A plasmid is a circular, double stranded piece of DNA that occurs naturally in bacteria and can
be used as an important tool in genetic engineering. A human gene can be inserted into a plasmid (this
is used as a vector to transfer the gene into a bacterial cell), and then this DNA is absorbed by a host
cell such as E.coli . This bacterial cell becomes transformed with the recombinant DNA, and the gene is
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expressed. In a laboratory this transgenic bacteria is cloned and the plasmid would then be replicated,
transcribed and translated into a protein in the host
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cell. Many drugs are now manufactured this way. Scientists insert a gene coding for the desired protein
into a bacteria and the desired trait is expressed.
4. The process of transformation allows bacteria to take in foreign DNA. This occurs in nature but
when bacteria are transformed in the lab a plasmid containing a gene for antibiotic resistance is used so
the transgenic E.coli containing the recombinant DNA can be located.
5. In this activity you will be a molecular biologist! You will use a paper model to simulate
recombinant DNA technology by identifying the p53 gene on chromosome 17, cutting it out and putting
it into a plasmid. Using materials provided for your simulation, follow the steps below to isolate the
gene and put it in a plasmid. You will simulate standard techniques used in recombinant DNA
technology in this activity.
Materials – for each team of 2 students:
Plasmid handout
Tape
P53 Gene handout Highlighter

marker Restriction enzymes
handout Scissors
Directions:
Part 1
A. Collect the materials you need:

Plasmid handout
P53 Gene handout
Restriction enzymes handout

Scissors
Tape
Highlighter marker
B. Create your own plasmid. Many plasmids that are used in research laboratories are made
synthetically (by human intervention). Scientists build plasmids according to how they use
them.
C. To create your own plasmid follow the steps below:

1. Cut out the double stranded DNA sequence from the plasmid handout. Be sure to cut along the dotted
lines.
2. Tape the sections together end to end.
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Hint: You may tape the plasmid strips together in any order.
3. Tape the ends of the entire strip together so that the plasmid is circular. Make sure the circle is such
that you can see the base pairs on the outside.
A. Now, create your own chromosome 17 by cutting out the double stranded genomic DNA
sequence from the p53 gene handout. Cut along the dotted line and tape the sections together
end to end in numerical order.
Hint: Be sure to tape the strips representing the chromosome in order.

