Statistics and Probability Moduleweek1 2 Modified

15. Which of the following is NOT a continuous random variable?
A. The height of the airplane’s flight

B. The amount of liquid on a container
C. The number of COVID 19 cases each day
Statistics
D. The length of time for the check up in the hospital
Lesson 1 Illustrating a Random Variable
and (Discrete and Continuous)

This module will assist you with understanding the way toward illustrating
random variables (discrete and continuous). Let’s proceed and appreciate learning.
Probability What’s In
In the study of basic probability, you have discovered that an experiment is
any movement that should be possible more than once under comparative condition.
The arrangement of every possible outcomes of an experiment is what we called a
sample space. You have additionally figured out how to mathematically list down the
conceivable outcome of a given experiment. In tossing a coin, for example, the
potential results are turning up a head or a tail.
For you to begin let us all understand that probability distributions can be
illustrated or classified as discrete probability distributions or as continuous
probability distributions, depending on whether they define probabilities associated
with discrete variables and continuous variables.
A variable X whose value depends on the outcome of a random process is
called a random variable. A random variable is a variable whose value is a numerical
outcome of a random phenomenon.
A random variable is denoted with a capital letter. The probability distribution
of a random variable X tells what the possible values of X are and how probabilities
are assigned to those values.
A random variable can be discrete or continuous
What’s New
Tossing a coin
As you can see in one- peso coin, it has Dr. Jose P. Rizal on one side, which
we will call it as Head (H), and the other side is the Tail (T). Toss your one-peso coin
three times and record in your notebook the results of the three tosses. In order to
write the result easily, use letter H for the heads and letter T for the tails.
If the results of your three tosses are heads, tails, heads, then you will write
HTH on your notebook.
Example 1: How many heads when we toss 3 coins?
Continue tossing your coin and record the time. If possible, use mobile phone
timer and record up to the last minutes.
4
Let say in a minute, how many times the heads and tails appeared. Then, Let x is equal to the number of heads observed. x is what we called random variable.
record all the possible answers on your notebook.
Write all eight possible outcomes. You can do this systematically so that you
do not get confused later on.
In this instance, there might be 0 heads, 1 Head, 2 Heads or 3 Heads.
Thus, the sample space is equal to 0, 1, 2, 3 Number of
Then this time the results or outcomes are NOT entirely equally likely. 0 1 2
The three coins land in eight possible ways: Heads
X = Number of Head
2/4
Looking at the table we see just Probability 1/4 1/4
1 case of Three Head, but 3 cases or 1/2
of Two Heads, 3 cases of One
Head, and 1 case of Zero Heads.
So:
 P( X=2) = 1/4
 P(X=3) = 1/8
 P( X=1) = 2/4
 P(X=2) = 3/8
 P( X=0) = 1/4
 P(X=1) = 3/8
This is again an example of a discrete variable. Thus, a discrete random
 P(X=0) = 1/8
variable X has possible values x1, x2 , x3, .....
That particular example is a discrete variable. A discrete variable is a variable,

In Graphical Form:
which can only view a countable amount of values. Thus, a discrete random variable
X has possible values 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 .....
We can use the probability distribution to
answer questions about variable x. In symbols, we
In Graphical Form: want to find P(X ≥1). We could add probabilities to
find the answer:
We can use the probability distribution
to answer questions about variable x. In P(X≥1) = P(X=1) + P(X=2)
symbols, we want to find P(X ≥1). We could
add probabilities to find the answer: 1
= + =
2 3
4 4 4
P(X≥1) = P(X=1) + P(X=2) +P(X=3) P(X≥1) =1 – P(X < 1)

1 3 3 7
= + + = = 1 – 1/4 = 3/4
8 8 8 8
P(X≥1) =1 – P(X < 1) = 1 - P(X = 0) While to understand the concept of

continuous variable, below are the examples
= 1 – 1/8 = 7/8  height of students in class
 weight of 10 statistics books
Example 2;  Time it takes to get to school
 distance travelled between classes
For a fair coin tosses twice, the probability of each of the possible values for Number
of Heads can be tabulated as shown: A continuous variable is a value that is being acquired by measuring.
5 6
Table 1. Examples of Random Variables
What is It
To make you understand better
the previous activities, another Types of
Number X or the Random
illustration is shown below. Experiment Random
Variable X
Variable
1. How many outcomes are there
in tossing 2 coins? 3 coins? 4 1. Record the number of hours an
The number of hours an specific
coins? specific student use their mobile
student use their mobile from Discrete
from 8:00 am to 5:00 pm for the
A random variable is a numerical 8:00 am to 5:00 pm
past three nights
quantity that is assigned to the 2. Buying two trays of egg in the
outcome of an experiment. We The weight of eggs in kilograms Continuous
market
use capital letters to represent a 3. Recording of the gender of family
random variable. The number of boys among the
members in a family with three
children Discrete
children
Continuous Data can acquire some value within a range (like for example a
4. Students will prepare for a quiz in
person's height) How much time spends reviewing
Mathematics Continuous
for this quiz
What’s More Numbers appeared in a pair of
5. Rolling a pair of dice Discrete
dice
This comprises activities for independent practice to solidify your
understanding and skills of the topic. What I Have Learned
A Random Variable is a capacity that connects a real number with every A. Complete the following statements by writing the correct word.
component in the sample space. It is a variable whose qualities are controlled by
1. A variable whose value is obtained by counting data is called__________
chance. In this manner, a Random Variable is a numerical amount that is derived
from the results of an arbitrary trial or experiment. The word “random” is used often 2. A variable whose value is obtained by measuring is called_____________
in everyday life. 3. A variable that can be discrete or continuous is ______________________
Types of Random Variables:
4. Time it takes to get to school is an example of ________________________
At that point, recognize the two types of arbitrary factors. These are the 5. Number of heads in flipping coins is an example of ___________________
discrete and continuous random variables.
B. Complete the table below.
Discrete Random Variables are variables can take on a finite number of
distinct values. Examples are number of heads acquired while flipping a coin three Experiment Number X or the Types of Random
times, the number of kin an individual has, the number of students present in a Random Variable X Variable
study hall at a given time, and so forth. 1. Number of rings before the phone is
You can change the experiment to just flipping a coin twice to make things answered
simpler. Here, the outcomes will be only four: HH, HT, TH, and TT. In addition, the 2. Teacher ask the students to finish the
possible values of X are 0, 1, and 2. test after an hour
Continuous Random Variables, then again, are random variables that take 3. Number of complaints per day
an interminably uncountable number of potential values, regularly measurable 4. Height of the tallest building in Lucena
amounts. Examples are the height or weight of an individual, the time an individual City
takes for an individual to wash, time, temperature, item thickness, length, age, etc.
Now, let us try to look to some examples of random variables from the table below. 5. Number of Mobile phones in a
household
7 8
What I Can Do
Answer the following.
Classify whether the given experiment implies a discrete random variable or a
continuous random variable. Write D if discrete and C if continuous.
_____ 1. The temperature of a solution in the laboratory
Statistics and
_____ 2. Collecting data about the heights of students in a public school
_____ 3. Recording the distance travelled by the bus
Probability
_____ 4. Surveying about the number of cases due to Covid - 19 pandemic
in Quezon Province
Distinguishing Between a
_____ 5. Number of promoted students at the end of school year Discrete and a Continuous
Assessment Random Variable
Statistics and Probability
Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write your chosen letter on a Distinguishing Between a Discrete and a Continuous Random Variable
separate sheet of paper. First Edition, 2020
1. A variable where the information or data can take infinitely many values is Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the Government of the
A. Continuous variable Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for
exploitation of such work for profit. Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties.
B. Discrete variable
Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks, etc.) included in this
C. Quantitative module are owned by their respective copyright holders. Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use
D. Qualitative variable these materials from their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership over
them.
2. Which of the following statement describe a continuous random variable?
A. The number of students present in a Class Temperance Published by the Department of Education
Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones
B. The average distance travelled by a tricycle in a month Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio
C. The number of motorcycle owned by a randomly selected household
D. The number of girls taller than 5 feet in a random sample of 6 girls Development Team of the Module
3. A variable that can be discrete or continuous is called Writers: Reynaldo L. Nanson
A. Random sample Editors: Celestina M. Alba and Nestor N. Sandoval
B. Random variable Reviewers: Irlo L. Dumo, Nenita N. De Leon and Ma. Theresa B. Yanto
C. Random notation Illustrator: Dhojie N. Yanto
D. Random elimination Layout Artist: Ronnjemmele A. Rivera
4. Which of the following is a variable whose value is obtained by measuring? Management Team: Wilfredo E. Cabral, Job S. Zape Jr., Elaine T. Balaogan, Fe M. Ong-ongowan, Catherine P. Talavera,
A. Continuous Gerlie M. Ilagan, Buddy Chester M. Repia, Herbert D. Perez, Lorena S. Walangsumbat, Jee-Ann O. Briones
B. Discrete Celestina M. Alba, Asuncion C. Ilao
C. Interval
D. Normal
5. Which of the following is NOT a discrete variable?
Department of Education – Region IV-A CALABARZON
A. Number of book per student
B. Number of green marbles in the box Office Address: Gate 2 Karangalan Village, Barangay San Isidro
Cainta, Rizal 1800
C. The number of arrivals of customers in the clinic between 8:00 a. m to 4:00 Telefax: 02-8682-5773/8684-4914/8647-7487
p.m. E-mail Address: region4a@deped.gov.ph
D. The weight of a box of soft drinks labeled 12 ounces.

6. Which of the following is an example of discrete variable?
A. Distance travelled between cars
B. Height of the students in a section Prudence
C. Number of blue marbles in the box
D. Weight of potatoes in the basket
9 12
C. The variable x is continuous because it takes a countable value Experiment Number X Possible Value of X
D. The variable x is continuous because it takes a specific numerical
values Two cards are drawn from a Sum of the numbers on 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10,
deck. the cards 11, 12, 13, 14, 15,
Lesson 1 Distinguishing Between a Discrete 16, 17, 18, 19, 20
and a Continuous Random Variable
(since, the least
Every day we often read, heard or even used the word random. You may hear number in the card is
someone say “We randomly decided to go out for shopping yesterday.” But is this 2 and the highest is
really a random event? No, this is a decision that was made on the basis of other 10. therefore, the
variables such as desire and the lack of satisfaction with other options such as TV
smallest possible
viewing.
sum of the numbers
The word random has a different meaning in the field of statistics. Something is on the cards when
random when it differs by chance. For example, when a coin is tossed twice, the two cards are drawn
possible outcomes that can occur are {HH, HT, TT, TH} where H represent head and is 4, while the
T represent tail, the observed outcomes on any one toss is random. highest possible sum
This module will help you understand the process of distinguishing between a of the numbers on
discrete and a continuous random variable. the cards is 20)
Roll a pair of dice Sum of the number of
What’s In dots on the top faces
Toss a fair coin repeatedly Number of tosses until
Remember that a variable is a quantity that may change within the context of a
mathematical problem or experiment. Typically, we use a single letter to represent a the coin lands head
variable. The letters x, y, and z are common generic symbols used for variables. In Height of individuals Height of each member
this lesson, we shall discuss variables that are associated with probabilities, called of the family
random variables. (You must only use a meter
stick or ruler and avoid using a
To find out if you are ready to learn this new lesson, do the following.
carpenter’s rule because you
List the sample space of the following experiments. might accidentally get lose of it
Experiment Sample Space and will end up wounding your
1. Flipping a coin fingers or hand.)
2. Rolling a die This time, you need to reflect on the following questions because it will help you to
3. Drawing a card at random from a deck of 6 understand the appropriate way of classifying a random variable. Answer the
identical card suits labeled 1 to 6 following questions:
1. How do you find the activity?
4. Spinning the wheel shown,
2. Were you able to complete the table? If yes, how? If no, why?
assuming that the 3. If a random variable takes on values on continuous scale, it is continuous
arrow will never fall on the lines random variable. If a random variable takes on outcomes that are countable
separating the 8 sectors then it is discrete random variable. Now, will you be able to classify those
experiments in activity 1 as discrete or continuous? If yes, how? If no, why?
4. In your own words, how will you differentiate between discrete and continuous
random variables?
5. Rolling a die and tossing a coin simultaneously What is It
What’s New In Algebra, “variable” means one thing - an unknown value, you’ll come across
To understand how one distinguishes between a discrete and a continuous random different types of variables in statistics. Some of these are: categorical variable
variable. Do the activity below. (variable that can be put into categories like tooth paste brands); ordinal variable
(similar to categorical variable, but there is a clear order like socioeconomic status );
Complete the following table. The first one is done for you.
quantitative variable (a broad category that includes any variable that can be counted
15 16
or has a numerical values associated with it); qualitative variable (a broad category Figure 1. Diagram of the types of Random Variable
that for any variable that can’t be counted) and there’s a lot more variable that you Now, let us try to take a look to some examples of random variables from the table
may encounter in the field of statistics, but our focused in this module, is on random below.
variable. Table 1. Examples of Random Variables
A Random Variable is a function that associates a real number with each element Experiment Number X or the Random Possible Values of
in the sample space. It is a variable whose values are determined by chance. Thus, Variable X Random Variable X
in simple words, a Random Variable is a numerical quantity that is derived from the 1. Flipping a pair of Number of heads in 4 flips of a
outcomes of a random experiment. 0, 1, 2, 3, 4
coin coin
In the experiment of tossing a coin, the number of times the coin turns up a head is 2. Flipping a pair of Number of tosses until the coin
1, 2, 3, 4, …
an example of random variables. Below are some examples of random variables. coin repeatedly lands tails
3. Set of Integers Integers from 2 to 6 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
a. Suppose two dice are rolled. The sum of the two numbers that face up is 4. Set of real numbers Real numbers from 2 to 6 2<x<6
an example of a random variable. This variable 5. Life span of your Time until your iPhone battery
0<x< 
make take on integers iPhone battery become defective
from 2 to 12.
From the example in the table above, Examples 1, 2, and 3 are all discrete while
b. Suppose the spinner shown below is spun. example 4 and 5 are continuous
An example of a random variable for this experiment Example 6. Brand Z is a company that manufactures batteries. They record
the number of defective batteries that are contained in each box
is the number of times that the spinner stops at
before it is sent out for delivery. If X is the number of defective
number 3. batteries per box, then what type of random variable is X?
There are two types of random variables, the Solution. X is a discrete random variable, and X can be a set {0, 1, 2, …, n}
discrete and continuous random variables where n is the total number of batteries in each box.
Example 7. Suppose Brand Z in example number 6 wants to check the
average life span of their batteries. If Y is the average number of
Types of Random Variables days that each battery lasts, then what can you conclude about
the variable Y?
Solution. We can conclude from above, that Y is a continuous random
variable. It may be assigned time intervals that corresponds to
each battery’s life span.
Discrete Continuous Because of the way the discrete random variable is defined, we can say that the range
A discrete random variable A continuous random of values that can be assigned to it is confined to the set of whole numbers. That is,
is a random variable whose variable is a random a discrete random variable may NOT take on non-integers.
values represented by variable that takes values
count data. This happens on a continuous scale. This What’s More
when the set of possible hap pens when the set of
Independent Activity 1.
outcomes from an possible outcomes from an
experiment can be counted experiment cannot be Look Back and Reflect
such as can be counted counted but can be
such as the number of 1. How do you determine the values of a random variable?
measured such as height
household in a barangay, of Grade 11 students. 2. How do you know whether a random variable is continuous or discrete?
thus making the values of Continuous random What is the difference between the two types of random variables?
the random variable variables represent Independent Assessment 1.
countable of the random measured data like height, Classify the following random variables as discrete or continuous.
variable countable just like weight and temperature.
whole numbers 0, 1, 2, 3. 1. the speed of a tricycle.
2. the number of female students.
17 18
3. the time needed to finish the module.
What I Can Do
4. the amount of sugar in a cup of coffee.
This time, it’s your turn to shine. Answer the following questions.
5. The number of defective mobile phones produced by a manufacturer.
1. Eight students were asked to solve the Rubik’s cube. The time it took for them to
Independent Activity 2. complete the puzzle is summarized in the table below.
Determine whether each of the following experiments/situations involve a discrete Time (in min) Less than
random variable or a continuous random variable.
1 min 1 - 2 min 2 - 3 min Greater than 3 min
1. choosing an even number less than 150
Number of children who completed the Rubik’s cube 2 2 3 1
2. gathering information about the average monthly electric consumption in a
certain household Classify what type of random variable is shown.
3. tallying the number of family in a certain barangay that have one child 2. Suppose a Meter-man Apprentice was told by his superior to measure the voltage
Independent Assessment 2. of a certain electric outlet. The voltage reading ranges from 118 V < x < 122 V. Does
the scenario represent a discrete or a continuous random variable?
Identify whether the given experiment involves a discrete random variable or a
continuous random variable. Write your answer on a separate answer sheet. Assessment
1. getting the temperature of patient admitted in a hospital Let us test how far you understood the lesson on random variables. Answer the test
2. collecting data about the weights of students in a certain school below. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper. I believe that with your effort
and determination, you can do it once again!
3. the number of patient admitted in the hospital due to COVID-19
1. A set of numerical values assigned to a sample space is called
4. the number of no work no pay in a certain municipality caused by pandemic A. Random sample
5. the number of families that are members of 4P’s in Quezon B. Random variable
C. Random Process
6. the number of Balikbayan OFW arrive in the Philippines A. Random experiment
2. Which of the following best describe variable that can be counted?
7. the number of text messages received by a particular individual in a day
A. Categorical
8. the number of possible outcomes in rolling a die B. Continuous
C. Discrete
9. the amount of liquid in a 12 - ounce can of soda D. Ordinal
10. the number of fouls committed by a basketball team during the games 3. Which of the following best describe variable that can be measured?
A. Categorical
What I Have Learned B. Continuous
C. Discrete
Give your answer in the following statements. D. Ordinal
4. You decided to order a pizza but you have to choose the type of crust and the
1. A well - defined function from a sample space to the set of real numbers is called toppings. If there are only 6 possible combinations of ordering a pizza, from
a _______________________. It is commonly denoted by capital letters, such as X, Y
which of the following should you choose?
and Z. The specific values of a random variable is denoted by small letters such as
x, y, and z. A. Crust: thin or deep dish
Toppings: cheese or pepperoni
2. A random variable is a _______________________if its set of possible outcomes is B. Crust: thin or deep dish
countable. Mostly, discrete random variable represents count data, such as the Toppings: cheese, bacon or pepperoni
number of enrolled students in a particular school. C. Crust: thin or deep dish
Toppings: cheese, bacon, sausage or pepperoni
3. A random variable is _______________________if it takes on values on a continuous D. Crust: thin or deep dish
scale. Often, continuous random variables represent measured data, such as Toppings: cheese, bacon, sausage, pepperoni or hotdog
heights, weights temperatures and lifespan. 5. A drawer has 2 red ties, 3 black ties and 5 blue ties. A tie is picked at
random. What is the total number of possible outcomes?
A. 2
B. 3
19 20
13. What are the possible sample spaces for the experiment?
Statistics and A. DD, NN

