Magnetism

Magnetism is the force exerted by magnets when they attract or repel each other. Magnetism is
caused by the motion of electric charges. Every substance is made up of tiny unit called atoms.
Each atom has electrons, particles that carry electric charges. In most substances, equal numbers
of electrons spin in opposite directions, which cancels out their magnetism. That is why materials
such as cloth or paper are said to me weakly magnetic. In substances such as iron, cobalt, and
nickel, most of the electrons spin in the same direction.
To become magnetized, another strongly magnetic substance must enter the magnetic field of an
existing magnet.
All magnets have south and north pole. Opposite poles are attracted to each other, while the same
poles repel each other, when you rub a piece of iron along a magnet, the north-seeking poles of
the atoms in the iron line up in the same direction. The force generated by the aligned atoms
creates a magnetic field.
When electricity runs through a coil of wire, it produces a magnetic field.

Magnetic Poles
There are just two types of magnetic poles, north and south pole.

Magnetic Domains
A magnetic domain is a region within a magnetic material in which the magnetization is in a
uniform direction. A portion of a ferromagnetic material where the magnetic moments are
aligned with one another because of interactions between molecules or atoms.

Energy Sources
There are numerous sources of energy, it can be chemical energy, electrical energy, heat/thermal
energy, mechanical energy, nuclear energy, and energy in the form of electromagnetic radiation
i.e. light. Sources of energy contain energy in them if forms that cannot be used directly but
living organism require energy to stay alive.
Primary energy sources take many forms, including nuclear energy, fossil energy –like oil, coal
and natural gas- and renewable sources like wind, solar, geothermal and hydropower.

Types of energy
 Kinetic energy: The energy in motion. (Kinetic Energy= 1/2m × v2)

 Potential energy: This is the energy stored in an object and is measured by the amount of
work done. (Potential Energy= m × g × h)
  Mechanical energy: It is the sum of potential energy and kinetic energy that is the energy
associated with the motion and position of an object is known as Mechanical energy.
Mechanical energy is equal to, Kinetic energy plus Potential energy. (Mechanical
Energy= ½ mv2 + mgh)

 Chemical energy: Chemical energy is stored in a chemical substance in between the

bonds of atoms in compounds. In a same given temperature and environment, energy can
be released (or absorbed) because of a reaction between a set of chemical substances is
equal to the difference between the energy content of the products and reactants.
 Non-renewable sources: Fossils fuels like oil, natural gas and coal are known as non-
renewable resources, because once used, this cannot be renewed by natural process or
means.

 Renewable sources: Natural sources like wind, water, solar, and geothermal are called
renewable resources as they come from sources that generate it back after consumption
and are continuously available in nature.

Renewable sources of Energy

 Bio-energy
 Coal
 Geothermal
 Hydrogen
 Hydro-power
 Natural gas
 Nuclear
 Oil
 Solar
 Wind
 Wood