Chromosomes are not built according to scientists needs. Scientists discover and study them as
they naturally exist.
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Questions for thought:
1. What are the differences between a plasmid and a chromosome?
2. Plasmids are the carriers of nonessential genes which are not required for the everyday function
of the cell. They come from the bacterial cells and is a circle of DNA. A lot of them contain genes for
A scientist
antibiotic would to Since
resistance. know the
theysequence of the gene first,
are self-replicative, before they
scientists could remove
use plasmids a gene from
as cloning a to
vectors
chromosome.
transport a human gene into bacterial cells for cloning and production of protein. Chromosomes are
generally larger, contain all the essential genes needed for a cell, and have everything needed to
replicate themselves with a genome. A chromosomal DNA is a linear DNA. It required for cell activity
and reproduction unlike plasmids.
What would a scientist need to do before he or she could remove a gene from a chromosome?
The scientist would need to know the sequence of the gene first, before removing a gene from a chromosome.
A. Now that you have a plasmid and a chromosome, you are going to use recombinant DNA
technology to move genes. Read the following paragraph.
Restriction enzymes are another important tool that scientists use. Essentially, they work like
scissors that cut at specific locations along a DNA strand. There are thousands of restriction enzymes that
occur naturally in bacteria. Most likely, their function in bacteria is to cut up foreign DNA. Scientists use
restriction enzymes as a tool in molecular biology. Restriction enzymes work by cutting DNA at specific
locations along the DNA sequence. Each enzyme cuts at a specific DNA sequence called a restriction site.
Your scissors will be used as restriction enzymes in this activity. On the restriction enzymes
handout, several restriction enzymes are listed next to the DNA sequence at which they cut.
B. Study the DNA sequences at which the restriction enzymes cut on the restriction enzymes
handout. Discuss your understanding of the restriction site with your partner.
C. On chromosome 17, locate the restriction sites described in the restriction enzyme handout. Label
all of the places along the chromosome where a restriction enzyme would be cut. Be sure to
label each site with the name of the restriction enzyme and draw a line indicating where the
enzyme will cut. Note: not every enzyme will cut along these sections of DNA.
D. Now think about which restriction enzyme(s) you can use to cut out the p53 gene. Highlight the
sites where you can cut the restriction enzymes you would use. Do not cut out the gene yet.
3. Which restriction enzyme(s) would you use to cut out the p53 gene? Why?
The restriction enzyme(s) I would use is the Nde l, because this will cut out the p53 gene out of
chromosome 17 without cutting the gene.
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4. What other information might you need before making your final choice? Hint:
Your goal is to put the p53 gene into the plasmid.
To ensure that the enzyme does not cut into the p53 gene, the molecular biologist must know the gene's
nitrogenous base sequence, and the plasmid must only have one restriction cutting site, allowing the p53
gene to light and make the recombinant DNA in one position.
A. When you cut out the p53 gene, you will need a place to put it for processing. We can use Plasmid
DNA for this purpose. In fact, plasmids can serve as vectors. Vectors are used to carry a gene to
an organism. The gene within the plasmid can then be replicated, transcribed, and translated all
within a host organism, such as the bacteria E.coli. Plasmids use the machinery of the host
bacteria to accomplish this feat. Locate restriction sites on the plasmid DNA using the
restriction enzyme handout as a guide. Label these sites with the name of the restriction enzyme
and draw a line indicating where the enzyme will cut.
B. Compare the restriction sites you found on both the chromosome and the plasmid. Knowing that
the p53 gene needs to be placed into the plasmid, identify which restriction enzyme(s) you
should use to cut out the p53 gene and to cut the plasmid DNA.
Hint: The plasmid is used as a vector (a device to carry the gene). You do not need to
remove DNA form the plasmid. You will only need to open up the plasmid to insert the p53 gene.
You might accomplish this by using one enzyme.
C. Once you have decided upon which restriction enzyme to use, check with your teacher before you
actually start cutting. Using the restriction enzymes handout as a guide, use your scissors as a
restriction enzyme to cut the DNA sequence at the sites you have identified.
D. Remove the p53 gene from the chromosome 17. Isolate the gene by removing the rest of the
DNA (throw it away).
E. On your plasmid, cut the DNA sequence at the site(s) you have identified.
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5. What happens to the plasmid when you cut it? How many pieces of DNA do you have? What happens
to chromosome 17? How many pieces do you get?
When I cut the plasmid, I got one linear piece of DNA. This is because it is circular and has only one
restriction site. However, when I cut Chromosome 17, I got 3 pieces of DNA. This is because of the result of an
uninterrupted gene and two end pieces.
6. Compare the ends of the plasmid DNA with the ends of the isolated p53 gene. What do you notice?
They all had the same “sticky ends”.
Read the following paragraph, which describes the different ways restriction enzymes work.
When studying the restriction sites, did you notice differences in how the enzymes cut DNA? For
example, Eco RI cuts between the G and A. This leaves what is called a “sticky end” on both ends of the
DNA. Sometimes the cut leave a “blunt end”, like the Hpa I restriction enzyme. The illustration below of
(a) and (b) shows double stranded DNA cut with a restriction enzyme. The top lines represent one strand
and the bottom line represents the complementary strand. The spaces represent where the enzymes have
cut. (a) shows DNA cut with an enzyme leaving sticky ends and (b) shows DNA cut with an enzyme
leaving blunt ends.
(a) (b)
A. It is now time to put the p53 gene in the plasmid. Another enzyme, called ligase, assists in the
formation of bonds between adjacent, matching DNA ends. Your tape will play the role of the
ligase. Insert the p53 gene in the plasmid DNA in the appropriate place. Tape the ends together.
Does it fit?
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7. What is the role of the plasmid?
The plasmid acts as a cloning vector, a piece of DNA that can carry the human gene for p53 into a
bacterial cell. Another role is that they are in charge of replication, this is how a bacteria spread.
8. What is the role of the gene?
The gene codes for the amino acid sequence in the protein p53.
9. Do you think the direction of the gene might be important? Why or why not?
Yes. Genes are important to be inserted in a particular direction, since DNA is like a recipe of three bases
in a particular order that dictate the order of the amino acids in the protein.
Discuss the following questions:
10. Was every group successful in putting the p53 gene into a plasmid? Why or why not?
I don’t think so, because not everyone has the same resources. Nevertheless, I believe they have been
successful in their activity. Because the two sticky ends of the plasmid and the p53 gene are complementary.
11. Why is the location of the restriction site important? Which sites work and which wouldn’t? Why?
The location of the restriction site is important because this controls which genes are included when
transferring genes. Because of its specificity, the ND I site is effective enough to rip apart specific target
sequences.
Activity # 2: Recombinant DNA Technology
Additional Questions for Research or Thought: Students Sheet
Name: Serato, Ma. Norielle P. Class Period: General Biology
1. How does a molecular biologist manipulate the human gene to take care of the
problem with introns?
Molecular biologist manipulate human genes by the use of complimentary DNA or