B. DD, DN, NN
Probability
C. DD, ND, NN
D. DD, DN, NN, ND
14. How many possible outcomes will occur from the experiment?
Finding Possible Values of a A. 2

B. 3
Random Variable C. 4
D. 5
Finding Possible Values of a Random Variable 15. If we let X be the random variable representing the number of defective
First Edition, 2020 laptops. What are the possible values of the random variable?
Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the Government of the A. 0, 1
Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for
B. 0, 1, 2
C. 1, 2, 3
module are owned by their respective copyright holders. Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use D. 0, 1, 2, 3
these materials from their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership over Well, what do you think about the pre-test? Did you do it well? Compare your
them.
answers with those in the Answer Key on the last part of this module to find out your
Published by the Department of Education
level of performance in this test. If all your answers are correct, then it’s excellent!
Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio This shows that you already know much about the topic. You may SKIP this module
and PROCEED to the next module.
Development Team of the Module
Writers: Reynaldo L. Nanson
If you got a low score or missed a point, it’s ok. This module was made to help
Editors: Celestina M. Alba and Nestor N. Sandoval
you understand important concepts about random variables that you can apply in
Reviewers: Irlo L. Dumo, Nenita N. De Leon and Ma. Theresa B. Yanto
your daily life. If you study this module carefully, you will learn the answers to all
Illustrator: Dhojie N. Yanto
the items in the test and a lot more!
Layout Artist: Ronnjemmele A. Rivera
Management Team: Wilfredo E. Cabral, Job S. Zape Jr., Elaine T. Balaogan, Fe M. Ong-ongowan, Catherine P. Talavera,
Are you ready? Let’s begin your journey.
Gerlie M. Ilagan, Buddy Chester M. Repia, Herbert D. Perez, Lorena S. Walangsumbat, Jee-Ann O. Briones
Celestina M. Alba, Asuncion C. Ilao Lesson 1 Finding Possible Values of a Random
Variable
We first learned about the definition of variables in the introduction of Algebra, and
Department of Education – Region IV-A CALABARZON we know from our Algebra lessons that a variable is a placeholder for real number
Office Address: Gate 2 Karangalan Village, Barangay San Isidro values that can be assigned to it. Some examples of variables include X for the
Cainta, Rizal 1800 number of tails or Y for the number of computers or Z for running time of movies.
Telefax: 02-8682-5773/8684-4914/8647-7487
E-mail Address: region4a@deped.gov.ph
If three coins are tossed, what numbers can be assigned for the frequency of heads
that will occur? If three cards are drawn from a deck, what number can be assigned
for the frequency of face cards that will occur? These questions may be answered
using random variables which you will learn in this module.
What’s In
Recall that a variable is an attribute that can assume different values. We use letters
to denote or represent a variable. In this lesson, we shall discuss variables that are
resulted from an experiment by chance, called random variables.
23 26
To find out if you are ready to learn this new lesson, try to determine whether each Now, it's your turn.
of the following experiments/situations involved discrete or a continuous random
variable. Suppose three laptops are tested at random. We want to find out the number of
1. Choosing an even number less than 100. non-defective laptops. Thus, to each outcome in the sample space we shall assign a
2. Tallying the number of households in a subdivision that has a least one value. These are 0, 1, 2, or 3. If there is no defective laptop, we assign the number
vehicle. 0; if there is 1 non-defective laptop, we assign the number 1; if there are two non-
3. Gathering information about the average monthly income of a defective laptops, we assign the number 2 and 3, if there are three non-
household.
defective laptops. The number of non-defective laptops is a random variable. Let D
4. Teacher applicants in the Division of Quezon.
5. Recording the number of patients who recovered from COVID-19. represents the defective laptop and N represents the non-defective laptop. If we let
X be the random variable representing the number of non-defective laptops, show
What’s New the values of the random variable X. Complete the table below to show the values of
the random variable.
To understand how one finds possible values of random variables, do the activity
below. Value of the Random Variable X
Possible Outcomes
Suppose two iPhone are tested at random. We want to find out the number of (number of non-defective laptops)
defective iPhone. Thus, to each outcome in the sample space we shall assign a value.
These are 0, 1, or 2. If there is no defective iPhone, we assign the number 0; if there
is 1 defective iPhone, we assign the number 1; and 2, if there are two defective iPhone.
The number of defective iPhone is a random variable. The possible values of this
random variable are 0, 1, and 2.
Read and analyze the given situation below.
Illustration
Let D represent the defective iPhone and N for the non-defective iPhone. If we let Y
be the random variable representing the number of defective iPhone, show the values
of the random variable Y. Complete the table below to show the values of the random
variable.
Value of the Random Variable Y
Possible Outcomes
(number of defective iPhone)
This time, you need to reflect on the following questions because it will help you to
understand the appropriate way in finding the possible values of a random variable.
Answer the following questions:
1. How do you find the activity?
2. Were you able to complete the table? If yes, how? If no, why?
3. Will you be able to find the values of a random variable? If yes,
how? If no, why?
4. In your own words, how will you describe a random variable?
The completed table should look like this.
5. How do you find the possible values of a random variable?
Possible Outcomes
Value of the Random Variable Y (number
What is It
of defective iPhone) A random variable is a numerical quantity that is derived from the outcomes of
random experiments.
DD 2 The random variable in the activity above is a discrete random variable because the
set of possible outcomes is countable. The possible values of random variable Y
NN 0
(number of defective iPhone) are 0, 1, and 2, while the possible values of random
DN 1 variable X (number of non-defective laptops) are 0, 1, 2, and 3.
Example 1. Suppose two coins are tossed, let Z be the random variable representing
ND 1 the number of heads that occur. Find the values of the random variable Z.
27 28
5. Number of times the first card is face card and the second card is not a
Steps Solution face card
1. Determine the sample space. The sample space for this experiment is:
Let H represent head and T for S = {TT, TH, HH, HT} Independent Activity 2. Getting Balls from a Box
tail.
Two balls are picked in succession without replacement - 4 white balls and 5 green
2. Count the number of heads in
each outcome in the sample balls. Let Y be the random variable representing the number of green balls. Find the
Possible Outcomes Value of the
space and assign this number values of the random variable Y. Complete the table below.
Random variable Z
to this outcome. (Number of heads) Value of Random Variable Y
TT 0 Possible Outcomes (number of green balls)
TH 1
HH 2
HT 1
So, the possible values of the random variable Z are 0, 1, and 2. Independent Assessment 2
Example 2. In a box are 2 balls - one white and one yellow. Two balls are picked one Four coins are toss. Let Y be the random variable representing the number of
at a time with replacement. Let X be the random variable representing the number tails that occur. Find the values of the random variable Y.
of white balls. Find the values of the random variable X. Value of Random Variable Y
Possible Outcomes
(number of tails)
Steps Solution
1. Determine the sample space. Let The sample space for this experiment is:
W represent the white ball and Y S = {WW, YY, WY, YW}
for the yellow ball.
2. Count the number of white balls
in each outcome in the sample Value of the
space and assign this number to Possible random variable X
this outcome. Outcomes (Number of white
balls)
WW 2
YY 0
WY 1
YW 1
.
So, the possible values of the random variable X are 0, 1, and 2.
What’s More What I Have Learned
Independent Activity 1.
Understanding Possible Values of Random Variables. Give your answer in the following statements.
Answer the following questions.
1. A ______________________ is a set of possible values from a random experiment.
1. How do you find the values of a random variable?
For example, in tossing a coin, we can either get head or tail, such tossing a coin is
2. How is this variable, as described in Algebra, similar to a random variable?
an experiment where we can give values for such event.
How do they differ?
Independent Assessment 1 2. A ______________________ is one that may take on only a countable number of
Two cards are drawn from a deck. How many possible values can each of the distinct values such as 0,1,2,3,4, etc. This variable is usually (but not necessarily)
following variables take? counts. It is a random variable that can take only a finite number of distinct values.
1. sum of the numbers on the cards
3. To find the values of a random variable, we have to follow these steps: first, list all
2. number of times both cards are black ______________________ in sample space; second, find the ______________________ for
each simple event; third, list the possible values for a random variable X and identify
3. Number of times both cards are 7s
the value for each simple event and finally; find all simple events for which X = k, for
4. Number of times the first card is six and the second card is red each possible value k.
29 30
What I Can Do
This time, it is your turn to shine. Answer the problem below.
Statistics and
The households of a local community were surveyed about the number of occupants
who are working. It was found out that 25 households have one occupant working,
18 have two occupants working, 12 have three occupants working, and 5 have four
Probability
occupants working. Let X be the number of occupants working from a randomly
selected household. What are the possible values for the random variable? Illustrating a Probability
Assessment Distribution for a Discrete
Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a
separate sheet of paper. . Random Variable and its
1.A set of numerical values assigned to a sample space is called Properties
A. Random sample C. Random variable Statistics and Probability
Illustrating a Probability Distribution for a Discrete Random Variable and its Properties
First Edition, 2020
B. Random process D. Random experiment
Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the Government of the
2.Which of the following is a true statement? Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for
A. Random variables can only have one value.
B. The value of a random variable could not be zero. module are owned by their respective copyright holders. Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use
these materials from their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership over
them.
C. The probability of all the value of a random variable could be zero.
D. The sum of all the probabilities in a probability distribution is not Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones
equal to one. Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio
3.If a coin is tossed, what are the possible values of the random variable for Development Team of the Module
the number of tails? Writers: Melba S. Remojo
A. 0, 1 C. 1, 2, 3 Editors: Celestina M. Alba and Nestor N. Sandoval

B. 0, 1, 2 D. 0, 1, 2, 3 Illustrator: Kelvin A. Ramintas and Dhojie N. Yanto
For numbers 4 - 9. Suppose you tossed three coins. Layout Artist: Ronnjemmele A. Rivera
4. What are the sample spaces for the experiment above?
A. HHH, TTT Celestina M. Alba, Asuncion C. Ilao
B. TTT, HHH, TTH, THT, HTH

C. TTT, HHH, HHT, THT, HTH
D. TTT, TTH, THT, HTT, HHT, HTH, THH, HHH
Office Address: Gate 2 Karangalan Village, Barangay San Isidro
5. How many possible outcomes will occur from the experiment above? Cainta, Rizal 1800
Telefax: 02-8682-5773/8684-4914/8647-7487
A. 2 C. 6 E-mail Address: region4a@deped.gov.ph
B. 4 D. 8
6.What are the possible values of the random variable for the number of
heads?
A. 0, 1 C. 1, 2, 3
B. 0, 1, 2 D. 0, 1, 2, 3
31 34
15. The probabilities that a customer buys 5,8,9,12 and 15 items in a Solution:
grocery store are 0.06, 0.14, 0.32, 0.28, and 0.20 respectively. Which
probability distribution represents the given problem? 1. True.
2. False: The possible values of the random variable X are 0,1,2 and 3.
3 1 5
A. X 5 8 9 12 15 3. False: + =
4 2 4
4. True
P(X) 0.06 0.14 0.20 0.28 0.32 𝑋+1 1
5. False: If P(x)= , the value of P(1) is
6 3
6. True
B. X 5 8 9 12 15
P(X) 0.32 0.28 0.20 0.14 0.06 B. Recall how to determine the values of the random variable by answering the given
problem.
C. X 5 8 9 12 15 Find the values of the random variable Y representing the number of green balls
when 2 balls are drawn in succession without replacement from a jar containing 4
P(X) 0.06 0.20 0.14 0.32 0.28
red balls and 5 green balls.
D. X 5 8 9 12 15 Solution:
P(X) 0.06 0.14 0.32 0.28 0.20 a. Determine the sample space. Let R represent the red ball and G represent
the green ball. The sample size for this experiment is: { RR, RG, GR, GG }.
Lesson 1 Illustrating a Probability b. Count the number of green balls in each outcome in the sample space and
assign the number to this outcome.
Distribution for a Discrete Random
Variable and its Properties Possible Outcome
Value of the Random Variable Y
(No. of Green Balls)
RR 0
In this module, the concept of the probability distribution for a discrete RG 1
random variable will be introduced. Some decisions are made by assigning GR 1
probabilities to all possible outcomes related to the situation. When we draw GG 2
a conclusion from an experiment like tossing a coin, tossing dice, or from
other situations, it requires the use of random variable and probability The values of the random variable Y are ____________.
distribution. You will also learn how to determine if the given distribution What’s New
represents a probability distribution.
Activity
What’s In Number of Defective Computers
In your previous lesson, you have learned how to find the possible values of a random Read and analyze the situation given below:
variable. In this module, you will learn how to illustrate a probability distribution of
a discrete random variable. To find out if you are ready to learn in this new lesson, In a computer laboratory, the teacher wants to find out if there is a defective
answer the following questions. computer. Supposed three computers were tested at random, she asks one of her
Computer System Servicing students to list all the possible outcomes, such that D
A. Determine whether the statement is True or False. If the answer is false, you represents the defective computer and N represents the non-defective computer. Let
can modify the statement to make it true. X be the random variable for the number of defective computers. Then, illustrate the
Statement True False probability distribution of the random variable X.
1. There are 4 outcomes if you tossed two coins.
2. If you tossed three coins where X be the random variable
representing the number of tails that occur. The possible
values of the random variable X are 0, 1 and 2
3 1 5
3.The sum of + =
4 2 8
4. The sum of 0.25 + 06 +0.36 +0.28=0.95
𝑋+1 1
5.If P(x)= , the value of P(1) is
6 2
3 3
6. If P(x)= , the value of P(4) is
𝑥−2 2
38 39
Based on the above problem, observe, analyze, and answer the following questions: is
1 1
or P (0) = , the probability that 1 defective computer will come out is
3
or
8 8 8
a. List the sample space in the given experiment. How many outcomes are 1 3
possible? P(1)= is , the probability that 2 defective computers will come out is or P(2)=
8 8
3 1 3
b. Construct a table showing the number of defective computers in each and the probability that 3 defective computers will come out is or P(3)= .
8 8 8
outcome and assign this number to this outcome. What is the value of the
random variable X? Illustrating this in a table would give as:
c. Illustrate a probability distribution. What is the probability value P(X) to
each value of the random variable?
Number of Defective Probability P(X)
d. What is the sum of the probabilities of all values of the random
Computer X
variable?
e. What do you notice about the probability of each value of the random 0 1
or 0.125
8
variable? 1 3
or 0.375
8
What is It 2 3
8
or 0.375
3 1
or 0.125
To solve the problem above, you have to consider first the steps in determining the 8
values of the random variable that you have learned from your previous lesson.
You can also construct the table in this form:
a. Let D represent the defective computer and N for the non-defective
computer. X 0 1 2 3
The sample space is:
S= {NND, NDN, DNN, DND, DDN, NDD, DDD, NNN} and there are 8 possible P(X) 1 3 3 1
outcomes 8 8 8 8
b. Count the number of defective computers in each outcome in the sample
space and assign this number to this outcome. For instance, if you list NND, d. by adding all the probabilities
1 3 3 1 1+3+3+1 8
the number of defective computers is 1. + + + = = =1
8 8 8 8 8 8
you can also use decimals in determining the sum of the probabilities
Value of the Random Variable X 0.125 + 0.375 + 0.375 + 0.125 = 1
Possible Outcomes
(number of defective computers) If you add all the probabilities, the sum is equal to 1.
NND 1 e. From the given activity, you can see that the values of the probability range
NDN 1 from 0 to 1.
The probability distribution of a discrete random variable X is a list of the possible
DNN 1
values of X and the corresponding probabilities of the values. It specifies the
DND 2
probability associated with each possible value of the random variable. The
DDN 2 distribution functions of discrete random variables are concentrated as a mass for a
NDD 2 particular value, and generally known as Probability Mass Function.
DDD 3
NNN 0 Properties of discrete probability distribution
There are four possible values of the random variable X representing the number of
1. The probability of each value of the random variable must be
defective computers. The possible values that X can take are 0, 1, 2, and 3.
between or equal to 0 and 1. In symbol 0 < P(X) < 1.
c. Each of these numbers corresponds to an event in the sample space S of 2. The sum of all the probabilities of all values of the random variable
equally likely outcomes for this experiment. Since the value of the random must be equal to 1. In symbol, we write it as 𝚺P(X) = 1
variable X represents the number of defective computers, X = 0 to (NNN),
X = 1 to (NND, NDN, DNN), X=2 to (DND, DDN, NDD) and X= 3 to (DDD). Ex.1.Determine if the distribution below is a discrete probability distribution:
If each of the outcomes is equally likely to occur, then the probability is: X 1 5 7 8 9
number of outcomes in the event
P (E)= PX) 1 1 1 1 1
number of outcomes in the sample space
3 3 3 3 3
Assign probability values P(X) to each value of the random variable. Since the
number of outcomes is 8, the probability that 0 defective computer will come out
40 41
12
The distribution must satisfy that each probability value P(X) must be b. P(X)= for x= 1,2,3,
25𝑥
Evaluate P(X), given the value of x :
a.) from 0 to 1 and b) the sum of all the values of the probabilities
must be equal to 1. P(1)=
12
=
12
=
12
= 0.48
25𝑥 25(1) 25
By adding all the values of P(X) P(2)=
12
=
12
=
12
= 0.24
25𝑥 25(2) 50
1 1 1 1 1 𝟓 12 12 12
Σ P(X)= + + + + = P(3)= = = =0.16
3 3 3 3 3 𝟑 25𝑥 25(3) 75
12 12 12
The probability of each value of the random variable has the same value which is
1 P(4)= = = = 0.12
25𝑥 25(4) 100
3
and this value lies between 0 and 1 but the sum of its probabilities is not equal to 1. Illustrating this in a table would give as:
Hence, this is not a probability distribution because ΣP(X) ≠ 1 X 1 2 3 4
Ex. 2. Determine if the distribution below is a discrete probability distribution P(X) 0.48 0.24 0.16 0.12
You can also express the values of the probabilities in decimal form.
The probability of each value of the random variable lies between 0 and 1 and the
X 1 3 5 7 sum of its probabilities is equal to 1 or ΣP(X) =1. Therefore, this is a probability
distribution.
P(X) 0.35 0.25 0.28 0.12
By adding all the values of P(X)
What’s More
Σ P(X)= 0.35 + 0.25 + 0.28 + 0.12 =1 Independent Activity 1
sum of its probabilities is equal to 1 or ΣP(X) =1. Therefore, this is a probability A. Determine whether the distribution represents a probability distribution or not.
distribution. Explain your answer.
1 X 1 5 7 8
Ex. 3. Determine whether the given values can serve as the values of a 1 1 1 1
probability distribution. P(X) 4 8 4 8
a. P(1) = 0.05, P(2)=1.01, P(3)= 0.2

2 X 0 2 3 4 6
The probability of each value of the random variable does not lie between 0 and 1 1 1 1
1 1
because P(2)=1.01. Therefore, this is not a probability distribution. P(X) 6 6 6 3 6
3 7 1
b. P(1) = , P(2)= , P(3)=
20 20 2 3 X 1 3 5 7
3 7 1 3 7 10 20 P(X) 0.35 0.25 0.22 0.12
+ + = + + = =1
20 20 2 20 20 20 20
4. P(1)=0.42, P(2)=0.31, P(3)=0.37
sum of its probabilities is equal to 1 or ΣP(X) =1. Therefore, this is a probability 𝟏𝟐 𝟖 𝟑
distribution. 5. P(1)= , P(2)= , P(3)=
𝟑𝟓 𝟑𝟓 𝟕
Ex. 4. Determine whether the following can serve as the probability distribution of a B. Determine whether the following can serve as the probability distribution of a
random variable X. random variable X.
1
a. P(X)=
1
for x= 1,2,3,…….9 1. P(X)= for x= 1,2,3,…….7
7
7 𝑥−2
This means that the value of P(1) to P(9)=
1 2. P(X)= for x= 1,2,3,4,5
3
7
Illustrating this in a table would give as:
Independent Activity II
X 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Number of Girls
P(X) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 Let X be a random variable giving the number of girls in a randomly selected three-
child family. Assuming that boys and girls are equally likely to be selected, illustrate
1
The probability of each value of the random variable has the same value which is the probability distribution of a random variable X.
7
9
and this value lies between 0 and 1 but the sum of its probabilities is which is not
7
equal to 1. Hence, this is not a probability distribution because ΣP(X) ≠ 1
42 43
Independent Activity III
Rolling Two Dice
What I Can Do
COVID -19 Recoveries
Using the sample space for rolling two dice, illustrates a probability distribution for The ongoing pandemic of corona virus disease 2019, a novel infectious disease
the random variable X representing the sum of the numbers that appear. caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome was spread in the Philippines on
January 30, 2020. Thousands of people in the country tested positive in this virus,
Independent Activity IV and some of them recovered from the disease. The following table shows the number
Face Mask of recoveries from April 24-May 3, 2020.
Julia is a boutique shop owner in her town. Due to COVID-19 pandemic, wearing a
face mask of a person is required for their safety. Since there are limited stocks
available, she decided to start another business by making a face mask. She started Date Number of Recoveries X
selling face masks from day 1 to day 10. The data she collected is shown in the table April 24 40
below. April 25 30
April 26 70
Illustrate a probability distribution of a random variable X showing the number of
April 27 70
face mask sold per day and its corresponding probabilities.
April 28 43
April 29 48
Day Number of Face Mask (X)
April 30 20
1 25 May 1 41
2 20 May 2 40
3 15 May 3 90
4 14 a. Illustrate the probability distribution if X is the random variable that
5 15 represents the number of recoveries.
6 10
7 12 b. What safety precautions will you undertake to help avoid the spread of
8 10 the COVID-19 pandemic?
9 15
10 14 Assessment
Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of
paper.
What I Have Learned 1. What must be the value of the probability of each random variable?
A. P(X) ≥ 0
Give your answer in the following statements. B. 0≤ P(X) ≤ 1
C. -1≤ P(X) ≤ 1
1. It is the list of possible values of a random variable X and the corresponding D. P(X) ≤ 1
probabilities of the values. _______________________________. 2. What is the sum of the probabilities of all values of the random
variable?
2. What is the sum of all the probabilities of all values of the random variable? A. ∑ 𝑃(𝑋))= 0
______________________________________________________________. B. ∑ 𝑃(𝑋)) = 1/10
3. What should be the probability of each value of the random variable? Write C. ∑ 𝑃(𝑋)) = 1
your answer in symbol. __________________________________________. D. ∑ 𝑃(𝑋)) = 10
Refer to the given problem in answering numbers 3-4
4. How will you determine if the given distribution is a probability distribution? 3. If two balls are drawn in succession without replacement from an
__________________________________________________________. urn containing 4 red balls and 5 blue balls. If the value of the
5. Enumerate the steps on how to illustrate the probability distribution of a random variable X represents the number of blue balls. What is the
discrete random variable by completing the statements given below. probability of getting two blue balls?
1
Determine first the _____________space in the given experiment. Then, A.
2
find the possible values of the _____________________________. Illustrate the B.
1
3
probability distribution by assigning ____________________________ to each 1
value of the random variable. C.
4
1
D.
8
44 45
Statistics and
4 0.05
5 0.14
14. What is the probability that two or more copies will be demanded on
Probability a particular day?

A. 0.30 B. 0.35 C. 0.65
15. What is the probability that the demand will be at least one but not
D. 0.75
Computing Probability more than four?