cDNA. The complimentary DNA is made to the mRNA that’s transcribed off of the human
gene. It does not contain introns and therefore it could be used in bacterial cell for protein
synthesis.
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2. What other combinations of DNA could result after treating the cut plasmid DNA and
p53 gene with ligase?
The P53 genes could link together linearly without a plasmid. Then the cut plasmids could link
together in a linear strand. After that, more than one p53 gene could be recombined in the plasmid.
Lastly, the plasmid could reconnect its own sticky ends without taking up the p53 gene.
3. Will bacteria transform with all of the above possible combinations of DNA?
No, this is because the bacteria can only change with circular DNA since it is what their cells only contain.
With that being said, no linear DNA will be taken in. Bacterial cells must be chosen using a method that distinguies
between altered non-transgenic cells and transgenic cells. Antibiotics in the growing media can be used for this
process.
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What I Have Learned

Congratulations! You passed a lot of engaging activities. This time, you need to synthesize what you have
learned by doing the task below.
Instruction: Analyze the figure to do the task below.
Figure 10. Sheep cloning
www.slideshare.net
1. In the cloning shown in Figure 9, which sheep is the source of the nucleus in the fused cell?
Answer: The sheep that is the source of the nucleus in the fused cell is Sheep A.
2. In Figure 9, why was the nucleus removed from the egg cell?
Answer: The nucleus was removed from the egg cell for it to become an empty ovum and be fused by
the donor nucleus, a process of cloning to have the DNA from a single sheep.
3. Which animal in Figure 9 is a clone?

Answer: The animal clone in Figure 9 is the lamb.
4. In the cloning shown in Figure 9, which sheep provided an egg cell?
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Answer: The sheep that provided the egg cell is Sheep B.

5. Which two animals in Figure 9 are genetically identical?
Answer: The two animals that are genetically identical are Sheep A and the Lamb.
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What I Can Do
DNA Technology
1. Name two situations when DNA fingerprints are useful.
Answer: Evidence in courts and Track down blood relatives

2. How does the DNA migrate from one end of the gel to the other?
Answer: With the use of gel electrophoresis, the DNA can move. We can differentiate DNA fragments of
various lengths using electrophoresis. Because DNA is negatively charged, it will migrate towards the
positively charged electrode when an electric current is applied to the gel.
3. What cuts up the DNA into tiny fragments?
Answer: DNA-cutting enzymes are restriction enzymes. Each enzyme detects a single or a few target
sequences and cuts DNA at or near them. Many restriction enzymes make staggered cuts, resulting in single-
stranded DNA overhangs at the ends of the strands. Scientists use restriction enzymes to cut DNA into
smaller pieces so they can analyze and manipulate DNA more easily.
Use the gels below to answer the following questions.
Answer : The father is Answer : The murdered Answer : The suspect is

Dad 2 is S2 S1
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Answer : The twins