A.0.76 B. 0.71 C.0.51 D. 0.35
Corresponding to a Given Lesson 1 Computing Probability
Random Variable Corresponding to a Given Random
Computing Probability Corresponding to a Given Random Variable Variable
First Edition, 2020
You have learned that the likelihood of winning in a lotto draw, number of winnings
Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for in a gamble, number of heads that come out in a toss of a coin, and other game of
exploitation of such work for profit. Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties. chance can be estimated using probability. But do you know that it is not only for
the game of chance? We also use this in business, economics, engineering, and other
module are owned by their respective copyright holders. Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use real-life situations. A data needs to determine the probabilities to make decisions
these materials from their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership over and draw a conclusion. Most of the time, you won't perform actual
them.
probability problems, but you'll use probability to make a judgment and determine
Published by the Department of Education the best course of action.
What’s In
Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio
Development Team of the Module In your previous lesson, you have learned how to illustrate a probability distribution
Writers: Melba S. Remojo
of a discrete random variable. To understand this lesson, your knowledge of getting
the probability of an event is very important as you have learned from your previous
Reviewers: Irlo L. Dumo, Nenita N. De Leon and Ma. Theresa B. Yanto lesson in Mathematics. To find out if you are ready to learn in this new lesson,
Illustrator: Kelvin A. Ramintas and Dhojie N. Yanto determine the probability of the following.
Layout Artist: Ronnjemmele A. Rivera Find the probability of the following events.
Gerlie M. Ilagan, Buddy Chester M. Repia, Herbert D. Perez, Lorena S. Walangsumbat, Jee-Ann O. Briones Event (E) Probability P (E)
Celestina M. Alba, Asuncion C. Ilao a. Getting an odd number in a single roll of a die
b. Getting an ace when a card is drawn from a
deck
c. Getting a number greater than 2 in a single
Department of Education – Region IV-A CALABARZON roll of a die
Office Address: Gate 2 Karangalan Village, Barangay San Isidro d. Getting a red queen when a card is drawn
Cainta, Rizal 1800 from a deck
Telefax: 02-8682-5773/8684-4914/8647-7487 e. Getting doubles when two dice are rolled
f. Getting a sum of 5 or a sum of 9 when two
dice are rolled
The probability for each event will be:
a. The event of getting an odd number has three outcomes: 1, 3, or 5. Since there
3 1
are 6 faces in a die, then the probability of getting an odd number is or .
6 2
50 53
b. The event of getting an ace when a card is drawn from a deck is 4. Since there
are 52 faces in a deck of cards, then the probability of getting an ace is
4
or
What is It
52
1
. In the previous module, you have learned how to illustrate a probability distribution
13
c. The event of getting a number greater than 2 in a single roll of a die has four for a discrete random variable and its properties. Some experiments like tossing a
outcomes: 3, 4, 5, and 6. Since there are 6 faces in a die, then the probability coin, throwing a die, and other activities consist of one or more outcomes. If each of
of getting a number greater than 2 is
4
or .
2 the outcomes is equally likely to occur, then the probability is:
6 3
d. The event of getting a red queen when a card is drawn from a deck is 2. Since number of outcomes in the event
there are 52 faces in a deck of cards, then the probability of getting a red P (E)=
number of outcomes in the sample space
2 1
queen is or .
52 26
e. The event of getting doubles when two dice are rolled has 6 outcomes: To answer the given question, you have to construct first the probability distribution.
{(1,1),(2,2),(3,3),(4,4),(5,5),(6,6)}.Since there are 36 outcomes in rolling two Let X the value of the random variable represented by the number of boxes of “leche
6 1 puto”. The probability distribution is shown below.
dice, then the probability of getting doubles is or .
36 6 Number of Boxes X Probability P(X)
f. The event of getting a sum of 5 when two dice are rolled has 4 outcomes:
4
{(1,4), (4,1),(2,3),(3,2)}.Hence, the probability is .The event of getting a sum 35 1
36 10
of 9 when two dice are rolled has 4 outcomes: {(4,5),(5,4),(3,6),(6,3)}. Hence, 37 1
4
the probability is . 5
36
The probability of getting a sum of 5 or a sum of 9 when two dice are rolled is P(sum 40 1
number of pairs with sums of 5 number of pairs with sums of 9 10
of 5 or sum of 9)= +
total number of outcomes total number of outcomes 42 1
4 4 5
= + 45 3
36 36
10
=
8
or
2 50 1
36 9 10
What’s New a. The probability that 40 or more boxes will be sold in a particular day means
Golden’s bakery is known for its famous Filipino delicacies. Among these foods which P (X≥ 40).
is a native delicious food called “kakanin” is a “leche puto”. The bakeshop owner This means that you have to add P(X=40), P(X=42), P (X= 45), and (X= 50).
recorded the number of boxes of “leche puto” that were delivered each day. The
number of boxes delivered for 10 days is shown below. P (X≥ 40) = P(40) + P(42) + P(45) + P(50)
then, substitute its corresponding probability
Number of 1 1 3 1
Day = + + +
Boxes(X) 10 5 10 10
1 35 1 2 3 1
= + + +
2 37 10 10 10 10
3 50 7
= or 0.7
4 45 10
5 37
6 45 b. The probability that the number of boxes delivered will be at least 37 but not
7 40 more than 50 means P (37≤ X< 50).
a. What is the probability that 40 or more boxes will Hence, the values included are P(37), P(40), P42) and P(45), then substitute
8 42
be delivered on a day? its corresponding probability
9 45
b. What is the probability that the number of boxes P (37≤ X< 50) = P(37) + P(40) +P(42) + P(45),
delivered will be at least 37 but not more than 50? 10 42 1 1 1 3
= + + +
5 10 5 10
c. What is the probability that at most 40 boxes will be delivered on a particular 2 1 2 3
= + + +
day? 10 10 10 10
d. Find P (X≤ 45) 8
=
e. Find P (40) + P (50) 10
54 55
4
= or 0.8 3 0.30
5
4 0.20
c. The probability that at most 40 boxes will be delivered in a particular
day means P (X≤ 40) so the values of X are P(40), P(37) and P(35) Find:
P (X≤ 40) = P(40) + P(37) + P(35) 1.P(X≥ 2)
1 1 1 2.P(x≤ 3)
= + +
10 5 10
1 2 1
3. P(1≤ 𝑋 ≤ 4)
= + +
10 10 10
4.P(2) + P(4)
4
= Independent Activity II
10
2 Number of Absences
= or 0.40
5
The monthly absences of a student based on his class adviser’s record are presented
d. Find P (X≤ 45) = P(45) + P(42) + P(40) + P(37) +P(35)
in the probability distribution below.
3 1 1 1 1
= + + + + X 0 1 2 3 4
10 5 10 5 10
1 3 3 1 1
=
3
+
2
+
1
+
2
+
1 P(X) 10 10 10 10 5
10 10 10 10 10
9 a. What is the probability that the number of absences is less than 3?

= or 0.90 b. What is the probability that the number of absences is at least 2?
10
c. What is the probability that the number of absences is greater than 1 but
Other solution: less than 4?
P (X≤ 45) = 1-P(50) Independent Activity III

Bayanihan To Heal as One Act
= 1-
1 In a certain barangay, the DSWD conducted a survey among the ages of senior
10 citizens who will receive cash assistance or the Social Amelioration Program (SAP).
This program is a cash emergency subsidy program for Filipino families whose lives
9
= are greatly affected by the Enhance Community Quarantine (ECQ). It is mandated
10
by the new law, the “Bayanihan To Heal As One Act”, which was signed by the
1 1 President on March 25, 2020. The given data shows the probability distribution
e. Find P (40) + P (50) = +
10 10 among the ages of senior citizens.
=
2 Age X Probability P(X)
10
60 0.16
=
1
or 0.10 61 0.10
5 62 0.10
63 0.07
What’s More 65 0.13
67 0.10
Independent Activity I 68 0.07
Number of Cell Phones 70 0.07
The number of cell phones sold per day at Gadgets Zone has the following probability
72 0.10
distribution.
73 0.07
80 0.03
Number of Cell Phones Probability P(X)
Sold X a. What is the probability that at least 65 years old senior citizen will receive
the SAP?
0 0.15 b. What is the probability that at most 70 years old senior citizen will receive
1 0.10 the SAP?
2 0.25
56 57
c. What is the probability that at least 60 years old but less than 70 years old
senior citizen will receive the SAP
What I Have Learned
Answer the following statements.
Statistics and
1. Specify the formula on how to compute the probability of a discrete
random variable.
__________________________________________________________________
Probability
2. What important skills did you develop in getting the probability?
___________________________________________________________________
Computing Probability
3. Cite examples of an experiments or activities wherein we can apply the
computation of probabilities of a random variable. Corresponding to a Given
Random Variable
___________________________________________________________________
4. In your own words, define experiment, outcomes and probabilities.
You can cite your own example. Statistics and Probability
___________________________________________________________________ Computing Probability Corresponding to a Given Random Variable
First Edition, 2020
What I Can Do Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the Government of the
A pair of fair dice is rolled. Let X the random variable representing the sum of the
numbers that appear. Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks, etc.) included in this
module are owned by their respective copyright holders. Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use
a. Construct the probability distribution of X for a pair of them.
dice. Published by the Department of Education

b. Find P(X≥ 8) Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio
c. Find P(X≤ 7)
d. Find the probability that X takes an even Development Team of the Module
value. Writer: Annabele L. Laraquel
e. Find P(3 ≤X≤ 10) Editors: Celestina M. Alba and Nestor N. Sandoval
Assessment
Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a Layout Artist: Edna E. Eclavea
separate sheet of paper. Management Team: Wilfredo E. Cabral, Job S. Zape Jr., Elaine T. Balaogan, Fe M. Ong-ongowan, Catherine P. Talavera,
1. The given table represents a probability distribution. What is P(1) +
P(4)? Celestina M. Alba, Asuncion C. Ilao
X 1 2 3 4
P(X) 1 1 1 1
3 6 6 3 Department of Education – Region IV-A CALABARZON
1 1 Office Address: Gate 2 Karangalan Village, Barangay San Isidro

A. C. Cainta, Rizal 1800
6 2
1 2 Telefax: 02-8682-5773/8684-4914/8647-7487
B. D. E-mail Address: region4a@deped.gov.ph
3 3
Refer to the given table in answering numbers 2-3.
In the experiment of tossing a coin twice, the following table shows the
probability distribution. What is P (X≤ 2)?
X 0 1 2
P(X) 1 1 1
4 2 4
58 62
What’s New
Lesson 1 Illustrating Mean and Variance of Let’s Roll a Die!
Discrete Random Variable Read and analyze the situation given below:
As claimed by some research, every individual spent an average time of ten During Town Fiesta, people used to go to Carnival that most folks call it
hours on their mobile phone. What does it mean? What is the average value that he “Perya”. Mang Ben used to play “Beto–beto” hoping that he would win.
or she spent in using a mobile phone? Does it imply that everyday every person While he is thinking about what possible outcomes in every roll would be, he
spends ten hours of his day dealing with a gadget? Or does it imply that an individual is always hoping that his bet is right.
goes through ten hours every day on a cell phone? How is the time spent by different
persons vary from one another? These questions lead to another idea in probability Let us help Mang Ben to know the probabilities of each outcome by filling the
and statistics. This is the mean and the variance of the discrete random variable. table below.
This module is all about illustrating and determining the average of a discrete
random variable. Likewise, obtaining how the element is being spread away from the X 1 2 3 4 5 6
mean. The term average is the mean or the expected value or the expectation in
P(X) 1/6 1/6 1/6 1/6 1/6 1/6
probability and statistics. Once we have calculated the probability distribution for a
random variable, we can illustrate its expected value. The mean of a random variable
shows the location or the central tendency of the random variable.
Based on the data above, observe, analyze, and answer the following
What is In questions:
Let’s have this first for a review.
1. Is the probability of x lies between 0 and 1?
Suppose you tossed a fair coin twice. Let X be the number of heads that are observed. ________________________________________________________________________
a. Construct the probability distribution of X. 2. What is the sum of all probabilities of X?
b. Find the probability that at least one head is observed. ________________________________________________________________________
3. Is there a negative probability? Is it possible to have a negative
Solution: probability?
________________________________________________________________________
a. The possible values that X can take are 0, 1, and 2. Each of these numbers 4. How will you illustrate the average or mean of the probabilities of discrete
corresponds to an event in the sample space S = {HH, HT, TH, TT} of equally likely random variable?
outcomes for this experiment: ________________________________________________________________________
For X = 0 the corresponding sample space will be {TT}; 5. Can you show a process where you can illustrate the variance and the standard
For X = 1 the corresponding sample space will be {HT, TH} and deviation of the probability?
For X = 2 to {HH}. ________________________________________________________________________
Answer:
The probability of each of these events, hence of the corresponding value of X,
can be found simply by counting, as it shows in the table of probability distribution 1. Yes, the probability of X lies between 0
below: and 1.
2. The sum of all probabilities of X is
X 0 1 2 exactly 1.
3. No negative probabilities because it is
P(X) 0.25 0.5 0.25 impossible to have it based on the
characteristic of the probability of
b. At least one head is the event X ≥ 1, which is the union of the mutually exclusive discrete random variables.
events X = 1 and X = 2. Thus 4. The mean is 3.5
P(X≥1) = P(1) + P(2) = 0.50 + 0.25 = 0.75 If you are wondering how we came up
Therefore, the probability that at least one head is 0.75 with the answer for questions 4 and 5,
you will understand everything as we go
on in our discussion
66 67
From the figure above, it shows the probability distribution for the possible
What is It outcome in rolling a fair die. Notice that they have equal probabilities or chances to
If you roll a fair die several times, what will be the average outcome? Imagine occur. This distribution is symmetric and the mean is 3.5 which found in the middle
rolling it 6000 times. You would expect to roll about 1000 ones, 1000 twos, and so of the distribution, it is in the axis of symmetry.
on: about 1000 occurrences of each possible outcome. What would be the average We have noticed that the mean of a random variable X is a measure of the
value of the outcomes obtained? Approximately, the mean or expected value would central location of the distribution of X. If we are summarizing highlights of the
be; distribution of X, it is evident that location is not the only significant aspect
(1000 ∗ 1) + (1000 ∗ 2) + ⋯ + (1000 ∗ 6) 21 000
= = 3.5 If the example above complicated you, a simpler one is provided for you.
6000 6000
It only implies that the weighted average of the six possible outcomes 1, 2,…,
6 with weights provided by the relative frequencies. Remember that 3.5 isn’t a value Example 3. Suppose you want to find the average number of apples sold in any five
that we can observe if we will do the experiment. grocery stores as indicated by the figure below.
By similarity with information and relative frequencies, we can characterize
the mean of a discrete random variable by utilizing probabilities from its dispersion,
as follows.
1. The mean is considered as a measure of the `central location' of a random
variable. It is the weighted average of the values that random variable X can take,
with weights provided by the probability distribution.
2. The Expected Value or Mean Value of a discrete random variable x is can be Analyzing the illustration above, then the mean or expected value is 11. If you
computed by first multiplying each possible x value by the probability of observing are wondering why this happens you may also follow with these processes:
that value and then adding the resulting quantities. Symbolically, 1. Separate 8 elements on the left side of the mean then get the average of those a
(3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10) which is equal to 6.5
𝑬(𝑿) = 𝝁𝒙 = 𝑋1 ∗ 𝑃(𝑋1 ) + 𝑋2 ∗ 𝑃(𝑋2 ) + ⋯ + 𝑋𝑛 ∗ 𝑃(𝑋𝑛 ) = ∑ 𝑿 ∗ 𝑷(𝑿) 2. Do the same on the right side of mean (12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, and 19) which
Example1: Suppose a random variable X that has the discrete uniform distribution is equal to 15.5.
with possible values 1, 2,…, n. The mean or expected value is presented by 3. Get the average value of the numbers 6.5, 11, and 15.5. It will be equal to 11 also
𝑛
1 1
𝑛
1 𝑛(𝑛 + 1) 𝑛 + 1 As a whole, we can generate a physical representation and interpretation of
𝐸(𝑋) = 𝜇𝑥 = ∑ 𝑥 ∗ ( ) = ∑ 𝑥 = ∗ = the discrete random variable X with its probability P(X). Assume that the x-axis is an
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 2 2
𝑥=1 𝑥=1 unbounded see-saw in both directions, and we put weights corresponds to
Since the possible values are 1, 2,…, n when rolling a die a fair of die the mean probability P(X) at each associated value(x) of random variable X. Therefore, the mean
6+1 7
is = = 𝟑. 𝟓. This 3.5 is the expectation only. That’s the reason why in question 4, (𝝁𝒙 ) is the point where the see-saw balance. In other words, it is the center of weights
2 2
we come up to 3.5 as its mean value. of the observation.
So, doing the experiment which is rolling a single die several times and getting In the off chance, that value of X close to its mean 𝜇𝑥 are likely and values
average or mean of the total possible outcomes, we, therefore, conclude that the further away from 𝜇𝑥 have small probability, at that point, the distribution of X will
average tends to be close to 3.5. This also implies that the more rolls we do, the closer be firmly concentrated around 𝜇𝑥 . For this situation, the spread of the distribution
the average will be to 3.5. of X is little. On the contrary, if the expected value of X some distance from its mean
Example 2. 𝜇𝑥 are likely, the spread of the distribution of X will be sizeable.
These concepts lead the way to the most important measure of spread,
the variance, and a closely related measure of variability, the standard deviation.
0.1669500 You probably have met the concepts of variance and standard deviation when
summarizing data in your Junior High School Mathematics. These were the sample
0.1669000 variance and the sample standard deviation. The difference here is that we are
referring to properties of the distribution of a discrete random variable.
P(X) 0.1668500
The variance of a random variable displays the variability or the dispersions
0.1668000 of the random variables. It shows the distance of a random variable from its mean.
The Variance of a Discrete Random Variable X, denoted by 𝝈𝟐𝒙 is computed
0.1667500 by first subtracting the mean from each possible x value to obtain the deviations,
then squaring each deviation and multiplying the result by the probability of the
0.1667000 corresponding x value, and then finally adding these quantities.
Definition: If X is a random variable with mean 𝐸(𝑋) = µ𝑥 , then the variance of X is
0.1666500
defined by,
0.1666000
1 2 3 4 5 6 X 𝑽𝒂𝒓(𝑿) = 𝝈𝟐 𝒙 = ∑ (𝒙 − 𝝁𝒙 )𝟐 ∙ 𝑷(𝒙)
𝒂𝒍𝒍 𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒃𝒍𝒆
𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒙
68 69
Remember that if the value of the variance is small, then the values of the random
variable are close to the mean. a. Illustrate the mean.
b. Compare the variance and standard deviation.
The Standard Deviation of x, denoted by 𝝈𝒙 , is the square root of the Solution:
Variance. In symbol, a. Since the data is symmetric along the x-axis, so the mean 𝜇𝑥 is equal to
6. (You may verify the 𝜇𝑥 value using the 3 steps provided in the previous
𝜎𝑥 = √𝑽𝒂𝒓(𝑿) or 𝝈𝒙 = √𝝈𝒙 𝟐
example)
Example 4. Let us consider the same histogram above. Illustrate the variance and b. To illustrate the variance and standard deviation without having
standard deviation. computation, study the diagram below.
To be able to determine the element spread away from the mean, we can do 5 5
this by adding this procedure in the illustration given. 7 7
7 12 17
3
0.1669500 3 3
2 5 7 10
0.1669000
7 2
P(X) 0.1668500 4 10
0.1668000
1
0.1667500
0.1667000 0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
0.1666500
Figure A. 𝜇𝑥
0.1666000 Since we are comparing two elements this time (2 and 5 on the left side of the
1 2 3 4 5 6
X
mean and 7 and 10 in the right, the 𝜇𝑥 is doubled which became 12. Adding 2 and 5
elements gives us 7, similarly on the right side adding 7 and 10 gives us 17. Get the
Since we are comparing two elements this time (1 and 3 on the left side of the average value of 7 and 17 which resulted in 12 which is our new 𝜇𝑥 . Subtract 12 by
mean and 4 and 6 in the right., the 𝜇𝑥 3.5 will be doubled which became 7. Adding 7 which is 5, likewise subtract 17 by 12 which also resulted in 5. This implies that
1 and 3 elements gives us 4, similarly on the right side adding 4 and 6 gives us 10. the distance of the element from the mean in either direction is 5 which describes
Get the average value of 4 and 10 which resulted in 7 which is our new 𝜇𝑥 . Subtract the spread of the elements in the observation.
7 by 4 which is 3, likewise subtract 10 by 7 which resulted in 3. This implies that Example 6. Compare the variance and standard deviation of this distribution.
the distance of the element from the mean in either direction is 3 which describes
4 4
the spread of the elements in the observation.
And this is how we come up with the answer in question under What’s More. 16
8 12
Example 5. Consider this figure. 4
3 3 9
3
2 5 7
2
1
1
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
0 Figure B 𝜇𝑥
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
70 71
Following the same procedure just like in example 4, for figure A, the 𝜇𝑥 is 6.  a large value of standard deviation (or variance) means that the distribution
Now let’s compare 3 and 5 on the left side of the mean and 7 and 9 in the right. is spread out, with some possibility of observing values at some distance
Adding 3 and 5 which is 8 and on the right side add 7 and 9 which results in 16. The from the mean.
average of 8 and 16 is 12 which happens to be our new mean. Subtract 8 from 12
which is 4, similarly subtract 12 from 1 wherein the result is also 4. This shows that
the distance of the element from the mean in either direction is 4 which expresses
What’s More
the spread of the elements in the observation.
Example 7. Analyze and observe the figure below Independent Activity: Study and analyze.
6 6
6 12 18
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
3
1. Figure above shows the number of polo shirt sold by 5 different RTW boutiques.
a. Illustrate the mean. (2 points)
2 b. Illustrate the variance and standard deviation. (5 points)
2 4 8 10
1 2. From the figure below,
a. Illustrate the mean or expected value. (2 points)
b. Illustrate the variance and standard deviation. (5 points)
0 3
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Figure C 𝜇𝑥 2
Again, since we are comparing two elements this time (2 and 4 on the left side
of the mean and 8 and 10 in the right, the 𝜇𝑥 is doubled which became 12. Adding 2
1
and 4 elements give us 6, similarly, on the right side adding 8 and 10 gives us 17.
Get the average of 6 and 18 which also results in 12 which is our new 𝜇𝑥 . Subtract
12 by 6 which is 6, likewise subtract 18 by 12 which also results in 6. This suggests
that the distance of the element from the mean in either direction is 6 which 0
describes the spread of the elements in the observation. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
This time let us compare the variance and standard deviation of the three
given illustrations. Because Figure A has a spread value of 5, Figure B has 4 and 2. Compare the variance and standard deviation of the two figures provided.
Figure C has spread value of 6 in either direction then we can have this comparison;
3
𝜎𝐵 < 𝜎𝐴 < 𝜎𝐶
Which illustrations show less spread out? Then we can easily answer it by
simply observing the figure we generated. Figure B is less dispersion since it spread 2
by 4 in either direction. Moreover, which illustrations shows the farthest spread out?
Looking back to the three illustrations we have, then the farthest spread out is Figure
C since the element dispersed 6 away from the mean.
1
In general, unlike the mean, there is no simple direct interpretation of the
variance or standard deviation. The variance is undifferentiated to the moment of
inertia in physics, but that is not necessarily widely understood by students. What
is important to understand is that, in relative terms: 0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
 a small value of standard deviation (or variance) means that the dispersion of
the random variable is narrowly concentrated around the mean.
Figure A
72 73
3 a. mean or expected value; and
b. variance and standard deviation.
5. Share your output to the Class Group Chat through Image or Video
2 Presentation.
1
TASK CRITERIA
Accuracy of the Data Gathered 50%
Clarity and content of the visual 25%
0 representation
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Originality and creativity of the 25%
Presentation
Figure B TOTAL 100%
What I Have Learned Assessment

1. The mean a measure of the `central location' of a random variable. It is the Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a
weighted average of the values that random variable X can take, with weights separate sheet of paper.
provided by the probability distribution. 1. Which of the following use the formula of (𝑥) = ∑ 𝑥 ∙ 𝑝 (𝑥) ?
2. The Expected Value or Mean Value of a discrete random variable x is can be A. Probability Distribution
computed by first multiplying each possible x value by the probability of B. Variance of Discrete Probability Distribution
observing that value and then adding the resulting quantities. In symbol, C. Standard Deviation of Discrete Probability Distribution
D. Mean or Expected Value of Discrete Probability Distribution
𝑬(𝑿) = 𝝁𝒙 = 𝑋1 ∗ 𝑃(𝑋1 ) + 𝑋2 ∗ 𝑃(𝑋2 ) + ⋯ + 𝑋𝑛 ∗ 𝑃(𝑋𝑛 ) = ∑ 𝑿 ∗ 𝑷(𝑿) 2. Among the notations below, which is equivalent to 𝐸(𝑥)?
3. The Variance of a Discrete Random Variable X, denoted by σ_x^2 is computed A. 𝜎𝑥2
by first subtracting the mean from each possible x value to obtain the B. 𝜎𝑥
deviations, then squaring each deviation and multiplying the result by the C. 𝜇𝑧
probability of the corresponding x value, and then finally adding these D. 𝑃 (𝑋)
quantities. 3. Which of the following statements best describe the expected value of a discrete
4. The formula in determining the variance of a discrete random variable is, random variable?
𝑽𝒂𝒓(𝑿) = 𝝈𝟐 𝒙 = ∑ (𝒙 − 𝝁𝒙 )𝟐 ∙ 𝑷(𝒙) A. It is the simple average of all possible outcomes.
𝒂𝒍𝒍 𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒃𝒍𝒆
B. It is the geometric average of all possible outcomes.
𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒙 C. It is the weighted average over all possible outcomes.
5. Mean, variance, and standard deviation can be illustrated by looking pattern D. It is the complex average of all possible outcomes in the distribution.
and analyzing given illustrations and diagrams. 4. To which of the following concepts refer this statement “the sum of the product of
6. A small value of standard deviation (or variance) means that the dispersion of each value of a discrete random variable and its corresponding probability”?
the random variable is narrowly concentrated around the mean. A. Probability Distribution
A large value of standard deviation (or variance) means that the distribution is spread B. Variance of Discrete Probability Distribution
out, with some possibility of observing values at some distance from the mean C. Standard Deviation of Discrete Probability Distribution
D. Mean or Expected Value of Discrete Probability Distribution
What I Can Do 5. Use the illustration below. What is the mean of the distribution?
Family Budget
Things to do:
10 20 30 40 50 60 70
1. Create a Table of Expenses of your family in a week. (Ask help from
your Mother) A. 20
2. List the number of expenses for each day. B. 30
3. Create a graphical representation of your data gathered. C. 40
4. Base on the graphical representation you made, illustrate for the D. 50
following:
74 75
2 0.35
11. What is the mean of the probability distribution?

A. 1.00 B. 1.15 C. 2.00 D. 2.25
Statistics and
12. What is the probability that both free throws will be out of the basket?
A. 0.20 B. 0.45 C. 0.35 D. 1.00
For items 13-15, refer to the scenario and table provided below
Probability The number of qualified voters living in the household on a randomly selected
Subdivision block is described by the following probability distribution.
Calculating Mean and Variance Number of qualified voter/s, x
Probability, P(X)
1
0.25
2
0.50
3
0.15
4
0.10
of a Discrete Random Variable 13. What is the mean of the probability distribution?
Calculating Mean and Variance of a Discrete Random Variable
A. 1.0 B. 1.8 C. 2.0 D. 2.1
First Edition, 2020 14. What are the variance and standard deviation respectively of the probability
distribution?
Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for A. 0.99 and 0.50
exploitation of such work for profit. Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties. B. 0.89 and 0.62
C. 0.79 and 0.89
module are owned by their respective copyright holders. Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use D. 0.80 and .088
them. 15. What is the probability that less than 3 votes will be in any household?
A. 0.25 B. 0.50 C. 0.75 D. 1.00
Lesson 1 Calculating Mean and Variance of a
Discrete Random Variable
Writers: Annabele L. Laraquel If you took an examination, do you sometimes think of where would be your score
Editors: Celestina M. Alba and Nestor N. Sandoval lie? Would it be below or above the average score? Afterward, you would like also to
Reviewers: Irlo L. Dumo, Nenita N. De Leon and Ma. Theresa B. Yanto know how far you are from the average score. Finally, you would ask yourself what
is the meaning of those locations from the center or mean of the probability
distribution? If you are asking these questions, this learning module is designed for
Layout Artist: Ronnjemmele A. Rivera
you.
In this module, we can calculate and solve the average of a discrete random variable.
The term average is the mean or the expected value or the expectation in probability
Celestina M. Alba, Asuncion C. Ilao
and statistics. Once we have calculated the probability distribution for a random
variable, we can calculate its expected value. The mean of a random variable shows
the location or the central tendency of the random variable.
Department of Education – Region IV-A CALABARZON In this module, you will understand the process on how to accurately determine the
Office Address: Gate 2 Karangalan Village, Barangay San Isidro mean value and variance including the standard deviation of a discrete random
Cainta, Rizal 1800 variable. You may find this module as a piece of good fortune in acquiring brand new
Telefax: 02-8682-5773/8684-4914/8647-7487 learning.
What’s In
Let’s have this first for a review.
The number of COVID -19 patients seen in the ER in any given hour is a random
variable represented by X. The probability distribution for X is presented below.
79 82
P(X)
COVID-19 Patients What’s New
0.5
Time to Check
0.4 Read and analyze the situation given below:
Mr. Umali, a Mathematics teacher, regularly gives a formative assessment composed
0.3 of 5 multiple-choice items. After the assessment, he used to check the probability
distribution of the correct responses, and the data is presented below:
0.2
0.1 Test Item 𝑿 Probability 𝑷(𝑿)

0 X 0 0.03
15 16 17 18 19 1 0.05
2 0.12
3 0.30
1. Find the probability that in a given hour: 4 0.28
a. exactly 17 patients arrive; 5 0.22
b. at least 16 patients arrive; and Based on the data above, observe, analyze and answer the following questions:
c. at most 18 patients arrive.
1. What is the summation of the probabilities of the given random variable?
2. What is the average number of COVID-19 patients who arrived in the ER in
_________________________________
an hour?
2. Why is it that the probability of random variable x less than 1 but
3. Illustrate the mean and standard deviation of the data gathered.
nonnegative value?
Solution:
3. What is the average or mean of the given probability distribution?
1, a. 𝑃(𝑋 = 17) = 0.20
_______________________________________________________________.
b. 𝑃(𝑋 ≥ 16) = 0.2 + 0.2 + 0.1 + 0.1) = 0.6
4. What are the values of the variance and the standard deviation of the
c. 𝑃(𝑋 ≤ 18) = 0.4 + 0.2 + 0.2 + 0.1) = 0.9
probability distribution? _______________________________________.
2. 𝜇𝑥 =17
3. It shows the hat element spread 3 away from the mean which Answer:
implies its variability.
1. The summation of the probabilities of the given random variable is equal to
3 3 2. The probability of the discrete random variable X lies between 0 and 1, so it
is impossible to have a negative probability.
31 34 37 3. 𝐸(𝑋) = 𝜇𝑥 = 3.41
P(X) 4. 𝑉𝑎𝑟(𝑋) = 𝜎 2 𝑥 = 1.5819

0.45 15 If you are wondering how we came up with the answer for questions 4 and 5, you
0.4 will understand everything as we go on in our discussion.
16
0.35
0.3 18 19 What is It
0.25 In the previous module, mean or expected value characteristics had been presented,
0.2 even variance and standard deviation of a discrete random variable.
0.15 Expected Value or Mean Value is the sum of the products of each possible value of
0.1 a random variable and that value’s probability. In symbol,
0.05
0 X 𝑬(𝑿) = 𝝁𝒙 = 𝑋1 ꞏ 𝑃(𝑋1 ) + 𝑋2 ꞏ 𝑃(𝑋2 ) + ꞏꞏꞏ + 𝑋𝑛 ꞏ 𝑃(𝑋𝑛 ) = ∑ 𝑿 ꞏ 𝑷(𝑿)
15 16 17 18 19
So, in what way can we use the concept of expected value to calculate the mean and
variance of a probability distribution?
𝜇𝑥
Using the previously given data, multiply each x value by its probability and add the
results to get the mean (𝜇 x ) or expected value(𝑬(𝑿)).
83 84
𝑬(𝑿) ∑(𝒙 − 𝝁)𝟐 ∙ 𝑷(𝑿)
= 𝝁𝒙
Test Item, Probability, 𝑿 ∗ 𝑷(𝑿) = 𝟑. 𝟒𝟏 = 𝟏. 𝟓𝟖𝟏𝟗
𝑿 𝑷(𝑿)
0 0.03 0 We can also do this process.