are child 4 & 5.
Answer : The one

that’s telling the
truth is Son 1.
Assessment
Directions: Read each statement and choose the letter of the correct answer. Write your answer on your
answer sheets.
1. Which of the following enzymes in bacteria are responsible for restricting the growth of viruses?
Answer: D
a. Gyrase C. topoisomerase
B. protease D. restriction endonuclease
2. What carries a gene from one organism into a bacteria cell?
Answer: A
A. a plasmid C. an electrophoresis gel
B. a restriction enzyme D. polymerase chain reaction
3. Which enzyme is used to join together two different types of DNA molecules?
Answer: A
A. ligase C. exonuclease
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B. protease D. endonuclease
4. Which of the following refers to the process of making changes in the DNA code of a living organism?
Answer: D
A. inbreeding C. selective breeding
B. hybridization D. genetic engineering
5. What is recombinant DNA?
Answer: C
A. DNA that has been sequenced
B. DNA that causes genetic disorders
C. Adding DNA from one organism into the DNA of another
D. DNA which has been changed by natural selection
6. What type of insulin is produced by recombinant DNA technology?
Answer: C
A. A combination of E. coli and human insulin
B. Engineered to be more effective than human insulin
C. Identical to human insulin produced in the pancreas
D. Cheaper but less effective than pig insulin for treating diabetes
7. What is the ultimate source of genetic variation?
Answer: B
A. radiation C. inbreeding
B. mutations D. hybridization
8. It refers to the entire collection of genes within human cells is referred to as the?
Answer: D
A. pedigree C. gene map
B. karyotype D. human genome
9. In the reproductive cloning of an animal, the genome of the cloned individual comes from?
Answer: B
A. an egg cell C. a sperm cell
B. A body cell D. any gamete cell
10. What is a genetically modified organism?
Answer: C
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A. a hybrid organism
B. a plant with certain genes removed
C. an organism with an artificially altered genome
D. any agricultural organism produced by breeding or biotechnology
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Additional Activities
Now that you’ve learned about genetic engineering and recombinant DNA technology,
this part of the module will enrich your knowledge and learning bank.
Name: Serato, Ma. Norielle Class: Grade 12 - MAXWELL Date: 9/17/2021
Essay
1. In what ways has selective breeding been useful to humans today and in the past.
Humans have controlled and domesticated animals for hundreds of years, the reasons for are food, materials
and aides to life. The humans would breed their best animals to get the best offspring. By doing this the farmers
have made the animals much more efficient so that the ways that they grow are much faster allowing more profit
and yield. The different bred have different advantages so cross breeds are created which mixes the desired
characteristics to get the super animal. Selective breeding is the process of humans regulating the genetic
transmission of organisms with desirable qualities in order to create offspring with similar desirable traits or
better traits. In order to generate pure breeders, males and females with the same desirable traits are bred together;
the offspring with the desirable traits are bred together, which is known as in breeding and test crossing.
As the world becomes more populated and faults are discovered every day, many problems, such as
finding cures for diseases, having less desirable qualities of livestock, scarcity of food such as meat, dairy, and
milk, and shortage of human or animal organ donors, may worsen. Selective breeding will improve our quality of
life while also allowing us to live longer. Cloning will aid in the elimination of birth defects in children because
we will have a better understanding of genetics. We can clone animals for food to end world hunger using animal
cloning. Cloning has been researched as a means of producing high-quality plants and animals. If the clone comes
from a breed that is disease-free, the disease may be eliminated from the breed as well.
In conclusion, selective breeding has a lot of benefits such as illness elimination, the elimination of
undesirable features, and increasing population, as well as specific benefits in selective breeding in animal stock.
However, it can have drawbacks such as animal discomfort, lack of control over genes, time consuming, and the
risk of organism inbreeding, as well as additional disadvantages in dogs and other animals, but when done
correctly and efficiently, selective breeding can make a significant difference to genes and future generations of
plants and animals
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Republic of the Philippines

Name: Serato, Ma. Norielle P. Subject Teacher: Ms. Hazel Oliquino

Section: STEM 12- MAXWELL Subject: Physics

GENERAL BIOLOGY WEEK 1

4. What type of insulin is produced by recombinant DNA technology?

5. What is recombinant DNA?

7. What is the ultimate source of genetic variation?

GENERAL BIOLOGY WEEK 1

Goal: To understand the concepts of Recombinant DNA Technology.

Objective: Students will…

Read points 1-5

P53 Gene handout Highlighter

A. Collect the materials you need:

Restriction enzymes handout

C. To create your own plasmid follow the steps below:

2. Tape the sections together end to end.

Hint: Be sure to tape the strips representing the chromosome in order.

Questions for thought:

1. What are the differences between a plasmid and a chromosome?

Questions for thought:

Questions for thought:

They all had the same “sticky ends”.

Questions for thought:

7. What is the role of the plasmid?

Discuss the following questions:

Activity # 2: Recombinant DNA Technology

Additional Questions for Research or Thought: Students Sheet

Name: Serato, Ma. Norielle P. Class Period: General Biology

Molecular biologist manipulate human genes by the use of complimentary DNA or

What I Have Learned

learned by doing the task below.

Instruction: Analyze the figure to do the task below.

Figure 10. Sheep cloning

3. Which animal in Figure 9 is a clone?

Answer: The sheep that provided the egg cell is Sheep B.

1. Name two situations when DNA fingerprints are useful.

Answer: Evidence in courts and Track down blood relatives

Use the gels below to answer the following questions.

Answer : The father is Answer : The murdered Answer : The suspect is

Answer : The twins

Answer : The one

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