1 0.05 0.05
2 0.12 0.24 𝑽𝒂𝒓(𝑿) = 𝝈𝟐 𝒙 = ∑(𝒙 − 𝝁)𝟐 ∙ 𝑷(𝑿)
3 0.30 0.9
4 0.28 1.12 (0 − 3.41)2 (. 03) + (1 − 3.41)2 (. 05) + (2 − 3.41)2 (0.12) + (3 − 3.41)2 (0.30)
=[ ]
5 0.22 1.1 +(4 − 3.41)2 (0.28) + (5 − 3.41)2 (0.22)
𝐸(𝑋) = 𝜇𝑥 = ∑ 𝑥 ∙ 𝑃(𝑋) 𝑽𝒂𝒓(𝑿) = 𝝈𝟐 𝒙 = 𝟏. 𝟓𝟖𝟏𝟗
The Variance is 1.5819, and the Standard Deviation is √𝟏. 𝟓𝟖𝟏𝟗 , and it is
= [(0)(0.03) + (1)(0.05) + (2)(0.12) + (3)(0.30) + (4)(0.28) + (5)(0.22)]
equivalent to 𝝈𝒙 = 1.26
𝑬(𝑿) = 𝝁𝒙 = 𝟑. 𝟒𝟏
Therefore, the correct answers for question 4 are 1.5819 and 1.26 respectively.
So, the answer to question 3 can now be stated. It indicates that the expected value
For uniformity of the answers, expected value or mean and standard deviation are
or mean of the random variable is 3.41.
both expressed into two decimal places while variance is up to four decimal places
Now that you have calculated the mean or the average marks in the five tests of to lessen rounding error.
Mathematics. It will be convenient this time to determine the difference in the score
Take note on units:
of each item from the mean or expected value. This difference in marks shows the
variability of the possible values of the random variable. 1. 𝜎𝑥 has the same units as X.
Let’s recall the formula in finding the variance of a discrete random variable x, 2. 𝑉𝑎𝑟(𝑋) or 𝝈𝟐 𝒙 has the same units as the square of X. So, if X is in
meters, then 𝑉𝑎𝑟(𝑋) is in meters squared.
𝑽𝒂𝒓(𝑿) = 𝝈𝟐 𝒙 = ∑ (𝒙 − 𝝁𝒙 )𝟐 ∙ 𝑷(𝒙)
𝒂𝒍𝒍 𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒃𝒍𝒆 Since 𝜎𝑥 and X have the same units, the standard deviation is a natural
𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒙 measure of spread. In some ways, the standard deviation is the more tangible of the
two measures, since it is in the same units as X.
Remember that if the value of the variance is small, then the values of the random
variable are close to the mean.
Let us take this example,
The Standard Deviation of x, denoted by 𝝈𝒙 , is the square root of the Variance. In
symbol, Suppose that a coin is tossed twice so that the sample space is S = {𝐻𝐻, 𝑇𝐻,
𝐻𝑇, 𝑇𝑇}. Let X represent the “number of heads that can come up”, Based on the
𝜎𝑥 = √𝑽𝒂𝒓(𝑿) or 𝝈𝒙 = √𝝈𝒙 𝟐 prepared discrete probability distributions of the random variable X below, calculate
the mean, variance, and standard deviation.
Again, let’s use the same data above, variance and standard deviation of the given
random variable can be presented in this manner. The formula for 𝑉𝑎𝑟(𝑋) says to
Outcome or Sample HH HT TH TT
take a weighted average of the squared distance to the mean. By squaring, remember
Point
that we are averaging only non-negative values so that the spread to the right of the
𝒙 2 1 1 0
mean won’t cancel that to the left. By using expected value, we are weighting high
probability values more than low probability values. So, the table will now look like Applying the concepts from the activity given above, let us complete the table below.
this.
𝒙 𝑷(𝑿) 𝒙 ∙ 𝑷(𝑿) 𝒙− 𝝁 (𝒙 − 𝝁)𝟐 (𝒙 − 𝝁)𝟐 ∙ 𝑷(𝑿)
Test Item, Probability 𝒙 ∙ 𝑷(𝑿) 𝒙− 𝝁 (𝒙 − 𝝁)𝟐 (𝒙 − 𝝁)𝟐 ∙ 𝑷(𝑿) 0 ¼ or 0.25 0 -1 1 0.25
𝒙 𝑷(𝑿) 1 ½ or 0.5 0.5 0 0 0
0 0.03 0 -3.41 11.6281 0.3488 2 ¼ or 0.25 0.5 1 1 0.25
1 0.05 0.05 -2.41 5.8081 0.2904
2 0.12 0.24 -1.41 1.9881 0.2386 𝝁𝒙 = ∑ 𝒙 ∙ 𝑷(𝑿) = 𝟏 ∑(𝒙 − 𝝁)𝟐 ∙ 𝑷(𝑿) = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟎
3 0.30 0.90 -0.41 0.1681 0.0504 The expected value or mean is 1.
4 0.28 1.12 0.59 0.3481 0.0975 The Variance is 0.50, and
5 0.22 1.10 1.59 2.5281 0.5562 The Standard Deviation is √𝟎. 𝟓0, and it is equivalent to 𝝈 = 0.71.
85 86
We have discovered that the Expected Value E(X) is only the average or mean (µ𝑥 ) of
random variable X. It's occasionally called a "weighted average" because more Independent Assessment 1: Fill me in and solve
frequent values of X are weighted more highly in the average. It is additionally how Write all the necessary formula and show the complete solution.
we anticipate that X should behave on-average as time goes on. The mean of a Formula to be used:
random variable X is a measurement of the central location of the distribution of X. a. Mean ________________________
If we are summarizing features of the distribution of X, it is clear that location is not b. Variance_____________________
the only relevant feature. The second most important component is the spread of the c. Standard Deviation___________
distribution. Solution:
Again, the variance of a discrete random variable X is defined by
Independent Activity 2: Study and analyze
The number of patients seen in the Emergency Room in any given hour is a random
variable represented by x. The probability distribution for x is:
where the sum is taken over all values of x for which P(x) > 0 but less than 1. So, the
variance of X is the weighted average of the squared deviations from the mean μ,
X 10 11 12 13 14
where the weights are given by the probability function P(x) of X.
P(X) 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1
The standard deviation of X is defined to be the square root of the variance of X.
That is, Independent Assessment 2: Fill me in and solve
Write all the necessary formula and show the complete solution.
Formula to be used:
a. Mean __________________________
Because of this definition, the variance of X is often denoted by σ2x. b. Variance_______________________
c. Standard Deviation_____________
In another way around, the standard deviation is the more tangible of the two Solution:
measures, since it is in the same units as X. For example, if X is a random variable Independent Activity 3: Study and analyze
measuring length in cm, then the standard deviation is in centimeter(𝑐𝑚), while the Suppose that a coin is to be tossed four times, and let X represent “the number of
variance is in 𝑐𝑚2 . TAILS that can come up”. Find the mean, variance, and standard deviation of this
distribution.
Remember that with respect on units:
1. σ has the same units as X. X 0 1 2 3 4
2. Var(X) has the same units as the square of X. So, if X is in meters, then
Var(X) is in meters squared. Because σ and X have the same units, the
standard deviation is a natural measure of spread. P(X) 1 4 1 6 3 4 1 1
𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑟
16 16 4 16 8 16 4 16
Always remember that the variance cannot be negative, because it is an average of Independent Assessment 3: Fill me in and solve
squared quantities. This is appropriate, as a negative spread for distribution does Write all the necessary formula and show the complete solution.
not make sense. Hence, 𝝈𝟐 𝒙 ≥ 𝟎 and 𝝈𝒙 (𝑿) ≥ 𝟎. Formula to be used:
a. Mean ________________________
What’s More b. Variance_____________________
Independent Activity 1: Study and analyze c. Standard Deviation___________
Solution:
The number of shoes sold per day at a retail store is shown in the table below.
Illustrate the mean, variance, and standard deviation of this distribution. What I Have Learned
X 19 20 21 22 23 1. The formula for calculating Mean or Expected value is _______________________
2. I have discovered that the Expected Value E(X) is only the_______________ of
P(X) 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 random variable X. It's occasionally called a _______________ because more
frequent values of X are weighted more highly in the average.
3. The variance of a discrete random variable X is defined _____________________
4. The standard deviation of X is defined to be the square root of the variance of
X. In symbol it expressed into ________________________________
87 88
5. The variance cannot be ___________, because it is an average of squared
quantities. Hence, 𝝈𝟐 𝒙 ≥ 𝟎 and 𝝈𝒙 (𝑿) ≥ 𝟎.
What I can do
Statistics and
LET’S DO FAMILY PLANNING!
Things to do:
Probability
1. Create a short script as if you are with your dream partner in life and you both
talking about Family Planning.
2. During your planning, specify in your decision how many girls (G) and boys
(B) in the family you both want to have. Consider also your random variable
X stand for. Interpreting the Mean and the
3. After your planning, construct a probability distribution of whatever decision
you had. Variance of a Discrete Random
4. Based on the probability distribution table, illustrates the following:
a. Mean or Expected Value; Variable
b. Variance; and Statistics and Probability
Interpreting the Mean and the Variance of a Discrete Random Variable
c. Standard Deviation. First Edition, 2020
5. Share your output to the Class Group Chat through Image or Video Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the Government of the
Presentation. Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for
TASK CRITERIA Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks, etc.) included in this
Accuracy of the solution 50% these materials from their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership over
them.
Clarity and content of the script 25%
Originality and creativity of the 25% Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones
Presentation
TOTAL 100% Development Team of the Module
Writer: Elizabeth D. Lalunio
Editors: Celestina M. Alba and Nestor Sandoval
Assessment Reviewers: Irlo L. Dumo, Nenita N. De Leon and Ma. Theresa B. Yanto
Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a Illustrator: Dhojie N. Yanto
separate sheet of paper. Layout Artist: Edna E. Eclavea
1. What formula is appropriate to use in calculating the expected value?
A. 𝐸(𝑥) = ∑ 𝑥 ∙ 𝑝 (𝑥)
B. 𝐸(𝑥) = ∑ 𝑥 − 𝑝 (𝑥) Celestina M. Alba, Asuncion C. Ilao
C. 𝐸(𝑥) = ∑ 𝑥 ∙ 𝑝 (𝑥)2
D. 𝐸(𝑥) = ∑ 𝑥 /𝑝 (𝑥)
2. Which among the list of formulas should be used to solve for the variance of
discrete random variables of the given data above?
A. 𝜎𝑥2 = ∑(𝑥 + 𝜇)2 ∙ 𝑃(𝑥); for all possible values of x Office Address: Gate 2 Karangalan Village, Barangay San Isidro
B. 𝜎𝑥2 = ∑(𝑥 − 𝜇)2 ∙ 𝑃(𝑥); for all possible values of x Cainta, Rizal 1800
C. 𝜎𝑥2 = ∑ 𝑥 ∙ 𝑃(𝑥); for all possible values of x Telefax: 02-8682-5773/8684-4914/8647-7487
D. 𝜎𝑥2 = ∑(𝑃(𝑥) + 𝜇)2 ∙ 𝑥 ; for all possible values of x
3. Which of the following statements does not describes the value of the
standard deviation?
A. A small standard deviation (or variance) means that the distribution
of the random variable is narrowly concentrated around the mean.
89 92
For numbers 14-15. The mean of the probability distribution below is equal to 18.2 Situation 2: I went to the grocery store and I noticed that there are five different kinds
with a variance of 5.86 and a standard deviation of 2.42. of brown sugar at different prices, each brand has different probabilities that they
will be sold. What formula should I use if I want to determine how the prices vary
Number of cellphones sold per from the average price of the product that would be sold to the customers repeatedly?
day in a retail store (𝑥) 15 18 19 20 22
Probability (𝑃(𝑥) 0.30 0.20 0.20 0.15 0.15

14. How would you interpret the mean value of 18.2?
A. The least number of cellphones that will be sold in a day is 18 pieces.
B. The highest number of cellphones that will be sold in a day is 18 pieces. Solution:
C. The average number of cellphones that will be sold in a day is 18 pieces. Situation 1: The correct formula is 𝜇𝑥 = ∑[𝑥𝑖 ∙ 𝑃(𝑥)], because it is the formula to be
D. No interpretation can be made about the mean value of 18.2. used if you want to find the mean of a discrete random variable.
15. How would you interpret the values of variance and standard deviation? Situation 2: The correct formula is 𝜎 = √[𝑥 2 ∙ 𝑃(𝑥)] − 𝑢2 , because it is the formula to
be used if you want to find the standard deviation of a discrete random variable.
A. It gives the difference between the highest number of cellphones and the least Even though formulas 2 and 3 (formulas to find the variance) measures also the
number of cellphones that can be sold. variability of the values assumed by the random variable X (prices of brown sugar) in
B. It is the average number of cellphones that can be sold in a day. repeated trials (sold to the customers repeatedly). The units of standard deviation
C. It describes how the data or the number of cellphones sold in a day varies. match those with X because standard deviation is a square root of the variance.
D. No interpretation can be made about the variance and standard deviation.
Lesson 1 Interpreting the Mean and Variance What’s New
of a Probability Distributions An Unfair Die
Decision-making is an important skill that each individual should acquire. It is a Suppose an unfair die is rolled and let X be the random variable representing the
must that you should be wise when making decisions. In real life, we always number of dots that would appear with a probability distribution below.
encounter situations where we have to choose the best option to arrive with the right
decision. Thinking critically and logically will help you to decide on things wisely. Outcome 1 2 3 4 5 6
Considering that you might become a CEO of a company, a professional, a father or (𝑥)
a mother, surely this lesson will help you to decide on future financial situations. Probability 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.5 0.1 0.1
Interpreting the mean and variance of probability distributions will give you the idea P(𝑥)
on how to weigh things, for you to choose the right option.
Questions:
What’s In 1. What will be the average number of dots that would appear?
2. How does the assumed value of the outcome vary from the average number
What’s the formula? of dots that would appear?
The following formulas were introduced to you in the previous lessons, write the 3. Will you join in a game of chance using an unfair die?
correct formula in each box to complete this task. What Is It
Formula 1: 𝜇𝑥 = ∑[𝑥𝑖 ∙ 𝑃(𝑥)]
Recall that in your previous lesson, you learn how to calculate the mean, variance,
Formula 2: 𝜎 2 = ∑[𝑥 2 ∙ 𝑃(𝑥)] − 𝑢2 and standard deviation of a discrete random variable. So, with those skills, you will
be able to answer the questions in the previous activity.
Formula 3: 𝜎 2 = ∑(𝑥 − 𝑢)2 𝑃(𝑥)
First, let us find the mean of the probability distribution using the formula.
Formula 4: 𝜎 = √[𝑥 2 ∙ 𝑃(𝑥)] − 𝑢2
𝜇𝑥 = ∑[𝑥𝑖 ∙ 𝑃(𝑥)]
Situation 1: I am thinking of finding the average number of heads that would appear
if I will toss two coins together twice. Which formula should I use? 𝜇𝑥 = 1(0.1) + 2(0.1) + 3(0.1) + 4(0.5) + 5(0.1) + 6(0.1)
𝜇𝑥 = 3.7
Therefore, the mean of the probability distribution is 3.7. Since the mean is equal to
3.7, we can say that the average number of dots that would appear is a number near
95 96
to 3.7 which is 4. If we will repeat the experiment over and over, there is a higher Due to a large number of samples (100 different countries) and other factors such as
possibility the 4 dots will always appear since the average number of dots that would land area, economic status, etc., you may say that most likely you will get a higher
appear is 4. variance and standard deviation compared to the population of 10 countries belong
to the first world countries
To determine the variability of the assumed values from the mean, use the formulas
for finding variance and standard deviation. But first, construct a table like the one Example 2
below:
The number of students in different universities compares to the number of students
in a class in a particular school.
𝑥 𝑃(𝑥) 𝑥 ∙ 𝑃(𝑥) 𝑥2 𝑥 2 ∙ 𝑃(𝑥)
1 0.1 0.1 1 0.1 Considering different universities with different size and course offerings, you may
say that the difference between their enrolments will be much higher than the
2 0.1 0.2 2 0.4 difference of each class size in a particular school
3 0.1 0.3 9 0.9 Example 3
4 0.5 2 16 8 The number of people who love to play basketball in different barangays to the
5 0.1 0.5 25 2.5 number of basketball players from different teams who play in the first-quarter game.
6 0.1 0.6 36 2.6 Basketball is a famous game and almost every guy loves to play this game. Imagine
that you will gather the number of people who love to play from different barangays,
∑[𝑥 2 ∙ 𝑃(𝑥)] = 15.5 it is expected that you will gather different results compared to the number of
basketball players from different teams who play in the first-quarter game. Almost
Then use the formulas, thus everybody is aware that there are only five players from each team to play a game,
therefore if you will compute the variance of the data from different teams you will
𝜎 2 = ∑[𝑥 2 ∙ 𝑃(𝑥)] − 𝑢2 = 15.5 − (3.7)2 = 1.81 get a value of zero. The mean will be equal to 5 because each team who play the game
will should have 5 players only, at the same time if you will compute the variance of
𝜎 = √𝜎 2 = √1.81 = 1.35 distribution with equal inputs you will get a value of zero.
Therefore, the variance of the random variable X (the number of dots appeared) is The mean and variance of a discrete random variable are easy to understand if you
equal to 1.81 while the standard deviation is equal to 1.35. Take note that, small know the concepts behind these two measurements. As you go on with the different
variance or standard deviation means that the assumed values or data points tend modules in Statistics and Probability, mean and variance will always be included in
to be very close to the mean, while higher variance or standard deviation means that the discussion. The mean, variance, and standard deviation are important in
the assumed values or data points are spread out from the mean. Specifically, the statistics because they serve as the basis for other types of statistical calculations or
variance and standard deviation measures or describes how far a set of data statistical tests.
(assumed values of random variables) is spread out. Since the value of the standard
deviation is 1.35, we can say that the assumed values of each outcome are somewhat What’s More
close to the mean for about 1.35 units from the mean.
In the following activities, read each situation carefully to solve each problem.
Knowing this information, you may now decide whether you will join a game using Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
an unfair die. Make sure you will think more critically and logically before you make Practice Activity 1
a decision and remember being fair and just is a virtue.
The number of cellular phones sold per day at the E-Cell Retail Store with the
Bear in mind that the mean of a discrete random variable is just the average value corresponding probabilities is shown in the table below. Compute the mean,
of a random variable over repeated trials of experiment and in the next lesson it will variance, and standard deviation and interpret the result.
be discussed further and its application to the real-life situation.
Number of cellphones sold
To understand more the concept of the variance and standard deviation, the following per day in a retail store (𝑥)
are examples that will give you a deeper idea about the concept of variance and 15 18 19 20 22
standard deviation.
The first data in the following examples is somewhat expected to have a higher Probability (𝑃(𝑥) 0.30 0.20 0.20 0.15 0.15
variance and standard deviation or variability compare to the other data. Solution:
Example 1 Complete the statement:
The population size of 100 different countries around the world compare to the
population of 10 countries belong to the first world countries 𝜇𝑥 = ∑[𝑥𝑖 ∙ 𝑃(𝑥)] = 15(0,30) + 18(0.20) + 19(0.20) + 20(0.15) + 22(0.15) = _______
97 98
The mean is equal to ____________ therefore, it means that the average number Number of kernels in corn of different sizes.
of cellular phones of sold per day is ________________.
5. Number of players in a group playing the game “the boat is sinking.”
To find the variance complete the table below:
Number of passengers in different luxury cruise ships.
𝑥 𝑃(𝑥) 𝑥 ∙ 𝑃(𝑥) 𝑥2 𝑥 2 ∙ 𝑃(𝑥)
Independent Activity 2
15 0.30 4.5
Give examples of at least two pairs of data that will most likely yield different variance
18 0.20 3.6
and standard deviation. Identify the one with a higher possible value of variance and
19 0.20 3.8 explain why.
20 0.15 3 __________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
22 0.15 3.3
__________________________________________________________________________________
∑[𝑥 2 ∙ 𝑃(𝑥)] = ___________ ______________________________________________________
𝜎 2 = ∑[𝑥 2 ∙ 𝑃(𝑥)] − 𝑢2 = _______ − ________ = ___________

What I Have Learned
Complete the following statements by writing the correct word or words.
𝜎 = √𝜎 2 = __________ = ___________
1. The mean of a discrete random variable is interpreted as the ______________ value
Therefore, the variance of a probability distribution is equal to ___________, while of a random variable over repeated trials of an experiment.
the standard deviation is equal to _________________. 2. The variance and standard deviation of a discrete random variable measured or
described the ____________________ of the assumed values of the random variable
Independent Activity 1
to the mean.
Beth’s Bread and Pastry Shop determines the number of cupcakes sold per day with 3. A small variance or standard deviation means that the assumed values or data
its corresponding probabilities. Find the mean, variance, and standard deviation of points tend to be ___________________to the mean.
the probability distribution below. If Beth, the owner of the shop is claiming that the 4. A higher variance or standard deviation means that the assumed values or data
average number of cupcakes sold in a day is 150 pieces, do you think it is a believable points are __________________ from the mean
claim?
What I Can do
Number of cupcakes
sold per day (𝑥) 90 120 135 150 160 175 Oh, what a game!
Things to do:
Probability 𝑃(𝑥) 0.15 0.10 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.15
Practice Activity 2 Device a game of chance using a fair die with corresponding winnings and losses.
For example, in rolling a die you may assign even outcomes as winning outcomes
Analyze the following pairs of data and identify which of the following will most likely and the odd outcomes as the losses or think of your own plan. Let X the amount to
yield to a higher variance and higher standard deviation. Put a check mark on the be won by a player or the amount he will lose when he plays your game. Compute
appropriate box. for the mean or the average amount a player may win or lose, the variance and the
standard deviation, and interpret the results. Don’t forget that each face of a die has
1. Number of students from different grade levels. 1
a probability of . Be prepared to describe your game and demonstrate it in our
6
Number of boys in a family with three children. class next meeting or you may prepare a video of your demonstration to be
submitted online.
2. Number of fish inside the aquarium from different households. Rubrics for the task:
Number of fish inside a can from the different local brands of sardines.
4 3 2 1
3. Number of COVID-19 patients from different hospitals. Categories Excellent Satisfactory Developing Beginning
Number of family members with fever in a barangay. Organization of The The The The
Game Plan mechanics of mechanics of mechanics of mechanics of
4. Number of M & M’s peanuts inside a 1.69 0z bag from different retail
the game is the game is the game is the game is
stores. clear and clear and somewhat not not clear.
99 100
enjoyable to enjoyable to clear and
play with a play with no shows
twist. It also
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concepts
mean
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Probability
mean and mean and
variance. variance.
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Solving Problems Involving Mean
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are accurate computations the mistakes with
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probability probability with no table probability
distributions. distributions. of probability
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distributions. Distributions
Solving Problems Involving Mean and Variance of Probability Distributions
First Edition, 2020
Demonstration The The The The
demonstration demonstration demonstratio demonstrator Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the Government of the
accurately shows some n did not is not exploitation of such work for profit. Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties.
shows how to missing work well prepared to
play the game. details on how because the demonstrate module are owned by their respective copyright holders. Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use
to play the audience how to play these materials from their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership over
them.
game. cannot follow the game.
the rules of Published by the Department of Education
the game. Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio
Assessment Development Team of the Module

Writer: Elizabeth D. Lalunio
Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a
separate sheet of paper.
1. Which of the following is an example of a discrete random variable? Illustrator: Kelvin A. Ramintas and Dhojie N. Yanto
A. weight of newborn babies Layout Artist: Edna E. Eclavea
B. body temperature of COVID-19 patients
C. number of heads that will come out if you toss a coin twice
D. height of basketball players Gerlie M. Ilagan, Buddy Chester M. Repia, Herbert D. Perez, Lorena S. Walangsumbat, Jee-Ann O. Briones
2. Which of the following best describe the mean of a discrete random variable? Celestina M. Alba, Asuncion C. Ilao
A. It is the lowest assumed value of a discrete random variable.
B. It is the highest assumed value of a discrete random variable.
C. It is the average value of a discrete random variable over numerous trials of
an experiment. Department of Education – Region IV-A CALABARZON
D. It is the amount of spread, dispersion, or variability of the assumed value of a Office Address: Gate 2 Karangalan Village, Barangay San Isidro
discrete random variable. Cainta, Rizal 1800
3. Which of the following best describe the variance and standard deviation of a Telefax: 02-8682-5773/8684-4914/8647-7487
probability?
A. It is the lowest assumed value of a discrete random variable.
B. It is the highest assumed value of a discrete random variable.
C. It is the average value of a discrete random variable over numerous trials of
an experiment.
D. It is the amount of spread, dispersion, or variability of the assumed value of a
discrete random variable.
101 104
𝜎 2 is the variance of a discrete random variable
For items 14 to 15, refer to the following:
A life insurance company will sell a ₱500,000.00 five-year term life insurance policy Moreover, the standard deviation 𝝈, of a discrete random variable X is the square
exclusive for police enforcers for a premium of ₱1,000.00. The chance that a police root of its variance, hence the formula is:
enforcer will survive in 5 years is 99.95%.
14. What is the probability that a police enforcer will NOT survive in five- 𝝈 = √∑(𝒙 − 𝝁)𝟐 ∙ 𝑷(𝒙) or 𝝈 = √[∑ 𝒙𝟐 ∙ 𝑷(𝒙)] − 𝒖𝟐
years?
A. 0.05 The variance and standard deviation of a discrete random variable X may be
B. 0.005 interpreted as measures of variability of the values assumed by the random variable
C. 0.005 in repeated trials of the experiment.
D. 0.0005
15. What is the expected value to the company of a single policy? Before you proceed to the next lesson, study the example below, and reflect whether
A. ₱550.00 you are now ready to proceed to the new lesson.
B. ₱650.00
C. ₱750.00 Example
D. ₱850.00 The table below shows the probability distribution of the number of girls in a family
of three children in Barangay Maligaya. Calculate the mean and variance of the
Lesson 1 Solving Problems Involving Mean random variable with the given probability distribution.
and Variance of Probability Outcome
Sample Point
or
BBB
GBB,BGB,
BBG
GGB,
BGG
GBG,
GGG
Distributions 𝑥 0 1 2 3
𝑃(𝑥) 1/8 3/8 3/8 1/8
Are you interested in buying lotto tickets? How about making a bet in a
roulette wheel or taking a chance in raffle tickets? Do you want to know how much Solution:
gain will you have if you will win in games of chance or how much money will be Finding the mean of the discrete random variable:
wasted if you lost on a bet? Are you planning to invest money in a life insurance 𝐸(𝑥) = 𝑢𝑥 = ∑[𝑥𝑖 ∙ 𝑃(𝑥𝑖 )]
company? If you had thought of the following questions this lesson is for you. 1 3 3 1
What’s In 𝐸(𝑥) = 𝑢𝑥 = [(0 ∙ ) + (1 ∙ ) + (2 ∙ ) + (3 ∙ )]
8 8 8 8
3 6 3
For you to begin let us recall first the previous lessons which are very 𝐸(𝑥) = 𝑢𝑥 = [(0) + ( ) + ( ) + ( )]
8 8 8
important for you to succeed. From your last module, you learned that the expected 12 3
𝐸(𝑥) = 𝑢𝑥 = = = 1.5
value or mean value of a discrete random variable, denoted by x, is computed by 8 2
first multiplying each possible x value by the probability of observing that value and Therefore, the mean or the expected value of the discrete random variable is
then adding the resulting quantities. 1.5.
Symbolically,
To find the variance and standard deviation of the discrete random variable you need
𝐄(𝐱) = 𝐮𝐱 = ∑[𝐱 𝐢 ∙ 𝐏(𝐱 𝐢 )].
to prepare a table like the one below.
where:
𝑥𝑖 is the value of the random variable for the outcome 𝑖;
𝑥 𝑃(𝑥) 𝑥2 𝑥 2 ∙ 𝑃(𝑥)
𝑃(𝑥𝑖 ) is the probability that a random variable will have an outcome 𝑖;
𝑢𝑥 is the mean of a random variable 𝑥; and 0 1⁄8 0 0
𝐸(𝑥) is the expected value of random variable 𝑥. 1 3⁄ 1 3⁄
8 8
2 3⁄ 4 12⁄ 𝑜𝑟 3⁄
Also, you already learned the equation for computing the variance of a discrete 8 8 2
random variable. To find the variance, remember the formula: 3 1⁄ 9 9⁄
8 8
𝜎 2 = ∑(𝑥 − 𝜇)2 ∙ 𝑃(𝑥) From the table, the variance and standard deviation can be computed using:
3 12 9 24
which can be simplified as ∑ 𝑥 2 ∙ 𝑃(𝑥) = 0 + + + = =3
8 8 8 8
𝜎 2 = [∑ 𝑥 2 ∙ 𝑃(𝑥)] − 𝑢2 2 2 2 2
𝜎 = [∑ 𝑥 ∙ 𝑃(𝑥)] − 𝑢 = 3 − (1.5) = 3 − 2.25 = 0.75
where: 𝜎 = √𝜎 2 = √0.75 = 0.87
𝑥 2 is the square value of a discrete random variable 𝑥;
𝑃(𝑥) is the probability of an outcome of a discrete random variable; Therefore, the variance of the discrete random variable is 0.75, while the
𝑢2 is the square of the mean of a discrete random variable; and standard deviation is 0.87.
107 108
Questions:
What’s New
GAME OF CHANCE 1. If you are Cardo, would you buy a raffle ticket? Why?
_______________________________________________________________
Read the conversation below and answer the questions that follow. 2. If Cardo decided to buy five tickets, what is the probability that he would
win the prize if 1000 tickets were sold? ____________________________
What is the probability that Cardo will lose the bet? __________________
Oh no! I do understand but if 3. How much money will Cardo gain if he wins the prize?________________
you want to take a chance I 4. How much money will be wasted if he will not win the prize and he buy
Our television set is no have here 5 raffle tickets out of one ticket?___________________________________________________________
Hey Romulo I longer functional and I 1000 released tickets which 5. What if 1000 tickets were purchased by different individuals, what is the
Ok, so what’s
have a problem. need to buy a new one. cost ₱100.00 each. If you will
your problem expected value of buying one ticket?___________________________________
But the problem is I don’t be lucky enough, you’ll get a
my friend?
have enough budget for 32-inch LED Television worth 6. How would you describe Romulo as a friend?___________________________
that. ₱15,000.00. What Is It
To answer question 1 in the previous activity, you have to understand first the
consequences of buying a ticket, will it give you advantages and disadvantages? Can
you afford to spend extra money to buy a ticket?
Look at this way, if you will buy a ticket you will have a chance to win the
prize worth ₱15,000.00 if you are lucky enough it is good for you. But on the other
hand, what if you are not lucky, then you will lose ₱500.00 for buying the five tickets.
Considering this amount (₱500.00), you are aware that you can buy more essential
needs like foods, school and medical supplies, and other miscellaneous needs with
. this amount rather than using it to buy tickets. However, if you allocated extra money
for other unexpected expenses, buying a ticket is not bad at all. The point of making
the right decision is not difficult if you know how to consider what is more important.
If you are Cardo, you need to understand the given details on the situation for
That’s a good deal and the prize you to make the right decision. If you will win the prize, your net gain is ₱15,000.00
is so exciting! But I need to check less ₱500.00 (amount spend for buying 5 tickets) or ₱14,500.00. The probability that
5
my budget before buying a ticket. you will win the prize is five out of one thousand tickets or . But if you decide to
1000
Thanks for informing me. I’ll just It will be 10 days from now. buy one ticket only, then your net gain is ₱15,000.00 less ₱100.00 (amount spend for
call you when I am ready to buy. You still have time to decide, buying 1 ticket) or ₱14,900.00 and the probability that you will win the prize is one
By the way, when is the raffle just call me if you already Thank you You’re welcome Cardo! 1
date? Romulo! out of one thousand tickets or . The more tickets you buy, the more chances of
have your decision. 1000
winning. However, your chance of losing is higher than your chance of winning
because it is equal to 1 less than the probability of winning if you buy five tickets the
995
probability that you will not win the prize is or 0.995 while if you buy one ticket
1000
999
only, the probability is or 0.999.
1000
What if 1000 tickets were purchased by different individuals, what is the

expected value of buying one ticket? To answer this question, you need to apply the
formula for the mean or expected value of the discrete probability distributions which
is equal to 𝐄(𝐱) = 𝐮𝐱 = ∑[𝐱 𝐢 ∙ 𝐏(𝐱 𝐢 )]. The expected value is also defined as the average
value of a random variable over numerous trials of an experiment. The table below
is the probability distribution of the given situation.
𝑥 14, 900 -100

𝑃(𝑥) 1 999
𝑜𝑟 0.001 𝑜𝑟 0.999
1000 1000
109 110
Using the formula of expected value, the first, second, or third prize) plus the product of net loss and the
probability of losing.
𝐄(𝐱) = (𝟏𝟒, 𝟗𝟎𝟎)(𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏) + (−𝟏𝟎𝟎)(𝟎. 𝟗𝟗𝟗)
𝐄(𝐱) = −𝟖𝟓 𝐄(𝐱) = _______________
The negative value means that one loses money on the average. In particular, Interpretation:__________________________________________________________
someone who buy tickets, and although has a chance to win losses ₱85.00 per ticket ________________________________________________________________________
purchased. ________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________
Having this knowledge, you can now make a wise decision, but remember
important things should be prioritized, if you can afford to buy tickets without
Independent Assessment 1
sacrificing your essential needs it is okay to take a chance sometimes. You should
also consider saving money for future use, because not every day you have enough
Raffle for a Cause
funds, having extra money would be a great help in times of need.
A raffle is held to raise funds for a charity event. A raffle ticket costs ₱150.00
Meanwhile, having a friend like Romulo who are ready to help you or to advise and there are two thousand tickets to be sold. Only one ticket holder will win a prize
you in time of need is a precious one. He is a kind of friend who does not insist on of ₱150, 000. 00. Construct the probability distribution of the discrete random
what he wants but let his friend decide on his own after giving a piece of advice. You variable, compute for the expected value, and interpret the result.
are blessed if you will find a true friend that you can rely on. Having a true friend is
wealth. Practice Activity 2
What’s More Game of Chance Problem (A Roulette Wheel)
In the following activities, read each situation carefully to solve each problem. Write A roulette wheel in a fiesta carnival has the numbers 1 through 30. If you bet
your answer on a separate sheet of paper. ₱5.00 you will have a chance to win a prepaid load worth ₱100.00. Let X denote the
Practice Activity 1 net gain for a bet.
a. Complete the table below showing the probability distribution of X.

Raffle Tickets Problem
𝑥 95 -5
Senior citizens of a particular barangay organize a Christmas raffle bonanza. 𝑃(𝑥)
One thousand raffle tickets are sold for ₱50.00 each. Each one has an equal chance
of winning. The first prize is a 32-inch LED TV worth ₱10,000.00, the second prize b. Find the expectation if you play a bet and interpret the result.
is an electric oven worth ₱5,000.00 and the third prize is a grocery pack worth
₱2,500.00. Let X denote the net gain from the purchase of one ticket. 𝐄(𝐱) = _______________
Interpretation:__________________________________________________________
a. Complete the table below showing the probability distribution of X. ________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
𝑥 9,950 4,950 2,450 -50
𝑃(𝑥) c. How much the organizer will earn if 100 games will be played such that each
number has a bet of ₱5.00? ____________________________
b. Find the probability of winning any amount in the purchase of one ticket. (Hint: Compute for the net gain of the organizer per game and multiply it
Let 𝑃(𝑊) the probability of winning any amount by 100)
Independent Assessment 2
𝑃(𝑊) = _____ + _____ + _____ Colored Wheel

A roulette wheel is divided into eight colors blue, red, yellow, green, orange,
𝑃(𝑊) = _____ violet, black, and white. Each time roulette is spun, you can have a bet of ₱10.00. If
c. Find the expected value of X, then interpret. the outcome is either black, blue, or violet you will lose the bet. But if the outcome
is red or yellow, your money will be doubled (you will win additional ₱10.00 plus your
The expected value is equal to the product of net gain and the probability bet), and if it is green or orange you will win nothing and your bet will be given to
of winning (in this case you have three chances of winning, you may win you. But if the result is white, your money will be tripled (you will win an additional
111 112
₱20.00 plus your bet. If X denotes the net gain of a player what is the expected value
of a ₱10.00 bet?
What I Can Do
Practice Activity 3 Raffle for a Cause!
Things to do:
Insurance Investment Problem
A life insurance company will sell a ₱250,000.00 one-year term life insurance Make a plan for a Christmas raffle bonanza in which the PWD (Person with
policy for members of armed forces of the Philippines for a premium of ₱500.00. Let Disability) will be the beneficiaries. The plan should consist of the number of tickets
X denote the net gain from the insurance company. Based on the collected data of to be sold, the amount per ticket, and the number of winners and their
the company, a member of the armed forces police has a 99.96% chance of surviving corresponding prizes. Let X be the random variable representing your net gain per
within one year. Let X the net gain of an insurance company from a single ticket, and compute the expected value of X and the net gain if all tickets will be
policyholder. sold out. Also, using your creativity prepare a sample of your ticket. You may use
the sample guide to complete your task.
a. Complete the table below showing the probability distribution of X.
Name of Project
𝑥 500 -249,500
𝑃(𝑥) Brief Description
b. Find the expectation if you play a bet and interpret the result.
𝐄(𝐱) = _______________ Number of tickets to be sold
Interpretation:_____________________________________________________________ Price of ticket to be sold

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ Winners and prizes:
Independent Assessment 3 Expected Value of X:
Body Parts Insurance (Please show the probability

An insurance company will sell a ₱500,000.00 one-year term leg insurance distributions and your solution)
policy for ramp models for a premium of ₱1,000.00. Find the expected value to the
Net Gain of the Project:
company of a single policy if a model has a 99.97% chance of being uninjured in one
year? Sample Ticket:
Compare your answers with those found in the Answer Key on the last part of
this module. Did you get all items correct? Great! If you did, you learned the lesson
well. If you were not able to get the correct answer, review your computations.
What I Have Learned
A. Complete the following statements by writing the correct word or words and
formulas.
1. The mean of a discrete random variable X is also called the _________________.
2. The expected value is the _______________ value of a random variable over Rubrics for the task:
numerous trials of an experiment.
3. The formula to find the mean or expected value of a discrete random variable is Categories 4 3 2 1
___________________.
Excellent Satisfactory Developing Beginning
4. The _________________ and __________________ of a discrete random variable X
indicate the variability of X over a large number of experiments or trials.
Organization of The name of The name of The name of The name of
B. In your own words, write the different steps on how you can solve real-life problems
Plan the project is the project is the project is the project is
involving mean or expected value.
appropriate somewhat somewhat not
and with clear appropriate appropriate appropriate
_______________________________________________________________________________
descriptions and with clear and vague and with
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________ of the project. vague
113 114
Statistics and
descriptions descriptions descriptions
of the project. of the project. of the project.
Accuracy of the The There is one There is one There are

Solutions computations
are accurate
with a table of
mistake in the
computations
with a table of
mistake in the
computations
with no table
more
mistakes with
no table of
Probability
probability
distributions.
probability
distributions.
of probability
distributions.
probability
distributions. Illustrating a Normal Random
Originality and
creativity
Sample Ticket
is unique and
Sample Ticket
is nice but not
Sample Ticket
is just
Sample Ticket
is just an
Variable and its Characteristics
(Sample Ticket) shows unique and ordinary with ordinary and Illustrating a Normal Random Variable and its Characteristics
First Edition, 2020
creativity with with complete complete without
complete information. information. complete Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the Government of the
information. information. exploitation of such work for profit. Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties.
Assessment Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks, etc.) included in this
Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a them.
separate sheet of paper.
1. Which of the following represents the expected value of the discrete random Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones
variable?
A. mean C. mode
B. median D. variance Writers: Elson A. Valencia
For numbers 2-3, refer to the table below:
𝑥 1 2 3 4 Reviewers: Irlo L. Dumo, Nenita N. De Leon and Ma. Theresa B. Yanto
𝑃(𝑥) 1 3 2 1 Illustrator: Kelvin A. Ramintas and Dhojie N. Yanto
5 10 5 10 Layout Artist: Ronnjemmele A. Rivera
2. What is the expected value of the given probability distribution?
2 2
A. 10
C.
5
Celestina M. Alba, Asuncion C. Ilao
12 12
B. 10
D.
5
3. What of the following best described the expected value of a probability Department of Education – Region IV-A CALABARZON
distribution?
A. It measures the variability of the values assumed by the random variables. Office Address: Gate 2 Karangalan Village, Barangay San Isidro
Cainta, Rizal 1800
B. It gives the difference between the highest and lowest values assumed by Telefax: 02-8682-5773/8684-4914/8647-7487
the random variables E-mail Address: region4a@deped.gov.ph
C. It is the square root of the variance of the probability distribution.
D. It is the average value of a random variable over numerous trials of an
experiment.
For numbers 4-6, refer to the following:
One thousand tickets are sold for ₱50.00 each. One ticket will win ₱10,000.00, two
tickets will win ₱5,000.00 each and three tickets will win ₱1,000.00 each. Let X
denote the net gain from the purchase of a randomly selected ticket.
4. What is the probability that you will win a prize if you buy two tickets?
2
A. 2 C.
1000
2 998
B. D.
500 1000
115 119

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15. Which of the following is NOT a continuous random variable?

A. The height of the airplane’s flight

Lesson 1 Illustrating a Random Variable

and (Discrete and Continuous)

That particular example is a discrete variable. A discrete variable is a variable,

P(X≥1) = P(X=1) + P(X=2) +P(X=3) P(X≥1) =1 – P(X < 1)

P(X≥1) =1 – P(X < 1) = 1 - P(X = 0) While to understand the concept of

D. The weight of a box of soft drinks labeled 12 ounces.

Statistics and A. DD, NN

Finding Possible Values of a A. 2

A. 0, 1 C. 1, 2, 3 Editors: Celestina M. Alba and Nestor N. Sandoval

B. TTT, HHH, TTH, THT, HTH

a. P(1) = 0.05, P(2)=1.01, P(3)= 0.2

Probability a particular day?

Computing Probability more than four?

9 a. What is the probability that the number of absences is less than 3?

P (X≤ 45) = 1-P(50) Independent Activity III

dice. Published by the Department of Education

1 1 Office Address: Gate 2 Karangalan Village, Barangay San Isidro

What I Have Learned Assessment

11. What is the mean of the probability distribution?

Calculating Mean and Variance Number of qualified voter/s, x

0.1 Test Item 𝑿 Probability 𝑷(𝑿)

P(X) 4. 𝑉𝑎𝑟(𝑋) = 𝜎 2 𝑥 = 1.5819

0 0.03 0 We can also do this process.

𝐸(𝑋) = 𝜇𝑥 = ∑ 𝑥 ∙ 𝑃(𝑋) 𝑽𝒂𝒓(𝑿) = 𝝈𝟐 𝒙 = 𝟏. 𝟓𝟖𝟏𝟗

Probability (𝑃(𝑥) 0.30 0.20 0.20 0.15 0.15

𝜎 2 = ∑[𝑥 2 ∙ 𝑃(𝑥)] − 𝑢2 = _______ − ________ = ___________

Accuracy of the The

Assessment Development Team of the Module

What if 1000 tickets were purchased by different individuals, what is the

𝑥 14, 900 -100

a. Complete the table below showing the probability distribution of X.

𝑃(𝑊) = _____ + _____ + _____ Colored Wheel

𝐄(𝐱) = _______________ Number of tickets to be sold

Interpretation:_____________________________________________________________ Price of ticket to be sold

Independent Assessment 3 Expected Value of X:

Body Parts Insurance (Please show the probability

Accuracy of the The There is one There is one There are

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𝜎 2 = ∑[𝑥 2 ∙ 𝑃(𝑥)] − 𝑢2 = _ − = _____

𝑃(𝑊) = ___ + _ + ___ Colored Wheel